mental health

Medical TerminologyMedical TerminologyA Word-Building Approach

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice

CHAPTER

Seventh Edition

Mental Health

21



Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes

• Define mental health.• Describe mental illness and list six possible

contributing factors.• Identify some general symptoms (according

to age group) that can suggest a mental disorder.

• Explain how the diagnosis of mental illness can be obtained and three basic forms of treatment that can be employed.



Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes

• Describe three basic forms of treatment that can be employed.

• Analyze, build, spell, and pronounce medical words.

• Comprehend the drugs highlighted in this chapter.

• Identify and define selected abbreviations.



Multimedia DirectoryMultimedia Directory

Slide 48 Attention Deficit Disorder Video

Slide 49 Autism Video

Slide 50 Bipolar Disorder Video

Slide 53 Dissociative Disorders Video 1



Slide 63 Eating Disorder Video

Slide 66 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Video

Slide 67 Panic Attacks Video

Slide 71 Schizophrenia Video



Overview of Mental Health and Overview of Mental Health and Mental IllnessMental Illness

• World Health Organization (WHO) definitions– Health: a state of complete physical, mental,

and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

– Mental health: a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.




• Mental illness:– An abnormal condition of the brain or mind.– Affects the way a person thinks, feels,

behaves, and relates to others and to his or her surroundings.

– In most cases, the exact cause of mental illness is not known.




• Possible contributing factors include:– Genetics.– Environment.– Chemical changes occurring in the brain.– Use of certain drugs.– Psychological, social, and cultural conditions.




• Most mental health disorders are caused by a combination of factors, such as:– Biologic.– Psychologic.– Environmental.– Social.




• These disorders can:– be severe.– seriously interfere with a person’s life.– even cause a person to become disabled.



Figure 21.1Multicausational concept of the illness process. The phrase meaning and symbol

refers to the fact that a patient interprets all experiences in a highly individual manner according to his or her specific meaning and the broader meaning in the

patient’s culture.




• The more common types of mental illnesses include:– Mood disorders (depression and bipolar

disorder).– Anxiety disorders.– Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

(ADHD).– Eating disorders.




• The more common types of mental illnesses include:– Schizophrenia.– Impulse control and addiction disorders.– Personality disorders.




• Less common types of mental illnesses include:– Adjustment disorder.– Dissociative disorders.– Factitious disorders.– Sexual and gender disorders.– Somatoform disorders.– Tic disorders.




• Can be classified as mental illnesses because they involve the brain:– Various sleep-related problems.– Some forms of dementia, including

Alzheimer’s disease.




• During a given year:– 44 million adults and about 20% of American

children suffer from a mental disorder.

• About 5 million American adults and more than 5 million children and adolescents suffer from a serious mental condition.




• Among the top ten leading causes of disability in the United States– Major depression.– Bipolar disorder.– Schizophrenia.



Symptoms of a Mental DisorderSymptoms of a Mental Disorder

• Symptoms in an adult:– Confused thinking.– Long-lasting sadness or irritability.– Extreme highs and lows in mood.– Excessive fear, worry, or anxiety.– Social withdrawal.– Dramatic changes in eating or sleeping

patterns.– Strong feelings of anger.– Delusion or hallucinations.




• Symptoms in an adult:– Increasing inability to cope with daily

problems and activities.– Thoughts of suicide.– Denial of obvious problems.– Many unexplained physical problems.– Abuse of drugs and/or alcohol.




• Symptoms in an adolescent:– Abuse of drugs and/or alcohol.– Inability to cope with daily problems and

activities.– Changes in eating or sleeping patterns.– Excessive complaints of physical problems.– Defying authority, skipping school, stealing, or

damaging property.




• Symptoms in an adolescent:– Intense fear of gaining weight.– Long-lasting negative mood.– Thoughts of death.– Frequent outbursts of anger.




• Symptoms in younger children:– Changes in school performance.– Poor grades despite strong efforts.– Excessive worry or anxiety.– Hyperactivity.– Persistent nightmares.– Continual disobedience and/or aggressive

behavior.– Frequent temper tantrums.



Diagnosis of Mental IllnessDiagnosis of Mental Illness

• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR):– The standard manual used for diagnosis of

recognized mental illness in the United States.

– Compiled by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and identifies categories of adult mental illness.




• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR):– Used by psychiatrists, psychologists, social

workers, and other health care providers to understand and diagnose mental health disorders.




• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR):– Also used by insurance companies and health

care providers to classify and code mental health disorders for reimbursement of services rendered.




• Psychiatrist– A medical doctor (MD) with specialized training

in psychotherapy and drug therapy.– Can further specialize in treatment of children

or in the legal aspects of psychiatry.

• Psychoanalysts– Psychiatrists with specialized training in

psychoanalysis, a method of obtaining a detailed account of past and present mental and emotional experiences and repressions.




• Psychologist– A person who is not a medical doctor but has

a master’s degree or doctor of philosophy (PhD) degree in a specific field of psychology, such as clinical, experimental, or social.




• Clinical Psychologists– Patient-oriented and can use various methods

of psychotherapy to treat patients.– Cannot prescribe medications or

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).– Trained in the use of tests to evaluate a

patient’s mental health and intelligence.




• Clinical psychologists use the following tests:– Intelligence quotient (IQ) tests

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

– Rorschach Inkblot Test– Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Pictures are used as stimuli for the patient to create stories.




• Clinical psychologists also use the following test:– Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

(MMPI) Consists of true-false questions that can reveal

aspects of personality, such as dominance, sense of duty or responsibility, and ability to relate to others.

Used as an objective measure of psychological disorders in adolescents and adults.




• Psychiatrists and psychologists also use specially designed interview and assessment tools to evaluate a person for a mental illness.

• The therapist bases the diagnosis on the person’s report of symptoms, including any social or functional problems caused by the symptoms.




• The therapist then determines whether the person’s symptoms and degree of disability indicate a diagnosis of a specific disorder.



Treatments for Mental IllnessTreatments for Mental Illness

• Drug Therapy– Mental disorders

Antianxiety agents Antidepressant agents Antimanic agents Antipsychotic agents

– Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Stimulants




• Psychotherapy– Treatment uses psychological techniques

instead of physical methods.– Involves talking, interpreting, listening,

rewarding, and role-playing.– Should be performed by a trained mental

health professional, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, or counselor.




• Types of psychotherapy include:– Cognitive-behavioral therapy– Family therapy– Group therapy– Play therapy– Art therapy– Hypnosis– Psychoanalysis




• Types of psychotherapy include:– Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

Helps people change thinking patterns that keep them from overcoming their fears.

Seeks to change people’s reaction to anxiety-provoking situations.

Is an effective form of psychotherapy for several anxiety disorders, particularly panic disorder and social phobia.




• Types of psychotherapy include:– Family therapy

Involves an entire family and focuses on resolving and understanding conflicts and problems as a family situation, not just as an individual member’s problem.

– Group therapy Involves small groups of people with similar

problems attending meetings together.




• Types of psychotherapy include:– Play therapy

Involves a child using toys to express thoughts, feelings, fantasies, and conflicts.



Figure 21.2Psychologist using play therapy to help Cassandra reenact her car crash. This helps

her gain control over the event so that it is not so frightening.




• Types of psychotherapy include:– Art therapy

Can be used to encourage a child to portray his or her feelings in drawings.

– Hypnosis A state of altered consciousness, usually artificially

induced, that lessens the mind’s unconscious defenses and allows some patients to be able to recall and even re-experience important childhood events that have long been forgotten or repressed.




• Types of psychotherapy include:– Psychoanalysis

Attempts to reveal and resolve the unconscious conflicts that are considered to be at the root of some mental illnesses.

It is believed that these conflicts have been repressed since childhood and after being brought to the conscious level can be resolved.




• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)– Use of an electric shock to produce

convulsions.– Useful for individuals whose depression is

severe or life threatening, particularly for those who cannot take antidepressant medication.

– In recent years, ECT has been much improved.




• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)– A muscle relaxant is given to the patient

before the treatment, which is performed under brief anesthesia.

– Electrodes are placed at precise locations on the head to deliver electrical impulses. The stimulation causes a 30-second seizure within

the brain.




• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)– The person receiving ECT does not

consciously experience the electrical stimulus.– For full therapeutic benefit, three ECT

sessions are typically given per week.



Audio PronunciationsAudio Pronunciations

• Affect• Affective disorder• Agoraphobia• Anorexia nervosa• Anxiety• Anxiety disorders



Figure 21.3Emaciated young woman with anorexia nervosa. (Source: Custom Medical Stock

Photo, Inc.)



Figure 21.4Physiologic responses in anxiety disorders.




• Apathy• Apperception• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder• Autism• Bipolar disorder

aut

-ism

= self

= condition



Attention Deficit Disorder VideoAttention Deficit Disorder Video

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of attention deficit disorder.

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Autism VideoAutism Video

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of autism.

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Bipolar Disorder VideoBipolar Disorder Video

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Figure 21.5This child with autism sits stiffly in the chair. He has a disengaged look and does not

readily interact with other children or adults who are in his environment.




• Compulsion• Cyclothymic disorder• Delirium• Delusion• Dementia• Depression• Dissociation

delus

-ion

= to cheat

= process



Dissociative Disorders Video 1Dissociative Disorders Video 1

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of dissociative disorders.

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Figure 21.6Characteristics of major depression.



Life Span ConsiderationsLife Span Considerations

• The depressed child can:– Pretend to be sick– Refuse to go to school– Cling to a parent– Worry that the parent may die




• Older children:– Sulk– Get into trouble at school– Are negative, grouchy, and feel

misunderstood




• Symptoms of depression– Toddlers:

Sadness, inactivity, complaints of stomachaches, and, in rare cases, self-destructive behavior.

– Elementary-school–age children: Unhappiness, poor school performance, irritability,

refusal to take part in activities he or she used to enjoy, and occasional thoughts of suicide.




• Symptoms of depression– Adolescents:

Sadness, withdrawal, feelings of hopelessness or guilt, changes in sleeping or eating habits, and frequent thoughts of suicide.




• A child does not understand feelings of stress, anxiety, or depression and does not know how to ask for help.– When a child exhibits dramatic mood or

behavior shifts, a physician should be consulted immediately.

– Physician could recommend psychotherapy or prescribe an antidepressant for children at least five years of age.




• Eating disorder• Egocentric• Factitious disorder• Fugue• Generalized anxiety disorder



Eating Disorders VideoEating Disorders Video

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• Hallucination• Hypomania• Impulse control disorder• Mania• Mood

hypo-

-mania

= deficient, below

= madness




• Neurotic• Norepinephrine• Obession• Paranoia• Personality disorder• Phobia



Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Obsessive Compulsive Disorder VideoVideo

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of obsessive compulsive disorder.

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Panic Attacks Video Panic Attacks Video

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• Post-traumatic stress disorder• Psychiatrist• Psychoanalysis• Psychologist• Psychology• Psychopath




• Psychosis• Psychosomatic• Psychotherapy• Psychotropic• Pyromania




• Schizophrenia• Seasonal affective disorder• Serotonin• Sexual disorders



Schizophrenia VideoSchizophrenia Video

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• Somatoform disorder• Substance abuse• Suicide • Tic disorder

somat/o

-form

= body

= shape




• Older Americans are disproportionately likely to die by suicide.– People age 65 and older: Of every 100,000

people, 14.2 died by suicide in 2006.– Non-Hispanic white men age 85 and older

were more likely to die by suicide (48 suicide deaths per 100,000 in this age group).




• Depressive symptoms are not a normal part of aging.– Tend to be persistent. – Interfere significantly with ability to function.– A loss of interest in food, sex, work, family,

friends, and hobbies should be noted in an older person.




• Depression often co-occurs with other serious illnesses such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, cancer, and Parkinson’s disease.– Untreated depression can delay recovery

from or worsen the outcome of other illnesses.



Drug HighlightsDrug Highlights

• Antianxiety agents• Antidepressant agents• Lithium carbonate• Miscellaneous Drugs

– Many newly created drugs to treat depression. Some of these drugs are used for other illnesses and are being tested for treating depression; others do not fit into any of the described groups.



Drug HighlightsDrug Highlights

• Antipsychotic Agents• Atypical Antipsychotics• Stimulants



Abbreviations



Combining Form Match Up QuizCombining Form Match Up Quiz

1. agor/a a. marketplace

2. centr/o b. center

3. delus/o c. body

4. phren/o d. mind

5. somat/o e. cheat

mental health

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