medieval history

7/18/2019 Medieval History

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North India Between 750-1200

:

Chapter in detail:

Four Agnikula Rajput

The four class dominated by early Rajputs which they founded arose from theruins of the older Pratihara Kingdom. These were-

1. The Pratihara-also known as Parihara who based themselves in outhernRajasthan.

!. The "hauhans-Ruled and area in #astern Rajasthan$ helped Praithara

against %rabs.

&. The olankis-also called "halukyas of 'ujarat were based in Kathiawar.

(. The Pawars or Parmars-established their control in )alwa with theircapital at *har near +ndore.

%ll the four claimed descent from my thical figure who arose out of the vastsacrifical fire pit near )t. %bu. "onse,uently they were described as the %gnikulaof the fire family.

CholaChola Cultural Ahie!e"ent#

• Temple architecture $ particularly *ravida or the outh +ndian style ofarchitecture reached the pinnacle of glory during the "holas. The cholacontinued the Pallava architectural style. The *ravida style of architectureof the "hola had certain special features. +t included a torey /imana$ amandapa$ getway gopuram$ lion pillars$ brackets and composite pillars.

• /ijayalaya built the /ijaylayacholeshwar temple at 0arttamalai.

• /ijayalaya built the /ijayalayacholeshwar temple at 0arttamalai

• Parantaka + built Korangnath temple at rinvasnatlur. Rajaraja built theRajarajjeshwar temple also called rihadeshwar at Tanjore.

• Rajendra built rihadeshwar temple at 'angaikonda-"holapuram.



• The Tanjore temples hadmurals on prranas and sculptures of Rajaraja and

his ,ueen 2okamahadevi and the 'angaikondacholapuram temple hasthat of Rajender and his ,ueen "holamahadevi.

• The "holas were famous for bron3e statue 4f 0ataraja5 dancing hiva

used cireperdue method.

• The system of canals in the south is a contribution of the "holas

• Tiruvasakam- The master piece of Tamil literature was produced during

"hola period.

• Kamban6s Ramayan was another achievement in literature.

$illage %&pe#

)ainly & types of villages were found in +ndia during this period.

1. The village with multicast population$ paying ta7es to the king$ was mostfre,uent.

!. rahmadeya or agrahara village- granted to the brahamins and entirelyinhabited by them$ was less fre,uent.

&. *evdeya /illage-Those granted to god similar to the first. *uring thePallava period first two types were predominant$ but under the "hola thethird type gained popularity.

Chola 'el( )o!ern"ent

The cholas are best known for their lical selfgovernment at village level. +n8ttaramerur inscription *antivarman pallav and Purantaka + have thrownsufficient light on the local self government of "holas. The assemblies were of &types 8r$ abha and 0agaram. The appointment of these assemblies were madeby election$ 9/yavasthas:

*a+ %he %hree %&pe# o( )eneral A##e",lie#

•

8r; a general assembly of the village consisting of the ta7paying residents.• abha or )ahabhasa; +ts membership was restricted to the rahmana of

the village. <ound in ramadeya and %grahara villages.

• 0agaram; was found more commonly in trade centers such as cities and

town.

*,+ Co""ittee# o( A##e",lie#



• %lunganattar- #7ecutive committee of 8r

• /arium- #7ecutive committee of abha

• amvastarvarium-%nnual committee

•

Tottavarium-'arden committee

• #ri varium-Tank committee

• Pon varium-'old committee

• 8dasin varium-"ommittee of ascetics

• 0ayattar-=udicial committee

*+ uali(iation to ,e a "e",er o( 'a,ha

• >e should be aged between &? to @A.

• >e should have one and a half hectare of land.

• >e should have own house.#ven after having these ,ualifications one could be dis,ualified if.

• >e had served in a committee during the last & years$

• >e had not furnished details of his account while serving in a committee.

• Bho had been guilty of crime and theft.

#ven after having these ,ualifications one could be dis,ualified if.

• >e had served in a committee during the last & years$

• >e had not furnished details of his account while serving in a committee.

• Bho had been guilty of crime and theft.

%he 'ultan# o( .elhi

For uik /!er!iew o( the Chapter lea#e #ee the'lider Below:

Chapter in detail:



utu,uddin Ai,ek

1. <ounder of the ultanate of *elhi$ C the first +ndependent )uslim ruler.!. % turk of D%ibak6 tribe which means D2ord of the moon6.&. <ounder of the lave *ynasty.

(. *ied whole playing "haugan Polo?. 2aid the foundation of Eutab )inar after the name of a ufi aint Khawaja

Eutubuddin akhtiyar Kaki.F. uilt tow mospues 9Euwan-ul-+slam mos,ue: at *elhi and 9*hai *in ka

=honapara: at %mer.

'ha"#uddin Iltut"i#h

1. Real founder of *elhi ultanate.!. +ntroducced silver 9Tankk61@? grains C D=ital6 two principal coins.

&. "ompleted the construction of Eutab )inar.(. "reated DTurkan-i-"hanhalagani6 a selected body of Trukish nobles.?. "oming of )ongols under the leadership of "hangi3 Khan to the frontiers

of +ndiaG1!!A %*F. +ndroduced +,ta ystem in administration.@. *eclared Rajiya as his heir apparent.

)hia#uddin Bal,an

1. "onsolidator of the ultanate of *elhi.!. <irst ultan to put forward his views about Kingship according to which the

king was the shadow of 'od title 0vabat-i-khudui and inscribed H3illah oncoins .

&. "reated a separate military department *iwan-i-%ri3 and appointedKotwal.

(. Regulated court ceremonial after Persian mode$ introduced ijda prostration Paibok G Kissing the monarach6s feet and celebration ofPersian D0auro36. 0ew year day

?. *estroyed the Dgroup of forty6 or chahalgani.F. elonged to the +lbari tribe.@. %dopted the policy of Dlood and +ron6 in governanceI. "laimed himself the descendant of Persian ruler. %frasiyab.

Alauddin halji

1. 2ike alban. >e believed that ultan is 'ood6s representative on earthand declared himself second %le7ander

!. The only man who could presume to advise the king was %la-ul-mulk$ thekotwal of *elhi.



&. *uring his time the army was directly recruited by the army minister ari3J mamalik. +t was paid in cash form the royal treasury. The pay oftrooper was !&( tankas a year$ while one with and additional horse waspaid @I tankas more$ %la-ud-din instituted the practice of recording thedescriptive roll 0 "hehra huliya of individual soldiers and the branding of

horses dagh system.

(. <or regulation and control over markets he instituted now officialmachinery$ *iwan-iriyasat the head of entire market control systemhshna-i-mandi the superintendent of market$ and Rais Parwana$ thepermit officer of markets.

?. >e founded a new clothe market in *elhi know as arai-%dal.F. rought the farmers in direct relation with the state and curibed and

checked middlemen Khots$ "houdharis$ )u,addams$ Patwaris all werevillage headmen.

@. #nhanced the state share of the revenue to one-half of the produce in'angetic valley.I. "reated a new department of revenue *iwani- )ustakharaj to reali3e

arrears.G. %ppropriated (? share of Khams war bootyA leaving only 1? to the army.1A.Resumption of several types of land grants vi3. +nam$ Ba,f$ )ilk11. +ntroduced house ta7 and pasture ta7$ ghari charai respectively.1!.+nitiated the policy of con,uest and e7panision of the sultanate Khalji

+mperialism malik Kafur vonlerbase outhern e7peditions1&.uilt D%lai *arwaja6$ Diri fort6 )ahal-i->a3ar itun6$ 9Lamait-e-khana

mos,ue.:

)hi&a#-d-.in %ugla3 'hah

1. >e laid the foundation of a big palace fort know as Tughala,abad!. >e was on bad terms with the famous sufi saint 0i3amuddin %uliya.&. The statement >un3 *illi dur ast *elhi is yet far off was made by the

saint for the ultan when he was returning from engal to punish thesaint.

(. Took Keen inherent in the construction of irrigation.

4oha""ad Bin %ughla3

1. <ormulated Dfamine-code6 to provide relief to famine-affected people.!. Bell-versed in various braches of learning vi3$. astronomy$ mathematics$

medicine etc.&. "reated the department of agriculture *iwani- %mirkohi(. +s known as 9)isture of opposites: or a mad king:.?. #nhanced revenue or doab to one half of the produce.



F. hifted capital from *elhi to *evagiri rename$ *aulatabad in 1&!F-!@.@. +ntroduced token currency of copper and brass1&!G-&AI. Known as a Dprince of moneyers6.G. <irst sultan to advance loans known as sondhar to peasants for digging

wells to e7tend cultivation.

1A.)uhammad had cordial relations with some of the %sian countries$particularly "hina. The "hinese emperor$ Toghan Timur sent as envoy to*elhi in 1&(1 seeking )uhammad6s permission to rebuild uddhisttemples in the >imalayan region. These >imalayan temples weedemolished by )uhammad6s soldiers during his Earajal e7pedition. Theultan sent +bn attuta as envoy to the court of the )ongol emperor of"hina. +bn atuta started in =uly 1&(!$ and returned in 1&(@.

11. "reated a heterogenous nobility-incorporated land-owing class$ artisanclass into nobility.

1!.The Bi3arat winessed its heyday during his reign.

1&.>is wa3ir was khwaja-=ahan.1(.<aced many rebellions ding his region. %lmost entire outh +ndia becameindependent during his region.

Firo 'hah %ughla3

1. Bas a cousin of )ohammed in Tughla, and was offered the crown bythe nobles.

!. )ade D+,ta system6 hereditary.&. <ounded several cities like <iro3abad$ <atehabad$ >issar$ =aunpur$

<iro3pur etc.

(. Brote the autobiography 9<utuhat-i-<irogshahi:?. *iwan-i-khairat was the special creation of <iro3 for helping the poor

)uslim parents in the marriage of their daughter. +t was in charge ofayyid %mir )iran.

F. The department *iwan-+-andgan was also a new creation of <iru3 whichadministered the affairs of the slaves. Raised a huge force of slavesnumbering 1IAAAA.

@. >e made systematic assessment of land. #ntrusted this task to Kwaja>isommuddin who assessed the land revenue which amounted toF corerand I? lakh of tankas.

I. esides improving the ,uality of cultivation$ a large number of gardens

were laid out by the ultan$ 1!AA gardens were laid out in theneighborhood of *elhi.

G. The most remarkable contribution of <iro3 that gave a fillip to agriculturewas the scheme of artificial irrigation in which the e7cavation of canalsoccupied an important place. The important canals which were e7cavatedwere the following 5 a. The Rajiwah.$ b. 8lughkhani$ e. <iru3abad canal$ d.Khakkhar 'haggarA canal$ e. The canal e7cavated from the river udhi.



1A.<iru3 hah imposed =i3ya upon the brahnanas made =a3iyah a separateta7.

11. +mposed an additional ta7 at the rate 11A of the total production of suchcultivators as were benefited by the new scheme irrigation known as >a,i-i-hirb.

1!.The ultan also opened a large number of hospitals *arul hafa wheremedicines used to be distributed free to the people. #7periencedphysicians$ surgeons$ eye specialists used to be appointed who attendedthe patients with great care. The e7penses of these hospitals were borneby the tate.

1&.The upper storeys of the Eutub )inar which were struck by lightening in@AA %.>1&FI %*. wee repaired by <iro3 these repaired were confined tothe fourth and fifth storeys.

1(.>e built Kushk <iro3 and Kotla firo3 hah-+t was a palce fortress ituatedon the bank of the river =amuna. %nother interesting object in the Kotla offiru3 hah was the %shokan pillar. Gbrought from )errut and Topana

1?."reated an #ndowment <und.1F.#stablished an #mployment ureau to provide work to [email protected] practice of granting old-age pension. *iwanM NN1I.tarted charitable Kitchen1G.%bdicated the thrown in fabour of )uhammad Khan

'ikandar Bahlul 6odi I,rahi"

+ntroduced a new ga3 known as ga3-i-ikandari of &! digit.

>e was fond of literature and poetry and wrote verses in Persian under the name

of 'hirlakhi.

The main achievement of the ultan was the con,uest and anne7ation of ihar.

<ounder of %gra city in 1?AF and made it his capital.

4ain .epart"ent# o( the 'ultanate

.iwan-I-aiarat

The head of the department was wa3ir who e7ercised general supervision overall departments C in particular the department was associated with the finance.

.iwan 8I-Ar

• The head of the department was %ri3-imumalik

• This was the military department.



• 4verall commander of the army was the ultan.

.iwan 8I 8 In#ha

• The head of the department was *abir-imumalik

• 2ooked after state correspondence• %ssociated with issuing of farnans.

.iwan-I- Ri#alat

• The head of the department was asr-us-udur

'tate Funtionarie#

%mil Revenue officer

%r3-i-)amalik

)inister in-charge of the army of the whole country.

arid 0ess reporter+ntelligence agents

"hihalgani % select body of Turkish nobility originally slaves of +ltumish whichcame into e7istence during the period of +ltumish to be destroyed bybalban later

+,tadar 'overnor$ a person in whose charge an +,ta has been placed.

KhwajaKeeping accounts and sending information to sultan$ the office wascreated by by alban

Kotwal>ead of city administration. >e maintained law and order$ enforcedeconomic regulations$ correct use of weight and measures and keptvigil on the visitors.

)uftis #7pounder of law

)uhatasib %n officer appointed to maintain law and order in a municipality

)u,tiBali Provincial governor holder of +,ta

hi,dar >ead hi,s e,uivalent to districts

%er"# a##oiated with eono"&

<awa3il #7cess amount of surplus of revenue appropriated from+,ta after



detraying salary of the +,ta holder and meeting e7penditure of troops.This amount was to be deposited with the state e7che,uer. >oweverthis trend ceased to e7its from the time of <ir3 hah Tughla,.

%bwabs /arious imposts like ghari$ charai etc.

8shr % land ta7$ charged on the land held by a )uslim and wantered bynatural means. 8sually$ +t was one-tenth of the produce. These landswere know 8shri.

Khamsooty captured in war. %ccording to +slamic tradition one-fifth of theamount went to the state and four-fifths were distributed among thearmy.

Lakat % religious ta7$ paid by )uslims as a charity for the welfare of their co-religionists. +t was charged at the rate !.? percent of the actual incomeor property.

=i3ya % ta7 levied on non-muslims in their capacity as protected subjected.rahmins$ women$ children$ hermit6s beggars$ lunatics$ and slaveswere e7empted.

'hari >ouse ta7

"haraj "attle ta7 levied on gra3ing.

Kharaj2and revenue$ reali3ed form non-muslims$ such lands were known asKharaji. %lso known as Kharaj-+-=i3iya or mal.

)asahat )easurement of land

iswa % common measure of area in northern +ndia$ e,uivalent to 1!A of abigha.

KhalishaThe area whose revenue was reserved for the ultan6s treasury. +t wasnot given in +,tas. ultan6s officials$ amils collected ta7es directly for theroyal treasury.

ondhar 2oan given to the peasants.

Arhiteture o( the #ultanate period1. The first architectural construction erected by Eutd-ud-din %ibak was the

well-known Euwantul- +slammos,ue at *elhi$ +t was built on the plinth of a>indu temple.

!. The ne7t Turkish building erected at %jmer is also a mos,ue. +t is knownas *hai *in ka =hopra. This too was built by Eutub-ud-din %ibek. The



building was originally a anksrit college and temple built by the great"hauhan emperor /igrahraja /isaldeva.

&. The third important e7ample Turkish architecture is the Eutub )inar.(. +ltumish$ besides completing the Eutub )inar$ added some buildings of his

own $ most prominent was a tomb$ know as ultan 'arhi.?. alban built his palace$ known as the Red Palace. >is tomb in *elhi isPurely Persian in e7ecution.

F. The Khalji monarch %la-ud-din was a great builder and erected manybuildings. Two of his buildings are notable. They are a mos,ue called=amaite Khana )asjid at the shrine of 0i3amud- din auliya and the famous*arwa3a at the Eutub)inar. oth these show a preponderance of )uslimarchitectural ideas. >e also built iri <ort >a3ar utun.

@. The buildings of the Taghla, period do not possess that splendour. Theirbuildings are characteri3ed by stopping walls use of greystone and heavyand dark appearance.

I. The best of the Pathan buildings is the )oth ki)asjid bult by the primeminister of ikandar 2id.

'ultanate Arhiteture

1. Kutubuddin %ibak

• Kuwwatul-+slam *elhi

• *hai *in Ka =hopara

• Kutbminar-%jmer *elhi

!. %ldddin Khalji

• iri <ort

• )ahal- >a3ari-+ itoon

• %lai -*arwa3a

• %lai )inar

&. 'ayasuddin • Tugla,abad <ort city

(. )d.Tugla,

• =ahan- Panah <ort city

• at Pullia

?. <iro3 hah

• <iro3 hah Kotla• =amima )asjid

• Kusak-i- ikar

• Recinstructed >au3-+ HKhas and Katbminar

F. ikander 2odi • <ounded %gra



@. har hah

• 4ld <ort

• Eila-i- Kuhng

• her hah6s Torib-ara ram

.elhi and it# di((erent na"e# through ti"e#

1. %llaudin Khalji constructed iri <ort in 1&A& %*.!. 'haisuddin Tughla, built Tughla,abad in 1&!1.&. )d. in Tughla, constructed %dilabad.(. )d . in Tughla, founded other city knows as jahanpanah.?. <iro3 hah Tughla, built <iro3abad in 1&?(F. >umayun constructed *inpanah in 1?&&@. hershah built Purana Euilla at the site of =ahanpanahI. hahjanah founded hajhanabad in 1FI(.

A"ir hu#ro

1. >is real name was %bdul >asan.!. >e created a new literary style in Persian which came to be known as

aba, -+- >indi&. >e composed verses in >indi as well and paved the way for the

development of 8rdu(. >e lived through the reigns of si7 sultans - patronised by =alaluddin Khalji

%lauddin Khalji and 'hiyasuddin Tughla,.

?. >e was a disciple of 0i3amuddin %uliya the famous ufi saint of "histiorder.F. >e introduced numerous perso- arabic ragas H aiman sanam ghura etc.@. >is five 2iterary )asterpieces- *edicated to %lauddin Khalji $ )atula-8i-

%nwar hirin Khasrau $ 2aila )ajnuri %yina Hi- ikandri$ >asht ihistI. >is five *iwans "ollection of 'ha3als Tuhafat H8s-ighar$ Bast H8+-

>yat 'hurrat-8+Kamal$ a,iya 0a,iya $ 0ihayat H8+- Kamal.G. >is >istorical )asnavis 0arrative Poems.

• Tughla, 0ama 'hiyasuddin Tughla,6s rise to power .

• 0uh iphr Euttubudin %ibak reign and religious a social

condition• Eiran H8s- adin Euarrel and reconciliation between ultan

Kadal,abad and hais father ughra Khan• )iftah H8+-<uruh )ilitary success of sultan =alaluddin Khalji

• %ashi,a or *ewal Romantic love between Khi3r Khan$ eldest son of

%llaudin• Rani Khi3r Khani Khalji and *ewal Rani daughter of Raj Karan of

'ujarat



• Kha3ain H8+- <utuh % historigraphical composition in prose which

describes con,uests and other achievements of %llaudin Khalji

.e!elop"ent o( rdu

1. The word 8rdu is a Turkish origin and literal meaning of the word is armyor camp

!. The noted poet %mir Khusro called it >indavi. >e composed verses in>indavi using Persian script.

&. 8rdu was known by various names >indavi$ *akhini$ Rekhata $>industani.

edie!al Indian 9i#tor&

%he 4ughal ing#


Chapter in detail:

Ba,ur *152-;0+

1. elonged to "heghati section of the Turkish race!. 4riginally from<arghana Trans H ociana. orn in 1(I& in the family of

Taimur&. Bas invited by mahmud Khan 2odi %0* Ranasanga.

Ak,ar

• <ounded a new capital city <atehpur ikri 1?@!-IA which contains

edifices of high ,uality like uland *arwaja$ *iwani-i- Khas$ Turkish

ultan6s Palace$ Panch )ahal etc. %gra and also 2ahore served as hiscapital cities.• %kbar designed his mausoleum himself which was constructed by

=ahangir at ikandara

(. % skilled musician and player of D0a,,ara6Kettled drum



?. ome of the great musicians like Tansen$ aba Ramdas and aba >aridasadorned his court

F. The mode of calligraphy favourite to %kbar was D 0astali,6.

@. ome of the prominent painters who wre in court of %kbar were Khawaja %bdus amad. *asawanta C asawan.

I. )ade Persian translation of )ahabharta known as DRa3m H0aman6. %lso gotRamayana Translated into Persian.

G. )u3affar Khan $ Todarmal C hah )ansur were three most notable wa3ir of histime.

1A. "ompiled a code of education regulations.

11. Prohibited polygamy.

1!. %ssumed the title of Lul Hi- ilahi hadow of god.

1&. +ntroduced 'a3-i-ilahi$ of (1 digits a new yard for land measurement IGinches in length in1?II.

1(. +n 1?@& introduced Kirori e7periment.

1?. +n 1?I1 introduced *ahsala system important role of Todar )al

1F. %kbar6s empire was divided into 1! subas 1?@?. 2ater the number rose upto1? 1FA?

<ehangir *105-27+

1. Popular known as Dalim6 born at 2ahore in1?FG.!. Promulgated twelve edicts ordinances for the general welfare and better

government to mark his coronation. "apital city was at %gra&. 2ost the province if Kandhar to Persia.(. )arried )ehrunnisa daughter of )ir3a 'hiya eg later known as

0uramahalC 0urjahan.

?. <ormation of =unta "li,ue comprising 0urjehan $ her father )ir3a 'hiyaseg +timaud- *aula her brother %saf Khan =ehangir6s eldest son andson-in-law of %saf Khan Khurram which practically played a decisive rolein running the government for many years.

F. "oup of)ohabat Khan Took place that captured =ehangir C 0urjahan in2ahore.



@. "oming of two #nglish emissaries of king =ames of #ngland$ "aptain>awkin and ir Thomas Roy for favourable trade concessions. %s a resultof their efforts #nglish factories were set up at %gra $ urat $ %hmadabad Croach .

I. Brote his autobiography Tu3uk-+-=ehangari in Persian.G. >e was buried at hahadara near 2ahore *ied near 2ahore whilereturning from Kashmir.

1A.)ughal Painting reached its clima7 during his reign$ great progress wasmade in portrait painting C paintings of animals$ )ansure was the greatestname in this field.

11. >e himself was accomplished in painN.. he claimed that he colddistinguish the work of different artists done in a single painting.

1!.+ntroduced D*u- %spah6 C ih-%spah system literally tropper with ! or &horsesin )anasabadri system.

1&.4rdered the abolition of inhuman coropal punishments like the cutting of

nose and ears of the culprits.1(.4rdered the preparation of a Lanjir-i-%dl the chamof justice made of puregold . to hear public grievances against the highhandedness andoppression of government officers.

1?.#7ecuted 'uru %rjun *ev with charge of giving help to the prince Khusraoafter his revolt in1FAF.

'hahjahan

1. Real name Khurram. orn in 1?G! . *ied in 1FFF.!. Bitnessed a war of succession among his four sons. 2ater on impressed

till death by %urang3eb.&. )ade greatest contribution to architecture$ introduced large scale use of

marble $ pietra dura and added elegance and sophistication in buildings.(. uilt magnificient edifices like the Red <ort Red tone $ the =ma )asjid

Red tone$ the Taj )ahal )arble $and the )oti )asjid )arble at %gra.?. 4usted the Portuguese from >ugli and occupiedit in 1F&!.F. <oreign travelers renier <rench Travenier <rench and )anucci +talian

visited his court.@. >is court historian was %bdul >amid 2ahori .I. 'ot built the Peacock throne Takht-i- Taus 1F!I-&? and Taj )ahal 1F&!-

?F

G. +ntroduced scale of 1&.1(C1? in)ansabadri system.

.ara 'hikoh

1. >e was the eldest son of hahjahan andf his most favoured nominee forthe throne.

!. >e was liberal and possessed moderate views.



&. >e was a devotee of Eadiri order of ufis.(. >e was disciple of )iyan )ir and then his successor )ulla hah

adaksni.?. >e received the tittle of haiH+- uland +,bal from hahjahan.F. >e developed the Persian version of the 8panishads.

@. >is famous works are

• ufiant Hul- %uliya; iographies of sufi saints

• akinat Hul- %uliya ; iographies of his two preceptors )iyan )ir C )ullah

hah.• >asant Hul- %rifin ; "ontains his religious ideas.

• )ajma Hul- aharain ; "ontains his religious ideas )eaning;

"onfluenceof two oceans• irr-+- %kbar ; Translation of ??! .8panishads.

• Risala-+- >a, 0uma

Aurange, *157-1707+

1. %dopted the title of %lamgir "on,ueror of the world$ Padshah #mperorand 'ha3i >oly Barrior.

!. "onfronted a number of rebellions.

• =ats under 'okala Rajaram and "huraman successively.

• atnamis )udiyasA by the followers of irbhan

• ikhs$ after humilitation and imprisionment of hambhaji

• Rjaput by Rathors of)arwar after the death of =aswant ingh$ on accountof %urang3eb6s refulas to recongnise %jit ingh Posthumous son of=aswant ingh as the legal heir.

• undelas led by "hampat Rai C "hhatrasal

&. Reimposed =i3ya in 1F@A.

(. %bolished Rahdari +nland transit duties Pandari 4ctroiA and %bwab)iscellaneous ta7es.

?. *iscontinued the practice of inscbing the Kalima )uhammadan confession offaith on the coins.

F. %bolished the celebrations of the 0auro3 0ew year6 *ay$ ati 11F&$=horakha-darshan$ music and singing.

@. *iscontinued the ceremony of weighing the emperor Tuladan on hisbirthdays.

I. #7ecuted hambhaji son of hivaji in 1FGA



G. % proficient player of veena.

1A. <orbade singing at court.

11. Reimposed Pilgrims Ta7.

1!. <orbade the cultivation of Dhang:

1&. uilt Pearl )os,ue )oti )asjid inside the red <ort at *elhi

1(. >e was regarded as a DLinda Pir6 a living saint

1?. %ppointed a board of ulemas to compile a digest on law which came to beknown as <atwa-i- %lamgiri.

1F. %ppointed D)uhtasibs6.

%he .epart"ent# o( 4ughal 'tate

.iwan-I-Ala

1. <inance )inister of the state.!. 2ooked after the revenue and e7penditure of the state

4ir Bak#hi

1. )inister in charge of military establishment.

'adr-#- 'udr

1. %lso known as sadr-i-=ehan.!. >ead of ecclesiastical department.&. 2ooked after religious affairs of the state.

A=I-6-==A%

1. "onstituted the second highest judicial authority after the king

!. upervised and control entire judicial set-up of the state

9AN-I-'A4AN

1. %lso known as )ikr-saman.!. >ead of royal household&. +n charge of royal Korkhanas.



%he organiation o( ar"&

%hdisKnown as gentleman troopers who were directly recruited and paidby the state.

%hsham oldiers belonging to infantry.

argirsoldiers belonging to cavalry. They were mounted and e,uipped bythe state.

*asti 2ight %rtillery

*hakhilisKnown as supplementary troopers. They were recruited by the tateand paid from the tate treasury$

=insi >eavy %rtillery.

he-andi

oldiers belonging to infantry. They wee more like the civil police.

ilehdars"avalrymen who brought their own horses and arms. They were paidhigher salaries than bargirs.

/6I%IC/-A.4INI'%RA%I$> NI%'

'u,ah

1. The largest unit e,uivalent to province.!. The head was known as 0a3im or ubedar of ipahsalar.&. 4ther functionaries at this level were; *iwan <inance$ akshi *efence$

adr religious affairs and Ea3i justice.

'arkar

1. The unit was e,uivalent to district.!. >eaded by <aujdar or hi,dar or hi,dar- +Ohi,daran. >e was overall

incharge of law C order.

&. %ssessment C collection of revenue was looked after by %malgu3ar.(. The head of the district treasury was Kha3andar.?. itikchis functioned as writers and record keepers.

argana

1. The administrative unit ne7t to sarkar.!. >eaded by hi,dar$ who was in charge of law C order.



&. The revenue official at this level was %mil.(. The head of the treasury was <otadar.

$illage

1. /illage affairs were looked after by the Panchayat.!. 2ambardar was the head of the Panchayat.&. There was a "howkidar.

%ran#lation# o( .i((erent Book .uring the 4ughal#

%tharvaveda Translated into Persian by haji +brahim arhindi.

abarnamah Translated into Persian by %bdur Rahim Khana.

2ilawati Translated into Persian by <ai3i.

)ahabharataTranslated into Persian by %budul Eadir adayuni$ 0a,ib Khanand haikh ultan. +t is known as Ra3m nama in this form.

0al*amayanti

Translated into Persian by fai3i

PanchaTantra

Translated into Persian by %bul<a3i. The book is known as %nwer-+-uhalli in Persian form.

Rajatarangini Translated into Persian by )ulla hah )uhammad.

RamayanaTranslated into Persian by %bdul Eadir adayuni$ 0a,uib Khanand haikh ultan.

4ughal ainting

>umayun rought %bdul amad and saiyyad %li to *elhi.

%kbar #stablished royal Karkhana for painting.

Tla3am 0ama and Trikh-i- Khandane Timuria were painted.

#uropen painting was introduced by portugese

=ehangir >e$ himself was a painter.

ent isan *ara to Russia.

)ansoor was the greatest painter of his time



>e loved paintings on animal and birds.

hahjahan adsah name +llustrated

8sed lavish gold.

%urangjeb >e was antagonistic towards miniature painting.

)ughal'ardens

>asht ahist 2aid out by abar at a %gra$ now known as Ram agh.

halimar agh 2aid out by =ehangir at rinagar.

0isat agh 2aid out by %saf Khan at rinagar.

halimar

'arden 2aid out by hahjehan near 2ahore.

>ayat aksh 2aid out by hahjehan inside the red <ort.

halimar agh 2aid out by hahjehan in *elhi

Ba3ir agh 2aid out by *ara in Kashmir.

"hahar urjiagh

2aid out by 3eb-un-nisa near 2ahore. "rops C +ndustries*istribution

ind"ooon$ silk$ wooden article$ ivory$ bangles$ saltpeter$

mattresses.

'ujaratilk weaving$ velvet 0eedlework$ #mbroidery. =ewellery$<urniture$ Beapons$ 'old @ ilver embroidery.

*elhi%gra Paper$ 'lassware$ "opper C rass utensils.

%vadh altpetre

ihar 'lass vessels$ Booden articles.

engal )uslin$ "otton$ ilk$ #mbroidered ,uilts.

%gra ayana +ndigo "ostlier

%hmedabad arkhej +ndigo

$arietie# o( loth



1. Pat % coarser kind of cotton cloth used by the poor.!. Kirpas "alico % superior variety of cotton cloth than Pat&. irinbaft % variety of mullsim(. alahati % variety of muslin obtained from ylhet?. *evgiri % fine C e7pensive variety of muslin obtained from

*evagiriF. Patola % Kid of silk@. "hitrapat Painted or printed cloth.I Tafetas ilk embroidered with gold.G. Toti )atting cloth for wrapping merchandise.1A. Tatband =ute cloth

%er"inologie# in #e .uring 4ughal

%hadis

#fficient troops which were not placed under the control of

emperor 2ater on it has important role in the decline of themughal empire.

%in-i-*ahsala % system where the average produce of different crops as wellas the average prices prevailing over the last ten years werecalculated Gintroduced by %kbar

%l-tamgha =agirs given to )ulsim nobles +ntroduced by >ahangir

%malgu3ar >ead of the revenue establishment at local level

%mir "ommander of hundred

ataihaoli "rop sharing

'halla-akshi

iswa 1!A part of a bigha

"haras)ethod for lifting water from wells in a leather bucket anddrawn over by yhoke of o7en

"hehra )uster roll that was also called >ulia

*agh randing of horses

*amPalse<ulus"hief copper coin of &!&.?grains !1'rams (A*%)1Rupee.

*asturs "ash revenue rates.

*henkil Booden scoop$ used for lifting water from wells into field



channels.

<atwa Ruling

'a3-i-+lahi0ew yard for land measurement$ consisting of (1 digist

appro7 && inchesA$ introduced by %kbar.

>asil %ctual collection from land

>undi ill of e7change

=agirdars Revenue assignees

=ama#stimated revenue of =agir which was e,ual to the pay givento the mansabdar.

=ama *ami %ssessed revenue in terms of lu7ury goods.

Karorisseniors revenue collectors who collected crores of rupeesfrom the people of the crown lands.

KhalisaThe land where revenue was reserved for the ultan6streasury .

Khan "ommander of ten thousand horsemen or more.

Khud-Kashta 4wners of land in the official documents

alik-+-Lamin or resident cultivators.

Khutb % sermon$ recited in mos,ues on <ridays wherein the name of ruler was included

Kotwal Police chief

)adad-+-)aash 'rants of land to men of learning for

ayughal their subsistence for life time.

)ah3ar Religious decree issued by %kbar

)alik "ommander of thousand horsemen

)illat The muslim brotherhood #ntire )uslim Population

)uhatsibs Public censors

0auro3 The new years day of the Loroastrian calendar introduced by



%kbar. %urang3eb banned it

Paikasht Peasents who cultivated land in villages

Pahikasht other then their own.

EabulliatPaper to be signed by pessants. % mark of acceptance ofstate6s demand of land revenue.

Eanungo>ead of the patwaris who as the field officer constituted theland revenue establishment at pargana level.

Eanungo>ead of the patwaris who as the field officer constituted theland revenue establishment.

Rupee Rounded silver coin of 1@! grains

a,lya ophisticated device for lifting water by Persian wheel.

awar % )ughal rank that determine the number of cavarley-men.

hi, %n %dministrative division *istrictA during *elhi ultanate

ipah salar "ommander of less than one hundred soldiers.

Ta,avi %dvance loans to peasant

Tuyul Term used for jagirs

Ba,f 'rants for religious and educational institutions

Ba,uianavis 0ews writer

Batan =agirs =agirs which were assigned to 3amindars in their homelands

Lat % )ughal rank that determined the position of a)ughalmansabdar in the hierarchy as well as the personalday.

Lortalab %rea where there was objection made by the 3amindars.

6ater 4ughal#

Bahadur 'hah *1702-12+

1. %urang3eb died in 1@A@. >e had surviving sons- Price )u33am$)uhammad %3am and Kam baksh.



!. Price )u33am succeeded the throne by defeating %3am at =ajau 1@A@and Kam aksh at >yderabad 1@AG and adopting the title ahadurhah.

&. %dopted pacific polices.(. Reserved some of the religious policies of %urang3eb.

?. 'uru 'ovind ingh was given highmansab and had peace with the ikhs.F. ahu$ son of ambhaji Karasha was released captured by %urang3eb %fter which there began a civil war between ahu and Tara ai for)aratha Thoren.

@. Known on hah-i-ekhaber

=ahander hah 1@1!-1&

1. Parctice of revenue farming of D+jara6 was started!. %bdulah Khan was made the Ba3ir and&. >ussain %li the )ir akhi known as ayyid brothers known as King )aker.

<arrukh iyar 1@1&-1@1G

1. "hin Eulich Khan or 0i3am-ul-)ulk was made governor of the si7provinces of *eccan.

!. anda ahadur$ the ikh leader$ was defeated captured and put to deathat *elhi 1@1F.

&. ayyid brothers adopted tolerant polices towards >indus.(. =i3ya was finally abolished?. Pilgrimage ta7es were also abolished .F. ayyid brothers virtually became king-makers.

@. <arruksiya was killed by sayyid brothers.

)uhammad hah 1@1G-(I

1. Rose to )ughal throne by the ayyid brothers after death of Rafi-ud-*aulah.

!. 4riginal name was Raushan %khtar$ but took the title of )uhammad hahafter he became the )ughal emperor.

&. 0i3am-u-mulk was made Ba3ir in 1@!!. >e carried out manyadministrative reforms$ but dissatisfied over the infighting at the court$ leftfor deccan$ where he founded the state of >yderabad after defeating

)ughal governor of *eccan$ )ubari3 Khan in the battle of hakr- Khed1@!(

(. )usrshid Euli Khan was governor and subedar of engal.?. urhan-ul-)ulk aadat Khan was made subedar of % sadh$ also followed

similar course and established his rule over there.F. Thus engal and ihar$ %wadh and *ecean were lost to the )ughals.

>owever$ they never threw the over lordship of the )ughal #mperor.



@. =at leder harat ingh-<ounded a =at state of haratpur. >e himself as9<eudatory: of =ai ingh awai of %mber$ who was appointed faujdar of)athura region byh <arrukh iyar to contain the =at movement.

I. Rohilla "hiefs %fghans founded an independent state of 9Rohilkhand:.

G. <ound of 2u7urious style of living$ and hence called 9Rangilla:1A.1@&G-%ttack of 0adir hah.

• )ughal army fought at the attle of Karnal but was defeated

• 0adir hah marched to *elhi and plundered it$ meanwhile$ aadat Khan

poisoned himself to death.• 0adir hah collected huge war booty$ and took away the famous Koh-i-

noor diamond$ the Peacock Throne and large number of books on music.

%hmad hah 1@(I-?(

1. 0awab of % wadh afdar =ang became theBa3ir of )ughal emperor.

hah %lam ++ 1@?G-1IAF %li 'auhar

1. *ue to his conflict with the wa3ir$ <led to awadh.!. *efeated by the ritish alongwith %wadh and engla at the attle of

u7ure G1@F(&. igned treaty of %llahabad 1@F? with the #ast +ndia "ompany by which.

• %llahabad and Kara taken from% wadh was given to hah %lam ++.

• 'ranted *iwani Right right to collect land revenue of engal. ihar and

4rissa for a fi7ed annual payment of Rs. !F lakhs.

(. 2ived for long at %llahabad as pensioner of #ast +ndia "ompany

?. 1@F1 %bdali gave disastrous defeat to the Third attle of Panipat

F. rought to *elhi by )arathas )ahadji cindia in 1@@! and declared them tobe the protector of the )ughal court.

@. 1IA& taken to prisoner and confined to the Red <ort after )arathas weredefeated by 2ord 2ake.

ahadur hah ++ 1I&@-F!

1. The leaders of the 1I?@ revolts declared him to be the Demperor of +ndia6fought the ritish in name.

!. %fter the 1I?@ revolt was suppressed. >e was deposed 1I?I$ tried forwaging war against the ritish and deported to Rangoon urma wherehe died in 1IF!.



&. >is wife Leenat )ahal participated in the revolt of 1I?@.

4edie!al Indian 9i#tor&

%he 4aratha#lider

Chapter in detail:

'hi!aji

1. hivaji belonged to honsle "lan.!. 'uru Ramdas was his political 'uru.

&. >is coronation was held at Raigarh in 1F@(. >is kingdom was calledwaraj.(. >e adoped the titles of "hhatrapati$ >aindava *harmodharak C Kshatriya

Kulavatamsa.?. >e had confrontation with %f3al Khan of ijapur in 1F?G.F. >e also had confrontation with hayista Khan in 1FFA.@. >e sacked urat in 1FF( again in [email protected]. *ied in 1FIA.

%he A#htapradhan

Peshwa )ukhiyaPradhan

Prime )inister$ 'eneral administration both civil andmilitary.

ar-i-0aubat "hief of armed forces

)ajumdar %matya <inance $ Revenue $ %ccounts

achivurunavis"hitnis Royal "orrespondence

*abirumant <oreign %ffiars Royal ceremonies

)antriBa,la-0awisBakins

+ncharge of records$ intelligence and looked afterking6s private affairs.

0ayayadhish =ustice

Pandit Rao Religious affairs and "harities

%9> >'9AA'



1? alaji /iswanath 1@1&-!A2? aji Rao + 1@!A-(A;? alaji aji Rao 1@(A-F1@? )ahadev Rao 1@F1-@!5? 0arayan Rao 1@@!-@&

? wami )adhav Rao 1@@&-G?7? aji Rao =i 1@G?-1I1I

4aratha Fa"ilie# and %heir 9ead3uarter#

1? Pashwa Poona2? cindia 'walior +nitially 8jjain;? 'aekwad aroda@? honsle 0agpur 5? >olker +ndore? Pawar *har

/ther Fat# on 4aratha#

warajya hivaji6s Kingdom

Raj /yavahar Kosh anskrit dictionary compiled at the instance of hivaji

"hautai"hauthThe levy on the neighbouring territories which was Q ofthe land revenue.

>aindava*harmoddharak Title assumed by hivaji which meant DProtector of the>indu <aith6

akhar hivaji6s iography by abhasad written in 1F@@

)irasis Resident owner cultivator

Batandars 2ocal landed elements

%shtapradhan "ouncil of eightministers

"hitnis ecretary

)au3a 2owest unit of thecountry

Tarfs econd lowest unit of the country

Prants Provinces

*eshmukh #,uivalent to chaudhuris village headman of 0orth



+ndia and desais of 'ujarat.

Kamavisdar ubedar of small provinces under the Peshwas

)amlatdar ubedar of bigger provinces under the Peshwas

Batan >ereditary land holdings

)irasdars Petty 3amindars

)oksha )ahal 2and grants

aranjam 2and grants

ardeshmukhi11A of produce taken by hivaji being ardeshmukh$head of *eshmukhs.

4aratha Con(edera&

Balaji $i#wanath

1. The first Peshwa$ in 1@1&.!. +nduced Lulfi,uar Khan to pay "hauth and ardeshmukhi of *eccan.&. >elped the ayyid brothers to overthrow <arruksiyar (. +ntroduced aranjami ystem

Baji Rao I

1. The greatest e7ponent of 'uerrilla tactics after hivaji!. Borsted 0i3am-ul-)ulk twice.&. "ompaigned against the Portuguese-captured alsette C assein(. "ompaigned against the idis of =anjira?. Propounded concept of >indu Pad Padshahi$ Real architect of )aratha

#mpire.

Balaji Baji Rao *Nana 'ahi,+

1. )aratha families came into prominence.

!. y the will of the king hahu the Peshwa became the official head.&. "apital was shifted to Poona from atara.(. +nvaded engal repeatedly H gained 4rissa.?. >elped +mad-ul-mulk to become Ba3ir.F. +nvasion of %hmed hah %bdali H attle of Panipat 1@F1 H the nominal

head of the )aratha army was /iswas Rao and the actual commanderwas adasiva Rao hao killed in the battle. %rtillery was under thecommand of +brahim 'ardi.



4adha! Rao

1. *efeated >aider %li.!. rought back the )ughal #mperor hah who became their Pensioner.

Nara&an Rao

1. "onflict for power with Raghunath Rao.!. Raghunath Rao tried to capture power with the rithish help.&. <irst %nglo-)aratha war.

Baji Rao II

1. on of Raghunath Rao.!. )ahadji chindia rose to prominence. >e established control over hah

%lam and secured the appointment of Peshwas as the emperor6s deputy.

%ra!eller# .uring 4edie!al India

%ra!eller# Ruler#

0icolo 1(!A-!1 %* *evaraya +

%bdur Ra33a, 1((&-(( %* *evaraya ++

0ikitin 1(@A-@( <iro3 hah ahamani

ardosa 1?AA-1F %* Krishnadevaraya

Paes 1?!A-!! %* Krishnadevaraya

0uni3 1?&?-&@ %* %chyutdevaraya

"aeser <redrick 1?F@-FI %* /isited /ijay- nagara after the battle of Talikota.

$ija&anagar >"pire


lider

Chapter in detail:



9arihar II *1;77-1@0+

#7panded the empire towards the sea coast but his greatest success was inwresting elgaum and 'oa from ahmani and in sending e7pedition to ri2anka.

.e!ra&a I *1@0-1@22+

Bas defeated by <iro3 hah ahmani and had to marry his daughter to him. utlater he allied with the Reddy Kingdom and managed to defeat <iro3 hahahmani. >e also built a dam across Tungabhadra.

.e!ra&a II *1@22-1@@+

+nducted a large number of )uslims in the army Their induction however had

begun during *evraya6s + reign. 0uni3 informs us that a large number of kingspaid tribute to him.

ri#hna .e!a Ra&a *150-;0+

Bon 4rissa 'ajapati Kingdom for /ijaynagar and /ijaynagar emergedstrongest during his reign.

• Krishna *eva Raya assumed the title of avanrayjaya thapancharya also

called %bhinav hoja.•

Paes says that Krishna *eva Raya was a man of much justice but subjectto sudden fits of rage.• Krishna *eva Raya built a new city and e7panded patronage to a large

number of poets %stha *iggajas.• Krishna *eva Raya wrote the political treatise of %muktamalyamada in

Telugu =ambbavati Kalyannam in anskrit and emphasi3ed on thewelfare of people.

• Rama Raja entered into a treaty with the Portuguese to obtain

themonopoly of horses.• /ijayanagar6 defeat came in the battle of Talikotta in 1?F? due to Rama

Raja6s policy of playing one )uslim dynasty against the other for making

/ijaynagar supreme.

$ija&nagar Arhiteture

The /ijaynagar rulers produced a new style of architecture called as Providastyle. The large number and prominence of pillars and piers are some of thedistinct features. >orse was the most common animal on the pillars. %nother



important feature was the )andapa or open pavilion with a raised platform$meant for seating deities.

+mportant temples were /ithalswami and >a3ara temples at >ampi$ Tadapatriand Parvati temples at "hidambaramand /aradraja and #kambarnatha temples

at Kanchipuram. The /ijaynagar rulers inscribed the stories of the Ramayanaand the )ahabharata on the walls of the various temples. >a3ara temple and/ithalswami temples are e7amples of this type of wall inscription.

%he 'aint# o( 4edie!al India


lider

Chapter in detail:

'hankarahar&a

1. *evotee of hiva.!. 'ave birth to the philosophy of %dvaitavad or #ktatvavad of /edanta.&. #stablished many )athas /iharas in different parts of country-

=agannathpuri in east $ ringeri in south$ *warka in west and adarinathin north.

(. #mphasised knowledge or true education as a way to attain )okshasalvation.

?. Known as "rypto H uddhistF. *efeated uddhist scholastic teachers.

Ra"anuja

1. 8rged that for salvation the grace of god ismore important than

knowledge.!. #7pounded the philosophy of visistaadwaita and ,ualified monism.&. >is commentary of /edanta is compiled in ribhashya and 'itabhashya.(. %ccording to him soul is one with 'od yet separate.

Ra"anand



1. %dmitted to his sect disciples from all castes$ from both se7es and evenfrom among the )uslims.

!. >is twelve disciples$ who became famous later on included a =at named*hanna$ a barbar ena$ a cobbler Ramdas and a )uslim$ Kabir.

&. Borshipper of Rama.

(. Representative of agun hakti sect.

a,ir

1. )ost radical disciple of Ramananda.!. rought up by a weaver of /aranasi.&. y means of sakhas and sakhis he imparted religious instruction to >indus

and )uslims alike.(. >is sayings.

• 94 Kabir$ anskrit is the water in a well$ the language of people is the

following stream.:• 9+ am neither in kaba nor in kailash NN ut present in all creatures.:

• 9'od is the breath of all breaths.:

?. tood for >indu-)uslim unity.F. *eclared that %llah and Rama were the names of the same god and calledhimRam and Rahim.@. Representative poet-saint of 0irguna hakti sect.

.adu .a&al

1. Resident of %hmedabad.!. %ccepted by both the >indus and the )uslims.&. *evotee of 0irankar rahma and staunch supporter of 0irguna chool of

hakti cult.

)uru Nanak

1. elieved in the doctrine of karma and the theory of transmigration of souls.!. tarted 2angar free community kitchen.&. Borked for >indu-)uslim unity.

(. "onceived 'od as 0irankara.?. >is work was compiled in the %di 'ranth which also included the

teachings of Kabir.F. >is aying 9'od knows man6s virtues and en,uires not his caste$ in the

ne7t world there is no caste.:

Chaitan&a



1. % devotee of 2ord Krishna.!. <ounder of modern vaishnavism in engal.&. 4riginal name was /ishwambhar.(. 'reat e7ponent of Krishnaite form of /aishnavism.?. >e is considered by his followers as an incarnation of Krishna or /ishnu.

F. >is philosophical doctrine H 9%cgubttabgeda hedavada.:@. >is philosophy is known as Rag )arg Path of spontaneous love.I. 'ave birth to ankirtan system.G. >is birth place was 0avadwip.

Ni",arkahar&a

1. % Telgu rahmin of %ndhra Pradesh.!. pent most of the time at /rindavan.&. Published the theory of *waith advaitvad *ualism-non dualism.(. +dentified rahmana with Krishna.

$alla,ahar&a

1. *evotee of Krishna.!. elieved in the philosophy o udhaadvaita.&. #mphasised on /aishnavism and )onoism.(. >is philosophy known as pushtimarg the path of grace.

4ira,ai

1. <ollower of the Krishna cult of /aishnavism.!. >er songs were full of devotion and love$ written in Rajasthani C raja

hasha.

%ul#ida#

1. Renowned author of Ramcharit )anas.!. *epicted Rama as the incarnation of /ishnu.&. >is other books are H *ohavali$ Kavitawali$ /inay Patrika etc.(. ecame a saint and went to %yodhya.

4adhawahar&a

1. #7pounded *waitvad *ualism.!. *evotee of /ishnu.

<na"e#!ar or <nanade!a



1. aint of )aharastra *harma.!. "omposed his )arathi commentary of the hagwad 'ita known as

=naneswari.&. Related to /arkari sect.(. Brote %bhangas.

Na"de!

1. aint of )aharastra *harma.!. %ssociated with /arkari sect.&. ome of his lyrical verses are included in the 'ranth ahib.(. >is ayings.

• 9>indu is blind$ then )uslim s,uint$ who knows it$ is wiser than both5 he is

the servant of that name:.

Ra"da#

1. aint of )aharastra *harma.!. piritual guide of hivaji.&. Brote *asabodha which contains his vast knowledge of various sciences

and arts with the synthesi3ing principles of spiritual life.(. #7pounder of *harakari group.

'urda#

1. <oremost of poet of Krishna sect.!. The first great theme of his poetry constitutes Krishna6s al 2ila child

Krishna.&. *isciple of /allabhacharya.

>knatha

1. aint of )aharastra *harma.

%ukara"

1. Tried to reconcile >induism and +slam. Known as 9Kabir of the *eccan:.!. Brote several abhangas which embody his teachings and were widely

recited in )aharashtra.

'ankarde!



1. Resident of %ssam.!. <amous as 9"haitanya of %ssam:.&. >is aying.(. 9There is only one 'od$ only one faith and devotion and besides this there

is no other 'od:.

Nar#i 4ehta

1. Resident of 'ujarat.!. %uthor of vaishnav jan to teno kahiye N.. % favourite hajan of )ahatma

'andhi.

Ba#a!a

1. Prime )inister of the Kalachuri King ijala.

!. Brote /achanas.6&. #7pounder of /irsaivism or 2ingayat sect.

'u(i#"

'u(i#" and 'uri 'aint#

1. )ystic movement in +slam is called ufism.!. #mphasi3ed on reali3ation of divine unity by arousing intuitive and spiritual

facilities.

&. Pir appointed his successor who was calledBali and their dispels wereknown as )urids.(. )onastic organisation of the sufi was called Khan,ah.?. ufi orders or silsilahs are broadly classified into two.

a. a-hara H Those who followed haria or +slamic 2aw strictly.b. e-hara H Those who did not strictly follow sharia.

'u(i /rder#

Chi#ti /rder 1. #arliest and most liberal sufi order in +ndia.!. ufis of this order lived life of poverty.&. *id not visit the court of ultan.(. Praticies ama or recitation of music to create ecstasy.?. Performed a number of yogic e7ercises.



hwaja 4uinuddin Chi#ti

"histi order in +ndia was founded by Khwaja )uinuddin "histi who settled in %jmer.

>is tomb in %jmer developed into a leading pilgrimage centre.

'heikh 9a"iduddin Nagori

ut,uddin Bakhti&ar aki

1. +ltutmish was deeply devoted to him.!. +ltutmish dedicated the Eutab )inar to him.&. *ied in the course of music.

'heikh Faridduddin# Ba,a Farid

1. "onfined his activities to Punjab and >aryana region.!. >is verses are ,uoted in ,uoted in D%di-'ranth6$ cripture of the ikha.

Nia"uddin Auli&a

1. Bas hostile to ultan-Eutbuddin )ubarak and 'iyasuddin Tughla,.!. <or his mastery over yogic practices he is called a Dsidh6 or perfect.&. Practiced ama.

(. %mir Khusrau was his disciple.

)e#u .ara

1. "histi silsila was made popular in the deccan by ayid )uhammad binusuf al->ussaini or anda 0awa3$ or )ir 'esu *ara3.

!. )ost important chisti sufi in the *eccan.

,? 'uhrawardi /rder

1. "ame to +ndia with the foundation of the *elhi ultanate.!. elonged to the a-hara.&. *id not believe in poor like style of the ufi saint.(. %ccepted state patronage.?. Real founder in +ndia was heikh ahauddin Lakaria.

? Firdau#i /rder



1. #merged in 1(th "entury.!. #stablishment in *elhi by adruddin amar,andi.&. 4utstanding sufi of the order-heikh harfuddin ahya )aneri of )aner

near Patna.

d? u,rawi&&a /rder

1. )ain centre Kashmir.

e? alandari&a /rder

1. 2iterally means 9wandering dervishes:!. Refused to obey Khan,ah life.&. *id not follow haria$ e-hara(. Practices >athayoga.

(? 'hattari&a /rder

1. <ounded in +ndia y heikh %bdullah$ called ahtar <ast Runner!. 2ived kingly life style$ his disciples marched wearing soldier6s uniform

beating drums$ etc.

g? adiri&a /rder

1. 4riginal founder H )uhyuddin %bdul Eadir =ilani died 11FF!. heikh %bdul Eadir H Populari3ed this silsila in ind and Punjab in 1Fth

"entury.

&. 4rthodo7 order a-hara

h? Na#ha,andi&a /rder

1. abur$ while in central %sia$ was disciple of Khwaja 4baidullah %hrar.!. heikh %hmed irhind$ disciple of a,i illah$ was contemporary of %kbar

and =ahangir$ =ahangir imprisoned him for declaring himself to be)ujaddid Redeemer of +slam at the fort of 'walior.

i? Ri#hi 4o!e"ent

1. egun by heikh 0uruddin in Kashmir.!. >e incorporated the teachings of ogi 2alla$ also called 2al *ed$ a haivitewoman saint of Kashmir.

medieval history

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