mechanics, materials and structural engineering for infrastructure

1 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future

Mechanics, Materials and Structural Engineering for Infrastructure Assets

Klaas van Breugel

Delft University of Technology

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences / Materials & Environment

Ageing Centre TU Delft

Asset Management of infrastructure: Challenges and new approaches

Thursday May 21st – Drijvend Paviljoen Rotterdam

Caring for Ageing Infrastructure Scope, Materials & Modelling, Codes and Research


May 29, 2015

2

The Pantheon, Rome

Ancient History Encyclopedia


The Pantheon of Rome

The Pantheon built by Caesar Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD)

Why did the Pantheon survive 2000 year? Good architectural design?

Good structural design?

Good materials choice?

Good workmanship?

Good management?

Adequate building codes? Prescriptive codes Performance-based codes


Vitruvius (born 80–70 BC, died 15 BC)

“Architectura” (10 books) Originally (and preferably): • The builder should know all aspects of the building process • Building process in the hands of 1 person • The building process was considered an “holistic” activity

Afbeelding: De architectura - Wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_architectura.jpg


Concrete Infrastructure: A problem?

I

Town of Bellefontaine, State of Ohio, USA, 1891

50 year concrete pavement

75 year concrete pavement George Bartholomew


Performance of bridges - Observations in USA

Before 1930 • Slow strength development • Fineness of cement: 180 m2/kg (Blaine surface) • C3S content of cement: < 30%

1930 – 1950 • Structures (bridge decks) built after 1930 less durable than those built before 1930 • Finer cement: Blaine increased from 180 m2/kg up to 300 m2/kg (Applied construction and building technology as before 1930!)

Mehta & Burrow, 2001


1950 – 1980 • Structures (bridge decks) after 1940 had many durability problems • Fineness increased to 400 m2/kg • C3S content increased to > 60% • Low w/c ratio: denser concrete, but higher proneness to cracking!

1980 to present • Use of high-range water-reducing admixtures • w/c ratio as low as 0.17 • Increased risk of early-age cracking • 29 bridges: Cracking in 44 MPa bridges twice that of 31 MPa bridges

Mehta & Burrow, 2001

Performance of bridges - Observations in USA

Changes in cement in order to build faster


Value of our assets – Key figures

E.A. Long (UK, 2007)

• Our infrastructure accounts for at least 50% of our national wealth.

• The performance characteristics and quality of our infrastructure are of fundamental importance to urban sustainability and the well-being of our environment.

McKinsey Global Institute (2013)

“The world needs to spent $ 57 trillion (1012) on infrastructure in the next 18 years simply to keep up with projected growth”

For The Netherlands this would be: $ 7.4 109 per year


Value of infrastructure – Global Perspective

Global Gross National Wealth (GNW) € 180 trillion Global Infrastructure (50% of GNW) € 90 trillion

• Houses € 50 trillion

• Civil Infrastructure € 40 trillion

− Roads, Rail, Ports, Airports € 20 trillion

million = 106; billion = 109; trillion = 1012


Architecture: The city planner Basic Building Blocks: Skyscrapers etc.

New York, USA

Ageing cities


Hong Kong's Ageing Towers (German Michael Wolf)

Ageing building stock

http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/18m1uoysl6lkjjpg/original.jpg


http://www.gizmodo.com.au/author/kelsey-campbell-dollaghan/




Increasing scale of chemical plants

Rotterdam (NL), 5 refineries – Storage of hazardous chemicals

Ageing plants

13 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future Chemiepark Delfzijl – photo Gouwenaar

Ageing plants


May 29, 2015

14 Donghai Bridge, Shanghai, 2005, 32.5 km

Ageing infrastructure


May 29, 2015

15 Fremont Av. S. north of Lake Street in Minneapolis. [email protected]

Ageing bridges

16 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future Collapse of Interstate 35W bridge, Minneapolis, 2011

Ageing substructure


Fixing ‘crumbling’ US roads, rails and airways

Americal Society of Civil Engineers $ 2 trillion are needed over next 5 years to bring nation’s total infrastructure up to standard ($ 400 billion/year)

(Dams, schools, solid waste disposals, highways, rail, aviations)

Provided by the state $ 105 billion for infrastructure in 2009. That is only 25% of what is needed!

Hoff (1999) $2 to $3 trillion are needed over next 20 years to repair all US concrete structures


The urgency of the ageing issue

1950 1970 1990 2010 1030 2050

100

Intensive building activities

Service life: 50 – 80 years

Intensive repair and new built of structures

Rel

ativ

e in

vest

men

t [%

]

year


Characteristics of the ageing curve

Prob

abili

ty o

f fai

lure

Point determined by • Initial quality • Actions/Loads • Maintenance

Perfo

rman

ce

time

Period of ‘top level sport’ of the system!!

Period of ‘rest’?


Characteristics of the ageing curve

Prob

abili

ty o

f fai

lure

Point determined by • Initial quality • Actions/Loads • Maintenance

Perfo

rman

ce

time

Period of ‘top level sport’ of the system

Period of ‘rest’?


Towards sustainable infrastructure *)

D Dedication & Discipline

R Responsibility & Research

E Execution & Expertise

A Awareness (of our limitations)

M Materials, Modelling, Monitoring

C Codes, Certificates, Communication

O Organisation

D Design

E Education & Economy

*) Breugel, K van (2014). A critical appraisal of codes as vehicles for realising on-site quality. In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 4th international fib congress 2014, Mumbai, India (pp. 325-328).

http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5c560555-8acc-446b-b798-ab1ef1a6dfa8


STW-Perspectief “Integral Solutions for Sustainable Construction”

• Total budget: M€ 6, spread over (nominal) 4 years

• > 20 PhD’s (TU Delft, TU Eindhoven, Univ. Twente, Univ. Leiden)

Recent research with focus on infrastructure

Project leader: E.A.B. Koenders

STW-Perspectief “Bio-based solutions for Geo- and Civil Engineering”

• Total budget: M€ 4.5, spread over (nominal) 4 years

• > 25 PhD’s (TU Delft, Wageningen, Utrecht)

Project leader: Timo Meimovaara

IOP project “Self Healing Materials”

• Total budget: M€ 20 spread over (nominal) 10 years

• > 60 PhD’s and Postdocs (TUD, TU/e, UT, Nijmegen, Groningen) Project leader: Sybrand van der Zwaag


Full-scale test loading ASR-damaged bridge

Dick Hordijk, COBc-presentation, 2013 RWS - TUD – Section Concrete Structures


pH<6 Ca-rich layers

Self-healing – Ca-substituted iron oxides/hydroxides

Preventing rebar corrosion by self-healing by using smart nano particles

D.A. Koleva


Endospore

Wadi Natrun, Egypt pH ~ 10

Playa, rock

Alkali-resistant spore-forming bacteria 1. > 50 years viable 2. Concrete compatible

Bioconcrete – For self-healing of cracks

Endolithic communities

Soda-lake communities

Jonkers, Wiktor


Bio-based self-healing of cracks in concrete

Control concrete before healing Control concrete after healing

Bio-concrete before healing Bio-concrete before healing

H. Jonkers


First aid emergency station “Paviljoen Galder, Breda

Jonkers, Wiktor


Multiscale modelling: from macro to nano

10-10 10-6 10-3 10-2 10-1 1.0 10+1 [m]

na

no

mic

ro

m

eso

mac

ro

Microstructure models

Reaction product Molecular scale

Microstructure

Cement paste with micro cracks

Meso structure

Concrete cube

Structural element

Concrete structure


Numerical simulation of materials behaviour

Lattice structure of microstructure in

tension

Internal cracking in cement paste

Ye Guang, Schlangen, Zhiwei Qian

Virtual microstructure

200 ∙ 200∙ 200 µm3


Load-displacement curve of cement paste

Zhiwei Qian, 2008

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Displacement (µm)

Load

(mN)


Flexural performance of repair systems

Mladena Lukovic


Self Healing asphalt

+ Induction heating Zoom

aggregates microcack

bitumen conductive fibers Opening of microcracks

Crack closed

Induction heating Melted bitumen

Conductive fibre

Post-Doc: Dr. Alvaro Garcia

PhD-student: Dr. Quantao Liu


Self healing asphalt - The test track


Classic Building Codes

Code of Hammurabi (1750 BC) “If a builder builds a house for someone, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built falls in and kills its owner, then that builder shall be put to death”.

Deuteronomium (14th century BC) “When you build a new house, you must build a railing around the edge of its flat roof. That way you will not be considered guilty of murder if someone falls from the roof”.

These were Performance-Based building codes!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Code-de-Hammurabi-1.jpg

http://webshop.pelgrimonline.nl/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=64175&tag=waarop&sort=pd.name&order=DESC&page=11&limit=25

http://biblehub.com/deuteronomy/22-8.htm


Original perception of architecture

Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures for human shelter or use.

Note: • Architecture is(was) not just “aesthetics” • Architecture was an activity “in the service of mankind” • Building codes were largely performance(functional)-based


Age of Enlightenment (1650s to 1780s)

In the Age of Enlightment:

• The visible world is “decomposed” (scientific approach)

• Farewell to the perception of holisticity

Art and Science of architecture become divorced

• From a decomposed reality we “create”, or “engineer”, a new reality

• Building codes are designed as rule books, strongly focusing on the properties of the ‘building blocks’ (prescriptive codes!)


Lessons from using prescriptive codes

• Quality requires more than following detailed rule books.

• The more detailed a rule book is, the more interfaces you create between individual “building blocks”. This increases the risk of communication errors.

• The more stringent prescriptive codes are (in an attempt to ensure high quality), the less room is left for innovation.

• The separation of art and science of the building process further hampers innovation (suffering from a lack of holistic/integral view).

• Prescriptive codes are less suitable for addressing sustainability issues (“new responsibilities”).


Towards “corporate social responsibility” (MVO)

• Performance-based codes are potentially better suited to stimulate, or accommodate, innovation.

• Reducing the huge impact of the building process on the environment is a responsibility of the whole society. Performance-based codes are potentially better suited to “implement” these responsibilities in concrete structural designs.

• The promise that performance-based codes are better suited to promote innovation will not come true if the risk of innovation is not shared by all stakeholders in the building process.

• Sharing of the risk of innovation presupposes preparedness to communicate details of the proposed innovation.

Global fixed capital goods 50% of Global National Wealth

€ 90 1012

€ 1.8 1012

Required investment for generating savings

Annual replacement cost of assets based on mean lifetime of 50 years

Annual savings if the service life is increased by 10%: € 240 109 /year

Required research investment 20% of generated savings: € 48 109 /year

Investment in fundamental materials research (50%): € 24 109 /year

10% of materials research to be spent on research of ageing processes: € 2.4 109 /year (=1% of generated savings)

Value of fixed assets (global) For Netherlands: € 33 106 /year


Südholter Applied sciences

Sluijs Civil Engineering and Geosciences

Vlugt Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

Spitas Industrial Design

Jongbloed Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computers Sciences

Van Loosdrecht Applied sciences

The Ageing Centre’s structure


In summary … • Infrastructure is the physical “hardware” of our society

• Ageing of infrastructure is, globally, a “trillion dollars issue”

• Mitigating effects of ageing requires a multidisciplinary approach: − Technology − Engineering − Science

• Investing in a Multidisciplinary Master Plan on ageing is needed: − It is ecologically a must − It is economically justified − It is a matter of responsible stewardship!

Thank you!

mechanics, materials and structural engineering for infrastructure

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