memory

2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EPSYCHOLOGY IN ACTIONSeventh Editionby Karen Huffman

PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation

Chapter 7Memory Lynn GussmanForsyth Technical Community College

2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E

2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7ENote to the InstructorThe following set of slides provides a basic foundation for your PowerPoint presentation of the core concepts found in Chapter 7 of Psychology in Action (7e).Please consult our website: http://www.wiley.com/college/huffman or the Instructor's Resource CD for additional options, including video clips, figures, tables, key terms, etc.


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7ELecture OverviewWhat is Memory?ForgettingProblems with MemoryMemory Improvement


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EMemoryMemory is the ability to code, store and retrieve informationMemory involves coding the input of the senses (visual, auditory)Memory is rarely perfectForgetting refers to memory failure


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EThree Stages of MemorySensory Memory is a brief representation of a stimulus while being processed in the sensory systemShort-Term Memory (STM) is working memoryLimited capacity (7 items)Duration is about 30 secondsLong-Term Memory (LTM) has a large capacity and long duration


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EOverview of Memory Model


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7ESTM: Working Memory


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7ELong-Term MemoryInformation transferred from STM to LTM is coded into categories and stored in terms of meaningREM sleep may play a key role in categorizing new items within LTMMemories retrieved from LTM are not an exact replica of the original eventMemories are reconstructed and can be altered during the retrieval process


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EMemory as a Computer


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EParallel Distributed ProcessingPDP model of memory recognizes that our brain processes multiple operations and involves a vast network of processing units that operate simultaneously.PDP model suggests that our memory works more like a telephone company, than like a computer.


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EIntegrating Approaches


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EVarieties of LTM


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EOrganization of LTMItems in LTM are organized in categories that form a hierarchy with multiple paths (direct and indirect) to each itemSometimes the cues required to recall an item are not sufficient Tip-of the tongue phenomenon: person cant easily recall the item, but shows some recall for its characteristics (it begins with the letter .)


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EMemory MeasuresRecognition is when a specific cue is matched against LTMRecall is when a general cue is used to search memory

E.g. define the term statistical significanceRelearning refers to a situation in which a person learns material a second time.


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EBiological PerspectiveLong-term Potentiation - As a response is learned, specific neural pathways are established that become progressively more excitable and responsiveSynapses are strengthened by stimulation of dendrites to grow more spinesAbility of a neuron to release its neurotransmitters can be increased or decreased


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EFlashbulb MemoriesWhere were you when you first heard:That the spaceship Columbia had exploded during landing?That the federal building had been bombed in Oklahoma City?That Princess Diana had been killed in a car wreck?


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EBrain Areas Related to Memory


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EForgettingForgetting is the inability to recall previously learned informationForgetting rate is steep just after learning and then becomes a gradual loss of recall


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EEbbinghauss Forgetting CurveThis graph dramatizes how rapidly nonsense syllables are forgotten, especially in the first few hours after learning.


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EStudy StrategiesDistributed practice refers to spacing learning periods in contrast to massed practice in which learning is crammed into a single sessionDistributed practice leads to better retention


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7ESerial Position EffectRemembering information at the beginning and end of a list better than material in the middle


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7ETheories of ForgettingDecay theory: memory trace fades with timeInterference theory argues that information competes for retrieval

Proactive interference: old information interferes with recall of new informationRetroactive interference: new information interferes with recall of old informationMotivated forgetting: involves the loss of painful memories Encoding failure: may contribute to information never being encoded from STM to LTM and thus forgotten.Retrieval failure: the information is still within LTM, but cannot be recalled because the retrieval cue is absent


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EInterference and Memory


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EAmnesiaAmnesia is forgetting produced by brain injury or traumaRetrograde amnesia refers to problems with recall of information prior to a traumaAnterograde amnesia refers to problems with recall of information after a trauma

Point of TraumaRetrograde amnesiaAnterograde amnesia


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EAnatomy of MemoryBilateral damage tothe hippocampus results in anterogradeamnesia (Patient H.M.)


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EPatient H.M.Patient H.M. suffered from chronic brain seizuresIn the 1950s, surgeons removed portions of his hippocampus in order to reduce the seizuresSince the surgery, Patient H.M. shows chronic anterograde amnesiaHe has normal STMHe has normal recall for material learned prior to the surgeryPatient H.M. has learned very little since the surgeryPatient H.M. would have no idea of the significance of:WatergateThe Challenger explosionThe death of Princess Diana


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EIssues in MemoryMemory recall may involve reconstruction and thus may not be accurateReasons for inaccuracy of memory:Source amnesia: attribution of a memory to the wrong source (e.g. a dream is recalled as an actual event) Sleeper effect: a piece of information from an unreliable source is initially discounted, but is recalled after the source has been forgotten


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EEyewitness TestimonyPrimarily because of the constructive nature of memory, the reliability of eyewitness testimony is questioned.


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7ERepressed MemoriesThe area of repressed memories is a hotly contested debateThe reliability of repressed memories is called into question due to:the constructive element of memorysource amnesiathe sleeper effect


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EMemory StrategiesMnemonic devices are strategies to improve memory by organizing informationMethod of Loci: ideas are associated with a place or part of a buildingPeg-Word system: peg words are associated with ideas (e.g. one is a bun)Word Associations: verbal associations are created for items to be learned


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7EImproving memoryUse rehearsal techniquesImprove organizationCounteract the serial position effectAvoid massed practice

Manage timeUse the encoding specificity principleEmploy self-monitoring and overlearningUse mnemonic devices


2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7ECopyright Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the copyright owner.


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