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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 9
Long-Lived Tangible and Intangible Assets
PowerPoint Authors:Brandy MackintoshLindsay Heiser
9-2
Learning Objective 9-1
Define, classify, and explain the nature of long-lived assets.
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Tangible
PhysicalSubstance
Intangible
No PhysicalSubstance
Will not be used up within the next year
Actively Used in Operations
Definition and Classification
Land Assets subject to depreciation
Buildings and equipmentFurniture and fixtures
Examples
Value represented by rights that produce benefits. Intangibles with a limited life, such as patents and copyrights, are subject to amortization. Intangibles with an unlimited (or indefinite) life, such as goodwill and trademarks, are not amortized.
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Learning Objective 9-2
Apply the cost principle tothe acquisition of long-lived
assets.
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Acquisition of Tangible Assets
Recording costs as Recording costs as assets is calledassets is called
capitalizingcapitalizing the costs. the costs.
Recording costs as Recording costs as assets is calledassets is called
capitalizingcapitalizing the costs. the costs.
Acquisition cost includes:
1.purchase price, and
2.all expenditures needed to prepare the asset for its intended use.
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Acquisition of Tangible Assets Purchase costPurchase cost Legal feesLegal fees Surveying feesSurveying fees Broker’s commissionsBroker’s commissions
LandLand
Purchase/construction Purchase/construction costcost
Legal feesLegal fees
Appraisal feesAppraisal fees
Architectural fees Architectural fees
BuildingsBuildings
Purchase/construction costPurchase/construction cost Sales taxesSales taxes Transportation costsTransportation costs Installation costsInstallation costs
EquipmentEquipment
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The total cost of a combined purchase of land and building is allocated in proportion to their
relative market values.
The total cost of a combined purchase of land and building is allocated in proportion to their
relative market values.
Acquisition of Tangible Assets Basket Purchase
Appraised % of Purchase ApportionedAsset Value Value Price Cost
a b* c b × c
Land 175,000$ 35% × 400,000$ = 140,000$ Building 325,000 65% × 400,000 = 260,000 Total 500,000$ 100% 400,000$
* $175,000 ÷ $500,000 = 35%
$325,000 ÷ $500,000 = 65%
On January 1, Jones purchased land and On January 1, Jones purchased land and building for $400,000 cash. The appraised building for $400,000 cash. The appraised
values are building, $325,000, and land, values are building, $325,000, and land, $175,000. $175,000.
How much of the $400,000 purchase price will How much of the $400,000 purchase price will be charged to the building and land be charged to the building and land
accounts?accounts?
On January 1, Jones purchased land and On January 1, Jones purchased land and building for $400,000 cash. The appraised building for $400,000 cash. The appraised
values are building, $325,000, and land, values are building, $325,000, and land, $175,000. $175,000.
How much of the $400,000 purchase price will How much of the $400,000 purchase price will be charged to the building and land be charged to the building and land
accounts?accounts?
9-8
Acquisition of Tangible AssetsComponent Allocation
IFRS takes the idea of a basket purchase one step further. The cost of an individual asset’s components is allocated among each significant component and then depreciated separately over that component’s useful life.
9-9
Cash Purchase
Cedar Fair purchased a new ride for $26,000,000 less a $1,000,000 discount. Cedar Fair paid $125,000 for
transportation and $625,000 for installation of the ride.
Prepare the journal entry for the acquisition assuming Cedar Fair paid cash for the new ride.
2 Record
1 Analyze
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Credit Purchase
Instead of paying cash, assume that Cedar Fair issued a note for the new ride, but paid cash for the transportation
and installation of the ride.
Prepare the journal entry for the acquisition.
1 Analyze
2 Record
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Type of AccountingExpenditure Identifying Characteristics Treatment
Ordinary 1. Relatively small, recurring expenditures Expenserepairs and that maintain normal operating condition
maintenance 2. Do not increase productivity3. Do not extend life beyond original estimate
Extraordinary 1. Relatively large, infrequent expenditures Capitalizerepairs, such as major overhauls or replacements
replacements, of major componentsand additions 2. May extend useful life
3. May increase productivity or efficiency
Maintenance Costs Incurredduring Use
9-12
Depreciation is a cost allocation process that matches costs of operational assets with periods benefited by their use.
Cost Allocaton
Balance Sheet Income Statement
ExpenseAcquisition
Cost
Depreciation Expense
DepreciationExpense
IncomeStatement
Depreciation for
the current year
BalanceSheet
AccumulatedDepreciation
Total of depreciation
to date for an asset
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Depreciation Expense
Depreciation calculations require three amounts for each asset:
Acquisition cost.
Estimated useful life.
Estimated residual value.
The effects of $130 of depreciation on the accounting equation and the journal entry to record them follow:
1 AnalyzeLiabilitiesAssets = Stockholders’ Equity+
AccumulatedDepreciation (+xA) -130
DepreciationExpense (+E) -130
2 Record
dr Depreciation Expense (+E, -SE) cr Accumulated Depreciation (+xA, -A) 130
130
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Depreciation Expense
2010 Depreciation
Includes $127 for 2010Book value 2010
9-15
Learning Objective 9-3
Apply various depreciation methods as economic benefits
are used up over time.
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Straight-line
Units-of-production
Declining balance
Depreciation Methods
At the beginning of the year, Cedar Fair At the beginning of the year, Cedar Fair purchased a new go-kart Ride for $62,500 cash. purchased a new go-kart Ride for $62,500 cash. The ride has an estimated useful life of 3 years or The ride has an estimated useful life of 3 years or 100,000 miles and an estimated residual value of 100,000 miles and an estimated residual value of
$2,500.$2,500.
We will use the following information to illustratethe three methods of depreciation:
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Straight-Line Method
= $20,000 per year ($62,500 - $2,500) × 13
9-18
Units-of-Production Method
= $18,000 ($62,500 - $2,500) × 30,000
100,000
The ride has a 100,000-mile estimated useful life. The ride has a 100,000-mile estimated useful life. If the ride is used 30,000 miles in the first year, If the ride is used 30,000 miles in the first year, what is the amount of depreciation expense?what is the amount of depreciation expense?
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Units-of-Production Method
9-20
Declining-Balance Method
= $41,667($62,500 - $0) × 23First Year
Second Year = $13,889($62,500 - $41,667) × 23
What is the amount of amount of depreciationfor each of the first two years?
Annual computation ignores residual value.Annual computation ignores residual value.
Cost – Accumulated Depreciation
9-21
Double-Declining-Balance Method
Third Year = $4,629($62,500 - $55,556) × 23
Depreciation expense is limited to the amount thatDepreciation expense is limited to the amount thatreduces book value to the estimated residual value.reduces book value to the estimated residual value.
9-22
Summary of Depreciation Methods
9-23
When a plant asset is acquired When a plant asset is acquired during the year, depreciation is during the year, depreciation is calculated for the fraction of the calculated for the fraction of the
year the asset is owned.year the asset is owned.
When a plant asset is acquired When a plant asset is acquired during the year, depreciation is during the year, depreciation is calculated for the fraction of the calculated for the fraction of the
year the asset is owned.year the asset is owned.
June 30
Partial Year Depreciation Calculations
9-24
Tax Depreciation
9-25
Learning Objective 9-4
Explain the effect of asset impairment on the financial
statements.
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Asset Impairment Losses
1 AnalyzeLiabilitiesAssets = Stockholders’ Equity+
Rides andEquipment (-A) -63,000,000
Loss onImpairment (+E) -63,000,000
2 Record
dr Loss on Impairment (+E, -SE) cr Rides and Equipment (-A) 63,000,000
63,000,000
9-27
Learning Objective 9-5
Analyze the disposal of long-lived tangible assets.
9-28
Update depreciation to date of disposal.
Record the disposal.
dr Cash (+A)
dr Accumulated Depreciation (-xA) cr Equipment (-A)
Book value
Disposal of Tangible Assets
cr Gain on Disposal (+R, +SE)
Gain if cash received is greater than asset’s book value
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dr Cash (+A)
dr Accumulated Depreciation (-xA) cr Equipment (-A)
Book value
Disposal of Tangible Assets
Update depreciation to date of disposal.
Record the disposal.
dr Loss on Disposal (+E, -SE)
Loss if cash received is less than asset’s book value
9-30
The amount of depreciation per year is:
a. $0.
b. $500,000.
c. $1,000,000.
d. $2,000,000.
Disposal of Tangible AssetsCedar Fair sold a hotel for $3,000,000 cash at the end of its Cedar Fair sold a hotel for $3,000,000 cash at the end of its
1616thth year of use. The hotel originally cost $20,000,000, and year of use. The hotel originally cost $20,000,000, and was depreciated using the straight-line method with zero was depreciated using the straight-line method with zero
residual value and a useful life of 20 years. residual value and a useful life of 20 years.
The amount of depreciation per year is:
a. $0.
b. $500,000.
c. $1,000,000.
d. $2,000,000.
Annual Depreciation:
($20,000,000 - $0) ÷ 20 Years
= $1,000,000 per year
9-31
Cedar Fair sold a hotel for $3,000,000 cash at the end of its Cedar Fair sold a hotel for $3,000,000 cash at the end of its 1616thth year of use. The hotel originally cost $20,000,000, and year of use. The hotel originally cost $20,000,000, and was depreciated using the straight-line method with zero was depreciated using the straight-line method with zero
residual value and a useful life of 20 years. residual value and a useful life of 20 years.
The equipment’s book value at date of sale is:
a. $4,000,000.
b. $3,000,000.
c. $17,000,000.
d. $16,500,000.
Disposal of Tangible Assets
The equipment’s book value at date of sale is:
a. $4,000,000.
b. $3,000,000.
c. $17,000,000.
d. $16,500,000.
Accumulated Depreciation =
(16 yrs. × $1,000,000) = $16,000,000
BV = Cost - Accumulated Depreciation
BV = $20,000,000 - $16,000,000 = $4,000,000
9-32
Cedar Fair sold a hotel for $3,000,000 cash at the end of its Cedar Fair sold a hotel for $3,000,000 cash at the end of its 1616thth year of use. The hotel originally cost $20,000,000, and year of use. The hotel originally cost $20,000,000, and was depreciated using the straight-line method with zero was depreciated using the straight-line method with zero
residual value and a useful life of 20 years. residual value and a useful life of 20 years.
The equipment’s sale resulted in:
a. a loss of $1,000,000.
b. a gain of $3,000,000.
c. a gain of $1,000,000.
d. a loss of $5,000,000.
Disposal of Tangible Assets
The equipment’s sale resulted in:
a. a loss of $1,000,000.
b. a gain of $3,000,000.
c. a gain of $1,000,000.
d. a loss of $5,000,000.Loss = Cash Received - Book ValueLoss = $3,000,000 - $4,000,000 = $1,000,000
9-33
Analyze and prepare the journal entry to record Cedar Fair’s sale of the hotel.
Disposal of Tangible Assets
2 Record
1 Analyze
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Learning Objective 9-6
Analyze the acquisition, use, and disposal of long-lived
intangible assets.
9-35
Noncurrent assetswithout physical
substance.
Useful life isoften difficultto determine.
Usually acquired for operational
use.
Often provideexclusive rights
or privileges.
Intangible Assets
IntangibleAssets
9-36
Intangible Assets
Record at current cash Record at current cash equivalent cost, including equivalent cost, including purchase price, legal fees, purchase price, legal fees,
and filing fees.and filing fees.
Record at current cash Record at current cash equivalent cost, including equivalent cost, including purchase price, legal fees, purchase price, legal fees,
and filing fees.and filing fees.
Amortize intangibles with Amortize intangibles with limited lives over the shorter limited lives over the shorter
of their economic lives or of their economic lives or legal lives using the legal lives using the straight-line method.straight-line method.
Amortize intangibles with Amortize intangibles with limited lives over the shorter limited lives over the shorter
of their economic lives or of their economic lives or legal lives using the legal lives using the straight-line method.straight-line method.
9-37
Trademarks and Copyrights A trademark is a symbol, design,or logo associated with a business.
Internally developedtrademarks have norecorded asset cost.
Purchased trademarksare recorded at cost.
Amortize costover the period
benefited.
Legal life islife of creatorplus 70 years.
A copyright is an exclusive right granted by the federalA copyright is an exclusive right granted by the federalgovernment to protect artistic or intellectual properties.government to protect artistic or intellectual properties.
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Cost is purchaseprice plus legalcost to defend.
Amortize costover the shorter of
useful life or 20 years.
Patents and Licensing RightsA patent is an exclusive right granted by the federal
government to sell or manufacture an invention.
You may be using computersoftware that is made
available to you through acampus licensing agreement.
Licensing rights grant limited permission to use a productor service according to specific terms and conditions.
9-39
Technology Assets
Technology assets include software and Web development work.
Usually used up over a relatively short time (3 – 7 years)
9-40
Franchises
A franchise provides legally protected rightsto sell products or provide services purchased
by a franchisee from the franchisor.
9-41
Goodwill
Occurs when onecompany buys
another company.
Purchase Price > Fair Market Value of Net Assets Acquired
Only purchased goodwill is an
intangible asset.
Is not amortized.Is impairment
tested and may bewritten down.
9-42
Amortization of Limited Life Intangible Asset
Assume Cedar Fair purchased a patent for an uphill water-coasterAssume Cedar Fair purchased a patent for an uphill water-coasterfor $800,000 and intends to use it for 20 years. Each year, the company for $800,000 and intends to use it for 20 years. Each year, the company would record $40,000 in Amortization Expense ($800,000 ÷ 20 years).would record $40,000 in Amortization Expense ($800,000 ÷ 20 years).
Assume Cedar Fair purchased a patent for an uphill water-coasterAssume Cedar Fair purchased a patent for an uphill water-coasterfor $800,000 and intends to use it for 20 years. Each year, the company for $800,000 and intends to use it for 20 years. Each year, the company would record $40,000 in Amortization Expense ($800,000 ÷ 20 years).would record $40,000 in Amortization Expense ($800,000 ÷ 20 years).
1 AnalyzeLiabilitiesAssets = Stockholders’ Equity+
Patent (-A) -40,000 AmortizationExpense (+E) -40,000
2 Record
dr Amortization Expense (+E, -SE) cr Patent (-A) 40,000
40,000
9-43
Summary of Accounting Rulesfor Long-Lived Assets
9-44
Learning Objective 9-7
Interpret the fixed asset turnover ratio.
9-45
This ratio measures the sales This ratio measures the sales dollars generated by each dollar dollars generated by each dollar
invested in fixed assets. invested in fixed assets.
For the year 2010, Cedar Fair had $978 ofrevenue. End-of-year fixed assets were $1,680and beginning-of-year fixed assets were $1,780.
(All numbers in millions.)
Turnover Analysis
FixedAsset
Turnover
Net Sales Revenue
Average Net Fixed Assets=
9-46
Turnover Analysis
9-47
Learning Objective 9-8
Describe the factors to consider when comparing
companies’ long-lived assets.
9-48
Impact of Depreciation DifferencesAccelerated depreciation, in the early years of an asset’s useful life, results in higher depreciation expense, lower
net income, and lower book value than would result using straight-line depreciation.
Selling an asset with a low book value, resulting from accelerated depreciation, might result in a gain.
Selling the same asset with a higher book value, resulting from straight-line depreciation, might result in
a loss.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Supplement 9A
Natural Resources
9-50
Totaldepletion
cost
Inventoryfor sale
UnsoldInventory
Cost ofgoods sold
Natural Resources
Depletion is the process of allocating a naturalDepletion is the process of allocating a naturalresource’s cost over the period of its extraction.resource’s cost over the period of its extraction.Depletion is similar in concept to depreciation.Depletion is similar in concept to depreciation.
Depletion is the process of allocating a naturalDepletion is the process of allocating a naturalresource’s cost over the period of its extraction.resource’s cost over the period of its extraction.Depletion is similar in concept to depreciation.Depletion is similar in concept to depreciation.
Depletion that is computed for a period is first added toDepletion that is computed for a period is first added toinventory and then expensed when the inventory is sold.inventory and then expensed when the inventory is sold.Depletion that is computed for a period is first added toDepletion that is computed for a period is first added to
inventory and then expensed when the inventory is sold.inventory and then expensed when the inventory is sold.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Supplement 9B
Changes in Depreciation
9-52
So depreciationis an estimateestimate.
So depreciationis an estimateestimate.
Predictedresidual valueresidual value
Predictedresidual valueresidual value
Predicteduseful lifeuseful life
Predicteduseful lifeuseful life
Over the life of an asset, new information may come to light that indicates the
original estimates need to be revised.
Changes in Depreciation Estimates
9-53
Cedar Fair purchased equipment that cost $60,000,000 with an estimated useful life of 20 years and an estimated salvage value of $3,000,000. Shortly after the start of year 5,
Cedar Fair changed the initial estimated useful life to 25 years and lowered the
estimated salvage value to $2,400,000.
Calculate depreciation expense for year 5 and thereafter using the straight-line method.
Cedar Fair purchased equipment that cost $60,000,000 with an estimated useful life of 20 years and an estimated salvage value of $3,000,000. Shortly after the start of year 5,
Cedar Fair changed the initial estimated useful life to 25 years and lowered the
estimated salvage value to $2,400,000.
Calculate depreciation expense for year 5 and thereafter using the straight-line method.
Changes in Depreciation Estimates
9-54
Book value at date of change
Residual value atdate of change
Remaining useful life at date of change
–
Changes in Depreciation Estimates
When our estimates change, the new depreciation is: When our estimates change, the new depreciation is:
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 9Solved Exercises
M9-4, M9-5, M9-6, E9-6, E9-7, E9-11
9-56
M9-4 Computing Book Value (Straight-Line Depreciation)Calculate the book value of a three-year-old machine that cost $400,000, has an estimated residual value of $40,000, and has an estimated useful life of four years. The company uses straight-line depreciation.
Year
1
2
3
Depreciation
Expense
(debit)
$ 90,000
90,000
90,000
Undepreciated
Balance
(book value)
$ 400,000
310,000
220,000
130,000
Accumulated
Depreciation
(credit balance)
$ 90,000
180,000
270,000
= $90,000 per year ($400,000 - $40,000) × 14
9-57
M9-5 Computing Book Value (Units-of-Production Depreciation)Calculate the book value of a three-year-old machine that cost $400,000, has an estimated residual value of $40,000, and has an estimated useful life of 20,000 machine hours. The company uses units-of-production depreciation and ran the machine 3,000 hours in year 1 and 8,000 hours in year 2, and 6,000 hours in year 3.
= $54,000 ($400,000 - $40,000) × 3,00020,000
1st Year Depreciation
= $144,000 ($400,000 - $40,000) × 8,00020,000
2nd Year Depreciation
= $108,000 ($400,000 - $40,000) × 6,00020,000
3rd Year Depreciation
9-58
M9-5 Computing Book Value (Units-of-Production Depreciation)Calculate the book value of a three-year-old machine that cost $400,000, has an estimated residual value of $40,000, and has an estimated useful life of 20,000 machine hours. The company uses units-of-production depreciation and ran the machine 3,000 hours in year 1 and 8,000 hours in year 2, and 6,000 hours in year 3.
Year
1
2
3
Hours
3,000
8,000
6,000
Depreciation
Expense
(debit)
$ 54,000
144,000
108,000
Undepreciated
Balance
(book value)
$ 400,000
346,000
202,000
94,000
Accumulated
Depreciation
(credit balance)
$ 54,000
198,000
306,000
9-59
M9-6 Computing Book Value (Double-Declining-Balance Depreciation)Calculate the book value of a three-year-old machine that cost $400,000, has an estimated residual value of $40,000, and has an estimated useful life of four years. The company uses double-declining-balance depreciation. Round to the nearest dollar.
= $200,000($400,000 - $0) × 24
1st Year Depreciation
2nd Year Depreciation
= $100,000($400,000 - $200,000) × 24
3rd Year Depreciation
= $50,000($400,000 – ($200,000 + $100,000) × 24
9-60
M9-6 Computing Book Value (Double-Declining-Balance Depreciation)Calculate the book value of a three-year-old machine that cost $400,000, has an estimated residual value of $40,000, and has an estimated useful life of four years. The company uses double-declining-balance depreciation. Round to the nearest dollar.
Year
1
2
3
Depreciation
Expense
(debit)
$ 200,000
100,000
50,000
Undepreciated
Balance
(book value)
$ 400,000
200,000
100,000
50,000
Accumulated
Depreciation
(credit balance)
$ 200,000
300,000
350,000
9-61
End of Chapter 9