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Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology for wastewater reuse – a sustainable solution for
future water supply
J. Hoinkis
Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
Motivation - Freshwater availabilty
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Definition of Membrane Process
In a membrane separation process, a feed consisting of a mixture of two or more components is partially separated by means of a semipermeable barrier through which one or more species move faster than the other species
In water and wastewater treatment applications, membrane processes are used as a solid/liquid separation process. In this case, water is more readily transported through the membrane than solids (both suspended and dissolved)
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Membrane Separation
Solvent Particle or Solute
Molecule
Membrane
Permeate Feed
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Pressure-driven membranes Processes
Microfiltration (MF)
Ultrafiltration (UF)
Nanofiltration (NF)
Reverse Osmosis (RO)
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Pressure-driven Membrane Processes
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 10 100
Particle / Molecule Size [mm]
Pressure difference
[bar]
1
10
100
Nano-
filtration
Reverse
osmosis
Microfiltration
Filtration
Ultrafiltration
Bacteria Viruses
Pigments
Emulsions
Cells
Salt ions
Sugar
Proteins
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Range of pore size of MBR membranes
Membrane Bioreactor Technology
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Membranes in Treatment of Drinking Water
The application of specific pressure-driven membrane process is highly dependent on the characteristics and quality of the source water
Surface water: MF, UF, NF
Groundwater (fresh): MF, UF
Groundwater (brackish): MF/UF pretreatment, NF, RO
Seawater: MF/UF pretreatment, NF, RO
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Membranes in Treatment of Wastewater
The application of specific pressure-driven membrane process in wastewater treatment is highly dependent on the characteristics/quality of the source water and the pretreatment process/es used
Raw wastewater: MF/UF, MBR
Effluent: MF/UF pretreatment, NF, RO
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Membrane Technologies and their Traditional Counterparts
Membrane Separation Technology
Constituents Removed Comparable traditional Water Treatment Method
MF Bacteria and large colloids; precipitates and coagulates
Ozonation-UV, chlorination, sand filtration, bioreactors, coagulation-sedimentation
UF All of the above + viruses, high MW proteins, organics
Sand filter, bioreactor, activated carbon
NF All of the above + divalent ions, large monovalent ions, color, odor
Lime-soda softening, ion exchange
RO All of the above + monovalent ions Distillation, evaporation, ion exchange
ED/EDR Dissolved ionic salts Ion exchange
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Target Solutes
MF: Microbes (protozoa and bacteria)
Turbidity (particles and colloids)
UF: Same as MF + viruses, “some” NOM
NF: Same as UF + NOM, SOCs (e.g., Atrazine),
Divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, etc.),
Polyvalent anions (SO42-, PO4
3-, AsO43-, CrO4
2-, etc.)
RO: Same as NF + simple ions (TDS, NO3-, ClO4
-)
MF + Coagulant: viruses, NOM (also fouling reduction)
UF + PAC: SOCs, NOM (also fouling reduction)
Submerged MF and UF: Fe and Mn (aeration),
NOM (with coagulant), SOCs (with PAC)
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Basic structures of membranes
Dense structure with microporous support
Reverse Osmosis, Nano Filtration
Microporous Pore size 0,01 - 10 µm
Micro Filtration, Ultra Filtration
1m
Membrane Bioreactor Technology
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MBR Technology
MBR is a combination of bioreactor and membrane technology (microfiltration, ultrafiltration)
Membranes are submerged in bioreactor
Feed
Effluent
Air
Bioreactor and membranes are separate
Bioreactor
Feed
Effluent
Air
Membrane Bioreactor Technology
Comparison of MBR Technology vs. Conventional Bioreactors
Advantages
• High efficiency in degradation of organic compounds
• Low sludge loading low rates of surplus sludge
• No clarifier needed
• High MLSS small bioreactor volume
• Cleaned water free of turbidity and very low germ level ( no disinfection!) reuse!
Challenges
• Membrane cost ( capital cost)
• Aeration cost ( operating cost)
www.hitachi-pt.com/mbr/mbr_outline.html
Membrane Bioreactor Technology
www.water-technology.net
www.microdyn-nadir.de
Commercially available submerged MBR modules
www.waterandwastewater.com
www.waterworld.com
Flat Plate Hollow fiber
www.ecomagination.com
www.huber.de
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Membrane Bioreactor Technology
15 www.lenntech.com/processes/submerged-mbr.htm
Membrane Bioreactor Technology
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Large-scale MBR Plant Nordkanal Sewage Treatment Plant (Germany)
Population: 80,000 Total membrane area: 84,500 m2
reliableplant.com/Read/19514/diving-into-access-scarcity-at-world-water-week
Membrane Bioreactor Technology
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Small-scale MBR Plant (Germany) Household level
www.yumpu.com/user/busse.gt.com
Membrane Bioreactor Technology
Challenges for MBR membranes
• Membrane fouling intensive aeration, chemical cleaning
• Water quality of permeate post-treatment (NF, RO) needed
Developing functionalized self-cleaning membranes!
VicInAqua project
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Integrated aquaculture based on sustainable water
recirculating system for the Victoria Lake Bassin
Project Coordinator
Prof. Dr.- Ing. Jan Hoinkis
Duration
01.06.16 – 31.05.19
VicInAqua has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 689427”.
VicInAqua Project
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High population density (30 Mio.) and rapid urbanisation
Growth of fish processing industry
Overfishing depletion of fish stocks
High wastewater discharge into the Lake Victoria overfertilisation
High rate of poverty and poor sanitation system
[w ww.worldatlas.com] [w ww.lake-victoria.net]
VicInAqua – Challenges at Lake Victoria
VicInAqua has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 689427”.
21 VicInAqua has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 689427”.
VicInAqua – Project partners
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VicInAqua – Project objectives
VicInAqua has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 689427”.
23 VicInAqua has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 689427”.
Microemulsion
preparation
Polymerization occurs
in some seconds
PBM Nitrogen
atmosphere
PBM is cast on a
commercial membrane
Microemulsion
UV-light
VicInAqua – Novel PBM Membrane coating
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VicInAqua – Novel PBM Membrane coating
VicInAqua has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 689427”.
[Chae S, Chung J.; Water 2015]
Less fouling by Polymerisable Bicontinuous Microemulsion (PBM) coating
Reduction of surface roughness
Higher hydrophilicity
Anti-microbial property
PBM coated
Flat sheet laboratory testing unit and small scale MBR
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VicInAqua – Test facilities
VicInAqua has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 689427”.
• MBR treatment of waste water is a robust and small footprint technology • Membrane fouling is still the main challenge in MBR technology
• MBR can provide good water quality which can comply with some reuse water requirements, however, better water quality is needed (industrial reuse!)
• Nanostructered functionalized membrane materials can contribute to develping low fouling membranes with high rejection of compounds with low molecular weight
Summary and Outlook
26 VicInAqua has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research
and innovation programme under grant agreement No 689427”.
Thank you for your attention!
www.vicinaqua.eu
27 VicInAqua has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research
and innovation programme under grant agreement No 689427”.