Memory Memory

CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 9

Intro to MemoryIntro to Memory

The Mystery of Memory

Forgetting Questionnaire Forgetting Questionnaire

Average Responses Average Responses – 1. C/D1. C/D 8. B/C8. B/C 15. B/C15. B/C– 2. A2. A 9. A9. A 16. C16. C– 3. B3. B 10. B10. B 17. B17. B– 4. B4. B 11. A11. A 18. B18. B– 5. D5. D 12. D12. D 19. A19. A– 6. B/C6. B/C 13. B13. B 20. A20. A– 7. B/C7. B/C 14. A14. A

Most Common Memory Most Common Memory Complaints Complaints

Names 83%Names 83% Where you put things 60%Where you put things 60% Telephone Numbers 57%Telephone Numbers 57% Specific Words 53%Specific Words 53% Not recalling what you already told someone 49%Not recalling what you already told someone 49% Forgetting what people told you 49%Forgetting what people told you 49% Faces 42%Faces 42% Directions 41%Directions 41% What you were getting ready to do 41%What you were getting ready to do 41% What you have already done (ex. Turn something What you have already done (ex. Turn something

off) 38%off) 38%

How good is your memory?How good is your memory?

Memoriad: Memory Olympics..Annual Memoriad: Memory Olympics..Annual events include memorizing the order events include memorizing the order of a deck of cards (record is 34 secs…of a deck of cards (record is 34 secs…23 packs in 1 hour, memorizing digits 23 packs in 1 hour, memorizing digits in order (630 in 30 mins.) memorizing in order (630 in 30 mins.) memorizing pi 100,000 places (16 hours). pi 100,000 places (16 hours). Champion is Rajan. Champion is Rajan.

CAN YOU NAME THE SEVEN DWARFS?CAN YOU NAME THE SEVEN DWARFS?

How good is your memory?How good is your memory?

CAN YOU NAME THE SEVEN DWARFS CAN YOU NAME THE SEVEN DWARFS FROM A LIST?FROM A LIST?

Drowsy Drowsy Bashful Snoozy Sniffy Bashful Snoozy SniffyDopey Flabby Hungry ScrapyDopey Flabby Hungry ScrapySneezy Sleepy Sleezy SillySneezy Sleepy Sleezy SillyDocDoc Tipsy Tipsy Happy JoyfulHappy JoyfulGloomy HelpfulGloomy Helpful Cranky GrumpyCranky GrumpyStuffy Stuffy Pop Sloppy Hopeful Pop Sloppy Hopeful

How good is your memory?How good is your memory?

THE SEVEN DWARFSTHE SEVEN DWARFS

Dopey, Bashful, Sneezy, Sleepy, Dopey, Bashful, Sneezy, Sleepy, Happy, Grumpy, DocHappy, Grumpy, Doc

Recognition vs. RecallRecognition vs. Recall

Recognition is usually easier than Recognition is usually easier than recall.recall.– Recall: you must generate possible Recall: you must generate possible

answers and then identify correct answers and then identify correct answers. answers.

– Recognition: Given possible answers and Recognition: Given possible answers and have to select the correct one(s)have to select the correct one(s)

Memory: How are memories Memory: How are memories made?made?

MemoryMemory – any indication that – any indication that learning has persisted over a period learning has persisted over a period of time through the storage and of time through the storage and retrieval of informationretrieval of information– 1. 1. EncodingEncoding – getting info to the brain – getting info to the brain– 2. 2. StorageStorage – retain the information – retain the information– 3. 3. RetrievalRetrieval – getting info back out of – getting info back out of

the brainthe brain– Human Experiments..What is memoryHuman Experiments..What is memory

Encoding Encoding

Do you remember what a penny Do you remember what a penny looks like? looks like? – Try to draw the face side of a penny in Try to draw the face side of a penny in

the margin of your notes…. the margin of your notes…. – Try to draw the reverse side of a penny Try to draw the reverse side of a penny

…. ….

A US Penny…. A US Penny…. Are the following on the Penny? Answer YES OR NO Are the following on the Penny? Answer YES OR NO The words one penny The words one penny

– The words United States of AmericaThe words United States of America– The right side of Washington’s face The right side of Washington’s face – The words ONE CENTThe words ONE CENT– The date of mintThe date of mint– The great sealThe great seal– The word Lincoln MemorialThe word Lincoln Memorial– The number 1 centeredThe number 1 centered– The full face of Lincoln The full face of Lincoln – The right side of Lincoln’s faceThe right side of Lincoln’s face– A laurel wreathA laurel wreath– The Lincoln MemorialThe Lincoln Memorial– The words IN GOD WE TRUSTThe words IN GOD WE TRUST– The word LIBERTYThe word LIBERTY– The words E PLURIBUS UNUM The words E PLURIBUS UNUM – The Statue of Liberty’s Torch The Statue of Liberty’s Torch

Which penny is correct?Which penny is correct?

P. 377P. 377

A US Penny…. A US Penny…. Are the following on the Penny? Answer YES OR Are the following on the Penny? Answer YES OR

NO NO – The words ONE PENNYThe words ONE PENNY– The words United States of AmericaThe words United States of America– The words ONE CENTThe words ONE CENT– The date of mintThe date of mint– The great sealThe great seal– The word Lincoln MemorialThe word Lincoln Memorial– The number 1 centeredThe number 1 centered– The full face of Lincoln The full face of Lincoln – The right side of Lincoln’s faceThe right side of Lincoln’s face– A laurel wreathA laurel wreath– The Lincoln MemorialThe Lincoln Memorial– The words IN GOD WE TRUSTThe words IN GOD WE TRUST– The word LIBERTYThe word LIBERTY– The words E PLURIBUS UNUM The words E PLURIBUS UNUM – The Statue of Liberty’s Torch The Statue of Liberty’s Torch

US Penny US Penny

Why don’t we encode everything? Why don’t we encode everything? This is called encoding failure This is called encoding failure What do we decide to encode? What do we decide to encode?

– We typically encode the things that are We typically encode the things that are important to us! important to us!

– Although we see pennies on a daily basis we Although we see pennies on a daily basis we may not encode what their features… this is may not encode what their features… this is not necessary to tell a penny from other coinsnot necessary to tell a penny from other coins

– Instructions: Turn your head to face the back Instructions: Turn your head to face the back of the room…. of the room….

What we encodeWhat we encode

Q. 2 vivid memories. Q Why? do A. they are Q. 2 vivid memories. Q Why? do A. they are emotionally significantemotionally significant this is called this is called flashbulb flashbulb memorymemory.(p.351). Review- preschool popcorn .(p.351). Review- preschool popcorn fire,earliest childhood memoryfire,earliest childhood memory

Ex. Where were you when you first heard the Ex. Where were you when you first heard the report of the twin towers begin hit by airplanes? report of the twin towers begin hit by airplanes? Sandy Hook? Sandy Hook?

Show Human Experience Tape on flashbulb Show Human Experience Tape on flashbulb memorymemory

  Information that is different. (Teacher presenting Information that is different. (Teacher presenting in different wayin different way

What we encodeWhat we encode

can be related to other ingrained can be related to other ingrained memories memories

also what we focus or give also what we focus or give attentionattention – – going in a line/circle.going in a line/circle.

Information that is Information that is importantimportant. Q. Top . Q. Top color on US Flag, top of a stoplight (which color on US Flag, top of a stoplight (which is more important?) Letters that are not on is more important?) Letters that are not on a home phone, US Penny exer.a home phone, US Penny exer.

MeaningfulMeaningful- BAZ, LEQ, WAV, GEK, HIW - BAZ, LEQ, WAV, GEK, HIW vs. OWL, BAT, MAN, FUNvs. OWL, BAT, MAN, FUN

Three Box / Three Stage Three Box / Three Stage Processing ModelProcessing Model

External events are processed by our External events are processed by our sensory memorysensory memory– Immediate recording of info in the Immediate recording of info in the

memory systemmemory system

Sensory memory

LongTerm

Memory

Short Term

Memory Retrieval

Three Box / Three Stage Three Box / Three Stage Processing ModelProcessing Model

Some of the info from the sensory memory is Some of the info from the sensory memory is encoded into our encoded into our short-term memoryshort-term memory– Memory that holds only a small amount of infoMemory that holds only a small amount of info– In short term before the info is stored in long term or In short term before the info is stored in long term or

forgottenforgotten– Sometimes referred to as Sometimes referred to as working memory working memory (we are (we are

currently working with these memories and they are at currently working with these memories and they are at a conscious level)a conscious level)

Sensory memory

LongTerm

Memory

Short Term

Memory Retrieval

Three Box / Three Stage Three Box / Three Stage Processing ModelProcessing Model

Some of info from our short term memory Some of info from our short term memory is encoded in our is encoded in our long-term memory.long-term memory.– ““Permanent” storage but long term memories Permanent” storage but long term memories

can fadecan fade– Long term memory is thought to be unlimitedLong term memory is thought to be unlimited

Sensory memory

LongTerm

Memory

Short Term

Memory Retrieval

Sensory Memory Sensory Memory

Sensory Memory - Split second holding tank for Sensory Memory - Split second holding tank for incoming informationincoming information– Most sensory information is not encodedMost sensory information is not encoded– Iconic memory Iconic memory – fleeting photographic memory– fleeting photographic memory– Q When we say Oprah is an icon..what do we Q When we say Oprah is an icon..what do we

mean?mean?– Echoic memoryEchoic memory – fleeting auditory memory. Q – fleeting auditory memory. Q

experience with your parentsexperience with your parents How do we choose what to encode from How do we choose what to encode from

sensory input?sensory input?– What’s meaningful, important .etc, what we’re What’s meaningful, important .etc, what we’re

attending to (we have attending to (we have selective attentionselective attention))

Iconic Memory Activity Iconic Memory Activity

George Sperling flashes a group of 9 George Sperling flashes a group of 9 letters for 1/20letters for 1/20thth of a second people of a second people could recall only half the letters. could recall only half the letters. When asked to recall a particular row When asked to recall a particular row immediately they could do so near immediately they could do so near perfectlyperfectly

Iconic Memory Activity: Live Psych Iconic Memory Activity: Live Psych

Short Term Memory Short Term Memory

Limited capacityLimited capacity Memories in the short-term are Memories in the short-term are temporarytemporary

(could fade within seconds or minutes)(could fade within seconds or minutes) Capacity is limited to Capacity is limited to around seven items around seven items

(plus or minus 2)(plus or minus 2)– Activity – Memory Capacity Activity – Memory Capacity – The capacity could be increased by using The capacity could be increased by using

chunking, rehearsalchunking, rehearsal or or mnemonic devicesmnemonic devices– Rajan- SupermemoristRajan- Supermemorist

Long Term Memory Long Term Memory

Unlimited capacityUnlimited capacity Not truly permanent since memories can fadeNot truly permanent since memories can fade Memories stored in three different formats p. Memories stored in three different formats p.

368368– Episodic MemoryEpisodic Memory – memory of specific events, – memory of specific events,

stored in a sequential series. Ex. – learning to ride stored in a sequential series. Ex. – learning to ride a bikea bike

– Procedural MemoryProcedural Memory – Memory of how to perform – Memory of how to perform skills, stored in sequential series. Ex. How to ride a skills, stored in sequential series. Ex. How to ride a bikebike

– Semantic MemorySemantic Memory – General knowledge, facts, – General knowledge, facts, meaning, stored in categoriesmeaning, stored in categories

Retrospective vs. Retrospective vs. prospective Memoryprospective Memory

Retrospective Memory- Remembering Retrospective Memory- Remembering things you’ve done in the pastthings you’ve done in the past

Prospective Memory- Prospective Memory- remembering remembering what you’re supposed to do. (ex. fill out what you’re supposed to do. (ex. fill out college application by Saturday)college application by Saturday)

Long Term MemoriesLong Term Memories

Explicit vs. Implicit MemoriesExplicit vs. Implicit Memories– ExplicitExplicit (aka declarative) – conscious (aka declarative) – conscious

recallrecall Ex. general knowledge or experiences–recall Ex. general knowledge or experiences–recall

a definitiona definition

– ImplicitImplicit (aka non declarative) – without (aka non declarative) – without conscious recallconscious recall

Endless Memory, Part 2 Endless Memory, Part 2

Levels of Processing ModelLevels of Processing Model

Levels of Processing Model Levels of Processing Model – – Memories are not short or long term; Memories are not short or long term; rather they are either deeply or rather they are either deeply or shallowly processed. shallowly processed. – We remember things we spend more We remember things we spend more

cognitive time processingcognitive time processing

Activity: Live Psych activityActivity: Live Psych activity