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B1.2 Animal and plant cells① REVISE Collins Trilogy pg.16,24,46
Oxford Biology 3rd pg.6-7
1.1.2 Students should be able to explain how the main sub-cellular structures, including the nucleus, cell membranes, mitochondria, chloroplasts in plant cells and plasmids in bacterial cells are related to their functions.Most animal cells have the following parts:a nucleus, cytoplasm, a cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes.In addition to the parts found in animal cells, plant cells often have:Chloroplasts, a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap.Plant and algal cells also have a cell wall made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell.
1) Name these parts of the cell
Part Function
Contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cell
Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymes
Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
Most energy is released by respiration here
Protein synthesis happens here
2) Name these Extra parts of Plant cells
Part Function
Strengthens the cell
Contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid
3) Label these diagrams
Animal Cell Plant Cell
TEST YOURSELF ②
Grade 4 What are the main parts of a cell?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Grade 6 What is the difference between an animal and a plant cell?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….What do these parts of the cell do?
Cell Wall ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Cell Membrane ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Nucleus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Mitochondria ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Ribosomes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Grade 8 Why do muscle cells contain lots of mitochondria?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Why don’t roots contain many chloroplasts?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
B1.3 Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
① REVISE Collins Trilogy pg.16-18Oxford Biology 3rd pg.8-9
1.1.1 Plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells) have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus. Bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells) are much smaller in comparison. They have cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall. The genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus. It is a single DNA loop and may have one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids.Students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the scale and size of cells and be able to make order of magnitude calculations, including the use of standard form.1.1.2 Students should be able to explain how the main sub-cellular structures, including the nucleus, cell membranes, mitochondria, chloroplasts in plant cells, and plasmids in bacterial cells are related to their functions.
1) Label this diagram of a prokaryote using these
keywords
CytoplasmCell MembraneCell WallDNA ChromosomePlasmidFlagella
2) Name these parts of a prokaryote
Part Function
A large ring of DNA that contains most of the genes of the prokaryote
A small ring of DNA that contains a few genes and can be exchanged with other prokaryotes
Long proteins strands used by the bacteria to move themselves around
Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
Protein synthesis happens here
3) Complete these instructions to work out an “order of magnitude”
To make an order of magnitude calculation for two numbers you should ………. the big number by the small number. If the answer is less than 10 then the numbers are the same…………………………………If the answer is more than 10 then the bigger number is …………. order of magnitude biggerIf the answer is more than 100 then the bigger number is ……………… orders of magnitude biggerIf the answer is more than 1000 then the bigger number is ………………. orders of magnitude bigger
TEST YOURSELF ②
Grade 3 Label one of these a prokaryote and the other a eukaryote
Cell A Cell BExplain your choice…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….The cell on the right is an order of magnitude bigger than the cell on the left. Which cell is bigger?
Grade 6
Look at this diagram of a yeast cell. Is a yeast cell a eukaryote or prokaryote? Explain your answer.Give as many pieces of evidence as you can.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Where would you find a plasmid and what is it?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Grade 8 A human skin cell is about 30 μm. An E.coli bacteria is an order of magnitude smaller than a skin cell. How big is an E.Coli?...........An HIV virus is two orders of magnitude smaller than an skin cell. How big is an HIV virus?.........A human egg is 100 μm. How many orders of magnitude bigger is an egg cell than a skin cell?.....
B1.4 Specialisation in animal cells① REVISE Collins Trilogy pg.24-25,28
Oxford Biology 3rd pg.10-11
1.1.3 Students should be able to, when provided with appropriate information, explain how the structure of different types of cell relate to their function in a tissue, an organ or organ system, or the whole organism.Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function: sperm cells, nerve cells, and muscle cells in animals, 2.2.3 Red blood cells contain haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to transport it from the lungs to the tissues.
1)Name these cells
2) Name these cells from their function and adaptation
Type of cell Function Features of cell that allow it to perform its function
Contracts to allow movement of body parts
Contains long protein filaments that can slide past each other to shorten the cell. They contain many mitochondria to provide energy.
Transmits electrical impulses from one part of body to another
Contain membrane proteins that carry out active transport of sodium and potassium ions to help 'recharge' the cell.
Carries oxygen to body tissues that require it
Contains the protein haemoglobin, which binds oxygen. Has no nucleus so there is more space available to carry oxygen
Transfers genes from male body to female gamete during sexual reproduction
Has a tail to allow it to swim to egg cell and contains many mitochondria to supply energy. Its head contains enzymes that are released to help it break through the outer membrane of the egg cell
3) Match these keywords to their definitions
Cell The simplest unit of life
Tissue A group of organs working together
Organ A group of tissues that work together for a particular function
Organ system Many cells of the same type
4) Describe how adaptations of muscle cells allow the body to move quickly…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
TEST YOURSELF ②
Grade 3 What is the function of……..A muscle cell…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….A nerve cell…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….A sperm cell…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Grade 6 Describe the difference between a typical animal cell like this and the cells shown to the right. To do this you will have to describe the adaptations of each cell.
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Grade 8 Describe the function of the cell shown to the right and explain
how it is adapted to serve this function.
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This is a cell from the lining of the intestine. The job of the intestine is to absorb water and nutrients from the gut. This cell. is covered in tiny “microvili”. These microvili give the cell a very big surface area.
B1.5 Specialisation in plant cells① REVISE Collins Trilogy pg.16,24,32
Oxford Biology 3rd pg.12-13
1.1.3 Students should be able to, when provided with appropriate information, explain how the structure of different types of cell relate to their function in a tissue, an organ or organ system, or the whole organism.Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function: root hair cells, xylem, and phloem in plants.2.3.2 Students should be able to explain how the structure of [root hair cells], xylem and phloem are adapted to their functions...... Xylem tissue transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the stems and leaves. It is composed of hollow tubes strengthened by lignin adapted for the transport of water in the transpiration stream. Phloem tissue transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage. The movement of food through phloem tissue is called translocation. Phloem is composed of tubes of elongated cells. Cell sap can move from one phloem cell to the next through pores in the end walls.
1) Name these cells
Hollow tubes formed of dead cells Living cells connected by sieve plates Long root hair gives a large surface area
2) Name these cells from their function and adaptation
Type of cell Function Features of cell that allow it to perform its function
Movement of water and minerals through a plant - up from its roots to its leaves via the stem.
Made from dead xylem cells which have the cell walls removed at the end of the cells, forming tubes through which the ……………………. and …………………………….. can flow. The rest of the cell has a thick, reinforced cell wall which provides …………………………………………..
Dissolved sugars are moved from the leaves to growing and storage tissues.
The cell walls of these cells do not completely break down, but instead form small holes at the ends of the cell. The ends of the cell are referred to as ……………... The connection of phloem cells effectively forms a tube which allows ………………………...to be transported.
Absorbs water from the soil by osmosis.
Root hair cells are adapted by a long “hair” that gives a large ………………………….. to speed up ……………………..
3) Match these cell components to their functionLong hair Give strength
Cell wall Gives a large surface area
Sieve plate Allows sugar to flow through
TEST YOURSELF ②
Grade 3 What is the function of……..Xylem Cells…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Phloem Cells…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Root Hair Cells…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Grade 6 Describe the difference between a typical plant cell like this and the cells shown to the right. To do this you will have to describe the adaptations of each cell.
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Grade 8 Describe the function of the cell shown to the right and
explain how it is adapted to serve this function.
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This is a cell from leaf. The leaf is where photosynthesis takes place. This cell has a large number of chloroplasts
B1.6 Diffusion① REVISE Collins Trilogy pg.22-24,29
Oxford Biology 3rd pg.14-15
1.3.1 Substances may move across cell membranes via diffusion.Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. Some of the substances transported in and out of cells by diffusion are oxygen and carbon dioxide in gas exchange, and the diffusion of the waste product urea from cells into the blood plasma for excretion in the kidney.Students should be able to explain how different factors affect the rate of diffusion.Factors which affect the rate of diffusion are: the difference in concentrations (concentration gradient)the temperature, the surface area of the membrane.
1) Name where these examples of diffusion take place
location particles moved from todigested food gut cavity blood in capillary oxygen space inside the lungs blood Carbon dioxide blood space inside the lungsurea blood urine
2) Match these factors that affect the rate of diffusion with their explanation
Temperature Having a larger area of membrane allows more particles to cross
Concentration As particles move faster they spread out more quickly
Surface Area A big concentration gradient means more particles are moving down the concentration gradient and few go the opposite way
3) Use the idea of a concentration gradient to explain what is happening in each diagram
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TEST YOURSELF ②
Grade 3 What is diffusion?……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..What are the 3 factors that affect the rate of diffusion?
a)……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………
b)……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………
c)........................................……………………………………………………………………….………
Grade 6 Draw your own version of the diagram on the right to show what will happen inside the kidney after diffusion has taken place.
Explain what you have drawn ……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….………………………………………………
This diagram shows a membrane inside the kidney. The squares represent Urea that can pass through the membrane and the large circles represent protein molecules that cannot.
The Air Sacs inside the lungs have many tiny bumps to give them a large surface area. Describe the function of air sacs and explain how this shape makes them adapted to their function.……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….……………………………………………………………………...
This diagram shows the inside of an air sac in the lungs.
Grade 8 By describing the movement of particles explain how temperature affects rate of diffusion.……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..What is a concentration gradient and how does it affect the rate of diffusion?……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
B1.7 &1.8 Osmosis① REVISE Collins Trilogy pg.22-23
Oxford Biology 3rd pg.16-19
1.3.2 Water may move across cell membranes via osmosis.Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution.Students should understand and use the terms isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic.5.3.3 If body cells lose or gain too much water by osmosis they do not function efficiently.
1) Match the keyword to its meaning
Diffusion A membrane that will allow water to pass through but will block many larger molecules
Semi Permeable membrane When particles spread out through the random movement of particles
Osmosis When a solution has the same concentration of sugar or salt as the body
Isotonic When water moves through a partially permeable membrane to dilute a solution at a higher concentration
Hypertonic A solution at a higher concentration that the body or cell
Hypotonic A solution at a lower concentration that the body or cell
2) Look carefully at these diagrams and draw an arrow to show the direction that the water moves
2) Match up the explanation of what happens to a cell in different solutions
Isotonic Water moves into the cell because the concentration of ions and sugars is higher inside the cell.
Hypertonic Water moves out of the cell because the concentration of ions and sugars is higher outside of the cell.
Hypotonic The water is moving in and out of the cell at an equal rate because the concentration of sugar and ions inside and outside the cell is equal.
3) Three cells were placed in either hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic solution. Label which is which
TEST YOURSELF ②
Grade 3 What is osmosis?……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………...What happens to animal cells if they lose too much water?……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………….……
Grade 6 Why would drinking sea water (which has a hypertonic salt solution) lead to dehydration?……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………....……Why do your fingers go wrinkly in the bath but not in the sea?……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………....……Why do plants go flaccid when you put them in salt water……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………....………
Grade 8
Do the dots represent water or ions? Explain your answer by referring to the diagram……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………Explain what direction the water will move in each diagram.……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………If the ions could move through the membrane what would happen?……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………
This diagram shows a plant cell placed into a strong salt solution. Explain what is happening. ……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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B1.9 Active transport① REVISE Collins Trilogy pg.22-23
Oxford Biology 3rd pg.20-21
1.3.3 Active transport moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient). This requires energy from respiration.Active transport allows mineral ions to be absorbed into plant root hairs from very dilute solutions in the soil. Plants require ions for healthy growth.It also allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration. Sugar molecules are used for cell respiration.
1) Match up the keyword with its definition
Carrier protein Water that has a substance dissolved in it
Solution A protein in the cell membrane that transports substances
Concentration gradient A difference in concentration eg between the inside and outside of a cell
2) Name where these examples of diffusion take place
1) Cell membrane2) Energy3) Carrier protein4) Substance taken in by cell5) High Concentration6) Low Concentration
3) What substances are taken in by the roots by active transport? …………………………………………...
4) Where is sugar absorbed by active transport? ……………………………………………
5) Complete this table (the first one has been done for you
Diffusion Osmosis Active transport
Down a concentration gradient ✓
Against a concentration gradient ✗
Energy needed ✗
Substance moved Dissolved solutes Dissolved solutes
NotesGases and dissolved gases also diffuse
Partially permeable membrane needed Carrier protein needed
TEST YOURSELF ②
Grade 3 What is active transport? ……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..Describe an example of active transport in the roots of a plant……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..Describe an example of active transport in the gut of an animal……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………….
Grade 6 Explain the difference between Active transport and Diffusion. (Make sure you mention a) the direction that particles move b) the role of carrier proteins c) the presence of a membrane d) the need for a source of energy……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Grade 8 Describe what is happening in the diagram to the right. ……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….……………….……………………
Explain why a root hair cell has a large surface area and many mitochondria but no chloroplasts.……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….……………….…………………………………………...…………………………………...
Revision resources for B1
Want links?
Quizlet Bitesize Youtube
Good for learning the keywords and their meanings
Clear explanations and links to videos, activities and mini tests
Have a teacher explain it if you don’t get it or if you need to improve your own explanations
B1.2 Animal and plant cells
https://quizlet.com/169161041/animal-
http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHTvqW7CzXYhttps://www.youtube.com/
and-plant-cells-flash-cards/
zgcxsbk/revision/2 watch?v=Fdm2h2QMdk0https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2lHztS4sMU
B1.3 Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
https://quizlet.com/169168809/prokaryote-and-eukaryote-flash-cards/?new
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_edexcel/cells/cells1.shtml
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQ-SMCmWB1shttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QON4z9vo7Aghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XH06Hfaa6m4
B1.4 Specialisation in animal cells
https://quizlet.com/169170149/specialised-cells-flash-cards/?new
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/cells/cells2.shtml
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sB735u8Y5Uhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8uXewS9dJUhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqbkTT63yeEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImzM9OJAJOQ
B1.5 Specialisation in plant cells
B1.6 Diffusion & B1.10 Exchanging materials
https://quizlet.com/169176294/diffusion-and-osmosis-flash-cards/?new
http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zc9tyrd/revision
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcQQlnvEz-shttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9Uo-xizuuMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ye20e9eFRLU
B1.7 Osmosis & B1.8 Osmosis in plants
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdqo5CZDteshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFqii-d6_Cwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gksjprsbj5o
B1.9 Active transport
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLtlNQblm5khttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_l3h9eqBqkA