Natural disasters in National and InternationalNatural disasters in India, many of them related to the climate of India, cause massive losses of Indian life and property.Droughts, flash floods, cyclones,avalanches, landslides brought on by torrential rains, and snowstorms pose the greatest threats. A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslides, hurricanes etc. In order to be classified as a disaster it will have profound environmental effect and/or human loss and frequently incurs financial loss.[1] Other dangers include frequent summer dust storms, which usually track from north to south; they cause extensive property damage in North India[2] and deposit large amounts of dust from arid regions. Hail is also common in parts of India, causing severe damage to standing crops such as rice and wheat.

Landslides and Avalanches

Landslides are very common indeed in the Lower Himalayas. The young age of the region's hills result in labile rock formations, which are susceptible to slippages. Rising population and development pressures, particularly from logging and tourism, cause deforestation. The result is denuded hillsides which exacerbate the severity of landslides; since tree cover impedes the downhill flow of water.[3] Parts of the Western Ghats also suffer from low-intensity landslides. Avalanches occurrences are common in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Sikkim.

Floods in IndiaFloods are the most common natural disaster in India. The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks, often flooding surrounding areas. Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable

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source of natural irrigation and fertilisation, the floods can kill thousands and displace millions. Excess, erratic, or untimely monsoon rainfall may also wash away or otherwise ruin crops.[4][5] Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures. Mean annual precipitation totals have remained steady due to the declining frequency of weather systems that generate moderate amounts of rain.

Cyclones in IndiaIntertropical Convergence Zone, may affect thousands of Indians living in the coastal regions. Tropical cyclogenesis is particularly common in the northern reaches of the Indian Ocean in and around the Bay of Bengal. Cyclones bring with them heavy rains, storm surges, and winds that often cut affected areas off from relief and supplies. In the North Indian Ocean Basin, the cyclone season runs from April to December, with peak activity between May and November.[6] Each year, an average of eight storms with sustained wind speeds greater than 63 kilometres per hour (39 mph) form; of these, two strengthen into true tropical cyclones, which have sustained gusts greater than 117 kilometres per hour (73 mph). On average, a major (Category 3 or higher) cyclone develops every other year

During summer, the Bay of Bengal is subject to intense heating, giving rise to humid and unstable air masses that produce cyclones. Many powerful cyclones, including the 1737 Calcutta cyclone, the 1970 Bhola cyclone, the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone and the 1999 Odisha cyclone have led to widespread devastation along parts of the eastern coast of India and neighboring Bangladesh. Widespread death and property destruction are reported every year in exposed coastal states such as Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal. India's western coast, bordering the more placid Arabian Sea, experiences cyclones only rarely; these mainly strike Gujarat and, less frequently, Kerala.

In terms of damage and loss of life, Cyclone 05B, a supercyclone that struck Orissa on 29 October 1999, was the worst in more than a quarter-century. With peak winds of 160 miles per hour (257 km/h), it was the equivalent of a Category 5 hurricane.[8] Almost two million people were left homeless;[9] another 20 million people lives were disrupted by the cyclone.[9]Officially, 9,803 people died from the storm;[8] unofficial estimates place the death toll at over 10,100.[9]]

Geological disasters

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Avalanches and mudslidesDuring World War I, an estimated 40,000 to 80,000 soldiers died as a result of avalanches during the mountain campaign in the Alps at the Austrian-Italian front. Many of the avalanches were caused by artillery fire.[5][6]

Earthquakes

An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by vibration, shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. Earthquakes are caused mostly by slippage within geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. The underground point of origin of the earthquake is called the focus. The point directly above the focus on the surface is called the epicenter. Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife. It is usually the secondary events that they trigger, such as building collapse, fires, tsunamis (seismic sea waves) and volcanoes, that are actually the human disaster. Many of these could possibly be avoided by better construction, safety systems, early warning and planning.

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Sinkholes

When natural erosion or human mining makes the ground too weak to support the structures built on it, the ground can collapse and produce a sinkhole. For example, the 2010 Guatemala City sinkhole which killed fifteen people was caused when heavy rain from Tropical Storm Agatha, diverted by leaking pipes into a pumicebedrock, led to the sudden collapse of the ground beneath a factory building.Volcanic eruptionsVolcanoes can cause widespread destruction and consequent disaster in several ways. The effects include thevolcanic eruption itself that may cause harm following the explosion of the volcano or the fall of rock. Second, lava may be produced during the eruption of a volcano. As it leaves the volcano, the lava destroys many buildings, plants and animals due to its extreme heat . Third, volcanic ash generally meaning the cooled ash - may form a cloud, and settle thickly in nearby locations. When mixed with water this forms a concrete-like material. In sufficient quantity ash may cause roofs to collapse under its weight but even small quantities will harm humans if inhaled. Since the ash has the consistency of ground glass it causes abrasion damage to moving parts such as engines.

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The main killer of humans in the immediate surroundings of a volcanic eruption is the pyroclastic flows, which consist of a cloud of hot volcanic ash which builds up in the air above the volcano and rushes down the slopes when the eruption no longer supports the lifting of the gases. It is believed that Pompeii was destroyed by a pyroclastic flow. A lahar is a volcanic mudflow or landslide. The 1953Tangiwai disaster was caused by a lahar, as was the 1985 Armero tragedy in which the town of Armero was buried and an estimated 23,000 people were killed.

A specific type of volcano is the supervolcano. According to the Toba catastrophe theory, 75,000 to 80,000 years ago a supervolcanic event at Lake Toba reduced the human population to 10,000 or even 1,000 breeding pairs, creating a bottleneck in human evolution.[7] It also killed three-quarters of all plant life in the northern hemisphere. The main danger from a supervolcano is the immense cloud of ash, which has a disastrous global effect on climate and temperature for many years.

Hydrological disastersIt is a violent, sudden and destructive change either in quality of earth's water or in distribution or movement of water on land below the surface or in atmosphere.

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Floods

A flood is an overflow of water that "submerges" land.[8] The EU Floods Directivedefines a flood as a temporary covering by water of land which is usually not covered by water.[9] In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tides. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows causing the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries.[10] While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, it is not a significant flood unless the water covers land used by man like a village, city or other inhabited area, roads, expanses of farmland, etc.Limnic eruptionsA limnic eruption occurs when a gas, usually CO2, suddenly erupts from deep lake water, posing the threat of suffocating wildlife, livestock and humans. Such an eruption may also cause tsunamis in the lake as the rising gas displaces water. Scientists believe landslides, volcanic activity, or explosions can trigger such an eruption. To date, only two limnic eruptions have been observed and recorded. In 1984, in Cameroon, a limnic eruption in Lake Monoun caused the deaths of 37 nearby residents, and at nearby Lake Nyos in 1986 a much larger eruption killed between 1,700 and 1,800 people byasphyxiation.

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TsunamiA tsunami (plural: tsunamis or tsunami; from Japanese: 津波, lit. "harbour wave"; English pronunciation: /tsuːˈnɑːmi/), also known as a seismic sea wave or as a tidal wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Tsunamis can be caused by undersea earthquakes such as the2004 Boxing Day tsunami, or by landslides such as the one in 1958 at Lituya Bay, Alaska, or by volcanic eruptions such as the ancient eruption of Santorini. On March 11, 2011, a tsunami occurred near Fukushima, Japan and spread through the Pacific.

Meteorological disastersBlizzardsBlizzards are severe winter storms characterized by heavy snow and strong winds. When high winds stir up snow that has already fallen, it is known as a ground blizzard. Blizzards can impact local economic activities, especially in regions where snowfall is rare. The Great Blizzard of 1888 affected the United States, when many tons of wheat crops were destroyed, and in Asia, 2008 Afghanistan blizzard and the1972 Iran blizzard were also significant events.Cyclonic stormsTropical cyclones

Cyclone, tropical cyclone, hurricane, and typhoon are different names for the same phenomenon, which is a cyclonic storm system that forms over the oceans. The determining factor on which term is used is based on where they originate. In the

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Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, the term “hurricane” is used; in the Northwest Pacific it is referred to as a “typhoon” and “cyclones” occur in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean.

The deadliest hurricane ever was the 1970 Bhola cyclone; the deadliest Atlantic hurricane was the Great Hurricane of 1780which devastated Martinique, St. Eustatius and Barbados. Another notable hurricane is Hurricane Katrina, which devastated the Gulf Coast of the United States in 2005.

Extratropical cyclones

Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones, are a group of cyclones defined as synoptic scale low pressure weather systems that occur in the middle latitudes of the Earth (outside the tropics) not having tropical characteristics, and are connected with fronts and horizontal gradients in temperature and dew point otherwise known as "baroclinic zones"

As with tropical cyclones, they are known by different names in different regions (nor'easter, Pacific Northwest windstorms, European windstorm, East Asian-northwest Pacific storms, sudestada, and Australian east coast cyclones). The most intense extratropical cyclones cause widespread disruption and damage to society, such as the storm surge of the North Sea flood of 1953 which killed 2251 people in the Netherlands and eastern England, the Great Storm of 1987 which damaged southern England and France, and the Columbus Day Storm of 1962 which struck the Pacific Northwest.Droughts]

Drought is the unusual dryness of soil, resulting in crop failure and shortage of water and for other uses which is caused by significant low rainfall than average over a

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prolonged period. Hot dry winds, shortage of water, high temperatures and consequent evaporation of moisture from the ground can contribute to conditions of drought.

Well-known historical droughts include the 1997–2009 Millenium Drought in Australia led to a water supply crisis across much of the country. As a result, many desalination plants were built for the first time (see list). In 2011, the State of Texaslived under a drought emergency declaration for the entire calendar year and severe economic losses.[11] The drought caused the Bastrop fires.HailstormsHailstorms are falls of rain drops that arrive as ice, rather than melting before they hit the ground. A particularly damaging hailstorm hit Munich, Germany, on July 12, 1984, causing about 2 billion dollars in insurance claims.Heat wavesA heat wave is a period of unusually and excessively hot weather. The worst heat wave in recent history was the European Heat Wave of 2003. A summer heat wave in Victoria, Australia, created conditions which fuelled the massive bushfires in 2009. Melbourne experienced three days in a row of temperatures exceeding 40 °C (104 °F) with some regional areas sweltering through much higher temperatures. The bushfires, collectively known as "Black Saturday", were partly the act of arsonists. The 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer resulted in severe heat waves, which killed over 2,000 people. It resulted in hundreds of wildfires which causing widespread air pollution, and burned thousands of square miles of forest.TornadoesA tornado is a violent, dangerous, rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of acumulus cloud. It is also referred to as a twister or a cyclone,[12] although the wordcyclone is used in meteorology in a wider sense, to refer to any closed low pressurecirculation. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour (177 km/h), are approximately 250 feet (80 m) across, and travel a few miles (several kilometers) before dissipating. The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 300 mph (480 km/h), stretch more than two miles (3 km) across, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (perhaps more than 100 km).[13][14][15]

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Wildfires are large fires which often start in wildland areas. Common causes include lightning and drought but wildfires may also be started by human negligence or arson. They can spread to populated areas and can thus be a threat to humans and property, as well as wildlife. Notable cases of wildfires were the 1871 Peshtigo Fire in the United States, which killed at least 1700 people, and the 2009 Victorian bushfires in Australia.

Health disastersEpidemicsAn epidemic is an outbreak of a contractible disease that spreads through a human population. A pandemic is an epidemic whose spread is global. There have been many epidemics throughout history, such as the Black Death. In the last hundred years, significant pandemics include the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic (killing an estimated 50 million people worldwide), the 1957–58 Asian flu pandemic, and the AIDS pandemic, which began in 1959. The 1968–69 Hong Kong water flu pandemic, the 2002-3 SARS pandemic, and the H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Pandemic in 2009–2010 were also significant cases.

Protection by international lawInternational law, for example Geneva Conventions defines International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement theConvention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, requires that "States shall take, in accordance with their obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law, all necessary measures to ensure the protection and safety of persons with disabilities in situations of risk, including the occurrence of natural disaster."[18] And further United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs is formed by General AssemblyResolution 44/182. People displaced due to natural disasters are currently protected under international law (Guiding Principles of International Displacement, Campala Convention of 2009).[19]

Recent historyIn 2012, there were 905 natural disasters worldwide, 93% of which were weather-related disasters. Overall costs were US$170 billion and insured losses $70 billion. 2012 was a moderate year. 45% were meteorological (storms), 36% were hydrological (floods), 12% were climatological (heat waves, cold waves, droughts, wildfires) and 7% were geophysical events (earthquakes and volcanic eruptions). Between 1980 and 2011 geophysical events accounted for 14% of all natural catastrophe

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REHABITULATION PROGRAMMESImmediate Response: By enforcing the Essential Services Operation Act, 1957, the Government ensured the supply of essential goods and services to the affected region. The Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee (CNDRC) has been coordinating and overseeing all the rescue and relief works. The CNDRC decided to form a Central Command Post (CCP) headed by Home Secretary.

Alternative provisional arrangements were made for the smooth delivery of public services related to education, health, justice, security as well as administrative services until public schools, health institutions, courts and other infrastructures of public importance damaged in the earthquake are reconstructed. Similarly, the Ministry of Finance called an emergency meeting with the Ambassadors/representatives of the donor countries in Kathmandu. The ambassadors/representatives of the donor countries assured that they will assist Nepal in every possible way. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs regularly briefed the diplomatic community in Kathmandu on the ongoing rescue and relief operations, and urged for assistance in such hour of great tragedy.

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2.Relief, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Measures: The Government constructed temporary safe shelters in sixteen different parts of the valley. A Cabinet-level decision was taken on 30 April 2015 on the various relief measures, some of them were changed/modified from time to time to make them more realistic:

a. Cremation Cost and Assistance to the Family of Victims: Family that has lost its member in the earthquake will get NPR 40,000.00 per dead person as cremation cost, which was increased from previously stated NPR 15,000.00 per person. Additionally, the Government will provide a fixed sum of NPR 100,000.00 to each family that has lost its one or more members (i.e. losing more than one member will not multiply this amount).

b. Temporary Shelters/Rehabilitation of those Rendered Homeless: The Government is committed to ensuring that all the affected population in the crisis-hit districts got tents/tarpaulin and other basic items and making necessary arrangements for resettling them safely. Those who wish to repair their partially damaged houses will get a sum of NPR 25,000.00 per family as maintenance cost. And those who wish to rebuild their houses on their own will get a relief assistance of NPR 200,000.00 plus a concessional loan up to NPR 25,00,000.00 in the valley and NPR 15,00,000.00 outside the valley at just two per cent interest rate under "Earthquake Victim Special Loan"

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scheme. The Government later decided to provide tin-sheets or NPR 15,000.00 to each affected family for managing a temporary accommodation in view of the coming monsoon. This amount together with all other relief amounts previously provided will be deducted from the relief of NPR 200,000.00 to be provided to the victims later.

c. Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Plan backed by the NRRF: An appropriate plan of land pooling for rehabilitation in the affected areas with adequate facilities will be implemented. Such a plan will ensure the building of earthquake-resistant structures with the use of local materials/resources as well as cost-effective means. The Government has announced to rebuild all the damaged structures of the individuals, the public houses/infrastructures and the heritages devastated by the earthquake in one year, two years and five years respectively. Such a scale of damage caused by the earthquake requires a huge fund. The National Planning Commission (NPC) has recommended a low-cost model of houses to the Government for necessary approval. Construction of houses in large scale as well as the construction of the collapsed government houses and the heritages requires a huge fund. So, the Government has decided to set up a National Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Fund (NRRF) with an initial target of collecting US$ 2 Billion. The Government has already transferred US$ 200.00 Million to the Fund as seed money. The Government has also urged the international community to make generous contributions to the Fund.

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Similarly, a Post-Disaster Need Assessment (PDNA) is being conducted and the amount required for rehabilitation and reconstruction is expected to rise after the detailed assessment. A National Reconstruction Consultation Committee under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister has also been formed to make the reconstruction campaign more effective and coordinated. The Committee had its first meeting on 26 and 27 May 2015.

d. Priority Items: The Government of Nepal issued an indicative list of priority items (that cover shelter, food, hygiene, clothes; drug and surgical items and construction; emergency veterinary medicines, vaccines, disinfectants and feeds; and agricultural nutrients) required in connection with the immediate relief operations. The list may be revised based on the evolving circumstances in the areas affected by the devastation. The last revision to the list was made on 14 May 2015 and was extended until 03 June 2015. The list is transmitted to all Diplomatic Missions, United Nations and its Specialized Agencies and other International Organizations based in Kathmandu for ready reference.

e. Injured in the Earthquake: The Government initially decided to provide NPR 25,000.00 per injured person to the hospitals that are providing treatment facilities to the people injured in the earthquake. The Government

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will also provide money to the hospitals through the Ministry of Health and Population for treating more serious injuries. Later on, the Government decided to provide free-of-cost treatment facility for all the people injured in the earthquake. Similarly, the Government also decided to provide, as per a criterion to be worked out, additional relief to those left disabled due to the devastation.

f. Information Dissemination: The Government has effectively disseminated, through different mediums of communication, all types of information for the safety, security and well-being of its citizens. The Government has warned that no one can predict the occurrences of earthquake, and therefore, has asked not to follow any rumor of earthquake prediction by some unscrupulous agents. Information on minimizing losses during the time and after earthquakes, safety tips, relief/rehabilitation measures taken by the Government, health and hygiene instructions, etc. is being constantly circulated. The websites of the Government agencies including those of the Nepalese missions abroad are now replete with the earthquake-related information, and a dedicated portalhttp://www.drrportal.gov.np has been active to provide all types of information.3.Data Collection: With a view to collecting data on the loss of lives/properties with all vital details, the Government has sent various teams to the affected districts. For maintaining uniformity of the data and also to manage the teams, the Guidelines for the Teams to be Deployed in the Earthquake-affected Areas, 2015, was prepared and enforced. The data will be utilized for effective relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction works. These teams are still in the field and the reports are expected to be submitted soon.

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4.International Donors' Conference: The Government of Nepal will organize an International Donors' Conference on post-earthquake reconstruction and rehabilitation works, after completing a comprehensive need assessment, in Kathmandu on 25 June 2015. A preparatory committee has also been formed recently with the Finance Minister as the coordinator. A main agenda of the Conference will be garnering donors' support to the Government's plan for the post-earthquake rehabilitation and reconstruction.

5.Call for Contributions to PMDRF: The Government has advised all the contributors (countries, organizations and individuals) both at home and abroad to contribute to the Prime Minister's Disaster Relief Fund (PMDRF) to reach out to the real victims of the earthquake. The Government is committed to making the optimum utilizations of the fund received. Similarly an e-portal to facilitate online transfer of

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money (through Visa/Master Card) to the Fund has been created for the ease of contributors. As of 31 May 2015, NPR 4,210,032,106.00 has been collected including NPR 745891.00 through online transfers.

6.Resolution Motion of the CA-LP and the Government's Response: Upon the recommendation of the Government, the Rt. Hon. President called for a special session of the House on 07 May 2015. The Assembly-Legislature Parliament of Nepal passed a 27-point resolution on 13 May 2015 directing the Government to effectively undertake the relief, reconstruction and rehabilitation works. To implement the instructions, the Government has prepared and has put into effect the Integrated Action Plan for Post-Earthquakes Response and Recovery, 2072. It has altogether forty actions to be completed in a coordinated manner. Some important ones are as follows

BANGALORE UNIVERSITY MES CTE,TEACHERS COLLEGE BANGALORE RURAL, RAJAJINAGA ,BANGALORE-10

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ONLINE ASSIGNMENT TOPIC : “NATURAL DISASTERES AND REHABITULATION PROGRAMMES IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL”

Submitted by Renuka14EDD13061 YEAR :2014-15

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