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Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase Chapter 10 Slide 2 Classical Greece (800350) Slide 3 Minoan Society ( @ 25001100) Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Phoenicians Minos legendary king Center of Mediterranean trade Wine, olive oil, and wool grain, textiles, manufactures Knossos royal dwellings & tax storehouses Linear A Natural disasters @ 1700 Thera (present-day Santorini) Foreign domination @ 1100 Slide 4 Mycenaean Society ( @ 16001100) Indo-European invaders descended through the Balkans Assimilated with Minoan culture Linear A Linear B Construction: fortresses & stone palaces throughout the Peloponnesus Major settlement: Mycenae Military expansion Crete, Sicily, southern Italy Slide 5 Chaos in the Eastern Mediterranean Military conflicts Trojan War ( @ 1200) Various maritime/piratical engagements ( @ 1100 800) Civil disturbances Result: civil unrest, population decline, emigration Slide 6 The Polis Citadel, or fortified state Independent urban centers Dominated rural areas Levied taxes Political forms Monarchies Tyrannies not necessarily oppressive Early democracies Slide 7 Sparta Peloponnesus Highly militarized and acquisitive society Expanded during 8 th and 7 th centuries Subjugated peoples: helots Primarily agricultural serfs (not chattel slaves) In time, outnumbered Spartans 10:1 Led to increasingly militaristic society Slide 8 Spartan Society This...not this.... Slide 9 Spartan Society Austere society Simplicity and frugality Disdained distinctiveness, except in martial matters Militaristic education Boys removed from families at age seven Rigorous military training / lived in barracks Active duty until age 30 Girls also underwent exacting physical regimen Relaxation of discipline by 4 th century Slide 10 Athens This...not this.... Slide 11 Athens Development of early democracy Comparatively large political base, but: Free, adult males only Foreigners, women, slaves excluded Athenian society Maritime trade (7 th century) Increases aristocratic power & class / socio-economic tensions Small landholders forced into debtor peonage Slide 12 Solon and Athenian Democracy 638558 Averts civil war Aristocrats maintain land Debt forgiveness Debt slavery banned Extension of polity Removal of lineage restrictions Institution of paid civil service Slide 13 Pericles 495429 First citizen of Athens General Naval supremacy Zenith of Athenian democracy Popular aristocrat Infrastructural programs Cultural development Science Philosophy Literature Art Architecture Slide 14 Greek Colonization (8 th century) Poleis population expansion Coastal Mediterranean & Black Sea colonies Imperial government? Effects: Commercial expansion Communication Language Culture Political & social effects Slide 15 Persian Wars (500479) Anatolia Cyrus and Darius Ionian coast Revolt, (500) supported by Athens Suppressed by Darius (493) Marathon (490) Herodotus Histories Darius dies (486) Xerxes (Darius son) revenge (480) Thermopylae Leonidas Spartans last stand Athens burned Salamis & Attica Themistocles Xerxes withdraws Slide 16 The Delian League Response to the Persian menace Led by Athens Sparta refused to join Superior navy & military Other poleis contributed financially Payments fueled Periclean (495-424) expansion Resentment Slide 17 The Peloponnesian War Civil war (431-404) Athens v. Sparta Negotiated peace (421) Syracuse (415) Athens capitulates unconditionally Expanded civil strife Slide 18 Kingdom of Macedon Frontier region north of Peloponnesus Semi-autonomous clans Beneficial trade w/ Greece King Philip II (r. 359-336) Greek hostage (368-365) Powerful military Consolidated power Imperial designs Greece (338) Assassinated (336) Pausanias of Orestis Slide 19 Alexander of Macedon Expanded military Brilliant strategist Inspirational leader Conquered (330-330) Ionia, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia Invaded India (327) Soldiers weary Returned (324) Died (323) Slide 20 Alexanders Empire, ca. 323 B.C.E. Slide 21 The Hellenistic Empires Power vacuum Empire divided thricely Antigonus: Greece & Macedon Ptolemy: Egpyt Seleucus: Persian Achaemenid Empire Hellenistic Era Extension of Greek culture Integrated economies and cultures from Greece to India Slide 22 The Antigonid Empire Greek conflict Political settlement Tax relief Local autonomy Land distribution Athens Corinth Emigration Seleucid empire Slide 23 The Ptolemaic Empire Wealthiest Hellenistic empire Efficient organization Agriculture, industry, taxation Royal monopolies Textiles, salt, beer Alexandria Nile River & Mediterranean Administrative center Megalopolis Cultural center Alexandrian Museum Alexandrian Library Slide 24 The Seleucid Empire Greek zenith Mass Greek colonization Ai Khanum Exportation of Greek culture From Anatolia to Bactria Slide 25 Trade and Integration of the Mediterranean Basin Limited Greek agriculture Small grain harvests Rich in olive and grapes Commercial economy Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Trading links Manufactures Spread Greek culture Slide 26 Panhellenic Festivals Olympic Games 776 ? Olympia Integrated colonies Quadrennial for millennium Slide 27 Patriarchal Society Infanticide Women subservient Priestess Sparta Sappho Poetess Homosexual double-standard Slide 28 Slavery Debtor slavery Captured soldiers Slave trade Scythians (Russia) Nubians (Egypt / Sudan) Slide 29 The Greek Language Adapted Phoenician alphabet Flexible & complex language Allowed for abstract communication Philosophy Slide 30 Socrates (470399) Pivotal philosophic figure Socratic Method Reflective questioning Honor, personal integrity, justice Plato Public gadfly (persistent, irritating critic) Death sentence: immorality and corruption of youth Slide 31 Plato (430347) Student of Socrates Systematized Socratic thought Socratic dialogues Forms, or Ideas Material world = shadow of the real world Perception is reality Allegory of the cave The Republic Intellectual aristocracy Philosopher-king Slide 32 Aristotle (389 322 B.C.E.) Slide 33 Aristotle (389322) Disciple of Plato Forms, or Ideas = useless constructs Emphasized empirical findings, reason The master of those who know. Slide 34 Greek Theology Polytheistic Personified supernatural powers Sun, wind, rain Mythological stories Zeus, Apollo, Fortune, Furies Religious cults Eleusinian mysteries: morality Demeter: fertility cult Dionysus The Bacchae Domestication of rituals Slide 35 Tragic Drama Evolution from cultic rituals Major playwrights Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides Aristophanes Slide 36 Hellenistic Philosophies Epicureans Pleasure, or quite satisfaction The greatest good Skeptics Doubted certainty Stoics Most respected Universal family Duty, virtue, inner peace