memory. fact or fiction? memory storage is never automatic; it always takes effort. although our...
TRANSCRIPT
Memory
Fact or Fiction?• Memory storage is never automatic; it always
takes effort.• Although our capacity for storing information is
large, we are still limited in the number of permanent memories we can form
• The hour before sleep, is a good time to commit information to memory
• When people learn something while intoxicated, they recall it best when they are again intoxicated
• Confidence is essential to eyewitness accuracy
You are what you remember!
What was your earliest memory?
Psychology Today
Can you name the Seven dwarfs?
What is memory process?
Get info into the brain (encode)
Retain information (storage)
Get information out (retrieval)
Types of Memory
• Procedural memory- memory for how to carry out skilled movement
• Episodic memory- memory regarding a personal experience
• Semantic memory- memory involving general knowledge
Encoding
Shiffrin/Atkinson Model
Visual Sensory Memory (Iconic)
Visual images stored 1-2 seconds
Auditory Sensory Memory (echoic)
Sound images last 3-4 seconds
Tactile Sensory Memory (touch)
Touch sensations last 1-2 seconds
Memory Processing Model
Herman EbbinghausMaintenance
Rehearsal Elaborate rehearsal
(rehearsal & meaning)
Schema & Constructive memory
ChunkingMeaningMnemonics
Imagery
Chunking
IBFIMBWBMATWIAC
Meaning
Storage
Short-term Memory= how does it work?
• Brief (20 seconds)
• Easily interrupted
• Limited in size
Short-term memory recall is approximately 7 digits
Magic Number 7
+ or - 2
Flashbulb memory= also called Episodic memory
VividLong-
LastingEmotional
Other Memory Types..
Semantic Memory= Memory for information
Procedural memory= Memory for actions (bike riding, swimming, tying your shoes) These are our most enduring types of memory.
Encoding specificity principle= we retrieve best when we can re-create the original conditions
Content dependent memory
Same physical space
State dependent memory
Same or similar emotional state
Forgetting as Encoding Failure
Module 23: Forgetting and Memory Construction
Encoding Failures
• People fail to encode information because:
– It is unimportant to them
– It is not necessary to know the information
– A decrease in the brain’s ability to encode
Retrieval…what if the memory is “in there” but you can’t get it
out?• Tip of the tongue phenomenon
• Recognize with “cues”
• Implicit memory= “remembering” something when we don’t realize that we do. (may need to be primed)
• Explicit memory=
Serial Position
Forgetting
Module 23: Forgetting and Memory Construction
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
• German philosopher who pioneering memory studies.
• Developed the forgetting curve, also called the “retention curve” or “Ebbinghaus curve”
The Forgetting Curve(Adapted from Ebbinghaus, 1885)
Forgetting as Retrieval Failure:
Interference
Module 23: Forgetting and Memory Construction
Interference
• A retrieval problem when one memory gets in the way of remembering another
• Two types of interference:
– Proactive interference
– Retroactive interference
Proactive Interference
• When an older memory disrupts the recall of a newer memory.
Proactive Interference
Retroactive Interference
• When a more recent memory disrupts the recall of an older memory.
Retroactive Interference
Forgetting (The Freudian view)
Repression
Memory & the Brain
Much is known
And much is still being discovered
Long-Term Potentiation
Neural explanationWhen groups of neurons fire together repeatedly, the synaptic connections form communications
Aplysia (sea snail)
Memory Jigsaw Analogy
• Memories, rather than being like a video tape, are formed as bits and pieces.
• People may retrieve only some of the pieces of the memory
Physical Structures of memory
• The Hippocampus- new memories
• The Cerebellum-procedural memories here
• The Prefrontal cortex- “habit” learning
• The Amygdala- emotional learning
Elizabeth Loftus (1944- )
• Psychologist at University of California, Irvine, whose research established the constructed nature of memory.
• Has found that subjects’ memories vary based on the wording of questions
• Memories are malleable• Demonstrated the
misinformation effect
Misinformation Effect
• Incorporating misleading information into a memory of an event.
• Affects eyewitness testimony
Misinformation Effect
Memory Construction:Recovered Memories
Module 23: Forgetting and Memory Construction
Accuracy of Memories