measuring aggressive behaviour according to the variables...
TRANSCRIPT
Measuring Aggressive Behaviour According to the Variables (Degree
Of Severity, Gender And Gender) Among Children Who Have
Survived From ISIS
Shraa-Faras Naema Mahdi Al1
Bazoon-Asst.Prof.Dr. Hayder Tareq Kadhim Al2
Asst.Prof.Dr.Jwan Ihsan Fawzi3
University of Babylon
Abstract:
The aim of the present study is to measure aggressive behaviour according to the
variables of degree of severity (simple - medium - severe) and type (verbal - physical
- verbal and physical) and gender (male-female) among children surviving from ISIS,
and in order to achieve the aim of the study, the researchers built a measure of
behaviour.
The aggression is made up of two domains: (verbal aggression and physical
aggression). The number of paragraphs in each field reached (14) paragraphs, based
on that on the scientific steps to build psychological measures. The scale was
presented to a group of 21) experts specialized in measurement and evaluation.
A random sample was chosen for the statistical analysis of the scale. The number
of the sample is (300) children from the camps for the displaced in the north of Iraq
/the Kurdistan Region, and by (141) children (males) and (159) (females).
After applying the scale on them, the psychometric properties of the scale were
extracted (apparent honesty and sincerity of construction and stability). The scale is
ready for the final application, and then the scale was applied to the basic research
sample of (348) that is randomly chosen from (8) camps for the displaced by a
random stratification method.
After applying the scale to them and dumping the data in the SPSS program, the
following results were achieved:
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2306
1- There is a high level of aggressive behaviour, as the results indicated that there
were statistically significant differences in the aggressive behaviour of children in the
study sample.
2- There are statistically significant differences for aggressive behaviour according to
variables (severity, gender and gender), as the results indicated that children have
aggressive (severe and moderate) behaviour, and the type of that behaviour was
aggressive (verbal - physical) and (physical) behaviour for both sexes.
The Problem of the Study :
The Aggressive behaviour in children is one of the behavioural problems that
have negative reflections on the child's personality. Aggressive behaviour, when it
increases in intensity and frequency in a person's daily life, may lead to psychological
and behavioural disorders (Steinmetz, 1987: 211) (Laine, 1988: 116-A).
It is necessary to limit this behaviour from childhood and before it turns into an
aspect of the individual's personality, which is difficult to treat or limit its impact
(Periolat, 1988: 61).
In addition to this, the variable of the degree of severity, gender and gender can
affect aggressive behaviour as well, especially when society encourages or allows the
male child to practice some hostile behaviours and limits the practice of the female
child, and this is confirmed by the Abdel-Fattah study (1987) that males are more
aggressive than Female. (Abdel-Fattah, 1987: 15).
Based on the foregoing, the current research problem can be determined by
answering the following question:
(Is aggressive behaviour influenced by the "severity, gender and gender" variables of
ISIS survivors)?
The Significance of the Study :
The importance of the current research is summarized in the following points:
1- The importance of the childhood stage and its seriousness in building the child’s
personality, as we can strengthen or destroy the child’s personality before he exceeds
the fifth to eight years of age, and we also believe that the future attributes of the
individual are determined at the end of the eighth year of his life.
2- The Aggressive behaviour is one of the manifestations of delinquency or
delinquency among children, so this behaviour should be studied as the child who has
been exposed to bloody and terrorist scenes and then was displaced in the camps for
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2307
the displaced may exercise an aggressive or unwanted behaviour due to his sense of
emptiness and may lead to the most dangerous negative manifestations in children
that aim to harm others or self-harm.
3 - The importance of caring for children and childhood, so that interest in them has
become a criterion for the progress of society and its development, due to the
importance of this age stage in building the future human personality in which the
basic features of the individual personality are formed, in which his preparations and
talents are clarified, and the basis of his tendencies and inclinations, and the paths of
his mental and social development are determined according to what conditions
provide him Environmental surrounding it
4- The degree and type of aggressive behaviour should be revealed according to the
gender variable of children surviving from ISIS, and this is what the current study
aims.
Limits of the Study :
The current study is limited to the children who survive from ISIS and are currently
present in the camps for the displaced in northern Iraq in the Kurdistan region.
Aims of the Study :
The current study aims to identify:
1- The level of aggressive behaviour among children surviving from ISIS.
2- Differences of statistical significance in behaviour and aggression among children
and survivors by ISIS, according to:
A- Intensity (simple - medium - severe).
B- Type (verbal - physical - verbal and physical).
C- Sex (male - female) children.
Identification of Basic Terms: The researchers will define the following terms to fulfil the search variables as
follows:
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2308
1- Aggressive behaviour:
The Encyclopedic Glossary of Psychology (2001) defined it as "a qualitative form of
the human child characterized by showing superiority over another person or group of
people or by using force in pursuit of harm." Linguistic strength in the relationship
between adults and children (Selami, 2001: 34-35).
Chaplin (2000) defined it as "an attack or counter-act directed at a person or thing
and which implies a desire to outdo others, and appears either to harm, to disparage or
to ridicule with the aim of inflicting punishment on the other" (Al-Rashidi et al.,
2000: 53).
Al-Saqqa (1999) also defined it as "behaviour aimed at causing harm to others or to
themselves, or what they symbolize, and this behaviour may be explicit (aggression)
or aggressive (Hostility) or symbol (inclined to aggression)" (Al-Saqa, 1999: 36 ).
Al-Rifai defined him (1986) as "offensive behaviour involving coercion and abuse,
that is, the individual is characterized by impulsivity and attack, weak control of his
impulses and the pursuit of coercion of the other, harm to him or theft of something
from him, or his affliction of vandalism and obstruction" (Al-Rifai, 1986: 221).
Through the above definitions of aggressive behaviour, the researchers defined the
aggressive behaviour as "an unwanted behaviour in which the child appears to be
using physical force to attack others in word and deed, and this behaviour is called
socially as aggressive."
1- The degree of severity: It means "the degree of severity of the aggressive
behaviour and is divided into three levels as shown in the following table"
Table (1) levels of Aggressive Behaviour
Simple 28-66
Average 67-104
Intense 105-140
2- The Type: It means "the type of aggressive behaviour and it is of three types:
verbal aggression, physical aggression, and verbal physical aggression." The
researchers define each type as follows:
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2309
Verbal aggressive behaviour as (inappropriate verbal behaviour with the
intention of obtaining moral gains through which the abusive child practices words,
gestures, and unethical expressions towards other children while making fun of them).
Physical aggressive behaviour as (a type of aggression against others using
force, threat, beating, and quarrelling with them or encouraging them to quarrel with
each other in addition to playing games indicating violence).
3- It refers to the gender of children, the mother of a girl or a boy.
Procedures of the Study :
The method used in the current research is the descriptive approach in which
researchers seek to determine the current state of the phenomenon studied, and then
describe it, and as a result, the study of the phenomenon depends on what it is in
reality and is interested as an accurate description (Melhem, 2000: 32).
Correlational studies aim to reveal the strength and direction of relationships
between variables and predict a variable through one or more variables (Al-Shayeb,
2009: 27).
The population of the Study :
The population of the study means the total group of elements that researchers seek
to generalize the results related to the problem (Odeh and Malkawi, 1992: 159).
The population of the current study included the children who survived the ISIS
terrorist organization and the military operations and who were in the camps for the
displaced, who numbered (6954) children from the age of (6-12) years, distributed in
(15) camps and (4) governorates, knowing that there are camps It has been closed
down, and one that lacks accurate information, such as (Jabal Sinjar camp in Mosul
who remained on the mountain without a fence during the ISIS control) and other
camps.
The Sample of the Study :
The sample means a part of the society on which the study is conducted, chosen by
the researcher to conduct his study on it according to special rules in order for the
society to be properly represented (Dawood and Abdel Rahman, 1990: 67).
The researchers selected the sample according to two phases, as follows:
1- Sample of Displaced camps:
The researchers used the random class method in selecting the basic sample of the
sample. The camp names were written on paper scraps, and each province was placed
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2310
in a bag on the one side. (8) camps for the displaced were withdrawn from (4)
governorates where the camps are, which represents (38%) of the total camp
population (6) camps for the displaced in each of the governorates of Sulaimaniyah
and Mosul (3) camps from each governorate and two camps in the governorates of
Erbil and Kirkuk, and by one camp from each governorate.
Children Sample:
The researchers selected (5%) of the total research population for children. The
number of the members of the basic research sample was (348) boys and girls by
(164) children and (184) girls were chosen according to the percentage of the total
research community and the table that shows that. The following table shows the
preparation of the basic research sample, distributed by sex
Table (2) the preparation of the basic research sample
No
Name of
the camp
Location of
the camp
No. of
family
members
No. of the individuals of the
sample
(Male)
child
(Female)
Child
Total
1 Tazh
Sulaymaniy
ah
2940
13515
636
13
35
9
14
39
11
27
47
20
2 Uchi
3 Prznaga
4 Al-
Slamiya
Nineveh
3132
3448
4655
13
13
9
14
13
12
27
26
21 5 Hamam
Al-Aleel
6 Jadeeha
7 Al-Khazir
Erbil 6967 37 42 79
8 Lilyan Kirkuk 3549 35 39 73
The Total 4
provinces
53983 164 184 348
The Percent % - - 47% 53% 100%
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2311
The Study Instrument:
To achieve the goals of the current research, which aims to measure the aggressive
behaviour of children surviving from ISIS, and given the absence of a scale
appropriate to the society and sample of the research, taking into account the events
that children who survived from ISIS went through in the Iraqi environment, you have
asked the researcher to build a scale of aggressive behaviour, using scientific and
practical steps To build standards by defining theoretical premises and the basic needs
that we rely on in building the scale
Aggressive behaviour scale:
The researchers built an aggressive behaviour scale for children who survived the
ISIS organization, relying on the scientific steps necessary to build psychological
measures by (defining the characteristic to be measured and preparing the paragraphs
of the scale), and then the paragraphs were statistically analyzed, as Ebel (1972)
indicated that the best way to ensure The validity of the test is for a number of
arbitrators to assess the extent to which the paragraphs fulfil the attribute to be
measured (Ebel, 1972: 566).
Therefore, the researchers verified the validity of the paragraphs by presenting the
scale to a group of (21) experts specialized in the field of educational and
psychological sciences. Calculated Kay ranged between (21-17.18) and is much
higher than the tabular value of (Ca2) of (3.84) at the level of statistical significance
(0.05) and the degree of freedom (1) and thus all paragraphs were accepted by
experts.
Statistical Analysis of Paragraphs:
Statistical analysis of the paragraphs in order to reveal the paragraphs with good
psychometric properties to keep them in the scale and for the paragraphs with weak
psychometric properties to exclude them from it is a necessary and important step
since the accuracy of the tonic will largely depend on the accuracy of its paragraphs
(Abdel Rahman: 1998, 227).
So the researchers extracted the seismic properties as follows:
1- Discriminatory Power:
The distinguishing strength of a paragraph is an important psychometric characteristic
of paragraphs of psychological scales, especially normative reference because it
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2312
reveals the ability of paragraphs to measure individual differences in the phenomenon
on which psychological measurement is based (Ebel: 1972, (399).
The statistical analysis sample consisted of (300) parents of children with
aggressive behaviour who were randomly selected from (4) governorates where there
are camps for the displaced from ISIS and military operations and without the basic
research sample. The method of the two groups of parties is an appropriate procedure
in the process of paragraph analysis, so it was used.
The researchers adopted this method and adopted (27%) of the forms that obtained
the highest scores by (81) forms in the higher group and (27%) of the forms with the
lowest scores and by (81) forms in the higher group, bringing the total of the forms
(162), where the percentage (27%) makes a Two groups have the best size and
contrast (Mehren & Lehman, 1984: 122).
And by using the (t-test) test for two independent samples to calculate the
significance of the differences between the averages of the upper and lower groups for
each paragraph, it was found that all of the paragraphs were distinct, as all calculated
(t-test) values were greater than the tabular value, which reached (1.96) at the level of
significance Statistical (v0.05) and with a degree of freedom (160):
The relationship between the degree of the paragraph:
2- The relationship of Paragraph degree to the overall degree of the scale:
The correlation of the degree of the paragraph with the total degree of the scale
means that the paragraph measures the same concept that the total degree of the scale
measures and the researcher used the internal criterion represented by the total degree
of the scale to extract the validity of the paragraphs as the sincerity of the paragraphs
is extracted by most researchers in the psychological measurement by calculating the
correlation coefficient between the degree of the paragraph and the degree The overall
scale of the scale (Imam, 1990: 131).
To achieve this, the correlation coefficient values were calculated between the
paragraph score and the overall degree of the scale by using the Pearson correlation
coefficient and the table shows that.
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2313
Table (3) shows the values of the Pearson correlation coefficients for each
paragraph in the overall scale of the scale
No correlation
coefficient
No correlation
coefficient
No correlation
coefficient No
1 0.36 8 0.28 15 0.41 22
2 0.52 9 0.35 16 0.53 23
3 0.41 10 0.30 17 0.42 24
4 0.29 11 0.39 18 0.28 25
5 0.39 12 0.38 19 0.34 26
6 0.46 13 0.44 20 0.31 27
7 0.31 14 0.29 21 0.22 28
It was found from the table above that all paragraphs are statistically significant
because all the values of correlation coefficients were greater than the tabular value of
(0,113) at the level of statistical significance (0.05) and a degree of freedom (298),
and the degrees of the Pearson correlation coefficient ranged between (0.22 - 0.53).
Psychometric properties of the aggressive behaviour scale:
Verification of psychometric properties of educational and psychological measures
is one of the basic requirements, as it indicates the quality of the scale to measure
what was prepared to measure it. , Allam 1986: 209).
Below, the researcher will display indicators of validity and reliability of the scale
according to the following procedures:
A- Honesty:
Honesty is the psychometric characteristic that reveals the extent to which the scale
is performing the purpose for which it was prepared (Odeh, 1985: 163).
Truthfulness indicates the degree to which the scale is able to actually measure the
characteristic that it is supposed to have measured (Gray, 2002: 43).
Thus two types of honesty are achieved (apparent honesty and constructive truth).
B- Stability:
There are many methods for calculating stability, and researchers have used the
Alpha Cronbach method to find consistency, and this method depends on the
consistency of individual performance from one paragraph to the next and indicates
the degree to which all paragraphs of the scale are involved in measuring a particular
characteristic of the individual (Thorndike & Hijn: 1986, 79).
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2314
In order to extract stability for the aggressive behaviour scale, the statistical
analysis of the answers was conducted. It appeared that the persistence factor of
Vakronbach to the current scale (0,81). This parameter is also acceptable because the
determination parameter is greater than (0,50), which was determined by
psychologists (Parkrokheron, 1999: 122).
• The first goal: to identify the level of aggressive behaviour among children who
have survived from ISIS.
In order to achieve this goal, the t-Test was used for one sample, and it was found that
the mean was (92.68), the standard deviation was (31.523), and the theoretical mean
of the scale was (84), and the following table shows that.
Table (4) shows the calculated and tabulated value of (T) and the level of
statistical significance
Sample
volume
Mean Stander
Deviation hypothetical
milieu
degree
of
freedom
T -Value
Level of
statistical
significance
Calculate
d
Tabular
348 92.68
31.523 84 347 5.137 1.960 0.05
It is clear from the above table that the calculated value of (T) of (5.137) was
greater than the tabular value of (1.960) at the level of statistical significance (0.05)
and degree of freedom (347), and thus there is a level of aggressive behaviour among
members of the sample.
The third objective: to identify the differences of statistical significance in the
aggressive behaviour of children surviving from the ISIS organization according to
variables:
1- Intensity (simple - medium - severe).
2- Type (verbal - physical - both).
3- Sex (child - girl).
In order to achieve this goal, data was collected and discharged in the SPSS program,
after which a three-way ANOVA test was used for homogeneous and unequal
samples and reached the results shown below:
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2315
A- Examination of Homogeneity:
In order to examine homogeneity between groups, a Levine-Test was used, and the
results are shown in the following table.
Table (5) shows the value of Levine's- Test
Value f The first degree
of freedom
The second degree
of freedom
Level of statistical
significance
2.806 9 338 0.203
The table above shows that the value of (f) for the Levin test, which amounted to
(2.806) was not statistically significant because the value of the statistical significance
level of (0.203) was greater than the value of the level of significance (0.05) at the
degrees of freedom (9) and (338), which indicates Homogeneity of groups, thus
achieving the homogeneity condition.
B- Three-Way ANOVA Test Application:
After extracting the homogeneity, a triple contrast analysis was used and the results
shown in the following table were found.
Table (6) shows three-way ANOVA test values
Source of
contrast
Sum of
squares
Degree
of
freedo
m
Average
squares
value (f)
Level of statistical
significance
Calculate
d
tabula
r
Intensity 40135.320 2 20067.
660
206.469 3.01 significant
Type 1471.138 2 735.56
9
7.568 3.01 significant
Sex 148.323 1 148.32
3
1.526 3.84 Not significant
Intensity
Type 2.556 1 2.556 .026 3.84 Not significant
Intensity
Sex .139 1 .139 .001 3.84 Not significant
Type
Sex 1.957 1 1.957 .020 3.84 Not significant
Intensity
Type
Sex
56.279 2 28.139 0.28 3.01 Not significant
The Wrong 32851.679 338 97.194 - - -
The Total 3334107.27 348 - - - -
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2316
9
From the above table, the following results were reached:
A- Intensity (simple - medium - severe):
It was found that the calculated value of (F) was (206.469) which is greater than
the tabular value of (3.01) at freedom degrees (2) and (348), which indicates the
presence of statistically significant differences in the following table:
Table (7) shows differences in severity according to the Chevy Test
Intensity
Differences in
circles
Standard error
Level of statistical
significance
First
Variable
Second
Variable
Simple Average 38.16-* 1.447 0.05
Intense 76.29-* 1.393 0.05
Average Intense 38.13-* 1.200 0.05
The above table shows that:
• The significance of the differences in relation to the two variables (simple -
medium) was a function in favour of the average aggressive behaviour because the
differences in the arithmetic milieus reached (38.16-) and since the sign is negative,
this means that the indication is in favour of the second variable at the expense of the
first variable, but as for the sign (*) it means that The value is statistically significant
at the level of statistical significance (0.05).
• The significance of the differences in relation to the two variables (simple -
severe) was a function in favour of severe aggressive behaviour because the
differences in the arithmetic milieus reached (76.29-) and since the signal is negative,
this means that the indication is in favour of the second variable at the expense of the
first variable.
The significance of the differences in relation to the two variables (medium -
severe) was a function in favour of severe aggressive behaviour because the
differences in the arithmetic milieus reached (38.13-) and since the signal is negative,
this means that the indication is in favour of the second variable at the expense of the
first variable.
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2317
The following two figures clarify the significance of these differences according to
Chevy Test for monitoring the differences between the variables:
Figure (1) shows the significance of the differences according to Chevy test
Figure (2) shows the significance of the differences in the intensity according to
the graphic columns
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2318
It is clear from the two figures above that the significance of the differences was
more in favour of children with severe aggressive behaviour, as it was repeated twice
and as shown in the previous table, while the differences were indicative only once in
favour of children with medium aggressive behaviour, while it was not a function, nor
ever for children with Simple aggressive behaviour, which indicates that children, in
general, have a very aggressive behaviour with a very large percentage, and then
children with moderate aggressive behaviour come after them with a very small
percentage, and the percentage is almost non-existent for children with simple
aggressive behaviour.
B- Type (verbal - physical - both):
It was found that the calculated value of (F) reached (7.568) which is greater
than the tabular value of (3.01) at freedom degrees (2) and (348), which indicates the
presence of statistically significant differences. In the following table.
Table (8) Show differences in type according to the Chevy test
Intensity
Differences in
circles
Standard error
Level of statistical
significance
First
Variable
Second
Variable
Verbal Physical 40.45-* 1.412 0.05
Both of
Them
63.10-* 1.612 0.05
Physical Both of
Them
22.65-* 1.266 0.05
The above table shows that:
• The significance of the differences in relation to the two variables (verbal - physical)
was a function in favour of aggressive physical behaviour because the differences in
the arithmetic milieus reached (40.45), and since the sign is negative, this means that
the indication is in favour of the second variable at the expense of the first variable,
but as for the sign (*) it means that The value is statistically significant at the level of
statistical significance (0.05).
• The significance of the differences in relation to the two variables (verbal - both)
was a function in favour of aggressive behaviour (verbal-physical) because the
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2319
differences in the arithmetic milieus reached (63.10-) and since the signal is negative,
this means that the indication is in favour of the second variable at the expense of the
first variable.
• The significance of the differences in relation to the two variables (physical - both)
was a function in favour of aggressive behaviour (verbal - physical) because the
differences in the arithmetic circles reached (22.65), and since the signal is negative,
this means that the sign is in favour of the second variable at the expense of the first
variable.
The following two figures clarify the significance of these differences according to
the Chevy test for monitoring the differences between the variables.
Figure (3) shows the significance of the differences for the type according to
Chevy test
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2320
Figure (4) shows the significance of the differences for the type according to the
graphic columns
It is clear from the two figures above that the significance of the differences was
more in favour of children with aggressive behaviour (verbal - physical), as it was
repeated twice and as shown in the previous table, while the differences were
indicative only once for the benefit of children with aggressive physical behaviour,
while they were not a function nor Any time for children with aggressive verbal
behaviour, which indicates that children generally have aggressive (verbal-physical)
behaviour in a very large percentage, then children with aggressive physical
behaviour come after them with a very small percentage, and the percentage is almost
non-existent for children with verbal aggressive behaviour
c. Other variables:
It was found that the calculated values of (F) reached respectively (1.526),
(0.026), (0.001), (0.020), and (0.28), which are smaller than the tabular value of (3.84)
and (3.01) at degrees of freedom (2) and (348), (1) and (348), which indicates that
there are no statistically significant differences between the variables.
References
1- Abdel-Fattah, Hassan, (1987). aggression among children, "a comparative study"
of its manifestations between rural and urban children", unpublished master's thesis,
Ain Shams University.
2- Imam, Mustafa Mahmoud (1990): Psychological evaluation, Ministry of Higher
Education and Scientific Research, University of Baghdad.
3- Parker, Chris Wisnrange, Nancy Walyot, Robert (1999): Research Methods in
Clinical and Guidance Psychology, translated by Naguib Saboura, Mervat Ahmed
Shawky, and Aisha El Sayed Roushdy, The Egyptian Anglo Library, Cairo.
4- Thorndike, Robert and Huygen, Elizabeth (1989): Measurement and Evaluation in
Psychology and Education, translated by Abdullah Al-Kilani, and Abd al-Rahman
Adas, Jordan Book Center, Amman.
5- Al-Shayeb, Abdel-Hafiz (2009): the foundations of educational research, 1st
edition, Wael Publishing House, Amman.
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2321
6- Melhem, Sami (2000): Measurement and Evaluation in Special Education and
Psychology, 2nd edition, Dar Al Masirah for Publishing and Distribution, Amman.
7- Awda, Ahmad Salman and Malkawi, Fathi Hassan (1992): Fundamentals In
Scientific Research In Education (Elements Of Research And Its Methods And
Statistical Analysis Of Its Data), 2nd edition, Irbid, Jordan.
8- Dawood, Khaled and Abdul Rahman, Saad (1998): Educational and Psychological
Measurement, Al-Falah Library, Kuwait.
9- Abdul Rahman, Saad (1998): Psychometrics, Al-Falah Library, Kuwait.
10- Mehren.R Lehman. A. (1984): "Essentials of educational measurement", PHI
Learning privately Limited, New Delhi
11- Allam, Salah Al-Din Mahmoud (1986): Contemporary developments in
psychological measurement, Al-Qabas Commercial Printing Press, Kuwait.
12- Steinmetz, (1987), family violence, in Sussman M.B & Steinmetz &. (red), H and
book of Moriage and the family.
13- Gray, J (2000): Personality and Personal Growth, New York, Harper & Row
publisher inc
14- Laine, A. (1988). Psychological Testing. New York: Macmillan company.
15- Periolat, - Janet, Nager, Nancy, (1988). The positive Aspects of Aggressive
Behavior in young children, Eric, Ed 373926.
16- Selami, Norsper, (2001): Encyclopedic Glossary in Psychology (Alphabet B),
translated by Wajih Asaad, Publications of the Ministry of Culture, Damascus.
17- Al-Rashidi, Bashir and others, (2000): Mental Disorders in Childhood and
Adolescence (2), first edition, Library of Social Patterns, Kuwait.
18- Al-Saga, Mustafa Fathi, (1999): aggression and play among pre-school children,
research submitted for a master’s degree in psychology, Faculty of Education,
University of Damascus.
19- Al-Rifai, Naim (1986): Mental Health, Sixth Edition, Damascus, Khaled Bin Al-
Walid Press.
20- Ebel, R.L. (1972): Essentials of Education measurement, New Jersey: Prentice-
Hall. 15- Ellfon & Runyon, Richard & Harber Aadreg (1998). Fundamentals of Social
statistical. 3rd. new York: Me Grow Hill.
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XII, Issue III, 2020
Issn No : 1006-7930
Page No: 2322