member country report of republic of koreaccop.asia/53as.69sc/53as_ag03-09_mc_report_korea.pdf2.2.2....

CCOP-53AS/3-9

53rd CCOP Annual Session 16 October - 19 October 2017 Cebu, Philippines

Member Country Report of

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Submitted by

Dr. Young Joo LEE / KIGAM

(For Agenda Item 3)

COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR GEOSCIENCE PROGRAMMES IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA (CCOP)

CCOP Member Country Report: Republic of KOREA 1

ANNUAL MEMBER COUNTRY REPORT

Country: Republic of KOREA Period: 1 July 2016 – 30 June 2017

1. OUTREACH

1.1. Summary Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) considers outreach as the most important activity in order to provide the KIGAM’s various research outcomes to the public, related industries, experts as well as policy makers. For this reason, KIGAM has two unique facilities to meet this purpose, Geological Museum and International School for Geoscience Resources (IS-Geo) practically dealing with the public needs. Besides, KIGAM always tries to communicate with the public through the SNS activities such as its official website, Facebook and posting diverse geoscientific knowledges of KIGAM through the nation’s top search engines (e.g. NAVER) as additional communication channel directly with the public.

1.2. Annual Review of Individual Technical Activities 1.2.1. Geological Museum

Geological Museum of KIGAM exhibits diverse types of geologic specimens in response to the public’s interests in the field of Earth sciences and related education program for young generation. Geological Museum annually provides various programs for students of various levels ranging from elementary school to university.

1.2.2. International School for Geoscience Resources (IS-Geo) The mission of IS-Geo is to provide the educational programs in order to foster the geoscience experts from domestic and abroad. To meet its goal, the IS-Geo provides customized programs such as certificate courses, degree courses and other courses in the future. The well-designed educational facilities also support students to concentrate on their studies. For inviting and retraining experts from CCOP member countries, IS-Geo has provided four regular training courses annually over the last few years including 1) Exploration and Development of Mineral Resources, 2) Petroleum Exploration, Development and Production, 3) Groundwater Theory and Application, and 4) Coastal Geology and Geohazards. Besides, IS-Geo tries to establish new training courses to lead world geoscientific issues and trends as well as to meet the needs of developing countries. For example, IS-Geo has run the new course entitled “Landslide and slope stability” with 25 participants from CCOP MCs from October 31 to November 18, 2016.

COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR GEOSCIENCE PROGRAMMES IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA (CCOP) CCOP Building, 75/10 Rama VI Road, Phayathai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand Tel: +66 (0) 2644 5468, Fax: +66 (0) 2644 5429, E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.ccop.or.th

mailto:[email protected]

2 CCOP Member Country Report: Republic of KOREA

1.2.3. SNS Activities KIGAM actively operates the official website and publicly announce the research activities, data and results. Each research division of KIGAM provides quick links of its independent websites, which are constantly updated with the latest information. KIGAM’s Facebook is now active and ready to engage with the public. The effects of advertisement through its Facebook official page has been maximized and certainly become me a public-friendly promotion tool as it is automatically connected with 1.4 billion Facebook users. In addition, KIGAM is collaborating with NAVER, which is the top national search engine in Korea, to display the books published by KIGAM in the science section of NAVER Cast. This tool aims to help the audience in Korea to gain easy access to what KIGAM have published with accurate scientific knowledge.

1.3. Proposed Future Activities None

1.4. Assistance Required from CCOP/Other Member Countries in Support of Future

Activities For the IS-Geo’s inviting training course, MCs must consider to nominate qualified experts and students who are very much related and involved in the area of the course topics. This would encourage all the participants and lecturers to satisfy themselves with the quality and the effectiveness of the course.

Programme Contact Person: Dr. Sung-rock LEE; +82-42-868-3330; [email protected] / IS-Geo Dr. Sung Ja CHOI; +82-42-868-3034; [email protected] / Geological Museum

2. COOPERATION AND PARTNERSHIP

2.1. Summary 2.1.1. Unconventional Oil and Gas KIGAM, in cooperation with CCOP Member Countries, has identified 45 basins that have potential of shale energy resources in the CCOP region through the Unconventional Oil and Gas Resource Project (so called “UnCon Project”). Achievements of the UnCon Project will be published to a USB flash drive and then, will be distributed during the 53rd CCOP Annual Session held in Cebu, Philippines.

2.1.2. Carbonated Reservoir Characterization and Modeling Also, KIGAM has studied carbonate reservoir modeling project for Canadian Paleozoic, Middle East Mesozoic and Indonesian Cenozoic carbonate reservoirs since 2015. The research can be divided into three parts: 1) measurement of carbonate reservoir properties such as porosity, permeability, wettability, fabric, composition etc. and establishment of




carbonate reservoir-rock type; 2) development of static modeling technique and validation process; and 3) petroleum system analysis for better understanding of carbonate play.

2.2. Annual Review of Individual Technical Activities 2.2.1. Unconventional Oil and Gas Project In collaboration with CCOP Member Countries, KIGAM has conducted the UnCon Project with a subtitle of “Mapping of Black Shale Formation for the Prediction of Shale Resources” since 2015. In this project, KIGAM and the CCOP Member Countries have identified a total of 45 basins that have potential of shale energy resources. To obtain ideas and knowledge of identifying the shale energy resource basins, many training courses and workshops have been conducted with specialists on resource from Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Korea. Also, each country has been collecting the samples from shale formations and sent those samples to the KIGAM’s laboratory for the analysis of the carbon contents and mineralogy. Finally, each country identified their potentially prospective shale energy resource basins based on geologic data and results of shale samples analysis. The selected basins were discussed and were agreed by other Member Countries at the CCOP-KIGAM meeting and the workshop. The selected basins were mapped by using the QGIS software, which is free to download. Shale formation boundaries were also delineated within the basin maps in the vector format. In addition, cross sections across basins were input to the QGIS map in the raster format. The QGIS map has a sample location which shows the analysis data of organic matter and minerals in the attribute tables. Thus, the QGIS map consists of five GIS layers; 1) Basin boundary map (vector format), 2) Shale formation boundary map (vector format), 3) Line of cross section (vector format), 4) Cross section (raster format), and 5) Sample points (vector format) with attribute analysis data. Each basin has descriptions of location, geological setting, stratigraphy and shale formation. This text description can be used as a complementary material for the map of potentially prospective shale basin in Asia.

2.2.2. Carbonate Reservoir Characterization and Modeling Carbonate reservoir is more than 60% of the proved oil reservoir in the world. Carbonate has a heterogeneous porosity/permeability system and low recovery rate due to the wettability of matrix and viscosity of fluid. Therefore, it is necessary to construct a system that can analyze geological, geochemical, petro-physical properties of carbonate reservoir and optimize geostatistical methods for each geological setting. KIGAM has developed MPS method for each carbonate sedimentation environmental setting and it was applied in the actual reservoir such as Australian gas reservoir and Canada Zama reservoir. The carbonate reservoir is naturally fractured heavy oil reservoir. In the research, thermal and fluid flow model using DFN were developed and validated with commercial thermal reservoir. Recognition of technique for carbonate reservoir rock facies is very important. Thus, KIGAM has conducted a study on rock facies classification using well logging data in West Dover field. Reservoir modeling is not easy in the carbonate reservoir because it has heterogeneity and anisotropy. Recently, reservoir


simulation method using AI based method was developed and KIGAM has tested this model in the Zama field without geological. Petroleum system modeling will provide important information about evolutionary history of oil and gas field, distribution of conventional as well as the unconventional hydrocarbon resources in the basin. We successfully conducted a 3D petroleum system modeling in the Zama field. Characteristics of carbonate rock are not easy to detect because of the very low permeability and porosity. NMR measurement system for tight carbonate rock was constructed in our lab. KIGAM can measure SCAL properties using this system. Also, bio-indicator compounds analyzes system was constructed and KIGAM could analyze bio-decomposition, crude oil movement and thermal maturity.

Fig. 2.1 MPS simulation for the gas reservoir in Australia.

(a) Reservoir compartmentalization (b) Reserve estimation

(c) Results of AI based method (d) Results of sensitivity analysis

Fig. 2.2. Results of AI based simulation in Canada Zama reservoir.


Fig. 2.3. Petroleum system modeling of Zama reservoir.

2.3. Proposed Future Activities KIGAM has conducted the UnCon Project of “mapping of black shale formations for the prediction of shale resources.” The next step will be focused on the detailed study on promising countries.

2.4. Assistance Required from CCOP in Support of Future Activities

The CCOP Technical Secretariat (CCOP TS) plays an important roles as a joint implementing agency to coordinate the UnCon Project with KIGAM.

2.5. Assistance Offered to CCOP/Other Member Countries in Support of Future Activities

The UnCon project will enhance the knowledge of unconventional shale resources for the CCOP member countries with sharing all the results and information obtained from the project.

Programme Contact Person: Dr. Won Suk LEE; +82-42-868-3379; [email protected] / Petroleum Information

Dr. Byeong Kook SON; +82-42-868-3208; [email protected] / UnCon Project

Dr. Hyun Suk LEE; +82-42-868-3229; [email protected] / Shale Gas




3. KNOWLEDGE ENHANCEMENT AND SHARING 3.1. Summary 3.1.1. Mineral Program National programs of geological survey and mineral exploration in Korea have been conducted by KIGAM and Korea Resources Corporation (KORES). KIGAM’s domestic mineral exploration projects were mainly focused on the geology and ore deposit survey, and origin study for securing sustainable minerals resources from the potential orebody in the Mt. Taebaeg polymetallic metallogenic belt. KIGAM’s overseas joint mineral exploration and evaluation programs targets only Asia region (Mongolia and Myanmar). KORES has been running a drilling support program (in total 37,000 m) and carrying out 42 detailed exploration projects for domestic metallic and non-metallic mines/deposits funded by the Korean government. KORES also has been actively executing overseas mineral exploration and survey projects which are mainly preliminary studies in many abroad countries. These projects have been gradually expanded.

3.1.2. Groundwater Program Groundwater will play more significant role in water supply and geoecosystem sustainability according to environmental change from natural and anthropogenic sources. KIGAM accomplished the research programs entitled "Development of composite artificial recharge technologies for groundwater conservation and utilization" from 2015 to 2016, and "Technology Development for the Assessment of Geoecosystem Responses to Chemical Accidents" from 2014 to 2016. And KIGAM has developed a new device for freshwater-saltwater interface in coastal aquifers.

3.1.3. Geohazards Program KIGAM has conducted several R&D projects on geohazards; earthquake monitoring & preparedness and landslides on natural terrain. These projects have been carried out as both basic research programs of KIGAM and national research programs supported by the Korean government. Several other organizations in Korea have also performed their activities related to geohazards in Korea. Table 3.1 Technical programs/activities in geo-hazards program

Discipline Achievement Organization

Earthquake Intensive analysis reviled the subsurface active fault of M5.8 Gyeongju earthquake and it’s aftershocks KIGAM Successful detection and analysis of the 4th and 5th North Korea nuclear tests.

Landslide

Construction of landslide monitoring systems on the natural terrain at the major Korean National Parks

KIGAM Development of integrated multi-sensor and portable equipment to measure soil characteristics during rainfall Development of early warning technology for landslide linked with forecast weather information A database of Cut-Slope Management System KICT *

* KICT: Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology


3.1.4. Coastal Zone Program The nationwide survey and management programs are continued regardless of the new presidential election by the relevant ministries, agencies and institutes of Korean government. The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF), the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE), Minister of Environment (MOE) and Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) are still supporting ministries for major coastal zone surveys and researches. Korea Hydrographic & Oceanographic Administration (KHOA), Korea Institute of Marine Science and Technology Promotion (KIMST), Korea Maritime Institute (KMI), Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) and KIGAM are the representative agencies and institutes. In some cases, national universities manage large-scale projects instead of governmental entities for specific purposes.

Table 3.2 Major technical projects/activities of coastal zone programs in Korea Areas of Interest Topics Executioners

Coastal Plain to

Shoreline

Coastline surveys and database construction for coastal zone and economic exclusive zone management KHOA **

Study on the environmental impacts of the dyke construction adjacent to the Saemangeum area KRC, KNU

Evaluation of storm-driven deposits in the coastal zones as the indictors of past sea level changes CNU, KIGAM

Integrated management of coastal area including nationwide monitoring on the status of beach erosion, pollution and utilization

MOF

Intertidal to Nearshore

Basic and nautical chart production based on bathymetry, free-air gravity anomaly and total magnetic intensity KHOA

Sea Reforestation / Artificial Reef FIRA

Nearshore to offshore

Development of engineering-scale 3D system for shallow-water marine seismic exploration KIGAM

Pilot-scale CO2 injection in Yeongil Basin offshore Pohang Basin KIGAM

Mapping the buried paleo-channel of Seomjin River, South Sea of Korea KIGAM

Marine Geological and Geophysical Mapping of the Korean Seas (1:100,000 scale) KIGAM

International Activities

MOU signing ceremony between KIGAM and ARDEMR/MGI for collaboration in marine geological survey, offshore georesources development and technical promotion

KIGAM

** KHOA: Korea Hydrographic & Oceanographic Administration, KRC: Korea Rural Community Corporation, KNU: Kunsan National University, CNU: Cheonnam National University , MOF: Minister of Oceans and Fisheries, FIRA: Korea Fisheries Resources Agency


3.1.5. Environmental Geology Program Research projects in the area of the geologic environment have been continuously undertaken on biogeochemical behavior control of the contaminants and integrated remedial process of contaminated soils. The biogeochemical behaviors of redox-sensitive elements such as As, Sb, Mo and W, were investigated by depending on the effects of microorganisms and under the changing oxic/anoxic conditions. An integrated remedial process of dispersion-magnetic separation-soil washing was successfully tested on a pilot scale and was transferred to the environmental remediation industry. The subtropicalization trend of the Korean Peninsula was also investigated with respect to the scientific prediction of climate change. Geological multi-proxy data were evaluated to reconstruct more reliable paleoenvironment conditions during the mid-Holocene climate optimum.

3.1.6. CO2 Geological Storage R&D Program KIGAM has conducted several R&D projects on CO2 geological storage. These projects have been carried out as both basic research programs of KIGAM and national research programs supported by the Korean government. The KIGAM’s basic research program has focused on development of in situ CO2 monitoring technologies based on laboratory experiments as well as small-scale test bed. In 2017, the basic research program has expansively reorganized into a new project, which includes investigation of large scale storage sites as well as development of CO2 monitoring technologies. In addition, KIGAM has played an important role in several national research programs dealing with pilot-scale CO2 storage demonstration.

3.1.7. Carbon Mineralization Program With the launch of the new climate change regime under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the response to climate change has been one of the keys for global and Korea agenda, which is the world’s the fastest rate of increase in greenhouse gas, is required to establish a more aggressive national R&D strategy. KIGAM was awarded a grant for National Strategic Project and established Center for Carbon Mineralization Flagship Project in 2017. The Carbon Mineralization Flagship Project aims to demonstrate the Korean CCUS technology, and the final goals of the center are 1) production of carbonates using low-concentration CO2 directly from flue gas of power plants, 2) demonstration of backfill of abandoned mine by using carbonates and low CO2 cement and, 3) development of new Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) methodology. The CCUS demonstration through carbon mineralization and abandoned mine backfill with carbonates is the first project to be conducted in the world, and the core technologies to be developed through KIGAM’s project will produce the world’s first and the best research result in the field of CCUS research.

3.2. Annual Review of Individual Technical Activities 3.2.1. Mineral Program

Table 3.3 is a summary of KIGAM’s domestic mineral exploration. These projects aim to evaluate and secure potential mineral resources in Korea.


Table 3.3 KIGAM’s activities of the domestic mineral exploration

Title Period Target Deposits Activities

Potential evaluation for Taebaegsan polymetallic metallogenic belt

Jan. 2015~ Dec. 2016

- Sangdong & Jungdong W deposits - Wondong polymetallic

deposit - Yeonhwa Pb-Zn deposit

- Geological mapping - Geochemical exploration - Geophysical exploration - Drilling - Resource/Reserve estimation

Development of mineral potential targeting and efficient mining technologies based on 3D geological modeling platform

Jan. 2017~ Dec. 2019

- Sangdong W deposit - Geodo Fe-Cu deposit - Imok Pb-Zn deposit - Chudong Au deposit - Gasado Au deposit

- Geological mapping - Geochemical exploration - Geophysical exploration - Drilling - 3D modelling

Korea Resources Corporation (KORES) has executed drilling support programs for operating mines and prospecting deposits such as Au-Ag, Pb-Zn, Cu, W, Ti(Fe), Mo, limestone, quartzite, pyrophyllite, graphite, and bentonite deposits in Korea. In 2017, KORES has a plan to support a total drilling depth of 37,000 m (9,000 m for metallic deposits and 28,000 m for non-metallic deposits). KORES has also actively carried out 42 detailed exploration projects for Au-Ag, Fe, Mo, W, Cu, Pb-Zn, limestone, dolomite, and quartzite deposits to develop new resources (Table 3.4).

Table 3.4 KORES’s activities of the domestic mineral exploration

Title Period Activities

Drilling support programs for domestic mineral deposits and prospecting areas

2017 - About 28,000 m drilling of non-metallic mineral deposits (limestone, quartzite, pyrophyllite, bentonite deposits etc.) - 9,000 m drilling of metallic mineral deposits

(Au-Ag, Cu, Pb-Zn, Mo, Fe, W deposits, etc.) 42 detailed exploration projects of metallic and non-metallic prospecting areas

2017 - Geological exploration of the Au-Ag, W, Fe, Mo - Exploration of Cu, Pb-Zn, limestone, dolomite and quartzite

deposits

Shown in Table 3.5 is a summary of KIGAM’s overseas mineral cooperation programs.

Table 3.5 KIGAM’s cooperative activities on overseas mineral resources

Title Period

Target Countries &

Mineral Commodities

Activities

Potential evaluation and exploration of mineral resources in Asia

Jan. 2015 ~ Dec. 2016

Mongolia Cu, Myanmar Cr

- Surface geological survey - Geochemical and geophysical exploration - Test drilling - Resource/Reserve estimation

Potential evaluation and metallogenic study of mineral resources in South America

Jan. 2015~ Dec. 2016 Peru Cu

- Surface geological survey - Metallogenic study - Resource/Reserve estimation


Potential evaluation and genetic study of mineral resources in Arctic

Jan. 2013 ~ Dec. 2016 Greenland REE

- Surface geological survey - Genetic survey - Resource/Reserve estimation


Jan. 2017~ Dec. 2019 Mongolia Cu



Jan. 2017~ Dec. 2019 Myanmar Cr


KORES has actively performed about 33 overseas mineral exploration and survey projects for the deposit evaluation in the CCOP Member Countries (China, Philippines and Indonesia) and Cooperating and Related Countries (Australia, Canada, Mongolia, Peru, Bolivia, Mexico, Madagascar, Niger, Panama, USA, South Africa, Tanzania, Argentina and Chile). Shown in Table 3.5 is a summary of the main projects.

Table 3.6 KORES’ cooperative activities on overseas mineral resources

Title Period Target Countries & Deposit Activities

Overseas Mineral

Exploration

Jul. 2016 ~

Jun. 2017

Australia Spring Vale Coal deposit Production

Philippines RapuRapu Cu deposit Production

China Xian Maxsun REE deposit Production

China BeiFangTongYe Cu deposit Production

China Zhangjiagang Ni-Lime deposit Production Australia Minerva Coal deposit Production

Australia AngusPlace Coal deposit Production

Australia Narrabri Coal deposit Production

Canada Capstone Cu deposit Production

Australia Togara North Coal deposit Development

Madagascar Ambatovy Ni deposit Development

Australia Moolarben Coal deposit Development

Niger Teguidda Ur deposit Development

Australia Wyong Coal deposit Development

Canada Shakespeare Cu deposit Development

Mexico Boleo Cu deposit Development

Panama Cobre Panama Cu deposit Development

USA Rosemont Cu deposit Development

Chile NX Uno Li deposit Development

Australia Athena Coal deposit Exploration


Australia Tarobora Coal deposit Exploration

Australia White Cliff Ni deposit Exploration

Australia Cockatoo Coal deposit Exploration

Bolivia CoroCoro Cu deposit Exploration

Canada Knife Lake Cu deposit Exploration Mongolia Erdenet Cu deposit Exploration

South Africa Vlakplaats Coal deposit Exploration

Argentina Sal de Vida Li deposit Exploration

Chile Santo Domingo Cu deposit Exploration

Peru Marcona Cu deposit Exploration

Indonesia Kapuas Coal deposit Exploration

South Africa Zandkopsdrift REE deposit Exploration

Tanzania Mkuju Ur deposit Exploration

3.2.2. Groundwater Program 3.2.2.1 A Development of composite artificial recharge technologies for groundwater conservation and utilization Considering 10 year drought frequency, regional water supply rate, hydrogeologic condition, groundwater exploitation demand, etc., Imgok-ri Sangju-si was selected as the research area. Since the area is not supplied with regional water supply, and so it is vulnerable to drought, some artificial groundwater recharge technologies will be promising, and stream water (reservoir, wetland), groundwater and mine discharged water may be used for the water supply and recharged groundwater. Main aquifers in bedrock were identified based on temperature, fluid electrical conductivity, natural gamma logs and flowmeter tests. Single-well and radial convergent tracer tests were performed to evaluate the feasibility of ASR(Aquifer storage and recovery) and ASTR (Aquifer storage, transfer and recovery) type artificial recharge, respectively. According to the results of numerical simulations, we may conclude that groundwater storage in the study area will be recovered significantly with the proper artificial recharge management.

Fig.3.1 Feasibility tests of ASR(Aquifer storage and recovery) and ASTR (Aquifer storage, transfer and recovery)


3.2.2.2 A monitoring device for the freshwater-saltwater interface in coastal aquifers

A new method using a floating device to monitor the time series change of the freshwater-saltwater interface was developed for the first time and applied to Handong-1 Sea water intrusion monitoring station in Jeju Island, South Korea. The floating device, named sea water intrusion monitoring (SWIM) probe, can move up and down along with the freshwater-saltwater interface movement because it has intermediate density between freshwater, about 1.0 kg/L, and saltwater of about 1.025 kg/L. The SWIM probe can be expanded to sea water intrusion warning system if it is combined with a wireless submersible distance measuring device and remote communication technology.

Fig.3.2 The monitoring device for the freshwater-saltwater interface

3.2.2.2. Technology development for the assessment of geoecosystem responses to chemical accidents

The prototype of a framework to assess geoecosystems’ vulnerability to acid spill accidents was designed and developed based on an algorithm we developed along with existing soil property maps as the input data. The essential mandatory factors for the development of the vulnerability evaluation system were identified and cataloged, including the physicochemical properties of acid, chemical/mineralogical compositions and reaction/flow characteristics of geomedia. We produced data simulating short-term, primary effects of spilled acids, and long-term, secondary effects of residual acids on geoecosystems typical in Korea, using a multi-disciplinary approach. We will further improve our acid vulnerability assessment prototype using the data we have generated.

Fig.3.3 Assessment program GUI for geoecosystems’ vulnerability to acid spill accidents (prototype)


3.2.3. Geohazards Program 3.2.3.1 Earthquake A ML 5.8 earthquake, the strongest earthquake on the Korean Peninsula since instrumental recording began, occurred 10 km from the southern part of Gyeongju city located in the southeastern part of Korea on 12 September 2016. KIGAM acquired the fault-plane solutions for the foreshock (ML 5.1), the main shock (ML 5.8) and six major aftershocks (ML 3.4, 4.5, 3.8, 3.4, 3.4, and 3.5) by means of moment tensor inversion (Fig. 3.4). The fault-plane solutions show right-lateral strike-slip and have strikes gently inclined to the Yangsan Fault System which is the most prominent fault system in the southeastern part of Korea. KIGAM relocated the hypocenters of 562 events that occurred within 3 months after the foreshock by the double-difference technique (Fig. 3.5). The relocated hypocenters are between 11 km and 16 km in depth, dipping towards the ESE direction at about 70° and forming a linear pattern approximately 5 km long, striking NNE-SSW. The foreshock-mainshock sequence occurred at a depth of between 13 km and 16 km. The aftershocks within 12 hours after the main shock expanded to a hypo-central area in depth of 11 to 16 km, and in the strike direction in depth of 2 km towards NNE.

Fig. 3.4 Fault-plane solutions of the Gyeongju earthquakes showing right-lateral strike-slip with strikes gently inclined to the Yangsan Fault System

Fig. 3.5 Relocated hypocenters of the Gyeongju earthquakes: map view (left), strike view (right)


In 2016, KIGAM detected two nuclear tests by North Korea. The first was conducted at 10:30:00 (KST) on 6 January and the second at 09:30:01 (KST) on 9 September 2006. The fourth test at mb 4.8 was located at 41.2990°N, 129.0750°E, and the yield was approximately 4 ~ 6 kilotons. It was located 1.2 km north of the third nuclear test site of 2013, and its depth was estimated to be about 700 m. The fifth test site is located at 41.3000°N, 129.0797°E, which is approximately 400 m east of the fourth test site. Its magnitude and yield are mb 5.04 and 10 ± 2 kilotons, respectively. The estimated magnitude (mb) of North Korea’s fifth test in 9 September 2016 was larger than that of any of the previous tests. Fig. 3.6 shows the determined locations of North Korea’s 2016 and previous tests. Seismic waveforms are also shown for all five tests, recorded at stations in South Korea and China.

Fig. 3.6 Locations of North Korean nuclear tests sites (left) and recorded seismic waveforms (right)

3.2.3.2. Landslide KIGAM has developed the methods of landslide rapid detection using landslide monitoring systems on the natural terrain. Since 2014, KIGAM has installed the real-time monitoring systems of landslide at 14 locations in 8 major Korean National Parks and 1 metropolitan city. The monitoring system is composed of rain gauge, volumetric water content sensor, suction stress sensor, tiltmeter, wire sensor, and master logger. The primary purpose of the monitoring system is to detect landslide triggering by rainfall on the natural terrain. The measured data by the sensors are transferred to the master logger installed at the site and then, those data are delivered to the monitoring server at KIGAM through a wireless communication (LTE) in a real-time. Based on the monitoring data, it is possible to detect landslide occurrence in a remote area. The monitoring data will be analyzed to decide thresholds of landslide triggering and early warning in the future. KIGAM also developed two kinds of monitoring sensor to measure the change of unsaturated soil characteristics during rainfall. The integrated multi-sensor is to measure the volumetric water contents and tilt of ground at various depths and the portable equipment is to estimate suction stress by simultaneously measuring both volumetric water content and matric suction in unsaturated soil. Meanwhile, KIGAM has performed soil flume tests to determine thresholds of landslide triggering point based on rainfall infiltration velocity and suction stress in unsaturated soils. To determine thresholds of landslide triggering point for various geological conditions, a series of flume tests have been performed with weathered soils obtained from granite, gneiss


and sedimentary rocks areas which have high frequency of landslides in Korea. The test results are used as basic data to develop effective landslide warning methods. Recently, KIGAM started to develop the early warning technology for landslide linked with forecast weather information such as forecast rainfall data or weather radar data. The landslide early warning system is composed of three core technologies is; 1) the landslide prediction model using physico-mechanical analysis, 2) the debris flow simulation model after landslide and, 3) the operating system and technology interlocked with real-time and forecast rainfall data.

Fig. 3.7 KIGAM landslide monitoring systems at the Korean National Parks and a

metropolitan city

Fig. 3.8 Conceptual diagram of landslide early warning system of KIGAM


3.2.4. Coastal Zone Program 3.2.4.1 Mapping the buried paleo-channel of Seomjin River, South Sea of Korea A study for paleo-channel system reconstruction was conducted as a main activity of a two-year prime project of KIGAM. Started in 2015, the project was finalized in 2016 after several campaigns onboard RV Tamhae 2 in the central South Sea shelf of Korea. Based on ca. 2,000 line-km geophysical data, 40 geological samples of the detailed patterns of buried paleo-channel systems and their sedimentological characters could be evaluated. Sequence stratigraphic approach supported by age data were made in order to understand the stacking pattern of channel deposits. An evolutionary model of shelf deposits under the influence of the old Seomjin River and a regional-scale sea level change was suggested for the period of last transgression since Last Glacial Maximum. Various aspects of channel incision and channel-fill deposits could also be investigated leaving their unveiled potential resources due to the lack of long-drilled core samples. The study results became an initiative which leads to a Memorandum of Understanding between KIGAM and ARDEMR/MGI in 2016 suggesting a comparative study with the Indonesian cases and scientist exchange in the last term.

Fig. 3.9 (Left) Geophysical survey tracks and sample sites for mapping the paleo-

channels; (Right) Inferred paleo-Seomjin River system during the LGM period.


Fig. 3.10 sequence stratigraphic model for the shelf area since the LGM (KIGAM, 2016).

The drawing is included in the accepted paper in Quaternary International (Lee, per. com.).

3.2.4.2. Evaluation of storm-driven deposits in the coastal zones as the indictors of past sea level changes The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF) has supported a five-year project led by Chunman National University in order to search and to find storm-driven deposits along the Korean coasts. The main purpose of the project is to locate the spatial ranges of the deposits for estimating extreme sea level water invasion during extreme meteorological events. KIGAM, as a participating member as well as a geoscience research institute, joined into the project and shared the roles for geologically evaluating storm-driven deposits and confining their stratigraphic ages. Some representative locations were found and were examined its characters of composition, altitude, occurrence, event interval and etc. One of the recent results from Dori-do, an island in the westernmost part of the southern coast, was recently reported and was accepted as a good example that shows climate-geology relationship during Medieval and Little Ice Age periods (Yang et al., 2017).


Fig. 3.11 Location of the study area, geomorphological characteristics, distribution of

Holocene and Pleistocene sediments, and sampling locations on the beach and on Dori Island. (A) Typhoon trajectories of Tembin, Bolaven, and Sanba that made landfall in the study area in 2012, and of Super Typhoon Haiyan, which caused destruction in the Philippines in 2013; (B) Site location on the southernmost coast of the Korean Peninsula; (C) Surface sampling locations on the beach and on Dori Island; (D)–(F) Geomorphological characteristics on Dori Island in each compass direction. The original figure is in Yang et al. (2017).


3.2.5. Environmental Geology Program 3.2.5.1 Biogeochemical behavior control of geologic environment contaminants Chemical species of redox-sensitive elements can be changed through oxidation or reduction reactions as the redox condition of the changes in surrounding environment. Various elements such as arsenic, chromium, antimony, molybdenum, tungsten and so on belong to this type of elements. Basically, their chemical mobility and toxicity vary from the valence states. Therefore, it is important to detect their exact chemical species and to understand their geochemical behavior under the certain redox conditions in an environmental sense.

The final goals of this study are developing new source of technologies for the detection and control of geologic environmental contaminants by studying the biogeochemical behavior of redox-sensitive elements. To predict the biogeochemical behaviors of redox sensitive elements, the effects of microorganisms on the redox state and the mobility of metals with various ionic charges in the geosphere were evaluated. These includes dissimilatory reductions of Sb, Mo and W. The release of redox-sensitive elements shows increasing trends under reducing conditions due to the dissolution of Fe/Mn oxides existing in the contaminated soil. A high phosphate concentration also appears to increase the mobility of contaminants. Antimony solubility is higher in aerobic zones and the reduction of Sb(V) to Sb(III) in both aqueous and solid phases in an anaerobic zone occurred.

Several environmental and industrial applications can be expected as outcomes of the identification of Sb, Mo or W-tolerance bacteria such as the remediation of contaminated soil and ground water and the development of the environmentally benign Sb, Mo, W metallurgy technology.

Fig. 3.12 Column setup for observing the geochemical behaviors of Sb from Sb-

contaminated soils under varying environmental conditions


Fig. 3.13 Investigation of the biogeochemical behaviors of redox-sensitive elements

under the changing oxic/anoxic cycles of the experimental conditions

3.2.5.2. Development of an integrated remedial process for contaminated soils Failures in achieving remedial goals recently have been frequently reported at remediation sites with mixed contaminants. Therefore, KIGAM have attempted to develop an integrated remedial process based on KIGAM`s technologies for dispersion, size fractionation, magnetic separation and soil washing in accordance with industrial needs. The integrated process could be designed to achieve the remedial goal pertaining to mixed contaminants and would be tested on a pilot scale. To create a negative charge on a precipitated silicate surface using 0.2 ~ 1.0 M NaOH, soil aggregates dispersion methods were improved, and the methods were successfully adapted to a 0.2 ton/hour pilot-scale test. During the improvement of the size fractionation technologies, KIGAM have evaluated the fractionated soil particle size and the effects through wet sieve structural changes and the size fractionation effects for various hydro-cyclone apex sizes. To improve the magnetic separation technology, the optimum conditions were determined for improved magnetic separation at 3,000, 6,000, and 9,000 Gauss and for system differences (i.e., continuous/batch and dependent/independent). The methods were also successfully adapted to a pilot-scale test. To improve the soil washing technology, an alkali-ultrasonic combined technique was effective for the reduction of contamination levels of petroleum-heavy metal contaminated soil, and a pilot-scale test with ultrasonic soil dispersion equipment was performed. Finally, a successive process of combined treatments was designed and operated to concentrate the contaminants onto certain particles with the following process; alkali-ultrasonic washing, dispersion, wet sieving, hydro-cyclone and magnetic separation. The successive process of the combined treatment was transferred to a soil remediation company and has been realized in the field.


Fig. 3.14 Integrated remedial process of soil contamination.

Fig. 3.15 Pilot scale equipment of integrated remedial process

3.2.5.3 Investigation of subtropicalization on the Korean Peninsula using a geological proxy Climate change on the Korean Peninsula today is progressing more rapidly than in other areas of the world. The climate warming and subtropicalization trends in Korea can be verified through the basis of multi-proxy data such as physical properties and geochemical and micropaleontological analyses from the different archives of wetland, lacustrine areas and caves from the Korean Peninsula and adjacent regions. The optimized multi-proxy can be used to reconstruct more reliable paleoenvironmental conditions during the mid-Holocene climatic optimum.

The main qualitative achievements of the research so far are as follows; Modern pollen and ecological characteristics of warm temperate evergreen trees were initially analyzed and compiled into a database in Korea. The pollen analysis indicates that climate warming in the southwest area of the Korean Peninsula began in ca. 7800 yr BP and was enhanced between 7000 and 5700 yr BP, providing favorable conditions for warm temperate evergreen-broadleaved deciduous trees. The oxygen isotope of the Korean speleothem showed that the summer monsoon in Korea in the last 5500 years had five oscillations of ca. 1000-year cycles. PMIP3 modelling showed that the summer monsoon period of the mid-Holocene in the northeast of Asian region was longer than the present time. These climate conditions have resulted in increased precipitation. This modelling data will be used for hydrological interpretations when the climate in Korea shows more evidence of a subtropicalization future.


Fig. 3.16 OSL age dates and geochemical results for a core sample.

3.2.6. CO2 Geological Storage Program 3.2.6.1 Development of in situ CO2 Monitoring Technologies Monitoring CO2 migration behavior in subsurface is one of the key issues for the implementation of CO2 geologic storage. The purpose of CO2 monitoring is two-fold; confirmation of long-term CO2 containment and alert for corrective measures in the event of increased leakage risk. To accomplish these goals, KIGAM has carried out the Basic Research Project entitled ‘Development of In-situ Monitoring Technology for Detecting Underground Behavior and Leakage of CO2.’ To develop in-situ CO2 monitoring technologies, a test bed for CO2 injection and monitoring has been constructed in the KIGAM Pohang branch. Both monitoring and injection wells have been drilled. Integrated monitoring systems, consisting of VSP sensors, ERT sensors, P/T sensors, pH sensors and optic cable, have been installed in both wells. Surface facilities for CO2 injection have partly been built. Functional tests for VSP sensor array have been conducted. In order to assess the baseline CO2 levels and to build the soil environment monitoring system before injecting CO2, the distribution and behavior of baseline soil CO2 were investigated in a candidate geologic CO2 storage site.


Fig. 3.17 Design of injection and monitoring wells deployed in the test bed in Pohang

with monitoring instruments and their installing procedure.

Fig. 3.18 Simulation results showing patterns of CO2 distribution according to the location

of drainage well.

Together with construction of test bed, a variety of laboratory experiments were performed in order to understand underground behavior of injected CO2. KIGAM conducted core-flooding experiments for assessing the impact of capillary heterogeneity on residual and dissolution CO2 trapping. Also, developed method is a semi-analytical method which can be used for the assessment of fault reactivation potential. In addition, several geochemical monitoring methods and instruments were also developed and tested in both the laboratory and the field.

3.2.6.2 Site characterization for small-scale CO2 geological storage A small-scale demonstration project for CO2 geological storage has commenced since 2011 with geophysical investigations, drilling program and core, and well-log analysis for selecting a candidate site. Currently, KIGAM have decided the injection site and have conducted subsurface geological characterization. The site is located in the southern part of the Pohang city, occupied by the Tertiary Janggi Basin. The basin fills are divided into three formations; Janggi Conglomerate, Seongdongri Formation and Noeseongsan Basalt in ascending order. Based on core analysis and well-log evaluation, KIGAM have selected a storage formation in the interval of Janggi Conglomerate. The storage formation consists mainly of stacked conglomerate beds up to 30 m in thickness and lies at a depth deeper than 900m in measured


depth. Conglomerate and sandstone have good porosity ranging from 14 to 20% whereas have varying permeability less than 50 mD. The poor permeability is most likely derived from ash contents in matrix, related to volcanic activities during the early stage of the basin evolution. The target conglomerate bed is overlain by tuffaceous mudstone and tuff beds acting as multiple intra-formational seals. The uppermost Noeseongsan Basalt up to 450 m in thickness is also considered as a good regional seal formation. The temperature is over 50oC at the depth of the storage formation enabling to inject CO2 in supercritical state. Geophysical surveys have revealed the presence of NE–SW trending faults that probably compartmentalize the storage formation. It is uncertain whether the storage formation is laterally sealed by faults or not. In order to evaluate the role of the fault on CO2 migration and to obtain a better image of the fault, we will perform test injection of water through a monitoring borehole and conduct geophysical surveys in the near future.

Fig. 3.19 Stratigraphic columnar section (left) and recovered cores (right) from the Janggi

Basin.

3.2.7 Carbon Mineralization Program With the launch of the new climate change regime under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the response to climate change became a key agenda for global community and Korea due to its fastest rate of increase in greenhouse gas. This has required Korea to establish an aggressive national R&D strategy. Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration (CCUS) technology is one of the option for climate change mitigation and sustainable development, and KIGAM has many achievements in relate to this technology such as green cement (Calcium sulfoaluminate cement) and in-situ PCC technology for waste paper recycling.


Fig. 3.20 Diagram of Carbon resource recycling appropriate technology conducted in

KIGAM

Fig. 3.21 KIGAM’s core technology: (up) Green cement production and (down) In-situ

PCC technology for waste paper recycling

Based on these achievements, KIGAM has been awarded a grant for National Strategic Project and established Center for Carbon Mineralization Flagship Project in 2017. The Carbon Mineralization Flagship Project aims to demonstrate the Korean CCUS technology, and the final goals of the center are 1) Production of carbonates using low-concentration CO2 directly from flue gas of power plants, 2) Demonstration of backfill of abandoned mine by using carbonates and low CO2 cement, and 3) Development of new Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) methodology. For the successful demonstration of the carbon mineralization flagship project, the research and development phase has set up as the three stages of mini-pilot demonstration, pilot demonstration, demonstration plant operation and performance evaluation, and composed of 6 research team as follows;

Team 1. Demonstration of direct carbon mineralization of inorganic byproducts Team 2. Combined pretreatment of low concentration CO2 flue gas and raw materials for carbon mineralization process


Team 3. Production and construction of liner cement demonstration Team 4. Development and demonstration of backfill for abandoned mines Team 5. CO2/environmental monitoring and standardization. Team 6. Research on new CDM methodology for carbon mineralization

Fig 3.22 Schematic diagram of Carbon Mineralization Flagship Project

The Center aims to acquire TRL7 level technology including plant demonstration and commercialization until 2022, and to deduce commercial plant design manual for carbonates production (CO2 utilization capacity 60,000 tons/year) and mine backfill materials (300,000 tons/year). The CCUS demonstration through carbon mineralization and abandoned mine backfill with carbonates is the first project to be conducted in the world, and the core technologies to be developed through KIGAM’s project are expected to be the world’s first and the best research result in the field of CCUS research.

3.3 Proposed Future Activities

3.3.1 Ground Water Programme Artificial groundwater recharge and eco-hydrogeological technologies according to climate change will be significantly important in the future. KIGAM hopes that CCOP will encourage the CCOP member countries to join and share knowledge and ideas related this subject.

Coal

Lime stone

Coal ash

coal- fired electrical power plant

CO2 mineralization process

Mine Abandoned mine

Mine backfill

Inorganic waste such as tailing

Carbonates production

Automotive Plastic, Film plastic filling for farming

[Direct carbon mineralization of inorganic byproducts]


Programme Contact Person: Mineral Program :

Dr. Chul-Ho HEO; +82-42-868-3108; [email protected]

Groundwater Program: Dr. Kyoochul HA ; +82-42-868-3081; [email protected] / Artificial recharge Dr. Yongcheol KIM ; +82-42-868-3079; [email protected]/ Monitoring device Dr. Sung Pil HYUN ; +82-42-868-3315; [email protected]/ Chemical accidents

Geohazard Program: Dr. Byung Gon CHAE; +82-42-868-3052; [email protected] / Landslides Dr. Tae Sung PARK ; +82-42-868-3354 ; [email protected] / Earthquake

Coastal Zone Program: Dr. Sung Pil KIM ; +82-42-868-3700; [email protected]

Environment Geology Program: Dr. Joo Sung AHN; +82-42-868-3227 ; [email protected] / Enviornment Geology

CO2 Geological Storage R&D Program Dr. Young Jae SHINN; +82-42-868-3251 ; [email protected] Dr. Jeong Chan KIM; +82-42-868-3038; [email protected]

Carbon Mineralization Program Dr. Ji Whan AHN ; +82-42-868-3578 ; [email protected]




4. DATA AND INFORMATION

4.1. Summary Title: Establishment of KIGAM research data management and service infrastructure through improvement of GDR and MGEO systems KIGAM is operating two systems for Geoinformation Management and Service. One is Data Repository System (GDR) and another is Multiplatform Geoinformation System (MGEO). KIGAM have plenty of geoscience data and most of them are potentially remained as useful. So, data produced from 100 years ago and will be produced is collected, managed and shared by using the GRD and MGEO systems. The purpose of the systems is to manage research data and physical samples, and to share them with national and international people. The systems have developed a few years ago (MGE) and recently (GDR) but the continuous improvements are undergoing. New functions have developed into the GDR system. The new functions are International Geo-Sample Number (IGSN) linkage function, Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) linkage function and research data history management function. In addition the administrator functions have been improved. Also, the major improvements of the MGEO system are development of geodetic/terrain 2.5D/3D visualization service technology, enhanced memo function , map display function, geocoding API replacement, addition of geological information contents, correction and addition of digital geological map and correction of system function error.

4.2. Annual Review of Individual Technical Activities

Development of IGSN linkage function: The IGSN is unique identification code with nine characters. The IGSN preserves the identity of a sample even as it is moved from lab to lab and as data appear in different publications, thus eliminating ambiguity that stems from similar names for samples from the earth. In the GDR system has directly linked the IGSN system. So, the data which is inputted in GDR system, the IGSN is created automatically. Development of UUID linkage function: A UUID is a 128-bit number used to identify information in computer systems. When generated according to the standard methods, UUIDs are for practical purposes unique, without depending for their uniqueness on a central registration authority or coordination between the parties generating them. Information labeled with UUIDs by independent parties can therefore be later combined into a single database, or transmitted on the same channel, without needing to resolve conflicts between identifiers. In the GDR system has directly linked the UUID system. So, the data which is inputted in GDR system, the UUID is created automatically. Development of research data history management function: Processing history management functions when reprocessing and changing row data have developed. Improved administrator functions: Statistics on for each user and for each data, metadata management function and user management function have developed. Also, the MGEO have been improved such as followings,

1. Development of geodetic/terrain 2.5D/3D visualization service technology: The 2.5D and 3D display of Geological map with topography have been developed (Fig. 4.1)


(a) 2.5D display of geological map (b) 3D display of geological map

Fig. 4.1. 2.5D/3D display of geological map with topography in MGEO

2. Map display function: The multi display with the linkage to satellite image/topographic map and display with 1:5,000 scale topography map has been developed (Fig.4.2).

Fig. 4.2. The multi-display with the linkage to satellite image and topographic map

3. Enhanced memo function: Color and symbol management function and expression

function have enhanced (Fig. 4.2).


Fig.4.3 Enhancement of memo function

4. Geocoding API replacement: The API has been replaced from Google map to V world

(Korean Map Service System) because of the purpose of saving the cost and maintaining stability.

5. Addition and correction of geological information contents: new published geological map, coal geological and marine geological map has added. Also, attribute errors in digital geological map has corrected. Programme Contact Person: Dr. JongGyu Han; +82-42-3297; [email protected] Dr. Saro Lee; +82-42-868-3057; [email protected]


member country report of republic of koreaccop.asia/53as.69sc/53as_ag03-09_mc_report_korea.pdf2.2.2....

Documents