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MECH3005 Buildin Serviceshttp://www.hku.hk/bse/mech3005/

Lift and Escalators:Basic Principles and Design

Dr. Sam C M Hui

The University of Hong Kong

- .Sep 2010

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Contents

Planning & Design Factors

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Tall buildings are not possible without lifts and escalators

484 m 2010

367 m (1990)374 m (1992) 415 m (2003)

an mar ower,

Yokohama, Japan

(max. lift speed

Bank of China

Building,

Hong Kong

en ra aza,

Hong Kong

n erna ona

Finance Centre

Two (IFC-2),

n erna ona

Commerce Centre

(ICC),

12.5 m/s)

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Basic Principles

Lifts [UK] = Elevators [US]

Escalators (= moving staircases)

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Hoists (early form of lift system)

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Power elevator (steam)

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Basic Principles

= +

First escalator: designed by Jesse Reno in 1892

Central-Mid-Levels

Escalator, total 790 mOcean Park (longest outdoor escalator, total 220 m)

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Basic Principles

How Elevators Work

ttp: www. owstu wor s.com e evator. tm

How Escalators Workhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/escalator.htm

* Please find out how they work from these websites.

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Power flow through a typical elevator

[Source: How an elevator works

http://web.mit.edu/2.972/www/reports/elevator/elevator.html ]

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Circulation/Movement of eo le in buildin s

Mode (horizontal or vertical)

ovemen ype na ura or mec an ca y ass s e

Human behaviour (complex, unpredictable) Design objectives

Safe operation, comfort & service

Occupy minimum space & require less costs

, , .

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Corridors

Portals (e.g. entrance, door, gate)

architectural

Ramps

Lifts Mechanical or

Moving walkways

eng neer ng

elements

* Try to identify them in a building

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G/F plan of a commercial building

Can you find

circulation

elements?

[Source: Hongkong Land]

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Human factors

Physical dimensions

2.

Personal space (buffer zone)

. .

Male: 0.8 m2 (1.0 m diameter circle)

ens y o occupa on

Desirable: 0.4 person/m2

om or a e: . person m

Dense: 2.0 person/m2

2.

Crowded: 4.0 person/m2

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Typical occupancy ellipse (male subject)[Source: CIBSE Guide D]

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Interpersonal distances

Public distance: > 7.5 m (far); 3.6-7.5 m (near)

Social distance: 2.1-3.6 m (far); 1.2-2.1 m (near) Personal distance: 0.75-1.2 m (far); 0.45-0.75 m (near)

.

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[Source: CIBSE Guide D]

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[Source:Strakosch,

. ., .

The Vertical

Transportat-

ion

Handbook]

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Circulation efficiency

Location & arrangement (prevent bottlenecks)

Coordination with lobby, stairway & corridor

Fire & safety regulations

an ng capac y quan y o serv ce

Interval or waiting time (quality of service)

Consideration by lift functions

Passenger, goods, firemen, shuttle, observation

T i l d i f t t d lift l bb

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Typical design of protected lift lobby

hour rated)

[Source: CIBSE Guide D]

(escape route)

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Speed: 0.5 and 0.65 m/s, up to 0.9-1.0 m/s on deep

systems e su way

Ste widths: 600 800 & 1000 mm min. ste ortread length = 400 mm

u u y

35o if rise < 6 m & speed < 0.5 m/s

Boarding and alighting areas

, . .

T i l l t d i

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Typical escalator design

[Source: Building Services Handbook]

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Low- to medium-rise buildings

Large no. of people e.g. airports, subway stations,

de artment stores sho in malls

Escalator arrangements

Parallel

Cross-over or criss-cross

Walkaround

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System Types

Different requirements in various building types

Like commercial, hotels, hospitals, residential

Grou in of assen er lifts Position & layout

ac ne room space

Hydraulic lifts: ideally at the lowest level

Electric traction lifts: directly above the lift well

Machine room-less lifts

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System Types

Observation lifts

Glazed or partially glazed lift car within a glazed-

Also called wallclimber, scenic, glass, panoramicor u e s

Within an atrium or external to the building

Design considerations

Lift speed & handling capacity

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System Types

Provision for wheelchair

Good lifts & service lifts

, ,

Dumbwaiter e. . in restaurants

Stair lifts

Inclined lifts

c ssor s

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Scissor lifts[Source: CIBSE Guide D]

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System Types

Passen er conve ors

Other names: travelators, autowalks, moving,

Practical limit about 300 m distance

se u n arge a rpor erm na s

Design factors

May be inclined up to about 15o

Speed between 0.6 to 1.3 m/s (combined with walking,the overall pace is 2.5 m/s)

Materials must be flexible or elastic (e.g. reinforced

ru er or nter ace stee p ates)

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Moving walkway[Source: Mitsubishi Elevator and Escalator, http://www.mitsubishi-elevator.com/]

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