Measurement Volume Mass Current Distance

Description The amount of space something takes up

The weight of a substance

The speed at which electricity flows

The straight measurement between points

Metric Unit Liter (L);Cubic cm (cm3)

Gram (g) Ampere (A) Meter (m)

1. Question2. Hypothesis3. Materials &

Procedure4. Results5. Discussion6. Conclusion

Independent variable What is being tested?

Dependent variable What is the observable change?

Control Variable A variable used to compare results with

Question: How can one make a planet grow quickly?

Independent variable: Amount of Sunlight Dependent variable: Plant Growth Control variable: Plant grown in a natural

day/night cycle (grown outside) Hypothesis:

If the amount of the sunlight is increased, then the plant will grow faster.

Physical Property:◦ A feature of a substance that may be observed or

detected without creating a new substance State (gas, liquid, solid) Luster Colour Boiling / Melting point Density (mass / volume; g/mL) Hardness

Chemical Property:◦ A feature of a substance that may ONLY be

observed or detected by creating a new substance Reacts with acid Combustible

Characteristic physical properties may be used to identify a substance◦ Boiling point◦ Melting point◦ Density

Properties that may NOT be used to identify a substance◦ State◦ Colour◦ Mass◦ Volume◦ Malleability◦ Ductility

Physical Change: A change that may be reversed and does NOT result in a new substance

Chemical Change: A change that is not easily reversed and results in a new substance◦ Clues to a chemical change

Formation of a precipitate Colour Change Energy change (cools, heats, gives off light or sound) Odour Change Production of gas (bubbles)

Metals are ◦ Shiny (lustrous)◦ able to conduct thermal and electrical energy◦ are found on the left side of the periodic table◦ Ductile and malleable

Non-metals◦ Dull◦ DO NOT conduct thermal and electrical energy◦ are found on the right side of the periodic table

Metalloids◦ Possess properties of metals and non-metals◦ Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony,

Tellurium

Subatomic Particle

Relative Size Charge Location

Proton 1 Positive Nucleus

Electron 1/2000 Negative Orbit

Neutron 1 Neutral Nucleus

Electron Orbit Filling Rule: 2, 8, 8, 16

Beryllium and Oxygen

Lithium and FluorineCalcium and Sulfur

Noble Gases

Coefficients and subscripts

4 H2SO4

This formula contains 3 different elements◦ Hydrogen = 8◦ Sulfur = 4◦ Oxygen = 16

There are 28 atoms in total

TOTALS NAME 2 MgCl2 6 Magnesium

Chloride KCl 2 Potassium Chloride 3 Li2O 9 Lithium Oxide 4 Na3N 16 Sodium Nitride 2 CaS 4 Calcium Sulfide

Scientific Skills◦ Sections 1.1 and 1.2

Chemistry◦ Sections 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.7

Self quiz pp. 204-205 Q: 1-24◦ Sections 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6,

Self Quiz pp. 250-251 Q: 1-23◦ Sections 7.2, 7.8

Self Quiz pp. 282-282 Q: 1-5, 8-15, 18, 21

◦ Chemistry Unit Self Quiz pp. 294-295 Q: 1-26

Biotic: ◦ Living things, or derived from living things◦ Examples: apples, trees, humans, fossil fuels, etc

Abiotic◦ Non-living things◦ Wind, temperature, water, rock, etc

Habitat◦ Where an organism lives

Ecosystem◦ All the biotic and abiotic factors in an area

Lithosphere Biosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere

TUNDRA

BOREAL FOREST

GRASSLANDS

MOUNTAIN FOREST

TEMPERATURE DECIDUOUS

A collection of similar ecosystems

Tundra: Subsoil is frozen (permafrost) and biodiversity is low

Boreal Forest: Covers 50% of Canada. Long, cold winters and short summers

The soil is generally poor in nutrients and is slightly acidic

Temperature Deciduous

◦ South of Boreal Forest◦ Eastern and central

Canada◦ Long growing season◦ 4 well-defined seasons

Grasslands◦ Variable precipitation that can only support

grasses and few trees

Mountain Forest

◦ Fast flowing rivers

◦ Windy conditions

◦ Cool summers◦ Variable

temperature depending on elevation

Cellular Respiration:

Glucose + Water + Oxygen Gas → Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide

Photosynthesis:

Sunlight + Water + Carbon Dioxide → Glucose+ Water + Oxygen Gas

These reactions are COMPLEMENTARY because the products of one reaction are the reactants in the other.

A food chain is a sequential relationship that starts with a producer and ends with a TOP consumer

A food web represents many food chains connected together

Food Chain:

Berries -> Rabbit -> Fox Berries -> Squirrel -> Fox Berries -> Cricket -> Frog -> Snake -> Owl

10% Rule◦ As one moves up a

food chain, only 10% of the energy is passed along to the next level. 90% of energy is lost through heat and other processes

1 joule of energy

10 joules of energy

100 joules of energy

1000 joules of energy

10 000 joules of energy

100 000 joules of energy

Pesticides that dissolve in water return to the environment after the infected organism dies.

Pesticides that dissolve in fat cells stay in the body of the infected organism until another organism eats it. This passes the pesticide from one organism to another, and to another

The algae dies off because it has a low body mass. It is easily affected by small amounts of pesticide.

The polar bear will experience sickness or death because the CONCENTRATION of pesticide is stronger/higher.

Commensalism: One organism benefits and the other organism is not affected

Mutualism: Both organisms benefit Parasitism: One organism benefits and the

other organism experiences a negative consequence.

Saprophytism: Feeding on dead organisms. A organism that feeds on dead organisms is called a saprophyte.

Predation: One organism hunts anther organism for food. The hunter is called the predator and the victim is called the prey.

Chapter 2◦ Sections: 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 70-71 Q: 1-26

Chapter 3◦ Sections: 3.5, 3.7◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 112-113 Q: 2, 4, 5, 10, 16

Chapter 4◦ Sections: 4.4, 4.5◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 152-153 Q: 5, 11, 17, 18, 27, 30

A conductor is a material that allows electrons to flow through it

An insulator is a material that does NOT allow electrons to flow through it

Static electricity: ◦ a stationary (unmoving) electric charge

Current:◦ The flow of electric charge◦ Requires a source of electrons◦ Requires something that uses electricity (load)◦ Conducting materials that connect the source to

the load

1. Contact / Conduction2. Friction / Rubbing3. Induction / Without Touching

1. Balloon stocking to wall example

1. At a point2. Grounding3. Discharge into the air

1. Length

2. Thickness

3. Material1. Conductors / Semiconductors

I = measured in A and represents speed of electron movement

V = measured in V and represents electric pressure

Voltage = Current X Resistance

Battery Wire Light Bulb Switch Motor Voltmeter Ammeter

Energy output X 100% = Energy Input

Measured in $ / kWh

kWh – kilowatt hour describes the AMOUNT of energy used (POWER)

If you are given 400 W used for 10 h◦ 400W = 0.4 kW X 10 h = 4 kWh

Chapter 11◦ Sections: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, p. 433, 11.5, 11.7◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 500 – 501 Q: 1-18

Chapter 12◦ Sections: 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.5, 12.8◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 544– 545 Q: 1-24

Chapter 13◦ Sections: 13.1, 13.4, 13.7, 13.8◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 582 – 583 Q: 1-21

Sunspots

11 Year Sunspot Cycle

Kepler 22b, an Earth like planet, is 5.67 x 1018 m away. What is this distance in light years? (600 ly)

Pluto is 4.48× 1012 meters away from the Sun. What is this distance in AU? (30 AU)

Chapter 8◦Sections: 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.8◦Try the Self-Quiz on pp. 322-323

Chapter 9◦Sections: 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8◦Try the Self-Quiz on pp. 360-361

You DO NOT need to review anything from chapter 10

Tips◦ Eat breakfast◦ Go to sleep early◦ Study with others (after you have reviewed)◦ Summarize notes rather than reading them◦ Review quizzes and tests◦ Bring at least

2 pencils and 2 pens A scientific calculator Water Tissue