Prepared by

Rai Shafqat Ali

Animal Science Division

NIAB Faisalabad

Metabolic disorders relates to disturbances of

one or more metabolic processes in the

animalorganisms

In dairy animals the time of disease is important

---- 3weeks before and after parturition

Influencing factors are

a Hormonal changes

b Moving from non-lactating to lactating stage

c Changing of diet from roughages to highly

fermentable CHO

Metabolism is sum of

Physical

Chemical

Metabolic processes

relating to absorbance and breakdown or

synthesis of necessary organic molecules in

body

Disturbance of one or more metabolic

processes related to regulation of a certain

metabolites in the body fluids is known as

metabolic disorders

Traditionally it is the period from dry off

until parturition

More correctly identified as these 4

separate physiological states the cow

undergoes

ndash Late Lactation

ndash Dry period

ndash Parturition

ndash Early Lactation

Dry cow diets are often bulky and low in

nutrient density

raquo No production requirement

When cows freshen they are introduced

immediately to a very dense (rich in energy)

ration

This will lead to many problems if not

handled properly

Group of diseases that mostly occur after parturition

i Sub acute or acute acidosis

ii Laminitis

iii Ketosis

iv Fatty liver

v LDA

vi Milk fever

vii Downer cow

viii Retained placenta

ix Liver abscesses

x Matritis

xi Mastitis

xii Bloat

xiii Grass tetany

Important point is that all the metabolic

diseases are related to one another

Animals affected from milk fever is more

prone to

Mastitis

Left Displacement of abomasam

Dystokia

Udder odema

Ketosis

Cow related to acidosis is more prone to Lamininitis

LDA

Milk fever

Mastitis

Fatty liver

Retained placenta is more prone to Metritis

LDA

Ketosis

Trying to trace single factor

Disease of high producing animals

Etiology

ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)

Normal10mgdL

MF 5 mgdL

ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often

--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present

Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml

ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites

ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed

ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases

bull Cows with previous experience

ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after

calving

ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before

calving sc

Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows

---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option

Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn

silage (ration with lt 2 K+)

ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during

periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated

Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of

ketones ndash aceto acetate and

beta-hydroxy butyrate

Mobilization of body reserves ensues

Etiology

ndash Occurs during the ------------------------

postpartum

ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid

ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are

over conditioned during dry period

ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)

ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)

ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)

7 days before calving

PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt

reduces fat mobilization

Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones

Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones

------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving

Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases

(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)

Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall

ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance

bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)

Most are left sided

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Metabolic disorders relates to disturbances of

one or more metabolic processes in the

animalorganisms

In dairy animals the time of disease is important

---- 3weeks before and after parturition

Influencing factors are

a Hormonal changes

b Moving from non-lactating to lactating stage

c Changing of diet from roughages to highly

fermentable CHO

Metabolism is sum of

Physical

Chemical

Metabolic processes

relating to absorbance and breakdown or

synthesis of necessary organic molecules in

body

Disturbance of one or more metabolic

processes related to regulation of a certain

metabolites in the body fluids is known as

metabolic disorders

Traditionally it is the period from dry off

until parturition

More correctly identified as these 4

separate physiological states the cow

undergoes

ndash Late Lactation

ndash Dry period

ndash Parturition

ndash Early Lactation

Dry cow diets are often bulky and low in

nutrient density

raquo No production requirement

When cows freshen they are introduced

immediately to a very dense (rich in energy)

ration

This will lead to many problems if not

handled properly

Group of diseases that mostly occur after parturition

i Sub acute or acute acidosis

ii Laminitis

iii Ketosis

iv Fatty liver

v LDA

vi Milk fever

vii Downer cow

viii Retained placenta

ix Liver abscesses

x Matritis

xi Mastitis

xii Bloat

xiii Grass tetany

Important point is that all the metabolic

diseases are related to one another

Animals affected from milk fever is more

prone to

Mastitis

Left Displacement of abomasam

Dystokia

Udder odema

Ketosis

Cow related to acidosis is more prone to Lamininitis

LDA

Milk fever

Mastitis

Fatty liver

Retained placenta is more prone to Metritis

LDA

Ketosis

Trying to trace single factor

Disease of high producing animals

Etiology

ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)

Normal10mgdL

MF 5 mgdL

ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often

--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present

Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml

ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites

ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed

ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases

bull Cows with previous experience

ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after

calving

ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before

calving sc

Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows

---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option

Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn

silage (ration with lt 2 K+)

ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during

periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated

Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of

ketones ndash aceto acetate and

beta-hydroxy butyrate

Mobilization of body reserves ensues

Etiology

ndash Occurs during the ------------------------

postpartum

ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid

ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are

over conditioned during dry period

ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)

ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)

ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)

7 days before calving

PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt

reduces fat mobilization

Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones

Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones

------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving

Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases

(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)

Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall

ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance

bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)

Most are left sided

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Metabolism is sum of

Physical

Chemical

Metabolic processes

relating to absorbance and breakdown or

synthesis of necessary organic molecules in

body

Disturbance of one or more metabolic

processes related to regulation of a certain

metabolites in the body fluids is known as

metabolic disorders

Traditionally it is the period from dry off

until parturition

More correctly identified as these 4

separate physiological states the cow

undergoes

ndash Late Lactation

ndash Dry period

ndash Parturition

ndash Early Lactation

Dry cow diets are often bulky and low in

nutrient density

raquo No production requirement

When cows freshen they are introduced

immediately to a very dense (rich in energy)

ration

This will lead to many problems if not

handled properly

Group of diseases that mostly occur after parturition

i Sub acute or acute acidosis

ii Laminitis

iii Ketosis

iv Fatty liver

v LDA

vi Milk fever

vii Downer cow

viii Retained placenta

ix Liver abscesses

x Matritis

xi Mastitis

xii Bloat

xiii Grass tetany

Important point is that all the metabolic

diseases are related to one another

Animals affected from milk fever is more

prone to

Mastitis

Left Displacement of abomasam

Dystokia

Udder odema

Ketosis

Cow related to acidosis is more prone to Lamininitis

LDA

Milk fever

Mastitis

Fatty liver

Retained placenta is more prone to Metritis

LDA

Ketosis

Trying to trace single factor

Disease of high producing animals

Etiology

ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)

Normal10mgdL

MF 5 mgdL

ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often

--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present

Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml

ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites

ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed

ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases

bull Cows with previous experience

ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after

calving

ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before

calving sc

Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows

---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option

Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn

silage (ration with lt 2 K+)

ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during

periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated

Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of

ketones ndash aceto acetate and

beta-hydroxy butyrate

Mobilization of body reserves ensues

Etiology

ndash Occurs during the ------------------------

postpartum

ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid

ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are

over conditioned during dry period

ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)

ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)

ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)

7 days before calving

PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt

reduces fat mobilization

Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones

Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones

------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving

Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases

(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)

Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall

ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance

bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)

Most are left sided

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Traditionally it is the period from dry off

until parturition

More correctly identified as these 4

separate physiological states the cow

undergoes

ndash Late Lactation

ndash Dry period

ndash Parturition

ndash Early Lactation

Dry cow diets are often bulky and low in

nutrient density

raquo No production requirement

When cows freshen they are introduced

immediately to a very dense (rich in energy)

ration

This will lead to many problems if not

handled properly

Group of diseases that mostly occur after parturition

i Sub acute or acute acidosis

ii Laminitis

iii Ketosis

iv Fatty liver

v LDA

vi Milk fever

vii Downer cow

viii Retained placenta

ix Liver abscesses

x Matritis

xi Mastitis

xii Bloat

xiii Grass tetany

Important point is that all the metabolic

diseases are related to one another

Animals affected from milk fever is more

prone to

Mastitis

Left Displacement of abomasam

Dystokia

Udder odema

Ketosis

Cow related to acidosis is more prone to Lamininitis

LDA

Milk fever

Mastitis

Fatty liver

Retained placenta is more prone to Metritis

LDA

Ketosis

Trying to trace single factor

Disease of high producing animals

Etiology

ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)

Normal10mgdL

MF 5 mgdL

ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often

--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present

Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml

ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites

ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed

ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases

bull Cows with previous experience

ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after

calving

ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before

calving sc

Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows

---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option

Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn

silage (ration with lt 2 K+)

ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during

periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated

Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of

ketones ndash aceto acetate and

beta-hydroxy butyrate

Mobilization of body reserves ensues

Etiology

ndash Occurs during the ------------------------

postpartum

ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid

ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are

over conditioned during dry period

ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)

ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)

ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)

7 days before calving

PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt

reduces fat mobilization

Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones

Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones

------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving

Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases

(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)

Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall

ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance

bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)

Most are left sided

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Dry cow diets are often bulky and low in

nutrient density

raquo No production requirement

When cows freshen they are introduced

immediately to a very dense (rich in energy)

ration

This will lead to many problems if not

handled properly

Group of diseases that mostly occur after parturition

i Sub acute or acute acidosis

ii Laminitis

iii Ketosis

iv Fatty liver

v LDA

vi Milk fever

vii Downer cow

viii Retained placenta

ix Liver abscesses

x Matritis

xi Mastitis

xii Bloat

xiii Grass tetany

Important point is that all the metabolic

diseases are related to one another

Animals affected from milk fever is more

prone to

Mastitis

Left Displacement of abomasam

Dystokia

Udder odema

Ketosis

Cow related to acidosis is more prone to Lamininitis

LDA

Milk fever

Mastitis

Fatty liver

Retained placenta is more prone to Metritis

LDA

Ketosis

Trying to trace single factor

Disease of high producing animals

Etiology

ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)

Normal10mgdL

MF 5 mgdL

ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often

--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present

Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml

ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites

ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed

ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases

bull Cows with previous experience

ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after

calving

ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before

calving sc

Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows

---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option

Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn

silage (ration with lt 2 K+)

ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during

periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated

Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of

ketones ndash aceto acetate and

beta-hydroxy butyrate

Mobilization of body reserves ensues

Etiology

ndash Occurs during the ------------------------

postpartum

ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid

ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are

over conditioned during dry period

ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)

ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)

ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)

7 days before calving

PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt

reduces fat mobilization

Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones

Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones

------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving

Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases

(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)

Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall

ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance

bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)

Most are left sided

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Group of diseases that mostly occur after parturition

i Sub acute or acute acidosis

ii Laminitis

iii Ketosis

iv Fatty liver

v LDA

vi Milk fever

vii Downer cow

viii Retained placenta

ix Liver abscesses

x Matritis

xi Mastitis

xii Bloat

xiii Grass tetany

Important point is that all the metabolic

diseases are related to one another

Animals affected from milk fever is more

prone to

Mastitis

Left Displacement of abomasam

Dystokia

Udder odema

Ketosis

Cow related to acidosis is more prone to Lamininitis

LDA

Milk fever

Mastitis

Fatty liver

Retained placenta is more prone to Metritis

LDA

Ketosis

Trying to trace single factor

Disease of high producing animals

Etiology

ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)

Normal10mgdL

MF 5 mgdL

ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often

--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present

Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml

ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites

ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed

ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases

bull Cows with previous experience

ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after

calving

ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before

calving sc

Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows

---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option

Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn

silage (ration with lt 2 K+)

ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during

periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated

Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of

ketones ndash aceto acetate and

beta-hydroxy butyrate

Mobilization of body reserves ensues

Etiology

ndash Occurs during the ------------------------

postpartum

ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid

ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are

over conditioned during dry period

ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)

ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)

ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)

7 days before calving

PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt

reduces fat mobilization

Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones

Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones

------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving

Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases

(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)

Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall

ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance

bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)

Most are left sided

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Important point is that all the metabolic

diseases are related to one another

Animals affected from milk fever is more

prone to

Mastitis

Left Displacement of abomasam

Dystokia

Udder odema

Ketosis

Cow related to acidosis is more prone to Lamininitis

LDA

Milk fever

Mastitis

Fatty liver

Retained placenta is more prone to Metritis

LDA

Ketosis

Trying to trace single factor

Disease of high producing animals

Etiology

ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)

Normal10mgdL

MF 5 mgdL

ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often

--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present

Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml

ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites

ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed

ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases

bull Cows with previous experience

ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after

calving

ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before

calving sc

Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows

---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option

Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn

silage (ration with lt 2 K+)

ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during

periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated

Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of

ketones ndash aceto acetate and

beta-hydroxy butyrate

Mobilization of body reserves ensues

Etiology

ndash Occurs during the ------------------------

postpartum

ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid

ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are

over conditioned during dry period

ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)

ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)

ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)

7 days before calving

PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt

reduces fat mobilization

Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones

Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones

------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving

Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases

(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)

Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall

ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance

bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)

Most are left sided

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Cow related to acidosis is more prone to Lamininitis

LDA

Milk fever

Mastitis

Fatty liver

Retained placenta is more prone to Metritis

LDA

Ketosis

Trying to trace single factor

Disease of high producing animals

Etiology

ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)

Normal10mgdL

MF 5 mgdL

ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often

--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present

Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml

ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites

ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed

ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases

bull Cows with previous experience

ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after

calving

ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before

calving sc

Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows

---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option

Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn

silage (ration with lt 2 K+)

ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during

periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated

Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of

ketones ndash aceto acetate and

beta-hydroxy butyrate

Mobilization of body reserves ensues

Etiology

ndash Occurs during the ------------------------

postpartum

ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid

ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are

over conditioned during dry period

ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)

ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)

ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)

7 days before calving

PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt

reduces fat mobilization

Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones

Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones

------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving

Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases

(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)

Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall

ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance

bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)

Most are left sided

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Disease of high producing animals

Etiology

ndash Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hr postpartum)

Normal10mgdL

MF 5 mgdL

ndash Affects older cows and Jersey breed more often

--Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesiemia can also be present

Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml

ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites

ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed

ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases

bull Cows with previous experience

ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after

calving

ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before

calving sc

Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows

---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option

Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn

silage (ration with lt 2 K+)

ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during

periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated

Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of

ketones ndash aceto acetate and

beta-hydroxy butyrate

Mobilization of body reserves ensues

Etiology

ndash Occurs during the ------------------------

postpartum

ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid

ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are

over conditioned during dry period

ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)

ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)

ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)

7 days before calving

PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt

reduces fat mobilization

Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones

Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones

------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving

Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases

(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)

Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall

ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance

bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)

Most are left sided

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Restoration of Ca ASAPndash --250-500 ml

ndash Can be administered sc in multiple sites

ndash Retreat 8-12 hr later if needed

ndash Combination with ------------------in severe cases

bull Cows with previous experience

ndash Ca gel orally 1 day before and I day after

calving

ndash Vit D or 125 dihydroxy vit D 8 days before

calving sc

Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows

---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option

Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn

silage (ration with lt 2 K+)

ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during

periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated

Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of

ketones ndash aceto acetate and

beta-hydroxy butyrate

Mobilization of body reserves ensues

Etiology

ndash Occurs during the ------------------------

postpartum

ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid

ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are

over conditioned during dry period

ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)

ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)

ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)

7 days before calving

PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt

reduces fat mobilization

Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones

Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones

------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving

Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases

(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)

Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall

ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance

bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)

Most are left sided

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Withhold K+ fertilization from a filed that is in its last year of production and use that crop for dry cows

---(full bloom) and use late cuttings -------is not a bad option

Find low K+ hay source and combine with corn

silage (ration with lt 2 K+)

ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during

periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated

Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of

ketones ndash aceto acetate and

beta-hydroxy butyrate

Mobilization of body reserves ensues

Etiology

ndash Occurs during the ------------------------

postpartum

ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid

ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are

over conditioned during dry period

ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)

ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)

ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)

7 days before calving

PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt

reduces fat mobilization

Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones

Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones

------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving

Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases

(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)

Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall

ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance

bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)

Most are left sided

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

ketosis and Fatty liver are most likely to occur during

periods when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated

Incomplete oxidation of NEFA leads to formation of

ketones ndash aceto acetate and

beta-hydroxy butyrate

Mobilization of body reserves ensues

Etiology

ndash Occurs during the ------------------------

postpartum

ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid

ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are

over conditioned during dry period

ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)

ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)

ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)

7 days before calving

PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt

reduces fat mobilization

Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones

Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones

------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving

Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases

(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)

Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall

ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance

bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)

Most are left sided

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Etiology

ndash Occurs during the ------------------------

postpartum

ndash Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluid

ndash Affects high producing cows and cows that are

over conditioned during dry period

ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)

ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)

ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)

7 days before calving

PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt

reduces fat mobilization

Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones

Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones

------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving

Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases

(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)

Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall

ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance

bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)

Most are left sided

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

ndash 500 mL of 50 Dextrose solution (iv)

ndash Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)

ndash Oral administration Propylene Gycol (PG)

7 days before calving

PG increase gulcose reduces insulingtgt

reduces fat mobilization

Feeding 3-12g of niacin per day may reduce blood ketones

Salts of propionic acid may be effective in lowering blood ketones

------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving

Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases

(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)

Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall

ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance

bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)

Most are left sided

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

------------------ must not be compromised before and after caving

Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow diseases

(eg milk fever retained placentaetc)

Adjusting the diet ----------by increasing appropriate amount of concentrates in the ration

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall

ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance

bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)

Most are left sided

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from the right ventral abdominal wall

ndash Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

ndash ---------- leads to bloat appearance

bull ldquoPingingrdquo detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

ndash Displacements may be left or right sided (RDALDA)

Most are left sided

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Symptoms

ndash Dramatically changes in the position of abomasum

ndash Drastic decrease in milk

ndash Cows appear to be in painrestless

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Non-surgical treatmentndash Rolling cow over taking on rough trailer ride

ndash Locating the abomasum remove gas from

abomasum toggle

ndash May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment

ndash Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

bull Prevention

Increasing the forage to concentrate ratio in diet fed in late gestation and early lactation will decrease the incidence

Grain intake after calving should be increased slowly (025 kgday)

Decline in the calcium around parturition linearly decrease abomasal contractility which is suspected to lead to distension and abomasalatony so supply ca in excess

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Over-conditioning 1048783 risk substantially

bull Due to

bull High stress Twins etc

bull 12x as likely to retain placenta

bull 49x as likely to have metritis

bull Most often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problems

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

bull Rumen acidosis is associated with the feeding of diets with higher grain amounts

It commonly occurs in the first month of lactation

Dry-off a cow is fed a high forage ration that is less energy dense and higher in NDF than the lactation ration it affects rumen function

bull Ruminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

bull Gram ldquo-rdquo toxins 1048782 1048782 immune function

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

bull Failure of fetal membranes to be expelled

from the uterus within 12 to 24 hours

ndash Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

ndash More common in older cows

ndash Increased incidence with fat cow syndrome

and hypocalcemia among other things

RP is indirectly associated with the higher occurence of cystic ovaries

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Extreme deficiency of dietary energy protein or both can result in RP

Diets low in dietary crude protein (8) for the entire dry period had a higher incidence (50) of RP compared with cows fed 15 crude protein (20 incidence)

The rate of RP was associated with imbalances in Ca and P metabolism

When the diet contained at least 012 mgkg of Se and 1000 IU of dietary vitamin E per cowday the incidence of RP is lower

Avitaminosis of vitamin A

and β-Carotene was shown to increase the incidence of RP

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

bull Prevention

Proper nutrition specially during dry period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk

Reduce dystociandash by proper managment Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPrsquos

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

Characterized by excessive accumulation

of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces of the mammary gland

Excessive intakes of sodium and potassium were implicated as causative agents

Oxidative stress of mammary tissue resulting in reactive oxygen metabolites may play a role in udder edema

A diet must supply adequate vitamin E copper magnesium zinc manganese and selenium

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

It is most often associated with cows in early lactation

grazing in pastures high in potassium and nitrogen and low in magnesium and sodium

The disease will be more severe if accompanied by hypocalcemia

For prevention get an additional 10-15 g of Mg into each pregnant cow and 30 g into each lactating cow per day usually prevents further hypomagnesemictetany

Magnesium is readily acceptable in grain concentrates

For 60 g of magnesium oxide just 05-1 kg of grain will be effective

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis

The lactic acid endotoxins and histamine released as the rumen flora die are absorbed systemically and affect the microvasculature of the growing hoof wall which then result in clinical laminitis

Avoiding an abrupt switch from dry-off ration to high lactation ration will be a good start for the prevention of laminitis