213

A²ym-bw- 5

HmWw þ ]n. Ipªncm-a³\mbÀ¡-hn-X-bnÂ

tIc-fob{]Ir-Xn-tbbpw ae-bmfnkzXz-t¯bpw Ihn-X-bn-te-bv¡m-hm-ln-bv¡p-

Ibpw PohnXw Xs¶ Ihn-X-bm-¡n-am-äp-Ibpw sNbvX Ihn-bm-Wv, ]n.-Ip-ªn-cm-a³

\mbÀ. At±-ls¯ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw IhnX Hc-\p-kyqX{]hm-l-am-bn-cp¶p ;

\nXy-I-\y-I-sb-t -Sn-bpÅ Hcn-bv¡epw Ah-km-\n-bv¡m¯ bm{X-bm-bn-cp-¶p. FÃm-

bv-t¸mgpw Pohn-X-t¯³ \pI-cm³ ]mdn- -d-¶p-\-S¶ Cu Ihnsb sshtem- nÅn ‘a[p-

a-£nI' F¶p hnfn¨p; Hcp cq]- nepw Xf- n-Sm-\m-Im- -Xn-\m BäqÀ chn-hÀ½

‘taLcq-]³' F¶p hnfn¨p; A\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS kar-²nbpw HmW-¯nsâ \ndhpw I-v,

sI.-Pn.-i-¦-c- nÅ " hm¡p-I-fpsS alm-_en ' F¶p hnfn- p. FÃmw icn-bmWv; F¶mÂ

\nÀÆ-N-\-§-sf-sbÃmw DÃwLn-bv¡p¶ A]qÀÆ-amb a{´-kn-²n-sIm-v, ]n. -{]-]-©-

t¯mfw hfÀ¶p-\n-ev¡p-¶p.

tIc-fo-b-kw-kv¡m-c- nsâ "P·Àt£m-Õ-h-thf' bmWv ]n.-sb.-kw-_-Ôn- n-S-

t¯mfw HmWw. AXn-s\- än F{X ]mSn-bn«pw At±-l- n\v Xr]vXn-bm-bn-Ã. Ihn-

bpsS Xs¶ hm¡p-I-fn ]d-ªmÂ, ""]g-©-\n¸g-©³, ]p¯-\n ]p-¯³.

AXmWv kuµ-cyw. AXmWv HmW-¡-hn-X. Bbn-c-am-bncw Nn{X-sa-Sp- mepw XnI-

hn\v Ipd-hn-Ãm¯ kuµ-cyw. Bbn-c-am-bncw Ihn-IÄ, Bbn-c-am-bncw hm¡p-I-fnÂ

]IÀ¯n. F¦nepw kuµcyw ]qÀ®w, Nn{Xw A]qÀ®w'' 1. AXp-sIm-pXs¶, ]n. -

bpsS HmW-¡-hn-X-I-sf-¡p-dn- pÅ ]T\w khn-tij{]m[m-\y-aÀln-bv¡p-¶p. At±-

l- nsâ Ihn-X-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v þ {]tXy-In¨v Ah-bn-se, {]W-bw, {]Ir-Xn, Imev]-\n-I-

X, tZio-b-X, Krlm-Xp-cX, ]m]-t_m-[w, _nw_m-h-en, tIc-fo-b-X, Pohn-X-ho-£Ww

XpS-§n-bh þ \nc-h[n ]T-\-§Ä D-m-bn-«p- - v. F¶mÂ, HmW-¡-hn-X-I-sf-¡p-dn¨p

am{X-apÅ ]T-\-§Ä Ipd-hm-Wv. Iq«-¯nÂ, tUm. Fkv.-sI.-h-k-´³ (‘Ip-ªn-cm-

a³\mb-cpsS HmWw’, kmln-Xy-tem-Iw, 2006, Pqsse, BKÌv.), {io. aÃn-tÈcn Icp-

Wm-I-c³ (“tIc-f- nse ]ÀÆm-tLm-j-§Ä” (Hm-Ww), ‘Ifn-b-Ñ\p Npäpw’), tUm.-A-

P-b-]pcw tPymXn-jvIp-amÀ (“Hm-W-¡m-gvN”, ‘Ihn-X-bpsS ctYm-Õ-hw’) F¶n-h-cpsS

]T-\-§Ä {]tXyIw FSp¯p ]d-tb---h-bm-Wv. F¶mÂ, ]n.-Ip-ªn-cm-a³\mb-cpsS

HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fpsS ssh]p-eyhpw sshhn-²yhpw aqew, ]ns¶bpw \nc-h[n]T-\-§Ä¡v

km²y-X-bp- v F¶-XmWv Cu ]T-\- nsâ {]k-àn.

tUm.-F.-sI.-\-¼ymÀ kam-l-cn¨ "]n.-I-hn-X-IÄ' BWv Cu A²ym-b- n\v apJy

B[m-cw. AXn At±lw "HmWw' F¶ ioÀj-I- n³ Iogn 43 Ihn-X-I-fmWv

DÄs -Sp- n-bn-«p-Å-Xv. Ch IqSmsX, Cu Kth-j-W- nsâ `mK-ambn A©v HmW-¡-

hn-X-IÄ IqSn Is--¯m-\m-bn-«p- - v. Nne Ihn-X-IÄ, sNdnb amä-§-tfmsS H¶n-e-

[nIw XhW {]k-²o-I-cn-bv¡pI F¶ ioew ]n.-Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ¡p--v. A¯cw

Ihn-X-I-fn ]e-Xpw, {io. aÃn-tÈcn Icp-Wm-I-c-\pw, tUm.-F.-sI.-\-¼ymcpw Is-¯n

214

tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-- v. F¶m Nne HmW-¡-hn-X-IÄ, Ch-cpsS kq£-va-X-tbbpw

adnIS¶v BhÀ¯n-bv¡-s¸-«n-«p--v. A¯cw Ihn-X-IÄ Hgn-hm-¡nbpw ]pXnb Ihn-X-

IÄ Iq«n-t¨À¯pw BsI 45 cN-\-I-fmWv ChnsS ]T\hnt[-b-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

5.1. ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p¶ cN-\-IÄ

1. HmW- m«v ( 1930)

2. HmWw-h-cp¶p (1942)

3. HmW-¡m-e¯v (1943)

4. s]m-bvt¸m-b-s]m-t¶mWw (1945 \p ap¼v)

5. ae-\m-Snsâ alm-k-tµiw (1946 \p ap¼v)

6. HmW-¡mgvN ( 1946)

7. s]m-t¶m-W-¡mew( 1950)

8. HmW-\n-emhv (1950)

9. HmW-\n-em-hn (1950)

10. ae-\m-«nsâ alm-Ihn (1952)

11. ssI¡n-fn-bpsS t]¡n-\mhv (1953)

12. HmW-ÊZy (1954)

13. HmW- qhv (1) (1955)

14. \m«n-tebv¡v (1956)

15. shfn- - nsâ Ifn(1957)

16. I®o-cnsâ I¯v (1957)

17. \ngepw \nemhpw (1958)

18. \n³tXm-¸n ]q¡-fp-t-m( 1959)

19. \mfs¯ {]`m-Xw(1959)

20. ap§n-¡p-fn-¨nà (1960)

21. HmW-anà (1960)

22. D{Xm-S- n³ \mÄ (1960)

23. HmWw Ignªv (1961)

24. hÅw-Ifn (1962)

25. Ihn-sb-hnsS (1963)

215

26. B\-µ-¡p-«³ (1964 \p ap¼v)

27. IS-ense In\mhv (1964)

28. ]pÃpamS- nsâ ]m«v

29. ]mXn-cm-¡m-än (1965)

30. Ccp-«nsâ ]p©ncn (1966)

31. hb¡-c-bn (1967)

32. Acn-bnà (1967)

33. HmW-ap-®m³ (1968)

34. ]d-¶p-t]mb ss]¦n-fn-IÄ (1969)

35. tlm«-eqWpw hmS-I-ap-dnbpw (1969)

36. tLmj-bm{X (1970)

37. sshIn-h¶ hncp-¶p-Imcn (1971)

38. ]n¨n- o- nb ]pjv]-N{Iw (1972)

39. HmW- p-ecn ]mSp¶p (1973)

40. aª-¡nfn (1974)

41. HmÀ½-bn Htcm-W-\n-emhv (1975)

42. Im«p-ap-Ã-bpsS ]m«v (1976)

43. D{Xm-S-cm{Xn (1977)

44. s]m-t¶mWw (1977)

45. N -¡nfn (1978 \p ap¼v)

HmWw, tIc-fob {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep--m-¡p¶ AÛp-X-I-c-amb amä-s¯-¡p-dn¨v hmNm-

e-am-Im¯ Hscmä HmW-¡-hn-Xbpw ]n.-Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ Fgp-Xn-bn-«nÃ. {]Ir-Xn-

bpsS kar²n, Imem-h-Ø-bpsS sXfn-¨w, \njvI-f-¦-amb BËm-Zw, _mey-¯nsâ

hos--Sp-¸v, XpS-§n-b-h-sbms¡bmWv an¡ Ihn-X-I-fnepw Nn{Xo-I-cn-bv¡p-¶-Xv. AXn-

sâ-sbms¡ ASn- -«n ‘Ch \jvS-s -«p-t]m-btÃm’ F¶ Hcp Krlm-Xpc\nizm-khpw

Hfn- n-cn-bv¡p-¶Xp ImWmw. {]Xn-]m-Z-\- nepw {]ta-b- nepw Imthym-Nn-X-amb Nne

amä-§Ä D-m-Ip¶p F¶p am{Xw.

5.2. hÀ¤o-I-c-Ww

hÀ¤o-I-c-W- n\v ap¶²ym-b-§-fnse AtXcoXn-X-s¶-bmWv ]n³Xp-S-cp-¶-Xv.

1. HmWw apJy-{]-ta-b-am-Ip-Itbm BJym-\- n-eqsS HmW-an- ns\ ]p\Àhn-i-

216

I-e\w sN¿pItbm- sN¿p¶ cN-\-IÄ.

2. HmW- nsâ ]Ým- -e- nÂ, ka-Im-en-I-kw- -h-§Ä / Ah-Ø-IÄ/ hyày-

\p-`-h-§Ä F¶nh Bhn-jv¡-cn-bv¡p¶ cN-\-IÄ. Ch-sb-¯s¶ ho-pw

a. ka-Im-enIkw`-h-§Ä/Ah-Ø-IÄ ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶h

b. hyày-\p- -h-§Ä ( CXv bYmÀ°tam km¦-ev]n-Itam BImw, Ihn-bp-

tStXm asäm-cm-fp-tStXm BImw; Bß-\n-jvT-sa¶p tXm¶p¶ Hc-\p- -

h-apt-m F¶-XmWp {][m-\w) ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶h F¶n-§s\

c-mbn Xncn -bv¡p-¶p.

3. B\p-jw-Kn-I-amb HmW-]-cm-aÀi-apÅ cN-\-IÄ.

hni-I-e-\-co-Xn-bn kam-\-X-bp-s--¦nepw IrXy-amb N«-¡q-Sp-I-fn-tebv¡v HXp-

§m³ ]n.-I-hnX {]I-Sn-¸n-bv¡p¶ hnap-J-X- aqew ChnsS ]T-\-{]-{Inb IqSp-XÂ

k¦oÀW-am-Ip¶p. Ihn-X-fpsS F®-¡q-Sp-Xepw hni-I-e-\-s¯ ]cn-an-X-s¸-Sp-¯m³

t{]cn- n-bv¡p-¶p. hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn cN-\-Isf kao-]n-bv¡m\pw aäp ]c-mar-jvS-I-hn-

I-fp-am-bpÅ Xmc-X-ay-§Ä Nq-n-¡m-Wn-bv¡m\pw {ian-bv¡p-¶p-- v. hÀ¤o-I-c-W-¯n-

epÄs -Sp¶ cN-\-IÄ Nph-sS-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶p.

1.HmWw apJy-{]-ta-b-am-Ip¶/HmW-an- ns\ ]p\Àhn-i-I-e\w sN¿p¶Ihn-X-IÄ

1. HmW-¡m-gvN

2. HmW-¡m-e-¯v

3. s]mbvt¸mbs]m-t¶m-Ww

4. HmWw-h-cp-¶p

5. s]m-t¶m-W-¡m-ew

6. HmW-\n-em-hv

7. ae-\m-«nsâ alm-I-hn

8. HmW- qhv (1)

9. shfn-¨-¯nsâ Ifn

10. \ngepw \nem-hpw

11. \mfs¯ {]`m-Xw

12. B\-µ-¡p-«³

13. tLmj-bm-{X

14. s]m-t¶m-Ww

2.HmW-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n ka-Im-enIkw`-h-§Ä/Ah-Ø-IÄ/hyày-\p-

-h-§Ä F¶nh Bhn-jv¡-cn-bv¡p¶ Ihn-X-IÄ

2.a. ka-Im-en-I-kw-`-h-§Ä/Ah-Ø-IÄ ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶h

1. HmW- m-«v

2. ae-\m-«nsâ alm-k-tµ-iw

3. ]pÃp-am-S- nsâ ]m«v

217

4. HmW- p-ecn ]mSp-¶p

5. \n³tXm-¸n ]q¡-fp-t-m

2.b.hyày-\p- -h-§Ä ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶h

1. ]n¨n- o- nb ]pjv]-N-{Iw

2. HmW-\n-em-hnÂ

3. ssI¡n-fn-bpsS t]¡n-\m-hv

4. HmW-Ê-Zy

5. \m«n-tebv¡v

6. I®o-cnsâ I v

7. HmW-anÃ

8. D{Xm-S- n³ \mÄ

9. ap§n-¡pfn-¨n-Ã

10. HmWwIgn-ªv

11. hÅwIfn

12. IS-ense In\m-hv

13. ]mXn-cm-¡m-änÂ

14. HmW-ap-®m³

15. ]d-¶p-t]mb ss]¦n-fn-IÄ

16. tlm«-eqWpw hmS-I-ap-dn-bpw

17. Ccp-«nsâ ]p©n-cn

18. aª-¡n-fn

19. HmÀ½-bn Htcm-W-\n-em-hv

20. Im«p-ap-Ã-bpsS ]m«v

21. D{Xm-S-cm-{Xn

22. N -¡n-fn

23. sshIn-h¶ hncp-¶pIm-cn

24. Acn-bn-Ã

25. hb¡-c-bnÂ

218

26. Ihn-sb-hn-sS

3. B\p-jw-Kn-amb HmW]-cm-aÀi-apÅ Ihn-X-IÄ

{]Xy-£tam ]tcm-£tam Bb HmW-]cm-aÀi-apÅ \qtdmfw IhnXm`mK-§Ä

At±-l-¯nsâ aäp cN-\-I-fn \n¶v Is--¯m-\m-bn-«p- - v. Ah-bpsS ssh]peyw

aqe-hpw, HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fpsS `mhw Xs¶ DÄs¡m-Åp¶p F¶-Xp-sIm-pw Ahsb

{]tXy-In-s -Sp¯v hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶n-Ã. km²y-X-bp-ff Øe-§-fn {][m\Ihn-

X-I-tfmSv tNÀ¯v ]T\w \S-¯m³ {ian-¨n-«p- - v.

5.3. Ihn-X-I-fn-tebv¡ v

Hmtcm hn`m-K- n-epw-s]« Ihn-X-I-sf- km-am-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s -Sp- n, HmWw

Cu Ihn-X-I-fn F§-s\-sbÃmw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶p F¶v hne-bn-cp-¯m-\mWv Cu

`mK¯v {ian-bv¡p-¶-Xv.

5.3.1.HmWw apJy-{]-ta-b-am-Ip¶/HmW-an-¯ns\ ]p\Àhn-i-I-e\wsN¿p¶ Ihn-X-IÄ

HmW-¡m-es¯ tIc-fob{]Ir-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v hmNm-e-am-Ip-Ibpw HmW-s -¡p-

dn¨v Ihn-bv¡pÅ k¦-ev]-§Ä ]¦p-h-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ cN-\-I-sf-bmWv Cu hn`m-

K- n DÄs -Sp- n-bn-cn-bv¡p-¶-Xv. Ihn HmWs¯ BtLm-j-]qÀÆw kzmKXw sN¿p-

¶-Xpw, Nne-t¸mÄ a\p-jy-cpsS {Iqc-X-aqew HmWw hcm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xpw. (DZm :

s]mt¶mWw )Cu Ihn-X-I-fn ImWmw. HmW-s -¡p-dn- pÅ XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-

amb k¦-ev]-§Ä apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p¶ Ihn-X-Ifpw ( DZm:-- HmWw "ae-\m-«nsâ alm-

Ihn' bmWv, k¨n-Zm-\µkzcq-]-\mb "B\-µ-¡p«' \mWv, XpS-§n-b-h) Cu Iq«-

¯n¯-s¶-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-bv¡p-¶-Xv.

5.3.1.1. HmWwhcp¶p

HmW-¯nsâ hc-hnÂ, {]Ir-Xn-bvs¡m¸w Ihnbpw B\-µn-bv¡p-I-bpw,

HmWs¯¸mSn-]p-I-gv¯m³ Blzm\w sN¿p-I-bp-amWv Cu Ihn-X-bnÂ. alm-_-en-

bpsS XymK- p-Xp- q-¡f ap{Z-b-Wnª s]m-t¶m-Ww, ]e-]e iXm-_vZ-§-fpsS aebpw

]pgbpw IS¶v ae-bm-f-¡-c-Im-Wm³ hcn-I-bm-Wv. tXmWn-sb-¡p-dn- pÅ ]cm-aÀiw

hcp¶ Cu Ihn-X, h©n- m«v hr - n-emWv F¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv. HmW-hn-t\m-Z-§-

fn H¶mWtÃm h©n-I-fn. Cu HuNnXyw "hÅw-Ifn' F¶ Ihn-X-bnepw ]men- n-

«p - - v . Ihn ]d-bp¶p:

""]c-ssaIykpJ-ckw apIÀs¶m-tc -tXm-Wn-tbdn--þ

¸d-b\pw ad-tbm\pw Xpg-ªp-t]m-Im³

I\-I-¡p-¶n\pw Zo\IY aqfpw Ipgn-IÄ¡pw

Ia-e-X³ Ifn-¸-´Â¡-fn-I-fm-Sm³

DgpXp hnXbv¡pw bXv\w angn-\o-cm \\-bv¡p¶

Irj-I\p XW¸-än-¡n-X-¸p- am-äm³

219

[\-a-Z-K-P-ta-dp-a-a-cÀX³ aWn-apSn

{]W-anbv¡pw s]cp-am-fn³ tXcp-h-cp¶q'' 2

HmW-s -¡p-dn¨v Ipªn-cm-a³\mbÀ¡v Ft¸m-gp-apÅ k¦-ev]-am-Wn-Xv. Xs¶-bp-a-

Ã, Cu hcn-IÄ, CtX-t]m-se- -s¶, "" s]mt¶mW-¡mew'' F¶ Ihn-X-bn BhÀ¯n-

bv¡p-¶p--v. C{]-Imcw sFiz-cy-¯n-tâbpw \·-bp-tSbpw BK-a-am-Wv, F¶-Xn-\mÂ

HmWs¯ \nd-ª-a-\-tÊmsS kzoI-cn-bv¡-W-sa¶v At±lw Blzm\w sN¿p¶p:

“Xpd¡phn\e-k-am-b- n-«- I-X-Ip-IÄ

Ip\n-bp-hn-\-Xn-Ynsbbp]-N-cn-bv¡m³” 3

Cu AXnYn Hcp ]t£, sFiz-cy-am-hmw. HmW-¯n\p apt¶m-Sn-bmbn

tN«sb¡fbp¶ NS§v sFiz-cys¯ hc-th-ev¡m-\p-Å-Xm-Wv. Ae-k-ambv AS- n«

hmXm-b-\-§Ä Xpd-¡p-t¼mÄ, HmW-¯nsâ Cf-sh-bnÂþ kt´mjwXs¶ þAI-

t¯bv¡p hcp-¶p. Cc-hn-¶- n-i-]vX-ZpÀ¤w \nc- pI F¶Xv Ak-a-Xz-§sf CÃm-

sX-bm-¡p-¶-Xnsâ kqN-\-bm-sW¶p ]d-bmw. B \ne-bv¡v, "am\p-j-sc-Ãm-cp-sam-¶p-

t]mse' F¶ k¦-ev]-amWv ChnsS Ihn ]¦p-h-bv¡p-¶-Xv.

5.3.1.2. HmW-¡m-e¯v

HmW- nsâ BËm-Zhpw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS BtLm-jhpw apJy-{]-ta-b-am-Ip¶ Ihn-

X. tIc-fob{]Ir-Xn-bpsS at\m-l-c-Nn-{X-§Ä, kar-²-amb Ae-¦m-c-§-fpsS AI-¼-

Sn-tbmsS hmÀ¶p hogp¶p F¶-XmWv Cu Ihn-X-bpsS khn-ti-j-X. ( CXv, ]n.-bpsS

FÃm HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fp-tSbpw kz`mhw Xs¶-bm-Wv.) Hcp \mS³ " hÀ -am\k`'bnse-

t¸mse AhnsS hnti-j-§Ä ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-¶p. {]Xy-£hpw ]tcm-£-hp-amb kqN-

\-I-fn-eqsS Ah tIc-fobPohn-X-s - s¶ Ah-X-cn- n-bv¡p¶p F¶p ImWmw.

"" tXmäp Xpe-ªtÃm ]q¡f;´n-þ

¡män\p kw_Ôsa{X-Zn-¡nÂ?

am\n¨p t]mäpanfw Ihp-§n³

amd¯p XmcpWy¡q¼p-Im-Wmbv!

sNÃs¨dp Imän-em-Sp-tam-aþ

·pÃbv¡p hÃ- ³ h¶p-h-tÃm.

D®n±nhm-I-c-\¶p th«

Ip¶s¯s¨s -§p-sam¶p s]äq

t]bpw ]dªp tX³ \pIÀ¶p

t]mb ImÀh - n -s\ -¡- - -XnÃ

Nn{X-i-e- -§Äs¡m-s¡-bn-t¸mÄ

]s«mfn¸p -\p-Sp¸p In«n--

Xmf- n¯pÅ ]Tn-bv¡p-hm-\mbv

Xmfpw XI-cbpw \mSphn«q

220

]ntÅsc sasÃ-bp-d-¡n, a¯þ

hÅn-I-tfm-W-¡-fn-bvs¡m-cp§o

Im©-\-ta-L-an-d-§n, tateþ

¡mhnse aª{]kmZw hm§n...'' 4

tIc-fobkv{Xo-I-fpsS "kw_Ô' ¯nepÅ AØn-c-X, \mbÀ Xd-hm-Sp-I-fn-se, \¼q-

Xncn þ X¼p-cm³ _Ôw, kÀ -¡m-hp-I-tfm-sSm¸w, tIc-fobkv{Xo-I-fpsS apSn-s¡-«n-

t\bpw kqNn-¸n-bv¡p¶ "\mK-^Ww', Ima-tZhkm¶n²yw kqNn-¸n-bv¡p-¶ apÃbpw

Ah-fpsS hÃ- -\pw, ssIs¡m«n¡fn-bv¡m-bn XnSp-¡-s¸«p t]mIp¶ k{Xo-Isf HmÀ½n-

¸n-bv¡p¶ a -h-Ån, HmW- nsâ _u²-_Ôw Ipdn-bv¡p¶ aª-\n-d-hp-am-bn-sb-

¯p¶ Im©\taLw XpS-§n-b-h-sb-Ãmw tIc-fobkwkv¡m-c- nsâ kq£va-X-bnÂ

\n¶p-h-cp¶ Iev]-\-I-fm-Wv. AXp-t]mse kqcys\ Xr¡m-¡-c-b- -\mbn k¦-ev]n-

bv¡p-¶-Xnepw ]pXp-a-bp--v. XpSÀ¶p hcp¶ "]Z-wX-gp-IÂ', hma-\-]mZ]qPm kvac-W-

bp-WÀ¯p-¶p. asämcpXc- nÂ, ]n.-bpsS cN-\m-ssi-en-I-fn-tebv¡pw Cu {]tbmKw

IS¶psNÃp-¶p. Ipªn-cm-a³\m-b-cpsS Ihn-XX-s¶, Hcp "]ZwXgp-I-em-'Wv. F¶mÂ,

hÀ®-\-bv¡n-S-bnÂ, Nne ]mfn-¨-Ifpw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p-- v. tate-¡m-hnse {]kmZw

hm§nb tij-am-Wv, taLw, ]q©nd ]qIn ta Igp-Ip-¶Xv F¶v Ihn ]d-bp-¶-XnÂ

A\u-Nn-Xy-ap--v. AXp-t]mse, "AÀ¡]mÀÆXohÃ-`-]mZw' F¶ {]tbm-Khpw ¢njvS-

am-Wv. HmW-¯n\v inh-k-¦-ev]-ap- v F¶Xv icn. F¶mepw HmW-¡m-es¯

ssIs¡m«n¡-fn- m-«p-IÄ sshjvW-h-am-Wv. hÀ®-\-bpsS Hgp-¡n-\n-S-bn kw -hn¨

A_-²-§-fmhmw Ch Ft¶ ]d-bm-\m-Iq.

HmW-s -¡p-dn- v, Ihn-bn ]n¶oSv cqV-aq-e-am-Ip-¶Xpw henb {]Nmcw In«n-

b-Xp-amb c-p k¦-ev]-§Ä, BZy-ambn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw Cu Ihn-X-bn-em-Wv.

H¶v, HmWw ]g-©-\n ]g-©\pw ]p -\n ]p -\p-am-sW-¶Xv:

""F¯n-t¸mbv ho-pw ]g-b-Imew

]p¯-\n¸p-¯-\m-tam-W-¡mew.'' 5

c-v, tIc-fob kwkv¡m-c-¯nsâ P·Àt£m-Õ-h-th-f-bm-Wv, HmW-¡m-e-sa-¶Xv:

""t\cn³ apc-Sp sXcªp-t]mao

tIcfkwkv¡mcP·À-£-¯n³

s\än-ta an¶p-¶n-tXm-W-¡m-ew...'' 6

"t\cn³ apcSp sXc-ªp-t]m-IpI' F¶ {]tbm-Kw, IÅhpw NXnbpw FtÅm-f-an-

Ãm¯ ]gb HmW-¡m-e-¯nsâ kvarXn-bp-WÀ¯p-¶p-- v.

5.3.1.3. s]m-bvt¸mb s]m-t¶mWw

HmW- nsâ k¼qÀ®-amb Nn{Xw hc-bv¡m-\pÅ {ia-amWv Cu Ihn-X-bnÂ.

IÀ¡-SIw apXÂ I¶n-h-sc, aq¶p amk-§-fp-sS hÀ®-\bpw tIc-f-¯nse hnhn[

221

PmXn-a-X-¡m-cpsS NS-§p-I-fpw, alm-_-ensb bm{X-bm-¡p-¶-Xn ZpxJn-bv¡p¶ ae-

\m-Sns\ Kpcp-hm-bq-c-¸³ Biz-kn-¸n-bv¡p-¶-Xp-sams¡bmWv {][m-\w.

HmWw apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶ ka-Xz-s¯bpw sFIy-s¯bpw Ipdn- pÅ DZm- -

amb k¦-ev]-§Ä Cu IhnX ]¦p-h-bv¡p-¶p- - v .

""HcpaX³ hncp-¶p-®m-s\-gp-¶Åpw {]Ir-Xn-X³

sNdp-]oTacn-¨m-´n-e-Wnªp \¶mbv

..................................................................................

Hcp aX,sam-cp -PmXn,sbmcp \nd, samcp \nWw

s]m-cp-fnXp ]c-ky-am-b-cp-fn-tbmWw.'' 7

"]pg-h-b-e-e-\o´n ]pXp-h-c-¼Iw s]m´n'8 XpS-§nb ]cm-aÀi-§Ä, Nn§- nÂ

Irjn- Wn Bcw- n-bv¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-bv¡p-¶p. Nn§- n sIm-bv¯mWv {][m\w.

A]qÀÆ-am-bn, aI-c-s¡m-bv¯n\p Rmdp ]dn¨p \Sp¶ ]Wn-Ifpw HmW-¡m-e¯v \S-

¡m-dp- - v . F¶mÂ, AXpw HmW-¯n\p ap³t] Ah-km-\n-¸n-bv¡m-dp- v. XpS-¡-

¯n¡m-Wp¶ "IÃp-ame NmÀ¯nb ]pebn' bpsS Nn{Xhpw C{]-Imcw hyJym-\n-

bv¡m³ Aev]w {]bmkw t\cn-Sp-¶-Xm-Wv. Ihn-bpsS _nw_k¶n-th-i- nse sshNn-

{Xy-§-fmbn Chsb ]cn-K-Wn-bv¡p-I-bmWv ChnsS sN¿p-¶-Xv.

""]pe-scmfn shfn- - n sagp-Inb ae-c-Wnþ

ae-bm-f-¯-d-hm-«n³ aWn-ap-ä-¯nÂ

X\n-¨p-WÀs¶-cn-bp-s¶m-cm-bn-c-¯n-cn-bn«

I\I\ne-hn-f¡pw sIm-fp-¯n-sh¨p'' 9

XpS-§n, tIc-fo-b-hpw, Imev]-\nIkuµ-cyhpw \ndªp \nev¡p¶hbpamb \nc-h[n

hÀ®-\-IÄ Cu Ihn-X-bn-ep--v. Ihn-X-bpsS ssZÀLyw hÀ²n-¸n-bv¡p-¶-Xn-epw, GIm-

{KX Ipd-bv¡p-¶-Xnepw apJy-]¦v hln-bv¡p-¶Xv C¯cw hÀ®-\-I-fm-Wv. F¶mÂ

Hä-bvs¡m-ä-bvs¡-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah-bn-tem-tcm¶pw lrZy-am-sW¶p ImWmw. HmW-

t¯m-Sp-_-Ô-s¸-Sp¯n, {ioKpcp-hm-bq-c-¸t\bpw, At±-l-¯nsâ apcfoKm\t¯bpw

BhÀ¯n¨v Bhn-jv¡-cn-bv¡p-¶Xv ]n.-Ip-ªn-cm-a³\mbÀ am{X-am-Wv.

""]ncn-ª-s]m-t¶m-W-\m-fn³ \n\-hn-\m-eIw \odnþ

bncp-«nÂs¸«p-e-bp¶ ae-bm-fs¯

apIcpw {io Kpcp-hm-bqÀs¸cpwtImhn aWn-t -cnÂ

acp-hpam apInÂ\nd³ apc-fn-bqXn'' 10

("apInÂ\nd³' F¶ ]Z-{]-tbmZw Akm-[m-c-W-am-sW-¦nepw ChnsS AXv kzm`m-hn-

I-ambn tNÀ¶p-t]m-Ip¶p-v. apIn-ep-IÄ ambp¶ Ime-amWv HmW-¡mew F-¶Xv Ihn

]cn-K-Wn-¨n-«p - -m -hn-Ã.) Cu thWp-\mZw aäv HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fnepw BhÀ¯n-bv¡p-

¶Xp ImWmw.

Nne DZm-l-c-W-§Ä:

222

""thWp\n\-Z-¯n hoW-en-bp¶p Rmþ

t\mW\nem-hneo t{]a-e-l-cn-bnÂ'' 11

""Ag-Insâ \m«p-Im-cm, hcn-I-sb-¶pĸqhp

Xgp-In-tbm-Xp-¶n-tXtXm apcfo\mZw'' 12

""teme-tatXm thWp-\m-Z-]-cn-afw ]c-¡p¶p

\oe-ae IS-s¶¯pw ]mXn-cm-¡m-änÂ'' 13

Iptd-¡qSn {]I-S-amb IrjvW-k-¦-ev]w, " s]m-t¶m-W-¡mew' F¶ Ihn-X-bn {]Xy-

£-s¸ -Sp -¶p - - v .

""]pWy-k-¦ev] kzÑþ

kpµcXmcm-]-Yþ

]pjv]nX N{I-hm-fþ

Zf-¯n¸Zaq¶n

\oÀ¯nb ]oXmw-_-cþ

apeªp aWn-¸oen

NmÀ¯nb Xncp-thmWw

thWphqXnSpw t\cw

cXv\\q]p-c-IzmWw

Nn¶n-¸m¡SÂa¦

\À¯-\-amSpw X¦þ

¸q¡fw ae-bmfw'' 14

ioÀj-Iw, "s]mbvt¸mb s]m-t¶mWw' F¶m-sW-¦n-epw, Cu IhnX Ah-ti-jn-¸n-

bv¡p-¶-Xv, \jvS-t_m-[-a-Ã, {]Xo-£-bmWv F¶v FSp-¯p-]-d-tb--n-bn-cn-bv¡p-¶p.

""ae-a-I-sf-¶pw- X¦hnf-¡p- sIm-fp- n¡m«pw

ae-bm-f-¯-d-hm-«n³ ]Sn-bv¡Â ho-pw

AWaWn-cYaXn-\pÅ ka-b-am-bmÂ'' 15

hmNymÀ°-¯n CXv, ASp¯ Nn§-¯n HmWw ho-pw hcp-sa¶ {]Xo-£-bmWv;

AXn-¶-¸p-dw, HmWw km£m-XvI-cn-bv¡m-\p-t±-in-bv¡p¶ al-Xve-£y-§Ä ]qÀ¯n-

bm-¡m-\m-bm e`n-bv¡m-hp¶ Nnc-Øn-c-amb Htcm-W-¡m-e-s -¡p-dn- pÅ {]Xo-£bpw

ChnsS¡mWmw.

5.3.1.4. HmW-¡mgvN

HmW-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]n.-bv¡pÅ k¦-ev]-§sfÃmw ka-{K-ambn Bhn-jv¡-cn-

bv¡p¶ Ihn-X-bm-Wv, HmW-¡m-gvN. “HmW- n\v ImgvN-bmbn kaÀ¸n-bv¡p¶ hkvXp-

¡Ä F¶-Xn\p ]pd-ta, HmW- n\v ImWp¶ ImgvN-I-sf¶pw HmW-¡m-gvNbv¡v AÀ°w

223

Iev]n-bv¡mw. Cu c-À°-§fpw Ihn-Xbv¡v tbmPn-bv¡pw. sNSn-I-fnepw hr£-§-

fn-ep-sams¡ HmW-¡m-gvN-bpsS \nd-thmsS Xncp-thmWw hcn-I-bm-Wv. At¸mÄ, ae-

bm-f- -d-hm-«n-se, B_mehr²w P\-§fpw BËm-Zm-c-h-§-tfmsS B HmW-¡m-gvNsb

hc-th-ev¡p-¶p. {]P-bmWv Gähpw henb iàn-sb¶ alm-_-en-bpsS ktµiw

{]Ir-Xnbpw BhÀ¯n-bv¡p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS.''16 IÀ¡S¡msdm-Xp§n ae-bm-f-a-®n-tebv¡v

Nn§w Nncn¨p hcp-¶-Xnsâ at\m-lcZriy-hp-am-bn-«mWv HmW-¡mgvN Bcw- n-bv¡p-

¶-Xv. F¶mÂ, Cu hÀ®-\-bnÂ, {hX-Nq-Um-a-Wn-bn ]cm-aÀin-bv¡p¶ HmW- q-¡-

f- nsâ ]¯p X«p-I-sf-¡p-dn- pÅ k¦ev]w k¶n-th-in- n-bv¡m³ ]n.bv¡v km[n-

¨ n - « p - - v . “]¯p- \n-e-I-fm-bn-«mWv ]q¡fw Hcp-t¡---Xv. H¶mw \ne-bn KW-]-Xn,

c-n inh-i-àn(-]mÀÆ-Xn) aq¶n inh³, \men {_Òm-hv, A©n ]©-{]m-W-

§Ä, Bdn j¬ap-J³, Ggn Kpcp-\m-Y³, F«n ZnIv]m-e-I-·mÀ, H¼-Xn C{µ³,

]¯n hnjvWp. CXmWv k¦-ev]n-bvt¡- {Iaw. "HmW-¡m-gvN'--bn Ihn Cu

]¯p \nebpw k¦-ev]n-¨n-«p--v. "hÀjIco{µaZ-a-S§n' F¶ BZy-]m-Z-¯nse Ico-

{µ-i-_vZ-¯n KW-]-Xnsb k¦-ev]n-¨p-sIm-v IhnX Bcw-`n-bv¡p-¶p. "i¦-cs-a-¿n-

en-W§n \nev¡pw a¦'-bnÂ, c-mw \ne-bnse ]mÀÆ-Xnbpw aq¶mw \ne-bnse inh\pw

k¦-ev]n-¡-s -«p. Xmc-I-{_-Ò-]m-Zm-_vP- n {_Òmhpw "im´kpc- n-e-a-µ-hmX' nÂ

A©mw \ne-bnse ]©-{]m-W-§-fpw, " ]pÅp-h-s¸¬aWn-bpsS hm\-h-Km-\-§-fn'Â

Bdnse KK-\-Nm-cn-bmb j¬ap-J\pw Ggnse Kpcp-hpw, F-«nse ZnIv]me-I-·mcpw

Ah-cn Hcm-fmb H¼-Xnse C{µ\pw k¦-ev]n-bv¡-s¸-«p. ]¯mw \ne-bn-se-¯p-

t¼mÄ,

"A´-cm-ßm-hn kpJw-sNm-cnbpw

hnjvWp-]-Z-¯n a\-Êp-d¨p'

KW-]-Xn-bn XpS§n hnjvWp-hn-e-h-km-\n¨ ]¯p \ne-I-fnse tZhXm k¦-

ev]-§Ä 152 ]mZ-§-fn \nÀÆ-ln¨tij-am-Wv, _m¡n 220 ]mZ-§-fn HmW- nsâ

aäp al-Xz-§Ä {]Xn-]m-Zn-bv¡p-¶-Xv.'' 17

tZhnbv¡v NmÀ¯m³ ]«p- s\-¿p¶ sX¨n-I-fpw, I½-en-«m-Sp¶ tXh-Sn- q¡fpw

h«- n \n¶v -Im-än ]mSn-¡-fn-bv¡p¶ Nnäm-Sbpw Xncp-Xm-fnbpw apÃ-bpw, ]n -Ihpw

FÃm-saÃmw HmW- nsâ hc-hn BËm-Zn-bv¡p-I-bmWv; {]Ir-Xn, Xsâ kar²n hmcn-

s¨m-cn-bp-I-bm-Wv.

""DÅn-ep-d¶ Zb- h-gnªq

shÅnbpw X¦hpw cXv\-§fpw

Zmcn-{Zy-apÅ sNSn-IÄs¡Ãmw

hmcn-s¡m-Sp¯p \S-¶n-tXmWw''18

HmWw ]ucm-Wn-I-amb Bßm-`n-am-\-¯nsâ hos--Sp-¸p-thfIqSn-bm-Ip-¶p-v.

""Xr¡m-¡-c- ³ Xncp-h-Sn-X³

224

Xr¸m-Z-ap{Z ]Xn-ª- a-®nÂ

DXvI-S-tI-cf]ucp-j-¯n³

Xrs¡m-Sn -¡qd ]d¶p ho-pw!

F¯o s]cp-¼d \mZw, taenÂ

]¯p-\m-tfbv¡p s]-cp-¼-S¸pw

thWmSpw Ip¶-e-\mSpsaÃmw

HmW-s¡mSn¡qd-¡o-gn-et{X!

{`jvS-cm-bvt¸m-sbmco \n§-sfÃmw

]¯p-\m-tfbv¡p ae-bm-fn-IÄ

am\p-j-scm-¶p-t]m-em-an-¡mew

am_en \mSp-hm-gp¶ Imew!'' 19

HmW-¡m-e¯v ae-bm-fnbv¡v Xsâ Bßm-`n-am\w ho-pIn«p-sa¶ Cu k¦ev]w Ihn

asäm-cn-S¯pw BhÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶Xp ImWmw:

""A¼n-en¶pw ae-\m-Sp-Im-¡p-amþ

¯¼p-cmsâbI-¼Sn-bmWp \o

Zo\-\-Ã-Sn-bmf\Ã \mep-\mÄ

am\-apÅ ae-bm-fn-bmWp \o''. 19 a

`mc-X-¯nsâ kzmX-{´-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw `mhn`c-W-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw \nd-apÅ kz]v\-§Ä

]¦p-sh-¨p-sIm-mWv IhnX kam-]n-bv¡p-¶Xv:

""]mc-X-{´y-¯-a-Êmäo þ _v`oXnþ

]mZp-I-\m-Zm-e-Iäo

A¼n-emiwkIÄ sNmÃo þ s¸m¶p

X¼p-cm-\n-s§-gp-¶Åo

amäm-\n-cp-s«m-gn-bs«þ hoc

am_-en-\m-Sp-W-cs«

_²amw `mc-X- q-hn³ þ Xaþ

ÈrwJ-e-bqcn hogmhq

AÔamw temI-\- -Ên þ t{]aþ

im´n \nem-hp-Zn-bv¡m-hq.'' 20

HmW-s -¡p-dn- pÅ ]n.-bpsS k¦-ev]-§-fpsS t\À¨n-{X-amWv "HmW-¡mgvN'

F¶p ]d-bmw. F¶mÂ, Ihn-X-bpsS Akm-am-\y-amb ssZÀLyw AXnsâ GIm-{K-

Xbv¡v `wKw hcp-¯p-¶p-- v. \mep-J-WvU-§fpw 370 Cuc-Sn-I-fp-apÅ Cu Ihn-X, ]n.-

I-hn-X-bpsS tZmj-§Ä F¶p ]d-bm-hp-¶, AXn-hmNmNme-X, ÇY-_-Ô\w F¶n-

hbv¡v DZm-l-cn-bv¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. (h-Å-t¯m-fnsâ "AÑ\pw aIfpw' tIhew 90 Cuc-

Sn-IÄ am{X-ap-Å-XmWv F¶v kmµÀ`n-I-ambn A\p-kva-cn-bv¡mw.) AXp-t]m-se- -s¶,

225

CXnse Hmtcm JWvU-§fpw þ H¶pw c-pw JWvU-§Ä {]tXy-In¨pw þ Hä-bv¡p-

Xs¶ \nev¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb _nw_-§fpw Iev]-\-Ifpw sIm-v

kar-²-amWv "HmW-¡mgvN'. F¶mÂ, AtXm-sSm¸w Xs¶, A{]-[m-\tam A{]-k-

àtam Bb hÀ®-\-Ifpw IS¶p hcp-¶p. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, XpS¡¯nse "hÀj-I-

co-{µ-aZ' s¯¡p-dn-¨pÅ hÀ®-\-bn Ahy-à-X-bp--v. (CtX k¦-ev]w, "HmW-¡m-

e¯v' F¶ Ihn-X-bnepw {]Xy-£-s -Sp-¶p.) AXp-t]m-se, HmW- n-{X-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ

{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶ tXmtfm-Sp-tXmÄ tNÀ¶v DÃ-kn-bv¡p¶ tNmf-¡q-¼p-I-fpsS Nn{Xw

{]Ir-X- n {]k-à-a-Ã. tNmf-Ir-jn-Xs¶ A]qÀÆ-amb tIc-f- nsâ X\-Xp-Im-

gvN-I-fnÂ, AXp Ibdn hcp-¶Xv Ihn-bpsS {]mk-{]n-b-X-sIm-mhmw. ( Ccp-«nsâ

]p©n-cn, Ihn-sb-hnsS XpS§n aäv HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fn-epw, Cu tNmf-¡q¼v {]Xy-£-s -

Sp-¶p--v.) AtX-k-a-bw, sXm-«p-ap-¼nse hcn-I-fnÂ, "\Ã hS-¡³ acp-t¯m-sSm-¶n¨v

HmW-¯-Ãn-s\m-cp-§p¶ sX§p-Isf']än¸d-bp-¶-XnÂ, hS-¡³ \mSnsâ Btbm-[\

kwkv¡m-c-hpw, sX§nsâ \nhÀ¶ kz`m-h-hpw( HmW- -Ãn ssI aS-¡m-dn-Ã) FÃmw

k¶n-th-in- n- -Xnse HuNn-Xy-hp-ambn X«n¨p t\m¡p-t¼m-gm-Wv tNmf- n-sâ-bpw aäpw

km¶n-²y-§Ä A{]-k-à-§-fm-Ip-¶-Xv.

5.3.1.5. s]m-t¶m-W-¡mew

tImc-fob {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kuµ-cy-w, sFiz-cyw, IÀj-I-cpsS kar²n XpS-§n-

bh hÀ®n-bv¡p¶ Ihn-X. ]nev¡m-e¯v HmW- qhv þ 2, ]q¡fw F¶o Ihn-X-IÄ

cq]-s -Sp- n-bXv Cu Ihn-X-bn \n¶v Nne `mK-§Ä FSp- n-«m-Wv. CXnse Nne

hcn-IÄ "HmWw hcp¶p' F¶ Ihn-X-bn h¶n-cp-¶Xv t\cs¯ Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¨n-«p-

- v. GsX-¦nepw ]{X-¡mÀ Bh-iy-s¸-«-t¸mÄ X¿m-dm-¡n-b-Xmhmw Cu Ihn-X-IÄ.

5.3.1.5.1. HmW-¸q-hv-þ2

""anI-shm-Sp- hn-®Wn ssa-Xm-\- nÂ

apIn-ep-IÄ taªp \S-¡p-t¼mÄ

s]m-¶Wn ae-cn³ Ihn-fn¡mtä

D½- sIm-Sp-¡m³ h¶mepw''21

F¶ hcn-IÄ " s]m-t¶m-W-¡m-e-'¯nse BZy-J-WvU- n \n¶pw

""ae-X³ s\©n¸p-f-I-ap-WÀ¯pw

]pe-cn-t -cn \o h¶p!

A¼n-s\m-sSmcp ]nSn ap¯pw hmcn

Xp¼- qth \o h¶p!''22

F¶ `mKw c-mw-J-WvU-¯n \n¶pw AtX-t]mse FSp¯p tNÀ¯n-cn-bv¡p-I-

bmWv Cu Ihn-X-bnÂ.

226

5.3.1.5.2. ]q¡fw

s]m-t¶m-W-¡m-e- nse GXm\pw Nne hcn-IÄ AtX-t]m-sebpw Nne hcn-

IÄ, sNdnb cq]-am-ä-t¯m-sSbpw Iq«n-bn-W¡n cq]-s -Sp- nb Ihn-X. ]t£, "" B - p -

tXm-dp-apÅ tIcfkwkv¡m-c-¯nsâ P·Àt£m-ÕhIme-amWv HmW-¡m-ew. s]m-

t¶mW¸pe-cn-bpsS \ne-¡-®m-Sn-bn ae-bmfn kz´w cq]w t\m¡n-¡m-Wp¶ B

]q¡m-e¯v ]mdn- -d-¡p¶ ss]¦n-fn-I-tfm-sSm¸w Ihn ]mSp-I-bmWv:

""AÃn If-`-s¨¸p Xpd-¶nSpþ

a¯¸q-¡ÄNn-cn-bv¡p-t¼mÄ

tNW-g-Im-än tXmWn-I-fn-¸mþ

t\mW\nemth h¶mepw'' 23

F¶ at\m-l-c-amb apJ-¡p-dn¨v Fgp-Xn-t¨À¡p-I-bpw, "]q¡fw' F¶v Hcp kam-lm-c-

¯n-\p-Xs¶ t]cn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-t¸mÄ CXv Hcp kzX-{´-I-hn-X-X-s¶-bmWv F¶v

Bkzm-ZIkaqlw sXän-²-cn- p. Cu hcn-IÄ kuµcyw sIm--p-am-{X-aà HuNnXyw

sIm-pw {it²-b-am-Wv. Idp¯ IÀ¡n-S-I-¯n \n¶pw sXfnª Nn§-¯n-te-bv¡pÅ

DWÀhm-Wv, HmWw. cm{Xn-bn \n¶v ]I-en-tebv¡v F¶p am{X-a-Ã, Zmcn-{Zy- nÂ

\n¶v kar-²n-bn-tebv¡v F¶p IqSn Hcp [z\n Cu hcn-IÄ¡p- - v . N{µ-¡-ebpw

tXmWn-bp-am-bpÅ kmZr-iyhpw kqNn-X-am-Wv. "tIh-©n-tb-dn-t¸mb HmW-sh-®n-em-h-

Wn-cm-hp-Isf' ¸än kuµ-cy-]q-P-bnepw ]cm-aÀi-ap-- v. ""AÃn If- ...-h-¶mepw'' F¶

`mKw "s]m-t¶m-W-¡m-e¯n' se hcn-IÄ Xs¶-bm-Wv.

""]cn-]m-h-\amtaemae-bP

]cn-a-f-an-fIpw ae-\m-«nÂ

X¦-¡-Xn-cp-I-fp-®m-s\³]pXp

Nn§¸q¦nfn h¶mepw!''24

F¶ hcn-Ifpw t\cnb hyXym-k-t¯msS þ ""]p¯³ IXn-cp-IÄ sIm-¯n-t¡m-af

Nn§¸q¦nfn ]mSp-t¼mÄ” F¶n-§s\ þ s]m-t¶m-W-¡m-e-¯n ImWmw. BZy-

¯nepw Ah-km-\- nepw Iq«n-t¨À¯,

""h¶q h¶q s]m³Nn§w

]pe-scmfn Xncfpw s]m³Nn§w

]pXp-a-eÀ hncnbpw s]m³Nn§w

]pfI-ap-WÀ¯pw s]m³Nn§w”25

F¶o hcn-I-fpw,

""]mh-\-am-Inb \n³Xn-cp-\mfnÂ

]qhnfn R§Ä apg-¡p¶p

---...........................................................

227

Fcn-s]mcn sImÅpw Ic-fn taml\þ

apc-fn-I-bq-Xm³ h¶mepw''26

F¶n-§s\ ]¯p hcn-I-fp-am-Wv, ]pXn-b-sX¶p ]d-bm-\p-Å-Xv. F¶m CXnse

Bi-b-§fpw ]Z-k-ap- -b-§-fpw, sNdnb hyXym-k-t¯msS "s]m-t¶m-W¡me' ¯nÂ

ImWm-\mIpw.

Ihn-a-\-Êns\ \nc- cw ]n³Xp-S-À¶n-cp¶ kpµ-c-amb HmW-Ê-¦-ev]-§Ä Xs¶-

bmWv Cu \mep Ihn-X-I-fnepw (HmWw hcp-¶q, s]m-t¶m-W-¡m-ew, HmW-¸q-hv(2),

]q¡-fw) BhÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶-Xv. Ah \mepw tNÀ¶v Hscmä¡hn-X-bmbn hmbn-s -Sp-

¡p-¶-Xnepw hntcm-[-an-Ã.

5.3.1.6. HmW-\n-emhv

]n.-bv¡v. hfsc {]nb-s¸« Hcp _nw_-amWv HmW-\n-em-hv. HmWw apJy-{]-ta-b-

am-Ip¶ an¡ Ihn-X-I-fnepw HmW-\n-em-hnsâ {]Xy-£tam ]tcm-£tam Bb

km¶n²yw ImWmw. ‘HmW-\n-em-hv ’, ‘HmW-\n-em-hnÂ’, ‘HmÀ½-bn Htcm-W-\n-em-hv ’,‘\ngepw \nemhpw’ XpS§n ioÀj-I- n¯s¶ \nemhnsâ -km-¶n-²y-apÅ cN-\-

I -f p - a p - - v .

HmW-\n-em-hn\v hyXykvX `mh-§Ä \evIm\pw Ihn {ian-bv¡p-¶p--v.

a. HmW-\n-em-hv, HmW- nsâ Bßmhpw IhnbpsS {]mWsâ {]mW-\p-am-Wv.

""C¶-h-Im-hy-¯n-¶m-ßm-hmþ

tbmW \nem-hn-ep-emhpw hm\w''27

""{]mW-\n {]mW-\m-bv hmgpw þ X\þ

tXmW \nem-hn-s\-t¯Sn

...........................................................

Ivjp¯r-j-tbdpw Ihn-bp-þ-a-hþ

scm¯p Xncp-thm-W-ap -q''28

b. Nne-t¸mÄ AXv HmÀ½-bpsS ASbmfamIp-¶p.

""HmÀ½-X-t¶m-S-¡p-g-ep-aqXn

HmW-\n-emhp Nncn¨p hoWp''29

""thZ-\-h-gn-bp-s¶m-tcmÀ½-t]mse

HmW\nemhp h¶q Pme-I- nÂ''30

""HmÀ½-X³ Xp¼-bn tX³IWw XqIp-s¶mþ

tcmW-\n-em-hm-ben-sª-s¶-t\m¡n \o''31

""Hmfw Xpfp¼pw IS-en ho-pw

HmÀ½-X-t¶mW\nemhp hoWp''32

228

""\oe-ae\nc ]n¶n-«p-{XmS\mfn-se-tbm-Wþ

\nem-sh-¯pam a[pccm{Xn-tbmÀ¡p¶p''33

c. HmW-\n-em-hv a§p-¶Xv ]e-t¸m-gpw, \jvS-t_m-[- nsâ {]I-S-\-am-Wv.

""a[p-camw Xfn-cn-fw-sNm-Sn-bnse arZp-lmkw

ad-ª-\mÄ Ipfn-tcmW\nem-hp- sI«p''34

""HmÀ¡m¯ Nn´m-L-\]S-e-¯mþ

temW\nem-shmfn a§p-ao-cm-hnÂ''35

""Ign-ªn-sX³ Pohn-X¯nþ

temWw, amªp \nem-shmfn''36

""ISÂaSn-bn hogp-tam-Wþ

¸q\nem-hn³ angn-b-Sªq''37

d. HmW-\n-emhv ]p\-cm-K-a-\- n-sâ-tbm {]Xo-£-bp-tStbm ]p\-cp-°m-\- n-tâtbm

kqN-I-§-fm-Ip¶ Ihn-X-I-fp-ap- - v .

""]ns¶bpw {Kma-¯n hs¶-¯n-bn-¶Zo

kpµcXoc-¯n-tem-W-\n-em-shmfn'' 38

""F´n-\n-t¸mÄ hnfn-bv¡p¶q ]n¨-I¸q¦mSn-\p-ÅnÂ

\n¶p hnfn-bv¡p¶p ho-pw ]q\n-emth \o ?''39

e. ssIhn-j-§-f-Iän Ihnsb ip²o-I-cn-bv¡p¶ Aar-X-amWv HmW-\n-em-hv.

""shÅn\nemth Xgp-Ip-I, sI«nþ

¸pW-cpI KmVw \oþ

bpÅnÂs¸-s«mcp ssIhn-j-_m-[-Iþ

sfm-¶m-sbm-gn-bs«.''40

""XÅn hcpw If-]m-en-¶-cp-hn-bn-sem¶p Ipfn-bv¡mtam?

ssIhn-j-am-sI-b-I-änSptamW-\n-emhp IpSn-bv¡mtam?''41

f. A½-bpsS km¶n-²y-ambn HmW-\n-emhv Nne-t¸mÄ IS-¶p-h-cp¶p:

""tNWp-emhpw hn`-h-§-sfm-cp-¡n-bm -\m-ep-sI«nþ

temW \nem-shmfn \ns¶¡m¯p-\n-ev¡p¶p!''42

""ac- n³ ad-hn-embv

a§nb IrjvW-]-£þ

¡e-t]m an -m -X½

I®p-\oÀ XpS- p-t]mbn'' 43

229

""A½-bnÃ; \nem-shm-fn-bnÃ''44

""A´-cm-ßm-hp -sh-¼p¶p ]mev¡Ww

Nn¶p-tamW\nem-hn-e-en-bp-hm³'' 45

g. kuµ-cy- n-sâbpw ka-Xz- n-sâbpw {]Xo-I-ambn HmW-\n-emhv {]Xy-£-s -

Sp¶ kµÀ`-§-fp -ap - - v .

""AÃn If-`-s¨¸p Xpd-¶n-Spþ

a¯¸q-¡Ä Nncn-bv¡p-t¼mÄ

tNW-g-Im-än tXmWn-I-fn-bv¡mþ

t\mW\nemth h¶mepw''46

""]mgvs¨fn shÅ-¯n-em-gn-bnepw

H¸-am-tbmW\nemhp hoWp''47

"HmW-\n-emhv' F¶ Cu Ihn-X, a\p-jy-cpsS ZpjvsN-bvXn-I-fm XfÀ¶ `qan-bn-

tebv¡v ho-pw hk-´-s¯-s¡m--p-h-cm³ HmW-sh-bn-en-t\bpw HmW-\n-em-hn-t\bpw

Nn§-¡m-än-t\-bp-sams¡ hnfn-bv¡p-I-bm-Wv. F¶mÂ, FÃm-hn[Xn·-I-fn \n¶pw,

a\p-jy-tcbpw {]Ir-Xn-tbbpw c£n-bv¡m³ Ihn hnfn-bv¡p-¶Xv \nem-hn-t\-bm-Wv.

""aÀ¯y³ Ip¯nb Ip¯mÂsh«mÂ

aÀ½-knc\nc-bäp

XfÀ¶p sNcnbpw `qtKm-f- n³

apdn-hn³ -t\mhp Ipd-bv¡m³

...............................................................

HmW-\n-emth h¶mepw!

...............................................................

kzmÀ°-s -¶mbv aSbmw \m«nÂ

Znhy-kvt\-l-¯n-cn-sb-cn-bm³

PohnXapd-hn-fn-bm-\-µ-¯n³

t{]a]Ã-hn-bm-¡m³

`kvam-kpchc-taäp aZnbv¡pw

{]IrXnt{Zml-a-aÀ¯m³

hän-h-cfpw s]m-bvI-IÄ tXmdpw

B¼Â, Xma-c- hn-cn-bm³

Ie-¼Â Iq«pw Im¡-¡q«w

ss]¦nfn hSn-hm-bv am-dm³

tXm¸p- X-IÀ¡pw hm\-c-kwLw

am\hhSn-hmbv amdm³

230

a®n-en-gbpw ]m¼n³ ]äw

kzÀ®\q-ep-I-fm-hm³

hgn-ap-S¡pw ]md-s¡-«p-IÄ

Id-h-¸-ip-hmbv¨a-bm³”48

Hs¡ Ihn \nem-hnsâ km¶n²yw {]Xo-£n-bv¡p-¶p. DÅnse ZpjvS-X-IÄ \o§n,

a\p-jy-\· ]pe-cm\pw AXp-hgn {]IrXn kwc-£n-bv¡-s¸-Sm\pw DÅ Ihn-bpsS

B{Klw Cu Ihn-X-bn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p--v. "ssIhn-j-am-sI-b-I-äp¶' AarXkm¶n-

²y-ambn IhnlrZ-b-¯n \nemhv thcp-d-¸n-¨-Xnsâ A\-´c^e-amWv Cu IhnX

F¶p ]d-bmw.

5.3.1.7. ae-\m-«nsâ alm-Ihn

I\ym-Ip-amcn apX tKmIÀ®w hsc ]c¶p InS-¡p¶ tIc-fw, Hcp at\m-l-c-Im-

hy-am-sW¶pw AXnsâ `mj tImÂt -t\m-ep¶ ]pjv]- m-j-bm-sW¶pw Imhy-Im-

c³ ]q¯n-cp-thm-W-am-sW¶pw (A-Y-hm, Xncp-thm-W-t -cn h¶n-d-§p¶ Xr¡m-¡-

c-b- ³) DÅ at\m-l-c-amb k¦ev]w ]¦p-h-bv¡p¶ Ihn-X. tImÂt -t\m-ep¶

]Z-§-fmWv Ihn-Xbv¡v th-Xv F¶ ]gb k¦ev]w Ipªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ \nc-´cw

]men -b v¡p -¶p - - v .

tIc-f- nsâ {]uV-amb `qX-Im-e- nsâ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv Nne-t¸mÄ HmWw:

""\oe-c-Xv\m-IcNmcp-X-hÀ®nbv¡pw

Ime-Sn-bm-änse Imäp-t]mse

A©n-X-tI-cf Pohn-X-kv]-µamw

Xp©s¯ ss]¦n-fn-¸m-«p-t]mse

kXy-s¸m-cp-fn \n\-hn-ep-W-cp-s¶mþ

cssZzXktµihml-I³ \o''49

aäp Nne-t¸mÄ AXv kÀÆ-N-cm-N-c-§Ä¡pw, kpJw ]I-cp¶ awKekm¶n-²y-am-Wv.

"" B[n-i-X-§-fm hmSn-hn-f-dnb

\oSpä Poh-kn-c-IÄ tXmdpw

\qX\ ssNX\yZo]vXn-sbm-gp-¡p-hm³

tNX-\-bv¡m-\µt¯³ \pI-cm³

Im«n-se-¯-¯-IÄ¡nÃw\nd-bv¡p-hm³

Nnäm-S-¡p-ªn-\p s]m-«p-Ip-¯m³

HmS-s -Snbv¡p ssIs¡m«n¡fn-bv¡p-hm³

tXmSn¶p \mtSm-Sn- m«p ]mSm³

hn®nse¸q¡Ä¡p I®p-an-gn-bv¡p-hm³

h®m-¯n-¸p-Ån\p hnÃp-sIm-«m³

B\-µ-sh¬\pc¯p¼-¸q-\p-Åp-s¶mþ

231

cmgn-¯n-c-IÄ¡p ]qhn-fn-bv¡m³

]qX-ku-µ-cy-am-am-¼-e-t¯m-Wn-bnÂ

]q¯n-cp-thm-Wta \ob-Wªq-.”50

HmWw B¼Â¸q-¡-fn ]Zw sh¨mWp hcp-¶-sX¶ k¦-ev]hpw ]n.-bnÂ

BhÀ¯n-bv¡p -¶p - - v .

""tNWmÀs¶m-cm-¼-en ImÂsh-¨-gp-s¶-Åpþ

tamWta \n³ apKv[ Nn{Xw...''51

("B-¼Â¸q-hn ]Z-aq-¶p¶ I¶n-\n-em-shmfn' kuµcy]qP-bnepw {]Xy-£-s -Sp-¶p).

HmWs¯ Ihn {]Xo£m]qÀÆw Im¯n-cn-bv¡p-I-bmWv:

"lr¯n³shfn¨ta \o hcp-sa-t¶mÀ¯p

]p¯-cn-bp-®msX Im¯n-cp¶p''52

Cu hcn-IÄ am{Xsa-Sp- mÂ, \ncm-i-bpsS \ng tXm¶m-sa-¦n-epw, apgp-h³ IhnX

\nevIp¶ [z\n, {]Xo-£-bp-tS-Xp- X-s¶-bm-Wv.

5.3.1.8. HmW- qhv (1)

`qan-Im-Wm³ Cd-§nb \£-{X-¡p-ªp-§-fmb HmW- q-¡Ä¡v Ihn Xs¶ ]cn-

N-b-s -Sp- p-I-bmWv Cu Ihn-X-bnÂ. GXp ]qhmWv HmW- q-sh¶v Ihn Hcn-S¯pw

]d-bp-¶n-Ã. F¦n-epw, “Ihnbv¡v {]mW\pw {]mW-\mb ]qhmWv HmW- q-hv. ]q¡-

fn aWn-ap-¯v, \mWw IpWp-§n. hm\h \mSp-IÄ I-v, B\µ¸qw]peÀIm-än-tedn

Im\-\-cmPn Xgp-In, B ]qhv hs¶-¯p-¶Xv BZn-ku-µ-cy-¯nsâ ]qh-\-¯nÂ

\n¶mhmw; Xr¡m-¡-c-bn \n¶mhmw! XymK-km-{am-«nsâ apSnae-cmWv HmW-¸q-hv.

AXnsâ hc-thmsS a®pw hn®pw ]q¡fpw a\p-jycpw H¶m-bn- o-cp-¶p. HmW- q-hn-

t\m-sSm¸w hn--e-\o-e-\n-d-§Ä Ip-p-Ip-f-¯n Cd-§n-h-cp-¶p. Ihn, HmW-¸q-hns\

kwt_m-[-\-sNbvXv ]d-bp-I-bmWv ‘F§pw hdp-Xn-bm-Wv, t]t¡m-e-§-fm-Wv. F¦nepw

HmW- q-th, IÀj-I-hm-S-§-fn \nsâ \ma-tLmjw apg-§p-¶p. AhnsS Ib-dn-s -Ãq.

]ªhpw ]mSpw Ds--¦n-epw, Ipªp-h-b-dn³ sRc-¡-ap-s- -¦nepw \o hn«p-t]m-ItÃ!

Hcp ]¯p \mÄ Ah-cpsS IqsS-s¸m-dp¡q.

"am\p-j-sc-Ãm-cp-sam¶p t]memw

amthen \mSn³ hgn-IÄ Nq-n,

XÅn-hcpw ]pe-tcm-W-¡m-änÂþ

¯pÅn-¡-fnbv¡ \otbmW¸qth!’

Ihn Xsâ hnIr-X-cq]w t\cn¡m-Wp¶ I®mSn IqSn-bmWv HmW- q-hv. \oe-hm-

\nsâ cl-ky-a-dn-bp¶ HmW- q-¡Ä HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fn B cl-ky- nsâ Hfn hnX-

dp-¶p”.53 kpJ-§Ä¡p am{X-a-Ã, ZpxJ-§Ä¡pw, {]bm-k-§Ä¡pw km£n-bm-Ip-¶p-

- v , HmW-¸q -h v .

232

""Ipªp-h-b-dn³ Rc-¡-ap -p

]ªhpw ]mSp-ap-s- -¦nepw \o

t]mh-tÃ, t]mhtÃ, HmW- qth”

F¶v Ihn, ]d-bp-¶p--v. HmW-¯nsâ kar²n Npäp-apÅ bmYÀ°y-§-fn \n¶v

Ihnsb ]qÀ®-ambpw AI-äp-¶n-Ã. C -c-samcp bmYmÀ°y-t_m-[w, ]cm-arjvS-cmb

aq¶p Ihn-I-fnepw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p-- v.

HmW-\n-em-hp-t]m-se, HmW-¸q-hpw, Ihnbv¡v ka-Xz-¯n-sâ-bpw, kuµ-cy-¯n-tâ-

bpw, AXn-Po-h-\- n-tâ-bp-sams¡ {]Xo-I-am-Wv. Pohn-Xs¯ Imay-am-¡p¶ C¯cw

\·-I-fm-Wv, ]cp-jhpw ]cp-¡-\p-amb Cu temI- p-\n¶v Ihnbv¡v Imev]-\n-I-amb

tamN-\-amÀ¤w ImWn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm--mWv, Ihn HmW-¸q-hn-t\mSv C{]-

Imcw ]d-bp-¶Xv:

""Imän-en-W-§n-¡-fnbv¡; Poh³þ

t]män-¸p-eÀ¯p-sa³ s]m³In-\mth!''55

5.3.1.9. shfn- - nsâ Ifn.

HmW-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ AXn-kp-µ-c-amb Nn{X-§Ä {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶ Ihn-X-bmWv

shfn- - nsâ Ifn. t\mäp-sIm-Xn-s¨mcp ]q¡mew s]m³In-§n-Wn-bp-t¼mÄ, Bän³Ic-

bnse Ipªm-ä-¡nfn ]mSp-I-bmWv:

""Fs´mcp amäw Icpan¡À¡-S-kw-{I-a-bm-an-\n-bmÄ

N¼-I-a-e-cn³ hÀ®w -Xn-cfpw tamln-\n-I-\y-I-bmbv

I«n-bn-cp-s¼mcp cmkm -¦- -In-SmIpw t]mse

]q©n-d-]p-s¡mcp I\y-I- ap-§n-s¸m§n hcpw-t]mse

I®oÀ¡S-en \ns¶mcp ]p©ncn Ic-b-Wbpw t]mse

h¶nXp Ip¶n³ sNcn-hn Nn§- p-ecn]q¬t] \o!

aqSnb ImSn-¶n-cpfWn aªp-]p-X- p-IÄ \o amän

hcn-sI-¶p-bn-cn\papbntc s]m¶pw Nn§-¸q-¦-Xntc!”56

C§s\ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS ZpxJ§sf, Xn·-Isf apgp-h³ kt´m-jhpw \·-bp-am¡n amdp-

I-bmWv HmWw. AXv Ihn-bv¡pw, Hcp ]p\-cp-Öo-h-\- nsâ am{´nIthf-bm-Wv.

"" DÅ-d-sbm¶p \nd-bv¡m³ hcn-sI³ s]m-¶m-cy³ IXntc

{]mW\p ]in-bm-äo-SpI \osb³ s]m-¶m-cy³ IXntc

t]mcnI Xgp-IpI IpfnÀI¿m-se³ Xfcpw hoÀ¸pIsf

t]cm-än³ IpfnÀ hoÀ¸n ap§nb Nn§- q-¦mtä! ''57

]\-¦n-fnbpw X¯bpw {]mhpw, Xp¼bpw ap¡p-änbpw HmW- p-¼n-Ifpw apInÂame-I-

fpw, \nemhpw FÃm-saÃmw \ndªp Xpfp-¼p¶ Cu IhnX ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-¶Xv HmW-

¯nsâ \njv¡-f-¦-amb BËm-Z-am-Wv. Cu HmWhpw \jvS-s¸-«p-t]mbn F¶pIhn-

233

bv¡-dn-bmw. ]t£, AXns\ At\z-jn¨v ho-pw Is--¯m-sa¶ {]Xo£ At±-l-

¯n - \ p - - v .

""F¶pw ssIh-cp-In-Ão-tbmW\nem-hn³ aI-cµw

Cà Xncn¨p hcnà t]msbmcp s]m-t¶m-W-¡mew

XmcI ]q¡pw hm\n-¶-¡-sc-b-I-te-bv¡-I-te-bv¡mbv

Xpg-bpI Xpg-bpI ]me-e-bn \n¶m-¼Â¸q-t¯mWn''58

HmW-s¯-sXm-«-dn-bp¶amXncn A\p-`hthZy-am-¡m³ Cu IhnXbv¡v Ign-bp-¶p- - v .

ImcWw, ""ac-sat¶m ]qsht¶m ]d-bp-¶-Xn-\p-]-Icw amhpw ]nemhpw Ihp-§p-sa¶pw

Xp¼bpw ap¡pänbpw B¼-ep-sa¶pw ]d-ªp-sIm-v ZrjvSnsb kv]Ài-am¡n amäp¶

coXn-bmWv ]n.-bp-tS-Xv. ZrjvSn-bpsS sshhn²yw Hcp aqey-ambn AwKo-I-cn-bv¡p¶

kmaq-ly- m-h-\-bpsS \mtSmSnhyh-lm-chpw FÃm- n-t\bpw kzmwio-I-cn¨v AXn-i-b-

I-c-am-sbmcp tI{µ-k- -bpsS {]Im-i-\-am¡n amäp¶ B²ym-ßn-Ihpw Bi-b-hm-Zn-

bp-amb k\m-X\hyh-lm-chpw X½n-epÅ sshcp-²y-am-Wv, ]n.-I-hn-X-bnse A\p-`-h-

Ø-e-§sf Dev]m-Zn- n- -Xv. CubÀ°- n ]n.-bpsS IhnX ImgvN-bpsS {]Xn-k-Ôn-

bm-Ip-¶p.''59

5.3.1.10.\ngepw \nemhpw

HmWw ImÀjn-tIm-Õ-h-amWv F¶ k¦ev]w ]¦p-h-bv¡p¶ Ihn-X. \mK-cnIIm]-

Sy-§-fneÃ, {KmaoWIÀj-I-hm-S-§-fn-emWv HmWw F¶v Cu Ihn-X-bn-eqsS Ihn Dd-

¸n¨p ]d-bp-¶p. \jvS-s¸« ImÀjn-I-kw-kvIr-Xnsb hos--Sp-¡p-I-bmWv HmWs¯

hos--Sp-¡m-\pÅ hgn. ]«-W-¯n \n¶v, HmW-¯nsâ hnfn kzoI-cn¨v {Kma-¯n-se-

¯p¶ Ihn-bmWv BJym-Xm-hv.

{]mW-\n tX³ Xpfn-bv¡m³ hcp¶ HmWs¯ Xncªp \S-¡p-I-bmWv Ihn.

""HmW-sa§p? Zpc-X³]-S-bnÂs¸mþ

t¶mW-sa§p Xncªp \S¶p Rm³''60

HmW-s¯, IÀj-I-hm-S-§-fn Is--¯m-sa¶p Ihn {]Xo-£-¡p-¶p-s- -¦n-epw,

AXp s]s«-¶p-Xs¶ ]ncn-ªp-t]m-Ip-sa¶ Bi-¦bpw Ihn {]I-Sn-¸n-bv¡p-¶p-ap--v.

""aqh-Sn-IÄ sIm-s-m-¸-a-f¶p \o

aq¶p \mÄ¡Iw thÀ]n-cn-ªo-Sth

................................................................

sh¼n-]q-\n-c- sI©nbnS-apt-m

X¼p-cmsâ sN´m-a-c-t¯m-Wn-bnÂ''61

HmWw ]ncn-ªp-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ, IqsS-t¸m-Im-\m-{K-ln-bv¡p¶ ]q\n-c, Ihna\-Êp-X-s¶-

bm-Wv. {]IrXn hÀ®-\-bn PohnXKÔn-bmb Iev]-\-IÄ DÄt¨À¡p-¶-Xn ]n.-

bv¡pÅ sshZ-Kv[yw, Cu Ihn-X-bnepw {]I-S-am-Ip-¶p--v. HmW-¡-fnsb HmÀ½n-¸n¨v

234

h«-an-«p-\n-ev¡p¶ ae-\n-c-bpw, IY-I-fn-bm-im³, ]m«p-Im-c³, a±-f-¡m-c³ XpS-§n-b-hÀ

sIm-phcp¶ Ifn-b-Ñsâ HmÀ½bpw \jvS-t_m-[-¯nsâ Ae-sbm-en-Ifpw CXn\v

anI¨ DZm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv.

\nXyhpw HmW-ap-®p¶ [t\-i-·mÀ Hcp ]t£, HmWs¯ A{X kmc-am-¡n-bn-

sÃ-¶p-h-cmw. F¶m IÀj-I-{Km-a-§Ä HmWs¯¡m¯n-cn-bv¡p-I-bm-Wv.

""tdUn-tbm-Km-\-sa§pae-XÃpw

tamSn IqSnb taS-IÄ hn«p-S³

ImÂ\S-bmbv ae-\m«p hoYn-IÄ

tXSn-sb- p¶ ]q¯n-cp-thm-Wta”! 62

F¶mWv Ihn HmWs¯ A`n-kw-t_m-[\sN¿p-¶-XpXs¶. Cu IÀjIkwkv¡m-

c-s¯bpw Gg-bmb IÀj-I-scbpw F{X ]pI-gv¯n-bmepw Ihnbv¡v Xr]vXn hcp-¶n-Ã.

""lÀj _mjv]¯m \ns¶-sb-Xn-tc-ev¡m³

IÀj-I-\p-s-m-cp-§n-bn-cn-bv¡p¶p.

]md-tN-dm¡n sabv XfÀ¶p-Å-h³

amcn-\o-scm¯p ]mSn-¯-fÀ¶-h³

a®n-eq-¶nb Rmdn³ sIm-Sn-I-fnÂ

\n¶p-Zm-cX Im¯p InS-¡p-thm³

....................................................................

HmWta \n¶-I-¼-Sn-¡mc\oþ

tbgbmw ae-\m-«nse IÀj-I³

I¯n-\n-ev¡p¶p IÀj-Im-ßm-¡-fnÂ

sI«-S-§m¯ IÀjIkwkv¡mcw'' 63

HmWw IÀj-I-hm-S-§-fn-em-sW¶ Bibw aäp Ihn-X-I-fnepw Ihn ]¦p-h-bv¡p-¶p-

- v. Nne DZm-l-c-W-§Ä NphsS sIm-Sp-¡p¶p:

""Gdnb PohnXt¢i-`mcw

t]dn-\-S¶p Npaep amdn

t\cn-sbm-cm-izm-k-hoÀ¸p hn«

tIcfIÀjI{Kma-an-t¸mÄ

tamln¨p ssIh¶ \ns¶-¡-p

tam´n-sbm-cm-\µ¡ªn-shÅw”64

""sIm-«n-b-S- Xmw ]Ån-taS¸Sn

hn«p s]m-t¶m-S-¡p-gepaqXn

t]mcnI t]mcn-sI-¶m-\µss]Xte

t]mcnI IÀjIhmS-¯nÂ''65

235

""amth-en-X³ ]Z]oT-¯n-t·Â

]qhnSpw IÀjItKlw tXmdpw

sN¶p Ipi-e-a-cpfn \n¶p

im´kpc-`n-e-a-µ-hmXw''66

HmWw XymK-¯nsâ atlm-Õ-h-thf-bm-sW-¶pÅ Bibw Cu Ihn-X-bnepw

BhÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶p--v. \K-cm-Uw-_-c-§-fn HmWs¯ Xncªp \S¶v \ncm-i-\mb

Ihn tNmZn-bv¡p¶p:

""t`mK-a-Zy-e-l-cn-bn-se-§p-hm³

XymKat\m-l-c-kw-Ko-X-ssh-Jcn''67

CtX Bibw hcp¶ aäp Nne Ihn-Xm- m-K-§Ä:

""t`mKkpJ-¯n³ Igp-¯p-sh«n

XymK-s¸-cp-am-sf-gp-s¶-Åp¶q''68

""t`mK-e-l-cn-bn hmbn¨p XoÀ¯p \o

XymK-a-t\m-l-c-Imhyw''69

""HmWw alm-_-en-X³ XymK-¸p-Xp-]q-¡-f-Wnþ

aWn-ap-{Z-b-Wnª s]m-t¶mWw hcp¶q''70

"" ]mh\XyKkm-{amPyw hmW-cpfpw s]cp-am-fn³

]mZ-ap{Z ]qhn-Sp¶ ]g-b-a-®nÂ...''71

HmW-¡m-än-s\-bpw, ]\-¦n-fn-tbbpw Ipdn¨v Ihn-bv¡pÅ Nne k¦-ev]-§fpw

BhÀ -\-kz- mhw ImWn-bv¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn;

""N -bn \n¶p Xmt\m hb ISþ

¶´n-¡mtä InX¨p hcp¶p \o''72

F¶pw,

""]inbpw Zml-hp-amÀ¶p InX-t¨m- h-cp¶p \o Imtä

HmW- - -bn \n¶p shdp-wI-¿mtbm t]mcp¶q'73

F¶pw HmW-¡m-än-s\-¸-än-bpw,

"" NmWIw tX¨p, Npäpw ]\-¦n-fnþ

tbmW-hn-Ãp-IÄ sIm-«p¶ apä- nÂ'' 74

F¶pw,

"" hnÃp-IÄ sIm-«n- m-Spw sIm- p-]-\-¦nfn Xf-cp¶q'' 75

F¶pw ]\-¦n-fnsb¸änbpw ASp-¯-Sp¯ Ime-s¯-gp-Xnb c-p Ihn-X-I-fn (‘sh-fn-

- nsâ Ifn’, -(1957), ‘\ngepw \nemhpw’ (1958) BhÀ¯n- p ImWp-¶Xv Cu k¦ev]w

Ihnbv¡v hfsc {]nb-¦-c-am-bn-cp¶p F¶-Xn\p sXfn-hm-Wv.

236

5.3.1.11. tLmj-bm{X

""X¨p-S¨v Xq¡n-hn-ev¡m-sX, tee- nÂt]m-ImsX Hcp s]m³\ne-hn-f-¡-h-ti-jn¨

]gb Xd-hmSv; ae-\m-Sv. B hnf-¡t{X s]m-t¶mWw þ tIc-f-N-cn-{X-hp-ambn sI«p-]n-

Wªp InS-¡p¶ HmW-¯nsâ Xmbvthcv AhnsS \qäm- -p -I-fpsS a®n-em- -p -In-S-

¡p -¶pþ Xr¡m-¡-sc-þ -Hm -Ws¯ Bt-m -Sm - v I-p -ap -«p -¶p - - v . F¦nepw Cu Bsf-

¸än BÀ¡pw Hcp ]nSn-bp-an-Ã. HmWwþ Ip¸-¡p-gn-bn Xmt\- ap-f-¨p-s]m-´p¶

kzÀ®a -hÅn''76 F¶ at\m-l-c-amb apJ-¡p-dn-t¸msS Bcw- n-bv¡p¶ Ihn-X. FÃm

sFiz-cy- n-sâbpw \·-I-fp-tSbpw tIZm-c- q-an-bmb Xr¡m-¡-cbv¡v t]mIp¶ ]mX-

tb-sX-¶mWmWv Cu IhnX At\z-jn-bv¡p-¶-Xv. "" sXän-t¸mb hgn-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-

amWv ]n.bv¡v ka-Im-enI kwkv¡mcNcn-{Xw. ]n.-bpsS \ncm-k-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw B[mcw

Cu t_m[y-am-Wv. \thm-°m-\-in-jvS-amb a\p-jy-k-¦-ev]hpw a\p-jy-tI-{µn-X-amb

{]]©k¦-ev]hpw a\p-jysâ aäp KÀÆp-Ifpw hwikzmÀ°-X-Ifpw lnwkm-]-c-Xbpw

\nc-kn¨ ]n.-bpsS Xr¡m-¡-c- pcmhr - n ImWp-¶-Xv am\p-j-sc-Ãmcpw am{X-a-Ã,

Ncm-N-c-§-sfm-s¡bpw H¶p-t]mse \oXnbpw t\cpw kzmX-{´yhpw kvt\lhpw kar-

²nbpw kpJhpw kuµ-cy-hp-a-\p- -hn-bv¡p¶ al- mb ssPhnI\oXn-bpsS HmW-¡n-

\m-hm-Wv. ]gb HmW-¯nsâ AXn-cp-IÄ ]n.-bn hn]p-e-am-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p--v.''77 "tLmj-

bm-{X-' CXn\v Gähpw anI¨ DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

""{`jvS-\mbv tNän-e-Sn-ª- hn- n³

\jvSkzcmPykvarXn- ]p-Xp¡n

kp{]-`m-XmÀ¡Inc-W-§tf

sFIy{]`m-h-s¸m-ena t]mäpw

Xr¡m-¡-cbv¡p t]mw ]mX-tbtXm?''78

Xr¡m-¡-c-bn-te-bv¡pÅ Cu ]mX Hcn-bv¡epw `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb amÀ¤-tc-J-bnÂ

Ipdn- n-Sm-\m-hp¶ XÃ. F¶n-cp-¶mepw tIc-f- n-\v, Xr¡m-¡-c-bv¡pÅ hgn At\z-

jn-bv¡m-Xn-cn-bv¡m-\m-hn-Ã. ]m¡n--n-tb´n ae-bn-d-§p¶ ]mÀÆ-W-N-{µ-Ip-am-cn-am-

tcmSpw CÃw\nd-bv¡pÅ tIms¸m-cp-¡p¶ Nn{XhÀ®-i-e- -§-tfmSpw kpkvanXw ss]Xr-

I-kz- mbn kq£n-bv¡p¶ Xp¼-¡n-Sm-§-tfm-Sp-sams¡ Ihn CtX tNmZyw BhÀ¯n-

bv¡p-¶p- - v . ChnsS {i²n-bvt¡- asämcp hkvXpX Ihn-bpsS tIc-f-¯nsâ

AXnÀ¯n-I-fm-Wv.

""F§p-sX-fnªp ]pe-cn-I-fnÂ

I\ym-Ip-am-cn-X³ X¦- mew

F§p-sX-fnªp aqh-´n-I-fnÂ

awK-f-tKm-I˨iwJ-\m-Zw...'' 79

1946-þÂ Fgp-Xnb "HmW-¡mgvN' bnse AtX k¦ev]w Xs¶-bmWv 1970-þse

"tLmj-bm-{X-'bnepw C¡m-cy- n Ihn ]peÀ¯p-¶-Xv:

237

""]pWy-X-cw-K-§Ä ame-NmÀ¯pw

I\ym-Ip-am-cnsbss¡h-W§n

tbmKn-I-fm-\-µ-[m-c-hogv¯pw

tKmIÀ®]pWy-{]-XnjvT I-p...''80

]md-Èm-e-ap-X at©-izcw hsc AXnÀ¯n- am-änhc-bv¡-s¸« tIc-fs¯ AwKo-

I-cn-bv¡m³ Ihn-a-\Êv hnap-J-am-sW-¶-Xnsâ sXfn-hm-Wn-Xv. AtX-k-a-bw, sFIy-

tI-cfw/tIc-f-¯nsâ sFIyw F¶ Bibw Ihnsb hnSmsX ]n³Xp-S-cp-¶p-ap-- v.

tLmj-bm-{X-bpsS Bcw- - n ImWp¶ hcn-IÄ¡p ]pd-ta,

""s]m-«m¯ s]m¶pw Nc-Sn-sse-Iyþ

kwkv¡m-c-am-e-sXm-Sp-¯n-tXmWw

kpµ-c-tI-cfkz]v\-saÃmw

an¶n-s]m-t¶mW\ne-hn-f-¡nÂ'' 81

F¶v HmW-¡m-gvN-bnepw

""am_en]oT-¯n ho-p -a-cn -bn-«pþ

hmgvN \S-¯p¶ ]pWy-a-tlm-Õhw

\nXy-am-ssa-Iy-s¸m-en-a-bmeo t`Zþ

_p²n-¸p-g-IÄ¡p ]mew- ]-Wn-bp-hm³''82

F¶v sFIy-tI-c-f-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-se-gp-Xnb "IS-e-e-I-fpsS ktµiw' (1956)

F¶ Ihn-X-bnepw Ihn, Cu sFIyk¦ev]w BhÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶p- - v.

a\p-jy³ kzb-ap-WÀ¶v krjvSn-bvt¡---XmWv HmW¡mew F¶ k¦ev]w ]n.-

bn A]qÀÆ-amtb {]Xy-£-s -Sp-¶p-Åq. A -c- n {it²-b-amb hcn-IÄ tLmj-

bm-{X-bn-emWv {]Xy-£-s -Sp-¶-Xv.

""F¶p a\p-jy³ kzb-ap-WÀ¶p

X³a-t\m-cm-Py-¯--[o-i-\mIpw

.......................................................

t{]a`-c-W-L-S-\-sbm-¶nÂ

{Kma-kz-cm-Py-s¡m-Sn-IÄ ]mdpw

]mcn-S-sam-ä-¡p-Spw-_-sa¶

`mh\ HmW\n-emhp XqIpw

...........................................................

A¡mew R§Ä Xt¶m-W-¡mew''83

CtX Bibw "kzÀ®-s¡m-Sn-acw' t]mepÅ Ihn-X-I-fn sshtem- n-Ånbpw ]¦p-h-

b v¡p -¶p - v :

""aÀXy\p ka-t£-aþ

238

kpµ-c-hm-KvZm-\-þ

am¯-¦s¡m-Sn-a-cþ

sa¶p hos- -Sp¡pw \mw?

F¶p \m«pw \maXp

]pXpXmw [À½-t£-{Xþ

s¸m³\S-bn-¦Â, kulrþ

ZmËm-Z-s¡m-Sn-tb-äm³

]d¶p s]m´pw kap-Xvþ

IrjvS Nn´bmw IrjvWþ

¸cp´n¶-Xn Xp©þ

s¯¶p hn{i-a-taev¡mw?'' 84

tIc-f- nsâ hÀ -am-\m-h-Ø-bn ]cn-X-]n-bv¡p¶ Ihn DZm- -amb `qX-Im-e-

¯nsâ hos--Sp-¸n-eqsS HmWs¯ ]p\-cm-\-bn-bv¡m-sa-¶mWv Cu Ihn-X-bn-eqsS {]Xym-

in-bv¡p-¶-Xv. Ct¸m-gs¯ `cWk{¼-Zm-b-t¯m-SpÅ FXnÀ¸pw CXn {]I-S-am-Ip-

¶ p - - v . "" AXm-bXv hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e¯v Pohn-bv¡p¶ Ihn Xsâ hnizm-k-¯n\v

A\p-kr-X-ambn Hcp `qX-Im-em-Jym-\s¯ D-m-¡p-I-bm-Wv. ]n.-bpsS `qX-ImeNn{X-

§-fn Fhn-sSbpw Nn«bpw kwKo-Xhpw \nd-bp-¶-Xv, Hc-gp¡pw CÃm¯ Ag-Imbn

Ah \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶Xv Cu D-m-¡Â sIm- -mWv. C¯-c-samcp kpµ-c-kp-c-`n -Imew

hÀ¤-k-aq-l- nsâ ]nd-hnbv¡v ({In.-ap.6þ5 kl-{km-_vZ-§Ä) tijw \ne-\n-ev¡p-I-

bp--m-bn-«n-Ã. AXm-b-Xv, ]n.-bpsS Ihn-X-bnse `qX-Imew Hcp HmÀ½-b-Ã, Ab-hn-d-¡-

e-Ã. AsXmcp {]Xo-£-bm-Wv.'' 85 F¶ \nco-£Ww ChnsS {]k-à-am-Wv.

5.3.1.12.\mfs¯ {]`mXw

tIc-f-am-Ip¶ bph-Xn-bpsS Bß- m-j-Ww-t]mse \n_-Ôn- n-cn-bv¡p¶ Ihn-X.

]c-ip-cma]p{Xn-bmb ssIcfn Xsâ À¯m-hmb alm-_-ensb Im¯n-cn-bv¡p-¶-XmWv

kµÀ`w. tIc-f- nsâ kmwkv¡m-cnINcn{Xw kw{K-ln-bv¡m-\pÅ {iahpw ChnsS

ImWmw. sshtem- n-Ån-bpsS "sX§n³tXm- nÂ', CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS "hnI-kn-bv¡pI' F¶o

Ihn-X-Ifpw kam\[À½w ]peÀ¯p-¶-h-bm-Wv. F¶mÂ, Ah-bn \n¶p hyXy-

kvX-am-bn, HmW-s -¡p-dn- pÅ X\-Xp-k-¦-ev]-§Ä IqSp-X {]I-Sn- n-bv¡p-Ibpw ka-

Im-en-I-X-tbmSv aaX ]peÀ¯m-Xn-cn-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xp-sIm--mWv Cu Ihn-Xsb

C¡q-«- n s]Sp¯n hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶-Xv.

Xs¶ kzbw-hcw sN¿m-\m-{K-ln¨v Imem-Im-e-§-fn F¯n-b-hsc Hmtcm-cp- -

sc-bmbn ssIcfn HmÀ½n-bv¡p-I-bpw, AXn-\p-ti-jw, Xm³ ]t- alm-_-ensb a\-

km-h-cn- n-cp-¶p-sh¶v Xncn- -dn-bp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ a«n-emWv BJym\w ]ptcm-K-an-bv¡p-

¶-Xv. F¶mÂ, Xsâ aln-a-IÄ Xm³Xs¶ ]d-bp-t¼m-gp--m-Ip¶ Hcp sNSn¸v Nne-

bn-S-§-fn Cu Ihn-Xsb _m[n-bv¡p-¶Xpw ImWm-Xn-cn-bv¡m-\m-hn-Ã.

239

""a{ -hÀ®-§Ä X³ Xmw_qe NÀÆ-WmÂ

kpµ-c³ im´n-\n-eo-\\mw {_mÒ-W³

shÅn-ta-L-§-tfm-sSm¸w Ic-]än

shÅ\ne-b-¦n-NmÀ¯pad-_n-IÄ

No\-_v`-c-Wnbpw ]«m-Sbptaän

No\¯p a¶sâ ZqX-cpsa- n-\mÀ

Im©\cXv\hn`q-jn-XÀ h¶p-t]mbv

Imth-cn-bm-än³ Ic-bnse a¶-hÀ

temew Iriw Km{X-sa-¦nepw ]q¡p-eþ

t]mse hncn-ªn-sX-¶w-K-kp-j-a-IÄ

X¦-¸n-Sn -hmÄ ap\-sIm-ps\än-bnÂ

Ip¦paw sXm-t«dn Rm³ Xncp-h-©n-bnÂ

sam«p hncn-bp¶ I\y-bm-sa³ Xmenþ

sI«p Ieym-W-ambv amam-¦-ap-Õ-hw.

..........................................................................

hmWn-`-¯n-¶mbv Krl-¯n-e-W-ªXmw

lqWsâ NmSp-NXn{]tbm-K-¯n-\mÂ

_Ô-\m-Km-c-¯n-\p-Ån-embv Rm\p-sa³

]pWy-P-\-\nbpw tkmZcohrµhpw

........................................................................

Bcm-ªp-t\m¡o hcp-¶-h-scm¡bpþ

amIr-jvS-sc³ [\-[m\ykar-²n-bnÂ

................................................................................

BcpÅp \nÀ½-e-kvt\lw ]peÀ¯p-hmþ

\mcpÅp Znhya\-Êq-\-ta-Ip-hm³

......................................................................

\nÝ-e-aq-Iamw arÑn-em-hn-{Klþ

aÃ, ssNX\ykµm-bn\ntZhn Rm³

C- th-mÀ¡p -samcp Znhy -cq -] -s\þ

¸t- hc-\mbv hcn¨p Ignªp Rm³

..............................................................................

B-n -sem-cn -bv¡Â¡n\m-hnsâbm¼-eþ

¸qs¨--p -am-bn-«-W-bp-sa³ hÃ-`³

hm\-hÀ I-p-ssI-Iq¸n \nevs¡Ênwlþ

hml-\-tadn hcpw {]mW-h-Ã-`³

D¼ÀtIm³ s]m-·pSnta\n- sh-Sn-ª-h³

Xp¼¡pSw Xncp-au-en-bn¨mÀ¯p-thm³''86

240

C{]-Im-c-apÅ Xsâ {]nb-X-as\ (alm-_-ensb) kzoI-cn-bv¡m-\pÅ ssIc-fn-bpsS

Hcp-¡-amWv HmWw F¶ k¦-ev]-am-Wv, kam-\-amb aäp Ihn-X-I-fn \n¶v CXns\

thdn«p \nÀ¯p-¶-Xv. ChnsS "Xncp-h©n' F¶ {]tbm-K- n-eqsS Xncp-h-©n-¡p-fs¯

tNc-cm-P-[m-\n-bpw, "" BÀ¡p-¶ tem- - S \Sp-hnÂ...'' XpS§n mK-§-fnÂ, tIc-fobkv{Xo-

IÄ A\p- -hn- n-cp¶ Akzm-X{´yhpw kqNn-X-am-Ip-¶-Xpw, Xncp-h-c-¦-s - gw]mW-

\m-cpsS kvarXn-bn-eqsS HmWs¯ hc-th-ev¡p¶ ]pÅp-h³ ]m«nsâ km¶n[yw sIm-

-p -h-cp-¶-Xpw, {]tXyIw FSp-¯p-]-d-tb- -n -bn-cnbv¡p-¶p.

""Ip¦paw sXm-t«m-cp-j-ÊmÔy thf-IÄ

Ip¯p-hn-f-¡p-ambvs¨s¶-Xn-tc-ev¡th

]pÃp-IÄ, ssIsIm-p s\bvtXm-cnfw ]¨

hnÃo-kp \-oÀ¯nÈnckp Ip\n-bv¡th

hmcpä hochc-knw-l-hm-l-\þ

tadn-h-cp-am- a-e-\m«p a¶-h³

HmW-¸p-S-h-bp-tam-e-¡p-S-bp-ambv

{]mW\pw {]mW-\m-sb-¯p-sa³ Im´s\

am\n¨p hm\nÂ\nd-bv¡p¶p ]qhnfn

am\-k-Xm-cn Rm³ t]mäp¶ ss]¦nfn

an¶pw Ic-fn³ sXfn-\n-d-Zo-]hpw

]ps¶Â¡-Xn-cp-a-¸p-¯-cn-t¨m-dp-ambv

]pWy]pcp-j-s\-sb-¶IwsIm-Åp-hm³

]pjv]]oT-samcp¡-s«-b-Wnªp Rm³'' 87

HmW-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v {]Ir-Xnbnepw P\-km-am-\y-¯n-ep-ap--m-Ip¶ BËmZ{]I-

S-\-§Ä Xs¶-bmWv ChnsS kqNn-X-am-Ip-¶-Xv. FSp¯p ]d-tb---a-sämcphkvXp-X,

]Xn-hn \n¶p `n¶-am-bn, {]`m-X-¯n\v ]pcp-j-Xzm-tcm-]Ww sN¿m³ Cu kµÀ`-

¯n Ihn apXnÀ¶n-cn-bv¡p¶p F¶-Xm-Wv. CXv, Hcp ]t£, {]`m-X-s¯, tXcm-fn-

bmbn (kq-cy-\m-Ip¶ \mY³, Acp-W-\m-Ip¶ tXcm-fn) Iev]n-bv¡p-¶-Xp-sIm--mhmw.

AsÃ-¦nÂ, "ZbmÀ{Z-bmbv' F¶-Xv A -Sn-s -äp-aq-ew, "ZbmÀ{Z-\mbv' F¶m-bX-Imw.

""kXy-k-a-Xz-samcssZzXkwkv¡mcþ

ktµikuc`w \osf-s¯-fn-¨p-S³

\mY-t\m-sSm-s -gp-¶-Åq, ZbmÀ{Z-\mbv

\msf hncnbpw kphÀ®-{]- m-Xta!'' 86

5.3.1.13.s]m-t¶mWw

]n.-bpsS Ah-km-\-Ime HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fn {]ap-J-Øm-\-apÅ "s]m-t¶mWw'

{it²-b-am-Ip-¶-Xv, AXnsâ \ntj-[m-ßIkz`mhw sIm--mWv. HmWw hcmªp

hnj-®-\mb Ae-I-SÂ, \oe-a-e-tbmSp hnfn¨p tNmZn-bv¡p¶p; \nsâ Xd-hm-«nÂ

241

HmWw ht¶m? F¶m Ahn-tSbpw HmWw F¯n-bn-Ã. HmW-s -¡p-dn- pÅ Ihn-

bpsS kpµck¦ev]w Hcn-bv¡Â¡qSn ChnsS CXÄhnSÀ¯p-¶Xp ImWmw:

""ap¯p-¡p-Sbpw s]m³sa-Xn-b-Snbpw

]t«-dm¸pw ]qaq-Snbpw

X¦-¸-Ã-¡-Sn-X-fnbpw

N§-e-h-«-bp-amb¸petc

Nµ-\-hr-£-¯-W-en-e-h³

Ge-¡m-Sn-¶-Sn-en-e-h³

]qhn-fn-tbmsS XpSn-tbmsS

]mW³ ]m«n-s¶m-en-tbmsS...”89

BWv HmWw hcm-dp-Å-Xv. F¶m C¯-hW AXp--m-bn-Ã.

""HmWw h¶n-tÃmWw h¶nþ

só Xd-hm-«n \oe-ate- ”89 a

F¶n-§s\ \oe-ae Xsâ \ncm-i, Ae-I-S-ens\ Adn-bn-bv¡p-¶p--v. Hcp ]t£

a\p-jy-cpsS {Iqc-X-aq-e-am-bn-cn-bv¡mw HmWw hcm- -Xv. Xd-hm-Snsâ am\w sISp¯n

`mKw hm§n-t¸mb a¡-fmWv a\p-jyÀ F¶ k¦ev]w Ihn-bv¡p- - v . AXp-

sIm-pXs¶, abn-en-t\mSpw apIn-en-t\m-Sp-sams¡ At±lw ae-\m«p Xd-hm-«nsâ A`n-

am\w Im¡m³ ]d-bp-¶p-ap- v :

""`mhp-I-sa¶pw t\cpw P\-\nþ

]peÀ¯pw Xd-hm-Sn³

`mKw hm§n¸Sn-bp-a-S¨v aþ

\pjy-\n-d-§n-t¸mbv

apIn-te, abn-te, ]mSnþ

t¸mIpw X -Itf

aetc Im¡p-hn-\n-\n-ta \n§Ä

ae-\m-«n³ am\w ''89 b

Cu Nn´- D-Ån-ep-Å-Xp-sIm--m-h-Ww, abnepw Ipbn-ep-saÃmw ChnsS alm-_-ensb

hnfn-bv¡p¶p:

""]oTw-hbv¡pw ]q¼p-ecn

hocm-fn- -«nS IqSn

\nd-]-d-tXmdpw s]m³aqSn

Ipbnep hnfn- q, abnep hnfn¨q

Im«p-tNm-e-IÄ \o«n-hn-fn¨q

Hme-¡p-S-X³ ad-aq-Sn,

Xebpw Xmgv¯n-b-h³ t]mbn'' 90

242

asäm-¶p-Iq-Sn -bp- v , "" "tIc-f- q-¦m-hn-tem-¦m-c’-ambncp¶ Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ, ae-bm-f-

¯nsâ B "s]m-¶-c-N³’ -, ASp¯ HmW- n\p Im¯p-\n-ev¡m-sX, Xsâ "kzcmPy’¯ntebv¡v Xncn¨p t]mbn''.91

HmW-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Ihn-bv¡p--m-bn-cp¶ {]Xo-£-IÄ¡v \ndw-a-§p¶ ImgvN-bm-

Wn-hnsS ImWp-¶-Xv. "HmWw hcp¶p' F¶v DÕm-l-]qÀÆw Im¯n-cn-bv¡p¶ Ihn

(‘Hm-W-¡m-gvN’, ‘HmW-¡m-e- v ’ ‘HmWw-h-cp-¶q’...) Xs¶-bmWv ]nev¡m-e- v, HmWw

hcp-¶n-söp hnjmZnbv¡p¶Xpw AXn-t\mSv Xncn-¨p-s]m-bvs¡m-Åm³ ]d-bp-¶Xpw

(‘Hm-W-an-Ã’, ‘s]m-t¶m-Ww, Im«p-ap-Ã-bpsS ]m«v’, ‘Acn-bn-Ã’...). hyàn-]-chpw kmaq-

ln-I-hp-amb Zpc-\p-`-h-§Ä HmW-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Ihn-bv¡pÅ {]Xo-£-Isf sISp-¯n-

¡-f-bp-¶-Xp-sIm--mImw C§s\ kw`-hn-bv¡p-¶-Xv.

5.3.1.14.B\-µ-¡p-«³

HmW-¡m-es¯ Xfbpw hf-bp-a-Wn-ªv, apä¯p Ifn-bv¡p¶ D®n-¡r-jvW-\mbn,

B\-µ-kz-cq-]-\m-bn-þ-k-¨n-Zm-\-µ-¯nse B\-µ-am-WnXv þ Iev]n-bv¡p¶ Ihn-X.

""XpÅp-¶n-Xm-Ëm-Zm-a-¼n hncn-bp¶p

Xp¼¸q¸p©n-cn - sN-©p- - nÂ

]q´p-In NmÀ¯p¶p N{µmÀ¡À, Xr¡-¿mÂ

]q¡-fm¯oÀs¯m-cn-s¸m³sa¿nÂ

N´w hnX-dp¶ hn- -e-s¸m-bvI-X³

sN´m-cp-s]ä InSm-hn-s\-t¸mÂ

Nn§- n³ ]qa-c-s¡m-¼¯p Xq¡nb

s]m³IXn-cq-ªm-em-Sp¶p!

X¦-¯-cn-hf\mZ-ap-b-cp¶p

In§n-Wn-sbm¶p Inep-§p-¶q,

tXs\men¸m«p-ambv s]m-t¶m-W-hn-Ãpamþ

bm\-µ-¡p-«³ Ifn-bv¡p-¶p...'92

Cu Ihn-X-bnse Nne k¦-ev]-§Ä, "HmW-¡mgvN' bnte-Xn\p kam-\-am-Wv. {][m-

\-s¸« kmZr-iy-§Ä NphsSt¨À¡p¶p:

a. Nn§-amkw ap -Xn-X-fpÅ Hcp ]qhmWv:

"" BZn-Xy-a-WvUeIÀ®n-Imcw NqSnþ

bmI{atim`-ap-W˦oSpw

ap¸-Xn-X-fpÅ s]m-¶p-Nn-§-¯nsâ

bÛpXkuc-`-s¨-´m-cnÂ...'' 93

243

""H¸-a-gIp hncn-ªp-s]m´pw

ap¸-Xn-X-fpÅ Nn§-¸q-hnÂ

X¯n-¸-d¶p Ifn¨p \osf

Nn{X-i-e-`-am-tam-W-¡m-ew.''94

b. HmW-¡m-e- n\v D®n-¡r-jvW-t\mSpw k¨n-Zm-\-µ-t¯m-SpapÅ kmZriyw:

""hm\¯p ]mdn-\-S-¡p¶ tZh-Iþ

fm\-µ-¡p-« -s\-¡-s -¯o

ZnMvapJw tXmdpw shfn¨w sXfn-bv¡pam

Znhym-\p-`q -Xn -sb-¡-s-¯n

...........................................................

X¦-¯-cn-hf \mZ-ap-b-cp¶q

In§n-Wn-sbm¶p Inep-§p¶q

................................................................

hn«p-s]m-t¶m-S-¡p-g-ep-aqXn

t]mcn-I, t]mcn-sI-¶m-\µss]X-te...''95

"" Imen Nne-¼n«p In§n-Wnbpw

]oenbpw NmÀ¯n apc-fn-bqXn

I®n-W-bv¡m-\-µ-sh® \evIn

h¶p-t]mbv h¶p-t]mbv Nn§-am-kw.

B\µkXy-hn-Úm\]qÀ®þ

amß-{]-kmZ apc-fn-bqXn

]mh\im´n-]-c-¯n-s¸m´o

{imhWkpµckp{]-`mXw'' 92

c. Zmcn-{Zys¯ kar-²n-bm-¡p-I-bmWv HmWw; {]tXy-In¨v Gg-I-fpsS IpSn-ep-I-sf.

""]qam-Xn³ hÃ`Xr¡¬ap-\-sbm¶p

]q- - Ip-tNeKrlw -t]mse

\o h¶p ]q¦-g sh¨p -I-fn-bv¡p-t¼mÄ

]mgv¡p-Sn sIm-«m-c-am-btÃm'' 97

""Zmcn-{Zy-apÅ sNSn-IÄs¡Ãmw

hmcn-s¡m-Sp¯p \S-¶n-tXmWw

hoWp-In-S¡pw IpSn-en-seÃmw

\qWp IS¶p Ib-dn-tbmWw-''98

C§-s\-sbms¡bmsW-¦nepw "HmW-¡mgvN' bn \n¶p hyXy-kvX-am-bn. "B\-µ-

244

¡p-«\n'  HmWs - -\nbv¡v F¯n- n-Sn-bv¡m-\m-hp-¶nà Fs¶mcp tXm¶Â Ihn-

bn hf-cp-¶Xp ImWmw:

""tXSn-b-eªp Rm³, ssI¡p-¼nÄ ImWn-bvs¡þ

tbmSn-sbm-fn-bv¡p-h-sXt´ \o?”99

HmW-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Ihn-bv¡pÅ hyXy-kvX-amb Bi-b-§-fmWv Cu hn`m-K-

¯nÂs¸« Ihn-X-I-fn hni-I-e\w sN¿m³ {ian- -Xv. HmW-s -¡p-dn¨v X\-Xmb

Hcp k¦ev]w apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p-Itbm \ne-hn-epÅ k¦-ev]s¯ \ymbo-I-cn-bv¡p-Itbm

sN¿p -¶p - v Cu cN-\-I-sf-Ãmw.

5.3.2. HmW- nsâ ]Ým- -e- n ka-Im-enIkw -h-§Ä, Ah-Ø-IÄ, hyày-

\p- -h-§Ä F¶nh Bhn-jv¡-cn-bv¡p¶ Ihn-X-IÄ

ka-Im-enIamb Hc-h-Ø-tbtbm sshb-àn-I-amb Hc-\p- -h-t¯tbm Bhn-jv¡-

cn-bv¡p-t¼mÄ AXnsâ ]Ým- -etam kml-N-cytam Bbn HmWw {]Xy-£-s -Sp¶

Ihn-X-I-fmWv Cu hn`m-K-¯n DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. A²ym-bm-cw-`-¯n kqNn-¸n-¨-

t]mse Chsb ho-pw c-p hn`m-K-§-fm-¡n-¯n-cn-bv¡p-¶p.

5.3.2.1. ka-Im-enIkw`-h-§Ä/Ah-Ø-IÄ ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-h

aäp -]-cm-arjvSIhn-I-fn \n¶p hyXy-kvX-ambn ka-Im-enIkw -h-§sf t\cn«p

]cm-aÀin-bv¡p¶ HmW-¡-hn-X-IÄ ]n.-Ip-ªn-cm-a³\mb-cn Ipd-hm-Wv. Nne BZy-

ImecN-\-I-fn kzmX-{´y-k-acNn{X-hpw, {]Xo-£-Ifpw ImWm-\m-Ip-sa-¦nepw ]nev¡m-

e-c-N-\-I-fn ka-Im-enIAh-Ø-I-tfm-Sp-ff hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-amb hntbm-Pn- mWv {]I-

S-am-Ip-¶-Xv.

5.3.2.1.1. HmW- m«v

""1930 Ime-§-fnÂ, KmÔnPnbpsS \nÀ½mW{]hÀ -\-§-fpsS `mK-ambn kz´w

{Kma-¯n tdmUp-sh-«pI apX-emb kmaq-ly-tk-h\{]hÀ¯-\-§-fn GÀs¸-«n-cp-

¶-Im-e¯v A¯cw Iq«p {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v ssNX\yw ]I-cm-\mbn ]n.- Hcp]mSp

Ihn-X-IÄ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-¶-h-t{X. F¶m Ah-sbÃmw \jvS-s¸-«p-t]m-sb¶v Ihn

tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p- - v. Ah-bn ]n¶oSv I-p-In-«nb Hcp KoX-amWv HmW-¸m-«v.''100

F¶m ]nev¡me Ihn-X-I-fn ImWp¶ Nn§-¸q-¯n-cp-thm-W-¯nsâ BtLm-j-

§-tfm, alm-_en k¦-ev]tam H¶pw CXn ImWm-\m-hn-Ã. adn- v, kzmX{´yhocy-

hpw, KmÔn-b³BZÀi-§-fp-amWv sXfn-bp-¶-Xv.

""Nmte hs¶¯pIbmbtÃm `mKy- mÂ

\mtfbv¡p ]p¯-s\m-tcm-W-¡mew

At¶bv¡p apt¼m«p sN¶-Xn-tc-ev¡-\mþ

aÊ-a-Xz-s¯,bm kzmX-{´ys¯

]mcn hnÃmfn-bm-bp-sÅm-cm-k-Xys¯

245

s]mbvt¸mb \½ÄX³ Pohn-Xs¯'' 101

HmW- n\p ap¼v ]Sn-hm-Xn¡ \n¶pw ho«p-ap-ä-t¯mfw sN¯n-t¡mcn hr¯n-

bm-¡m-dp--v. AXp-t]m-se, Chn-sS, kzmX-{´y-¯n-sâbpw ka-Xz-¯n-sâbpw HmWs¯

kzmKXw sN¿m-\m-Wv Ihn Blzm\w sN¿p-¶Xv. Ihnsb kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw

HmWw, k¼qÀ®-amb kzmX-{´y-hpw, kXy-hpw, ka-Xz-hp-am-Wv. AtX-k-a-bw, AXv

tIc-f- nsâ DZm- -amb `qX-Im-e-am-bn-cp¶p F¶pw Ihn hniz-kn-bv¡p-¶p. "s]m-

bvt¸mb s]m-t¶mWw' F¶ Cu k¦ev]w ]nev¡m-e¯pw ià-ambn Ihn-bn \ne-

\-nev¡p-¶Xp ImWmw.

ka-c-ho-cy-apÅ bphm-¡-sf-bmWv Cu Ihn-X-bn ]n.-A- n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿p-¶-

Xv. Ihn-X-bpsS XpS-¡- n ImWp¶ HmW- n{X-§Ä Ah-km-\-am-Ip-t¼m-tgbv¡v

]qÀ®-ambpw kzmX-{´y-hm-RvO-bm ]I-cw-sh-bv¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

""D¶n-{Z-X-bmset·\n-bn-e-§n-§pþ

h¶- N-S- p-Xm-s\³ `qjWw

ssZ\y- n³ Imep Xtem-Sn- -tem-Sn-bnþ

«p-m -a-i-àn-bm-sWsâ iàn

XmWp-In-S-t¸m-sc-bp-²-c-¨o-Sm-\mbv

Xmgp¶ Xmg-em-sW-¶p-bÀ¨

..............................................................

thhp¶ \mSnsâ Xo sISp- o-Sp-hm³

Nmhp¶ Nmh-em-sW³ PohnXw

t\cmw ^e-¯n-¶p-bÀ¶p-t]m-t¼mÄ h¶pþ

tNcp¶ _Ô-\-sasâ tam£w''102

F¶n-§s\ hmNm-e-am-Ip¶ Ihn-X-bnÂ, ]nev¡m-e-c-N-\-I-fn ImWp¶ i¿m-Kp-W-

tam, at\m-lc Iev]-\-Itfm Ipd-hm-sW¶p IqSn ]d-tb--n-bn-cn-bv¡p-¶p.

5.3.2.1.2. ae-\m-Snsâ alm-k-tµiw

tIc-f-am-Ip¶ \mSv, tKm{io-ap-J¯p hn{i-an-bv¡p-¶, lqW-\m-Snsâ {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-

b, I -en-tebv¡v hoin-sb-dn-bp¶ ktµ-i- nsâ a«n \n_-Ôn¨ Ihn-X. HmW-am-

Wv, Cu \mSp-ap-t¶m-«p-h-bv¡p¶ alm-k-tµ-iw. ]mÝm-Xy-tem-I- nsâ ( {]tXy-In¨v

lqW-·m-cp-sS) KÀÆpw AhÀ `mc-Xo-b-tcmSp sNbvX {Iqc-X-Ifpw F®n-sb®n¸d-

ª-ti-jw, Ihn ]d-bp¶p:

""GSp-a-dn-s¨m¶p t\m¡p-I, ho«n-bmÂ

hoSm¯Xo \mSp-X-¶Xmw h³ISw''103

Cu Bß-t_m-[-am-Wv, Ihn-Xsb {]Im-i-am-\-am-¡p-¶-Xv. `mc-Xob kwkv¡m-c-

s -bmWv lqW³·mÀ \in- n- -sX-¶pw, AXv s]m-dp-¡m-\m-Im- -Xm-sW¶pw Ihn

246

]d -bp -¶p - - v .

"" DÕhw tLmjn-s¨m-c-¼-e-ap-ä-anþ

¶p{K-hn-tZ-iob aZy-im-em-¦Ww!

_Ô-\m-Km-cm-¯n-tem-W-am-tLm-jn¸q

k´-X-ip-²n-bm im´-cm-an-Ö\w

.........................................................................

HmÀ¡pI temIw `cn- Xp \n¶psS

tXm¡-ÃpZnbv¡p-a-l-kvIcaWvUew

...........................................................................

ip²-am-ssa-izc kÀ¤XSn-\n-bnÂ

kzmÀ°ZpÀt½mlhnjw- I-e-¡mbvI \o''104

hntZ-io-bÀ `mc-X-t¯mSp sNbvX A{I-a-§Ä Ihn-bpsS a\-Ên Xocm-ap-dn- m-Sp-

- m -¡ n -b n - « p - - v . Cu Ihn-Xbv¡p tijw aq¶p]Xn-\q-äm-t-mfw Ignªp cNn¨ "tLmj-

bm-{X-' bn-epw,

"" ]mbv¡- -tem-«n- nc apdn¨p

]q´p-d-t¡m« XIÀ¯p-tIdn

hnZy-X³ t]cn-e-hn-Zy-bmte

AssZzX`qhn³ a\-Êp-amän

]mh\kwkv¡m-c-c-à-tamSpw

Poh-kn-c-I-fn I¯n-sh¨p

tIkcnhoc-sc- izm-¡-fm¡n

Zmky- n³ Iqen- -S-I-fm-¡n...''105

amänb Nn{Xw thZ-\m-]qÀÆw Ihn hc-¨n-Sp-¶p-- v.

]pXnbhÀjw apXÂ, ASn-a- - nsâ sI«p-]m-Sp-I-sfm¶pw `mcXw s]m-dp-¡-I-

bn-söpw C´ybv¡v ]qÀ®-kzm-X{´yw \evIn X§Ä sNbvXp Iq«nb sXäp-I-fnÂ

\n¶v kzbw apà-cm-I-W-sa¶pw BwKekm{am-Pys¯ DZvt_m-[n-¨p-sIm--mWv IhnX

kam-]n-bv¡p-¶-Xv.

""Hs¡-bpw-t]m--s«, ]g-b-I-W-¡p-IÄ

t\m¡- sIm-Ã-¸n-d¸p apX¡n\n

]mÀ¯p-I-t-m-f-sa³ sIm¨p InSm-§Ä¡p

km²y-a-Ão-bn-S-]mSp XpS-cp-hm³!

.....................................................................

CÃnhÀ¡mi; ]cn-]qÀ® _Ô-\þ

¡Ã-d-hm-Xn Xpd-¶p-sImSp¯pS³

247

t\SWw \oXn-knw-lmk\ aqe-¯nþ

emwt¥-b-cmPy;aXn³ im]-tam-N\w'' 106

(I-hn-X-bpsS Imew IrXy-ambn Adn-bnÃ; 1946 \p ap¼v F¶-Ãm-sX. F¶mepw an¡-

hmdpw Cw¥--v, ae-\m-Snsâ alm-k-tµiw kzoI-cn¨v Hcp hÀj-¯n-\p-Ån C´y

kzX-{´-bm-bn -«p - -mIphm³ CS-bp - v .)

5.3.2.1.3. \n³tXm-¸n ]q¡-fpt-m

{]Ir-Xn-bnse kÀÆNcm-N-c-§fpw HmWs¯ AXnsâ icn-bmb AÀ°-¯nÂ

a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. a\p-jy³ am{Xw Adn-bp-¶nà F¶ k¦ev]w ]¦p-h-bv¡p¶ Ihn-

X. `c-W-Iq-Sw, A[n-Im-cw, kzmX{´yw XpS-§n-b-h-bp-ambn HmWs¯ _Ôn- n-bv¡m-

\pw, ka-Im-en-I-Øn-Xnsb hnaÀin-bv¡m-\p-amWv Ihn {ian-bv¡p-¶-Xv. Imev]-\n-I-X-

bpsS {][m\ap{Z-I-fn-sem-¶mWv, hÀ -am\/\Kc/Ir{Xna Pohn-X-t¯bpw AXnsâ

sshcq-]y-t¯bpw \nc-kn- v, `qX-Ime/{Kma \njv¡-f¦Pohn-Xs¯ ]Icw hbv¡pI

F¶-Xv. Cu IhnX AXmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.

`qanbv¡v shfn- - nsâ ]q¼-«p -NmÀ¯p¶ ]pe-cn-bnÂ, BIm-i-¡-S¡-c-bnÂ

tXmWn-I-fn-bv¡p¶ HmW-¡n-fn-IÄ, {]]-©-am-Ip¶ X§-fpsS `c-W-Iq-S-s - än¸mSn:

D-mb Imew apXÂ C¶p-hsc Du\w IqSmsX `qan `cn-bv¡p¶ kqcy³, Xsâ

k´m-\-§Ä¡v A£bJ\n-bm-Ip¶ hkp-Ô-c, ImcpWyap¯p-IÄ hÀjn-bv¡p¶

taL-§Ä, FÃm-bn-S¯pw "{]mW-a-cp¯p'amsb- p¶ Imäv, tKmf-k-l-{k-§sf amd-

¯p-d-¡p¶ BIm-iw, BIm-i¯p \n¶-§n-h¶v \nÊm-c-cmb A¸-IÄ¡p IqSn

Xqshmfn \evIp¶ N{µ-In-c-W-§Ä XpS§n FÃm-h-cpw,

""\oXn-X³ [À½-`-c-W-Iq-S-¯nse

thX\w ]äm¯ t\mXm-¡-·mÀ

X{ -§Ä ssIhn«p \nÀ½-e-Xym-K- n³

a{´-ap-]m-knbv¡pw t\Xm-¡-·mÀ''107

BWv. cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS D]-tZ-i-I-cmbn Ejn-am-cp--m-bn-cp¶ ]g-b-Im-e-s¯-¡qSn CXv

HmÀ½n- n-bv¡p-¶p.F¶mÂ, ]pXnb aÀ¯y-tem-I- n-em-I-s«,

""Ima- n³ h«- o-¡®p Ie-§nbpw

hymtam-l-t¸-hnjw I¡n-s¡m-pw

tem`-¯p-Sp-\m-¡n-f-¡nbpw Zmcn{Zyþ

em`-¯n³ t\«-§-sf-®n-s¡m-pw

aÀ¯y³ Nabv¡pw `c-W-Iq-S-§fo

a¶p- \-c-I-ambv amdp-I-bmw.''108

CtX Imcyw Xs¶, aäp ]e coXn-bn BhÀ¯n-bv¡p-I-bm-Wv, Ipªn-¶nc

\evInt¸män hmgp¶ ]d-h-I-fpw, Xma-c- q-¡fpw A¼-e- q-¡-fpw, ap¡p-änbpw Xp¼-

bpw, aªp-Xp-Ån-bpw, s]m³Xmchpw t\{ -hm-g-Ifpw ]qt©m-e-bpw, IS-epw,

248

tNdm- ]mS-§-fpw, kzÀ®-¸p-gbpw taL-§-fpw, s]m³Ipe \o«nb tNmfhpw

Ipªnfw ]p¨mÀ¯pw hn¯p-Ifpw ie- hpw hmgbpw Im¡-bpw, ]qt¦m-gnbpw

A´n-ta-Lhpw aäpw aäpw. CsXÃmw I-pw tI«pw Adnª Ihn a\p-jy-tcmSv

tNmZn-bv¡p-¶p.

“t{]aw Ncm-Nc t{]aw A`w-Kp-cw

.............................................................................

A£bt{]a-¯n³ ss]w]m¡p-S-hp-amþ

bssZzXkXy-¯n³ Km\-hp-ambv

\nXy-\nÀÆmW{]Imihe-b-¯nÂ

\n³ ap¶n-se- nb s]mt¶mWs¯

BXpcaÀXylrZ-bta \ocm-Snþ

¸qPn-bv¡m³ \n³tXm-¸n ]q¡-fpt-m? ''109

a\p-jy-tcm-S-Ã, AhÀ krjvSn-bv¡p¶ A[n-Im-c-t¯mSpw `cWIqS\riw-k-X-I-tfm-Sp-

amWv ChnsS Ihnbv¡v hntbm-Pn-¸v. kzmX-{´y-]qÀÆ-Im-e¯v I- `c-W-IqSk¦-ev]-

§Ä XI-cp-¶-Xn-epÅ {]bm-k-am-Wn-hnsS {]I-S-am-Ip-¶-Xv. DÅq-cnsâ ‘t{]a-kw-Ko-

X'- nse kvt\l-k-¦-ev]-hp-ambn Cu `mK-¯n-\pÅ kmZriyw FSp¯p ]d-tb-- -

Xm-Wv. ]n. -A-Xns\ HmW-hp-ambn _Ôn- n-bv¡p¶p F¶-XmWv {][m-\w.

A[n-Im-cw, aäp-Å-hsc Iog-S-¡mt\m NqjWw sN¿mt\m DÅ D]m-[n-b-söv

Ihn hniz-kn-bv¡p-¶p.

""tX\p-Å-sXÃmapdp-¼n-\p-\-evIn-sbmþ

tcmWae-cp-samgnªn-tXhw

]q¡sf ]q¡Ä `cnbv¡pw `c-W-anþ

s¨mÂs¡m- ]pjv]-cm-Py-¯n-enÃ

the-sb-Sp-t¯mÀX³ thÀ¸q \ocm-gn-bnÂ

Xqap¯p tXSp-¶-h-cp-an-Ã.''110

HmWw AXnsâ icn-bmb AÀ°- n ]pe-cp-t¼mÄ,

""t`Z-a-ä¶p ]pe-cp-sam¸w

\oXn-bn¯m-chpw a¬X-cnbpw

I·-XnÂs¡«p Xpdp-¦dIÄ

]«mf\o¡-§-f-kvX-anbv¡pw

aÀ¯ys\ aÀ¯y³ \S-¶p-ta-bv¡pw,

em¯n-IÄ tXm¡p-IÄ t]mbv adbpw

Ba§Ä ]q«p-IÄ Xmt¡m-ep-IÄ

Bgn-¡n-S-§n-se-Sp¯p NmSpw...''111

249

F¶- bm-YmÀ°yw Ihn a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. CXp-X-s¶-bm-Wv, ]q¡fpw ]pg-bpw, BIm-

ihpw {]Ir-Xn-apgp-h\pw a\p-jys\ ]Tn- n-bv¡m³ {ian-bv¡p-¶Xv. `u-Xn-I-amb kz¯p-

k-¼m-Z-\-¯nse \ncÀ°-IX IqSn ChnsS kqNn-X-am-Ip-¶p. asäm-cp-X-c-¯n ]d-

ªmÂ, ka-Im-enI`c-W-IqShyh-Ø-tbmSv hntbm-Pn-¨p-sIm-v, bYmÀ°`c-W-s¯-

¡p-dn-¨pÅ Xsâ k¦-ev]-§Ä {]Ir-Xn-{]-Xo-I-§-fn-eqsS Ihn hyà-am-¡p-I-bmWv

Cu Ihn-X-bnÂ.

5.3.2.1.4. ]pÃp-am-S- nsâ ]m«v

IÀ¡-SI¡mfn-¡m-hnsâ \S-IÄ Xpd¶v s]m-t¶mWw h¶n-«nÃ. F¦nepw Ihn,

{]Xo-£m-]qÀÆw, Nn§-¸p-e-cn-bv¡mbn ]oT-sam-cp¡n¡m¯n-cn-bv¡p-I-bm-Wv.

""Iqcn-cp-fm-Wo-b-d-I-fn-seÃmw

IpSn-]mÀ¡p-¶n-t¸mÄ

tIdn-hcq \o hoSn-\-I-t¯þ

bvt¡mW-s¸m³shbnte!''112

Cu Ccp-«v, IÀ¡-S-I- n-tâ-Xp-am-{X-aÃ; Pohn-X-]m-cp-jy-§-fp-tSXp IqSn-bm-Wv. HmW-

¯n\v AXns\ AXn-Po-hn-bv¡m-\pÅ Ign-hp-s-¶ hnizmkw Ihn-bn BhÀ¯n-

bv¡p-¶Xp ImWmw.

""HmW,ancp-«-d-tXmdpw s]m³hnf¡p sXfn-bn-¡pþ

tamWw h¶p...''113

]t£, F§-s\-sbÃmw kzmKXw sNbvXn«pw HmWw hcp-¶n-söv Ihn ImWp-¶p.

Imc-Ww, kzmX{´yw t\Sn \mSp hnI-kn-bv¡p-¶Xv \·-bn-te-bv¡-Ã.

"" F§pw kzmX-t{´ym-Z-b-ambo!

aÀ¯ysc aÀ¯y-·mÀ

Xn¶\p\nanjw hnI-kn-bv¡p¶q

in_n-bpsS \mSn-t¸mÄ

AShpw XShpw IqSn- e-]e

t`Z-hn-Nm-c-¯n³þ

s¡mSn \m«p-I-bm-W-ssZz-Zs¯

s¸sämcp \mSn-t¸mÄ''.114

‘\c-_-en’, ‘aq¯m-im-cn-tbm-Sv ’, ‘amXr-N-c-W-§-fnÂ’, ‘Kma-bpsS I¸Â’, ‘sa¡m-

sf-bpsS aIÄ’, ‘KmÔn-{Km-aw, AsX-hnsS’ XpS-§nb Ihn-X-Ifnset¸mse {]I-S-amb

cmjv{So-b-hn-h-£-I-fn-sÃ-¦nepw Cu Ihn-X-bn-epw, `c-W-\nÀÆ-l-W-t¯mSpw \h-\m-K-

cn-I-X-tbm-Sp-apÅ hntbm-Pn-¸p-IÄ ImWmw. kzmX-{´y-e-_v[nbv¡p ap¼p--m-bp-cp¶

{]Xo-£-IÄ XI-cp-I-bpw, ]pXnb amXr-I-IÄ Is--Sp-¡m³ km[n-bv¡msX hcn-Ibpw

sN¿p-t¼mÄ, Ihn, HmW-¯n-eqsS Hcp hos--Sp¸p \S-¯m³ {ian-bv¡p-¶p. AXv

250

Gähpw \nÊ-lm-b-sc-t¸mepw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-Xpw, A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ then-s¡-«p-IÄ

XIÀ¯v a\pjysc H¶n- n-bv¡p-¶-Xp-am-Wv.

"" Ic-fpcpIpt¶mÀ¡arXp hnf-¼mþ

s\¶o a®n hcpw

I\n-hn IXn-cn³Xp¼n \ne-mshmfn

tImÀ¡pw s]m-t¶mWw?

ambnI\nb-a-s¡-«n³ then-IÄ

ambv¡pw s]m-t¶mWw

am\p-j-scm-¶mbv¡c-fn-³ ]qt´³

\pIcpw s]m-t¶mWw''115

5.3.2.1.5. HmW- p-ecn ]mSp¶p

]n.-bpsS HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fn ]e-t¸mgpw {]Xo-£-bp-tSbpw ]pXnb XpS-¡- n-sâbpw

{]Xo-I-ambn HmW-¸p-ecn IS-¶p-h-cm-dp- - v.

"" a§n-¡n-S¶ ae-s©-cn-hnÂ

Nn§-¸p-ecns¸m-Sn¸p I-p''116

"" Nn§-¸p-ecn Ipfn-¨p-h¶q

Nµ-\-s¨¸p Xpd-¶p-sh¨p''117

"" hoÀ¸nSpw ]peÀIm-än ap¡p-än-bp-W-cpt¼mþ

tfmÀ¸p Rm\n¶m kzÀ®w sI«n¨ ]pe-cnsb''118

"" I«n-bn-cp-s¼mcp cmkm¯¦- -In-SmIpw t]mse

]q©nd ]qs¡mcp I\yI ap§n-s¸m§n hcpw-t]mse

I®oÀ¡-S-en \ns¶mcp ]p©ncn Ic-b-Wbpw t]mse

h¶nXp Ip¶n³ sNcn-hn Nn§- p-e-cn- q¬t] \o''119

""A¼n shfn-¨-a-h-\nbv¡p NmÀ¯p-hm³

]q¼«p s\¿pw ]pe-cn-bn-¦Â...''120

""]q¡q-S-bp-ambv £Wn-bv¡msX hs¶¯n

]q¡fw XoÀ¡p-hm³ Nn§- p-e-cn-IÄ''120

Cu Ihn-X-bn ]t£, HmW- p-ecn Hcp km¶n²yw am{X-ambn HXp-§p-I-bm-Wv.

`mc-X- nsâ sam¯w ]Ým- -e- n \nÊ-lm-b-cm-Ip¶ a\p-jycpw Ah-cpsS Zpcn-

X-§-fpw, Ah-c-\p- -hn-bv¡p¶ Nqj-W-§-fp-amWv {]ta-bw. KwKm-Xo-c- nÂ, B{i-a-

hm-S- n s\m´p hnfn-bv¡p¶ Hcp ap\n-t[-\p-hns\ {]Xo-I-am-¡n-bmWv BJym\w:

""Nm« Npgän¸m{X-hp-am-bnþ

¡d-h-¡m-c³ \nev]q

251

IqÀs¯mcp t\m«w ta\n-bn-emgv¯nþ

¨oäpw Id-h-¡m-c³

Imep-sI«n¨oÀ¡pw \m·pe

sR¡n-¸n-gn-bp¶p

ss]¼m-set§m adªq ape-bnÂ

tNmc-¯pÅn s]m-Snªp

]m¡pSw lm hni-¶p-tIgpw

ss]¡n-Sm-hn-¶-h-Imiw

aqI-tIm-Snsb amän-\nÀ¯n

\o Ih-cp¶q ss]w]mÂ

Nm«-b-Sn-X³ ]mSp-I-ftÃm

]¿n-t\Ipw Xoä...''122

\nÊ-lm-b-cmb a\p-jy-cpsSta A[n-Im-cn-hÀ¤w \S-¯p¶ NqjWw hÀ®n-

bv¡p-t¼mÄ ]ip-hns\ {]Xo-I-am-¡p¶ coXn aäp Nne HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fnepw ImWmw.

`qan F¶ t[\p-hns\ a\p-jy³ NqjWw sN¿p-I-bmWv F¶ Nn -bp-ambn CXns\

_Ôn-¸n-bv¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

""s]ä Id-h-¸-ip-hn¶p

apäpw hne-t]in \nev¡-bt{X

Ip«nbv¡p sNäp-\-evImsX ss]¼mÂ

tNmÀ¯n-sb-Sp¯p ]mgv¨-½-«n-bmÂ

Xoä-IÄ \evIn hen-bv¡-bt{X

apäpw Iim¸p IS-bnÂt¡-äm³...''123

""ss]¡n-Sm-hn\p \evImsX

aq¶p-t\-c-hp-a-Ãnepw

sNt©mc tNmÀ¡nepw ho-pw

Npc¯pw t[\p-t]m-eth

...............................................

Id-h-¡m-c-\-In-Spþ

tNmÀ¯n hml-\-ta-dth

]mÂ\pW-bv¡m-¡n-Sm-hmbn

acn¨p {KmaPohnXw! ''124

C¯cw Nqj-W-§-tfm-SpÅ {]Xn-tcm-[-am-bn-«mWv alm-_-en-bpsS iwJ-\m-Zhpw Nn§-

¸p-e-cn-bpsS ]m«pw Cu Ihn-X-bn {]Xy-£-s -Sp-¶-Xv.

"" hnSpI InSmshþ¡Â¸n-bv¡p¶p

am_en iwJ-[zm\w

252

kzmÀ°-X-atÊ amdpIþ]mSo

s]m-t¶m-W-¸p-ecn''125

HmWs¯ ap³\nÀ¯n ka-Im-en-Im-h-Ø-I-tfmSv Ihn tbmPn-bv¡p-I-tbm, hntbm-

Pn-bv¡p-Itbm sN¿p¶ Ihn-X-I-fmWv Cu hn`m-K- n DÄs -Sp- n-b-Xv. X\n Imev]-

\nIIhn F¶ \ne-bnÂ, C¯cw ka-Im-en-I-X-I-tfmSv ]n.-Ip-d¨p am{Xta {]Xn-I-cn-

bv¡p-¶p-Åq. AtX ka-bw, Xsâ Npäp-apÅ bmYmÀ°y-§sf Xosc ImWmsX

t]mIp¶ ]Xnhpw ]n.-bv¡nà F¶v Cu Ihn-X-IÄ km£y-s -Sp- p-¶p. ]n.-I-hn-X-

I-fpsS s]mXpkz`mhw Xs¶-bm-Wn-Xv. C¯cw kµÀ -§-fn At±-l- nsâ {]Xn-

I-c-W-§Ä, hkvXp-\njvTw F¶-Xn-ep-]cn {]Xo-Xn-\n-jvT-amWv F¶pw ImWm³ km[n-

bv¡pw.

5.3.2.2. hyày-\p- -h-§Ä ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ Ihn-X-IÄ

kz´tam asämcmfp-tStXm Bb A\p-`-h-§Ä, HmW-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ

BJym\w sN¿p¶ Ihn-X-I-fmWv Cu hn`m-K- n DÄs -Sp- n-bn-cn-bv¡p-¶-Xv. Ch-

bn `qcn- m-Khpw Ihn-bpsS A\p- -h-§Ä Xs¶-bm-Wv. Nne Ihn-X-I-fn hÅ-am-

bpw, ss]¦n-fn-bmbpw Im«p-ap-Ã-bmbpw Hs¡ Ihn Xs¶ k¦-ev]n-bv¡p-¶Xp ImWmw.

‘IS-ense In\m-hv’, ‘HmW-\n-em-hnÂ’, ‘I®o-cnsâ I v’, ‘Ccp-«nsâ ]p©n-cn,’ ‘D{Xm-

S-¯n³ \mÄ’, XpS§n Nne Ihn-X-IÄ {]I-S-ambpw aäp Nne-cpsS A\p-`-h-§sf

ap³\nÀ¯n cNn-¨-h-bm-Wv.

5.3.2.2.1. HmW-\n-em-hnÂ

Nn¶-½mfp F¶ hÅp-h-\m-S³ {Kmao-W-bp-h-Xn-bpsS IZ-\-IY BJym\w sN¿p¶

Ihn-X. hnhm-l-ti-j-apÅ c-m-as¯ HmW-¡m-e-¯v, AhÄ `À¯m-hns\ Im¯n-cn-

¡p-¶-Xpw, P_¸q-cn ]«m-f-ta-[m-hn-bmb AbmÄ Xs¶ Dt]-£n-¨-Xmbn ]qcm-S-

¯n³ \mÄ AhÄ¡p hnhcw e`n-bv¡p-¶Xpw Ah-fpsS In\m-hp-I-sfms¡ XI-cp-¶-

Xp-amWv {]ta-bw. ChnsS Ihn, "c-mw ]q¯n-cp-thmWw' F¶p {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-XnÂ

A\u-NnXyap - v . ]q¯n--cphm-Xn-c- F¶ÃmsX ]q¯n-cp-thm-Ww F¶p {]tbm-Kn-bv¡pI

]Xn-hn-Ã. hmZ-¯n\p th-n, AXp Ihn-bpsS kzmX-{´y-amWv F¶p k½-Xn-

¨mÂt¸mepw, "c-mw ]q¯n-cp-thmWw' F¶ {]tbmKw ¢njvS-amWv F¶p ]d-bmsX

h¿. F¶mepw `ÀXr-\jvShmÀ -b-dn-bp-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼pÅ Nn¶-½m-fp-hnsâ ImgvN-I-

fn-eqsS HmW- nsâ kpµ-c-Nn-{X-§Ä hc- p-h-bv¡m³ Ihn ad-¡p-¶n-Ã.

""]qhn« Krl-§Ä X³

apä¯p InSm-§ÄX³

]qP-ssI-s¡m-Å-m³ s]m¶pþ

amtX-h-sc-gp-¶Åo

hnkvar-Xn-¯nc \o§n

253

apg§o Krlw tXmdpw

hnÃp-sIm-«epw \ev]qþ

hnfn-bp-tam-W-¸m-«pw...'' 126

]n.bv¡v kar-²n-bp-tSbpw sFiz-cy- n-sâbpw \·-bp-tSbpw {]Xo-I-amWv t\{ -

hm-g-bpw,-t\-{´-¡p-e-bpw.

""]mSs¯ s\Sp-t\-{´þ

bWnªq X¦- men

]mgv¸-d-¼n-\p-a-t¸mÄ

I- -I -È\n XoÀ¶p''127

C¯cw Nn{X-§Ä aäv HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fnepw ImWmw. Nne DZm-l-c-W-§Ä:

""Xqa-I-e-Às¶mcp X-n -em-¡nþ

¯q¡nb amd-Wn-s¸m³]-X¡w

]«nWn¸mgvs¡-Wn-¡q-«nÂs¸«p

ap«nb Iq«À¡-gn¨p \evIn

A¼pä PohnXXymK[À½þ

k¼¯p t\Sn-t¸mbv t\{´-hmg''128

""Aen-thdpw P\-\n-X³ Igp-¯n¸p-WÀ¶p-Xq-§nþ

¡fn-bv¡p¶ s\Sp-t\-{´-¡p-e-b-Wnbpw'' 129

""DÅ-sX-ÃmÀ¡pw

sImSp-¡p--sI¶

hr£-]-c-¼-cmþ

Zm\-ioew

H«pw-Ip-d-bmsX

\nÀÆ-ln¨q

IjvS-§-tf-sdþ

Êln-¨-hmg''130

""t\{ -IÄ aÀ½-cm-tem-Xn, bo a®nse

kzÀ®-§Ä R§Ä Inf-s -Sp¯p

kuP\yw ssIh-¶-Xn¶pw hne-t]in

am[pcn Ibv¸m¡n amän aÀXy³''131

Htc- k-abw Nn¶-½mfp-hnsâ ZpxJhpw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kuµ-cyhpw hmb-\-¡msc

A\p- -h-s -Sp- p¶ Ihn-X-bmWv ""HmW-\n-em-hnÂ''. F¶mÂ, Chn-Sps¯ kpµ-c-Nn-

{X-§Ä¡v, A\u-Nn-Xy-¯nsâ emRvO-\-bp--v. D{Xm-S-¯n³\mtf ZpxJ-hmÀ¯-b-S-

§nb I¯v Nn¶-½m-fp-hn\v e`n-bv¡p-¶pÅq F¶Xv icn. F¦nepw Ihn-bv¡v, ap³]p-

254

Xs¶ CX-dn-bm-hp-¶-Xn-\mÂ, {]Ir-Xn-bn t\cnb ZpxJ- m-h-sa-¦nepw DÄs¡m-Åp-I-

bm-sW-¦n AXm-bn-cp¶p DNn-Xw.

5.3.2.2.2. ssI¡n-fn-bpsS t]¡n-\mhv

A²ym-]-I-tPm-en-bn-teÀs¸« Xs¶, Ipd-hsâ Iq«n-e-I-s¸« Infn-bmbn Ihn k¦-

ev]n-bv¡p¶ Ihn-X. Ihn-bp-sS-Xs¶ hm¡p-I-fn ]d-ªmÂ, ""ae-bmfw hm²ymÀ

tPmenþ B Ipd-hsâ Iq«n-e-I-s -«v, Ip«n-I-fpsS {]_Ôw t\m¡n Ihn-Xbv¡v a§-

teä Ihn þ D{K-hn-aÀi-I³, F³.-]n.-Zm-tam-Z-c³ ]d-ªp. H¶mw XobXn In«p¶ Acn-

aWn \jvS-s -Sp-t¼mÄ Adnbmw AXnsâ hne þ H¶v aqfn B A`n-{]mbw Nncn- p-

XÅnþ Ihn-X-bpsS hk- -Imew þ B kzÀ®-\n-t£]w \jvS-s -Sp- nb hm²ymÀ

tPmen þ Iq«nÂs¸« Infn-bpsS {]mW-th-Z\ þ B t]¡n-\m-hv. '' 132 ChnsS HmWw

XnI¨pw ]Ým-¯ew am{X-am-Wv. ]t£, HmW-¡m-e-s¯-gp-Xn-b-Xp-sIm-v, (Ihn Xs¶

CXv ]d-bp-¶p- - v .) HmW-¯nsâ Nne Nn{X-§Ä IS¶p hcp¶p F¶ am{Xw.

"temeIp´fw NmÀ¯pw...' XpS-§nb hcn-I-fnÂ, ]n.-bpsS a\-Ênse tIcfw Xs¶-

bmWv {]Xy-£-s -Sp-¶-Xv. F¶m-epw,

""tXmSp-S-ªp-j-Êp-IÄ hncnbpw \oem-Imiw

]mSpI ho-pw ]m«p ]mSp-sI-¶m-a-{´nbvt¡

AÔ-Im-c-¯n³ Iq«n s\m´ptIgp-ao-sb-s¶þ

sb´n\p hnfn¨q \o s]m³Nn-§-]p-eÀ¡mtä?''133

F¶ tNmZy-amWv Ihn-X-bpsS ImXÂ. hgn \osf \S¶p e£Ww ]d-bp¶ Ipd-

hsâ ssI¡q-«nse Infn (C-XmWv tem]n¨v "ssI¡nfn' bmb-Xv) Bbn-cn-bv¡p-¶-

Xnsâ Akz-Ø-X, Ihn-X-bn-epS\ofw ImWmw. HmWw, Xsâ {Kma- n-epw, {]Ir-Xn-bn-

epw, B\µw sIm-p hcp-t¼m-gpw, Xm³, I--h-cpsS "`mhn-Pm-X-I-¡p-dn-sIm¯n' ]mSm-

\m-hmsX hnj-an-bv¡p-¶p. BIm-ihpw ]m«pw \jvS-s¸« Infn-bpsS AaÀjw IeÀ¶

thZ-\-bmWv Cu IhnX hmb-\-¡m-cn-tebv¡v ]I-cp-¶-Xv. aäp-]e HmW-¡-hn-X-I-

fnepw \mS³ Km\-§-fpsS kzX{´coXn ssIs¡m- Ihn, Chn-sS, "tII' bn HXp-

§p-¶-Xv Cu Infn-¡q-Sns\¡qSn hyRvPn-¸n-bv¡p-¶p-s-¶p ]d-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

5.3.2.2. 3. HmW-ÊZy

A©p-h-b-Ên\p Xmsg-bpÅ Ipsd s]¬Ip-«n-IÄ, aWÂtNdn Acn-bm-¡n-bpw,

I¡ iÀ¡-c-bm-¡n-bpw, IÃp-IÄ hdp- p-t -cn-bm-¡nbpw ¹mhne ] -S-am-¡n-bpw, A§-

s\-b-§s\ HmW-Ê-Zy-sbm-cp-¡p-I-bm-Wv. IqsS, "F{X Rm³ ]W-sa-®n-s¡m-Sp- p,

A{X IÃp---cn-bnÂ' XpS§n sIm¨phm-bnÂs¡m-Åm¯ henb hÀ¯-am-\-§-fp-ap-

- v . Cu \njv¡-f-¦X Ihnsb hÃmsX BIÀjn-bv¡p¶p:

""Ir{Xna PohnXw XqIpw-þ-N-fnþ

]än-b-g-Ip-a-§msX

\oc-h-kp-µ-c-tam-tcmþ Znhy

tImcI ]qc-I-saÃmw.''134

255

F¶mÂ, Ihn ]d-bp-¶-{X, \njv¡-f-¦Xzw ChnsS A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. Ihn-Xsb

sam¯¯n Akzm-`m-hn-I-am-¡p-I-bmWv C¯cw ]¿m-c-§Ä. \m«n³ ]pds¯

apXnÀ¶ kv{XoI-fpsS "]¿mcw' Ah-cpsS Iq«- nse ]¿³ þ Rm\pah-cpsS IqtS

\nev]q, tImW-ap-Sp-s¯mcp tImamfn þ tIÄ¡p-¶-Xm-bmWv sshtem- n-Ån-bpsS "Icn-

bnemw ]o¨n-Ifn' Â. A -c-samcuNnXyw ChnsS ImWp-¶n-Ã.

F¶n-cp-¶m-epw, Cu Ip«n-I-fpsS HmW-Ê¡mcw am\n-bv¡m-Xn-cn-bv¡m³ amtX-

hÀ¡p-am-bn-Ã. ]Xn-hn\p hn]-co-X-ambn ChnsS {]Xy-£-s -Sp¶ amtX-h-cpsS Nn{Xw

{it²-b-am-Wv.

"an¶p¶ ap¯p-¡p-S-I-þ-fn-Ã,

s]m¶psaXn-b-Sn-bnÃ

D¨-sh-bn-e¯p hmSn-þ-¯-fÀþ

s¶¯pw apgp-a-Xn-t]mse

ss]Zm-l-amÀt¶m-W-ap-®m-þ-\nXm

amtX-h-tcmSn hcp¶p''135

Ip«n-IÄ¡p-th--n, Ah-cn-sem-cm-fm-hm³ amtX-hcpw X¿m-dm-Ip¶p F¶p ]d-bmw. Ip«n-

I-fpsS Ifn-km-[-\-§Ä F¶-Xn-\- p-dw, a¬tNm-dn-\pw, I¡-iÀ¡-cbv¡pw Ah-cpsS

Zmcn-{Zy-hp-ambn _Ôw Iev]n-bv¡p-¶-Xn bpàn-bn-Ã. Xs¶-bp-a-Ã, HmW-¯nsâ

`mh- n\v CXv hncp-²-hp-am-Wv. "{]mW-\n {]mW-\mb HmW-\n-em-hn-s\-tXSn' Ae-

ªp-\-S-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶ Ihn-bpw, Cu ImgvN-I- - -tXmsS Ah-tcm-sSm¯v HmW-ap- -p.

HmW- nsâ \nd- -In-«p-I-f-Ã, {Kmao-W-hpw, inip-k-l-P-hp-amb `mh-§-fm-Wv, Cu

Ihn-Xsb {it²-b-am-¡p-¶Xv F¶p ]d-bmw. B AÀ°- n ]n.bpsS HmW-¡-hn-X-

I-fn \n¶v thdn«p \nev¡p-¶p- - v.

5.3.2.2. 4,5. I®n-cnsâ I¯v, IS-ense In\mhv

P·-\m-«n \n¶paI-¶p-I-gn-bp¶hcmWv Cu Ihn-X-I-fn-tebpw \mb-I-·mÀ.

"tXmfn ¸Xp§pw tXm¡p-ambv Ihm¯p \S- p¶' ]«m-f-¡m-c-\m-Wv, ‘I®o-cnsâ

I¯n'se \mb-I-s\-¦nÂ, "hntZ-i-¯p¸p IS-en-¶-e-bn sIm¨pI¸-enÂ' \pcp-¼n-

bv¡p-¶-h-\m-Wv, "IS-ense In\m-hnse' \mb-I³. HmW- nsâ ]Ým- -e- n P·\m-

Sn-s\bpw {]nb-s -«-h-tcbpw HmÀ½n-bv¡p-I-bmWv Cu Ihn-X-IÄ. Ihn Xsâ Xs¶

{]hm-k-hy-Y-IÄ Ch-cn Btcm-]n-bv¡p-I-bm-sW¶p ]d-bmw.

""H«n-tbm-c-I-XmcnÂ, s]m-«nb lrZ-b- nÂþ

]«n-Wn-In-S-¡p¶p `mh-\-IÄ

arjvS-ambv `pPn- -¶w, ]pjvSn-t\-Sn-bo-Km{Xw

]«nWn InS¶p Rm³ N -Snªq'' 136

F¶v, thX-\mÀ°w kzbw ]W-b-s -Sp-¶-Xnsâ thZ\ Ch-cn (I-hn-bnÂ) \pc-ªp-

256

s]m´p¶p-v. HmW-¡m-gvN-IÄ ChÀ¡v HmÀ½-bpsS hos--Sp-¸mWv; Hmtcm HmÀ½bpw

]pXpabpw. F¶n-cp-¶mepw Cu HmÀ½-I-fn Nne ]ni-Ip-IÄ IS-¶p-Iq-Sp-¶Xp

ImWmsX h¿. HmW- q-¡fpsS kpK-Ô-s -¡p-dn¨v hmNm-e-\m-Ip¶ Ihn Ah-bvs¡m-

¶n\pw khn-ti-j-K-Ô-ta-bnà F¶ Imcyw ad-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p. C¡mcyw HmW- q-¡-sf-

¡p-dn¨p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Bcpw {i²n-bv¡p-¶-Xmbn I-n-«n-Ã.

""{imh-tWmÕ-h-Im-e-¯n³

sIm-Sn-tbäw Ign-ªXmw

Imhn ho-pw h¶p \n§Ä

kuc-`y-¸-d-h-bv¡p-hm³

kuµ-cy-¯n³ \m«n \n¶pþ

NmSn-t¸mbhsc kzbw

tXSn-¸n-Sn-t¨In \n§Ä

\h-cXv\¡pS-§sf''137

F´n-\p-th--n-bn-«m-sW-¦nepw {]hm-kn-I-fm-b-hsc kzbw tXSn-s¨-¶v, \h-c-Xv\-¸-d--

IÄ k½m-\n-bv¡p¶ ]q¡Ä lrZ-b-lm-cn-I-sf¶p ]d-bmsXh¿.

s]ä\mSv krjvSn-bv¡p¶ Krlm-Xp-c-X, Ipsd-¡qSn Xo£vW-am-bn, kz´w A\p- -

h-am-bn- s¶ Ah-X-cn- n-bv¡p¶ Nne Ihn-X-I-fmWv C\n ]cn-K-Wn-bv¡p-¶-Xv.

5.3.2.2. 6,7,8,9. ]mXn-cm-¡m-änÂ, aª-¡n-fn, HmW-ap-®m³, \m«n-tebv¡v

s]ä-\m-Sn-t\m-SpÅ aa-X, Pohn-X-]m-cp-jy-§sf s]m«ns¨dn-bm-\pÅ Xzc, HmW-

¯nsâ \nd-hn \nev¡p¶ {Kma-¯nsâ kuµcyw Ch-sbms¡bmWv Cu \mep

Ihn-X-I-fp-tSbpw s]mXp {]ta-bw. AXn -s¶, \mSv, A½, Aѳ XpS-§nb km¶n-

²y-§Ä Xo{h-ambn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶Xp ImWmw.

""s]m«nsbt¶m t{]a-_Ôw? s]ä-\mSn-¶-en-thmfw--þ

sh«pw XncpapJw I--Imew adt¶m?

\nd-bpt¶m \n³ {]mW-\n-e-e-I-SÂ tIfn-sIm«pw

]nd¶ \mSnsâ NpSp-s\-Sp-hoÀ¸p-IÄ?''138

""Ic-fnsâ Ib-§-fn-semcp ap¯p hnf-ªntÃ

]nd-¶-\m-sSm¶p I-p-I-®-S-bv¡phm³?

]nS-bp¶q \mSp ImWm³ tNX\;sb¦nepw \ns¶

XSªp \nÀ¯p-¶n-tXtXm tamln\o cq]w

IÃmbv adn-ªpthm IcÄ, ad-ªp-thm- a-c-XI

¡sÃmfnbn¡pfn-s¨mcm hnZqc`qan?''139

(‘sIm¶¸qhn-f-s¡-cnbpw Ip¶p-t]m-se’ -bpÅ \mep-sI«p`h-\-s¯-bm-Wv, Ihn, Cu

Ihn-X-bn hÀ®n-bv¡p-¶-Xv. Cu hnti-j-W- n\v {]tXyINmcpX CsÃ-¶p-am-{X-a-

257

Ã, sIm¶ hnjp-hp-am-bn-«mWv _Ô-s -Sp-¶Xv F¶pw Ihn {i²n- n-«n-Ã.)

""F{X \mfmbv adp-\m-«n-en-§s\

N¯p Pohn- -e-bp¶p tNX\

Iqen-th-m ]Wn-bm-bp-[-§tf

\mep \mtfbv¡h[n-b-cp-fptam?

s\m´p s\m-s´mcp Nm¬ Ipgn-bn-seþ

¶´-cm-ßmhp sh´p acn-bv¡p-¶p

....................................................

apän \n¶p hncnªp hnZq-c-amþ

s]ä-\m-Sn³ ]hn-{X-kva-c-W-IÄ

\mep-\m-sfm¶p \niz-kn-bv¡s«; lm

\m«n-te-bvs¡m¶p t]mbn-h-cs« Rm³''140

""s]ä-\m-sSt¶m ]ncn-ªp-t]m¶

\mSp hnfnbv¡pw hnfn-s]m-§p¶q''141

Cu \mSv, amXm-]n-Xm-¡-fpsS {]Xy-£tam ]tcm-£tam Bb km¶n²yw sIm-pw

{it²-b-am-Wv.

""]meq-«nb amÀ¯-S-sam-s¶-cn-s]m-cn-sIm--n-cn¸q

Xmcm-«nb ssIIÄ \ns¶ ]pW-cm³ \nev]q

]W-b-¸-- -am-bvt¸m-bvt¸mbv; A½-sb¶ kp[m-IWw

\pW-\m-¡p-\p-W-ªn«p Ime-sa-{X-bmbv

Hma-\-s¸m³ aI-s\m¯p Xmb-bmÄ s]m-t¶m-W-ap-®pþ

ama-[p-tcm-Õhw ImWm³ amthen \nev]q'' 142

Cu amthen ]n.-bn ]e-]mSv {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p--v. Nne-t¸mÄ, AXn AÑsâ

Ombbpw ImWp-¶p. kqcy-km-¶n-²y- n-eq-sS, {]I-S-ambpw AÑ\pw amth-enbpw GIo-

I-cn-bv¡-s¸-Sp¶ kml-N-cy-§-fp-ap- - v.

a. Aѳ-þ kqcy³

"" amÀ¯mWvU tXP-Êp-sämþ

cÑsâsb®¨mbþ

¨n{X-hpw... '' 143

b. alm-_-en-þ-kq-cy³

""AÔ-Imcw \anbv¡pw Zn\-I-cþ

aWvU-ew-t]mse knwl{]`m-h-\mbv

A¼n-en¶pw ae-\mSp Im¡p-aþ

258

¯¼p-cmsâbI-¼-Sn-bmWp \oþ''144

""ap´nb ]qaWw ]qip-tam-W-¡mäp Npa-teäpw

Nµ\¸Ã-¡n \n¶p-an-d-§n-h¶p

Fgp-¶-Ån-bn-cn-¸p-m ]p¯-t\m-e-¡p-S-¡o-gnþ

eg-Insâ \mSp-hmgpw s]m¶pX¼p-cm³

Xfn-cnfw shän-e-bn \qdp-tX¨p apdp-¡p¶p

IXn-c-h³ t]mse an¶pw s]m-¶p-X-¼p-cm³''145

aäp alm-_-en-Nn-{X-§-fqw, hocy- n-tâbpw Zb-bp-tSbpw ]nXr-_nw-_-§-fm-Wv. Nne

DZm-l-c-W-§Ä.

"" BcpsS sImä¡pS-¡o-gn am\-hÀ

hm\-h-cmbn¨ncw kpJn-¨pthm

IÅ-¸-d-I-sfm-¶m-bn- a-d-ªpthm

IÅ-·m-sc-tÅm-f-an-Ãm-sX-bm-bntXm

t{]a`c-W-L-S\mhnt[-b-amþ

taIIpSpw_ambmcp `cn-¨pthm

DÄs¸mcptfmcpam t{]a-hm³...'' 146

""I¼p-I-fp-sÅmcp a{´-hSn

Hme-¡p-Sbpw NqSn-b-h³

.................................................

ama-e-\m-Sn³ s]m¶c-N³

a¡-sf-sbms¡bp-samcpt]mse

]cn-]m-en-s¨mcp s]m-¶-c-N³'' 147

AXp-sIm--p-Xs¶, "]mXn-cm-¡m-änÂ' ImWp¶ amth-en, AѳXs¶ F¶p Icp-

Xp-¶-Xn sXän-Ã.

""s]m¶Wnªp tNd-\m-S-\n-e-sh¨p Im¯n-cn¸q

\nt¶m-sSm¸tam-W-ap-®m-\p-Z-b-kq-cy³'' 148

F¶ hcn-I-fn-se, kqcy\pw AÑ-s\- -s¶-bmWv Ipdn-bv¡p-¶-Xv. kqcy³-þ-a-lm-_-en-

þ-A-ѳ XpS-§n-b-hÀ ]nXr-_nw-_-§-fmbn HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p-v

F¶p-am-{Xta Dd- n¨p ]d-bm³ Ign-bq.

kz´w sXäp-sImt-m, kml-N-cy-h-imtem P·-\mSv Dt]£nt¡--n -h-cp-¶-Xnsâ

thZ-\sb HmWw Xo{h-am-¡p¶ Ihn-X-I-fm-Wv, ‘]mXn-cm-¡m-änÂ’, ‘HmW-ap-®m³’, ‘aª-

¡nfn’ ‘\m«n-tebv¡v F¶n-h. HmW-s -¡p-dn¨v hfsc Krlm-Xp-c-amb hcn-IÄ {]Xy-

£-s -Sp-¶Xpw Cu Ihn-X-I-fn -s¶-bm-Wv. Nne DZm-l-c-W-§Ä:

""sIm-Sp-¯p-ap-Snªpt]mb hn--e-¯-d-hm-«n-t\I

259

k -Xnbmw XSn-tÃ-J- Im- n-cn-bv¡p¶p

Nµ-\-¯n³ Ipdn-NmÀ¯n-tbm-W-t¡m-Sn-bp-Sp-¯Xmw

Nn§- n³ s]m³shbn-ep-IÄ Im¯n-cn-bv¡p¶p

Hfn-a-§n-hmSpw kÔy-Xn-cn-¨p-h-cn-Ã, aªþ

¡nfn-IÄt]m¸mdn-t¸m-Ip-tam-W-\m-fp-IÄ''149

"" NnsÃmfn hnX-dp¶p ]e-Xcw

]pÃp-]m-b-IÄ s\¿pw ]d-¼p-IÄ

...........................................................

]p¯-cn-Ê-Zy-tLm-jn-bv¡p-tam-a\

]©-hÀ®-¡fn¡n-fn-¡q-Sp-IÄ

............................................................

hm\n-se-¯m-c-sam¯cn¸q¡-fþ

t§mW-tam-W-sa-¶mÀ¯p hnfn-bv¡p¶p

..............................................................

{]mb-sa¯n hc-\-W-bm-s¯mcp

]mhamw apKv[I\y-I-t]m-eth

amcn-ta-L-¡p-dp-\nc¸q\nc

aqSn-\nev¡pw iin-I-e-t]m-eth

\ocpds¶gpw Ip¶n³ sNcp-hn-embv

Zqsc-bp-s-mcp aqIamw Ip{Kmaw''150

""A¡-sc-bm-en³ XW-en-tem-Wþ

¨´ Ignªp Xnc-s¡m-gnªp

IÀj-IÀ t]mb hc-¼p-sXm«p

Ime-Sn-¸m-Sp-IÄ tXªp-amªp

]q«n-b-\m-f-´n-bmIpw apt¼

s]m³sN¼-I-¸q-¡Ä h©n-tbdn

]n¨n-a-e-scms¯mgpIn-t¸mIpw

hmÀIp-g¨mÀ¯n-s¶mfnhn-Xdn

ssIX-a-eÀaWw Imän-t\-Inþ

bp{Xm-S-cm{Xn Xncn- p-t]mbn''151

C{]-Im-cw, P·-\m-Snsâ kvt\lw tXSn-bpÅ Xncn- p-t]m-¡p-I-fpw, AXnsâ kpµ-

c-amb HmÀ½-Ifpw \nd-ªp-Xp-fp-¼p¶ Cu Ihn-X-I-fn Krlm-Xp-c-X-bpsS tX³ \nd-

bv¡p-I-bmWv HmWw sN¿p-¶Xv AtX-k-abw ""Ip¶n-ep-c-kp¶p shÅ-¡m-f, ]´-

enÂs¸m-§p¶p Km\-taf.''XpS§n XnI¨pw ÇY-amb _nw_-I-ev]-\-Ifpw Ihn \S-

¯p-¶p - - v . (DZm: ‘aª-¡n-fn’) Ihn a\-Ênse k¦oÀ®-X-I-fmhmw CXn\p ]n¶nÂ

{]hÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶Xv.

260

5.3.2.2.10,11. tlm«-eqWpw hmS-I-ap-dn-bpw, HmWw-I-gnªv

Htcm-W- n-\v, ho«nÂt¸mbn XnIª A\y-Xm-t_m-[hpw t]dn Hcp ]mh-t]mse

Xoh--n-bm-¸o-kn-en-cn-bv¡p¶ Ihn-bpsS Nn´-I-fmWv "tlm«-eqWpw hmS-I-ap-dnbpw'

F¶ Ihn-X-bnÂ. kzIp-Spw-_- n \n¶v {`jvS-\m-Ip-I-bm HmW-am-tLm-jn-bv¡m-

\m-hm-¯-Xnsâ ZpxJ-amWv "HmWw Ignªv' ]¦p-h-bv¡p-¶-Xv. c-p Ihn-X-I-fn-epw,

Ihn, kz´w ho«n A\y-\m-Wv. Cu A\y-Xm-t_m[w {]Ir-Xn-bn-tebv¡p kw{I-an-

bv¡p-I-bpw, X\nbv¡p hfsc th--s¸-«-h-cmbn Icp-Xn-b-hÀ þ ac-§fpw kÔy-Ifpw

Hs¡ þ Xs¶ Ah-K-Wn-bv¡p-¶-Xmbn Ihn-bv¡-\p- -h-s -Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

""Gsd-\mÄ sN¶p Rm³ hoS-W-ªn-«pþ

tamW-\n-emhp ]pd-¯p-h-¶nÃ

A¼mÀ¶p IqsS¡fn¨p hfÀ¶

Xp¼-I-sfs¶ ]cn-l-kn-bv¡p¶p

AÀ¡-s¸m-en-a-IÄ ]¦p-sh-¨p-

ap¡pän-bn¶p apJw-Xn-cn-bv¡p¶p

.............................................................

kz´-ap-S-¸n-d-¶-hÄ apKv[

s]m¶pjÊÔy Xe-Xmgv¯n \nev]q

Gä-samSphnsetÊmZcn kÔy

ho«n-¶-I-s¯m-fn-bv¡p¶p

.......................................................

H¶m-bv¡-fn¨p hfÀt¶mcp \n§Äþ

s¡m-s¡bpw Rm\n-s¶m-c-\y-\mbv¯oÀ¶p''152

IqSp-X Xo{h-am-Wv, "tlm«-eqWpw hmS-I-ap-dnbpw' F¶ Ihn-X-bn ImWp¶ hnjmZw:

"" Cf-\oÀ IpSn- n¨

sX§p-IÄ, ao\-¡m-änÂ

a[pkuc`w s]mXnþ

sª¯n¨ ]nem-hp-IÄ

apäs¯¯pf-kn-X³

]mh-\-K-Ôw, apÃ

aµm-css¸w]n¨-Iþ

Iq«À X³KmVm-tÇjw

iÀ¡camhn¸t -

IqSp-Iq-«n-b-Infn;

apt¡m-Sn IWn-h-bv¡pþ

a¼-e-¸n-dm-hp-IÄ

261

ImSp-sI-«n-b-h-gnþ

tbmc¯p \n¶m-sctbm

Im¯p \nev¡p-an-¡m-inþ

¯p¼-IÄ ap¡p-än-IÄ

acn-¨m ]pe-bpÅ

NmÀ¨-¡m-cn-hÀ; C¶p

Xncn¨p apJw aa

]mgv\n-g Zqsc-¡m¬sI''153

]q¡-fp -ambn X\nbv¡v Bß-_-Ô-ap -s -¶v ]n. - ]t- ]d-ªn-«p - - v .

""IqsS-t¸mcpw ]q¡-sf-bm-sc-bp-a-dn-bn-ÃtÃm Rm³

N´w In\nbpw Ip«n-I-f-h-cpsS t]c-dn-hn-ÃtÃm

..........................................................................................

F´p Nncn- Xp Xp¼- q-th, Ifn-bm-¡p-Itbm \o

B´-c-am-bn-s«t´m ]qÀÆnI_Ôw tXm¶p¶p

Hma-\-am-cm-an-h-cpsS hoSpw t]cpw ]d-bmtam

HmÀ½-h-cp-¶n-tÃtXm ]g-Inb thgv¨-I-fp- -tÃm''154

"hkp-ss[h IpSp-_Iw' F¶ hnim-e-amb {]]-©-t_m[w DÅn {]hÀ¯n-

bv¡p-¶-Xp-sIm--mWv, ]n.bv¡v C¯-c-¯n Nn´n-bv¡m-\m-hp-¶-Xv. AtX-k-a-bw,

kz´w Krl- n \n¶p-am-{X-a-Ã, {]Ir-Xn-bn \n¶p-IqSn Xm³ ]pd- m-¡-s -Sp¶p

F¶- tXm-¶Â Ihnbv¡v Ak-l-\o-b-hp-am-Wv.

Xd-hmSp `mKw-sh-bv¡epw Hmlcn Xodp-hn-ev¡epw Cu c - p Ihn -X -I -fnepw

BhÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶p--v. F¶-X-s¶-bp-a-Ã, AXmWv Xm³ {`jvS-\m-Im-\pÅ ImcWw

F¶v Ihn Nn´n-bv¡p-¶-Xmbpw Nne-t¸mÄ tXm¶pw. "" Xd-hm-Sp-IÄ Xmh-gn-I-fmbn

NnX-dp-I, Xmhgn-IÄ ho-pw AWp-Ip-Spw-_-§-fn-tebv¡v ASn-bpI þ \nÊ-lm-b-sa-

¦nepw kzm`m-hn-I-amb Cu {]{In-b-bpsS Cc-bm-bn-cp¶p Ipªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ. `mK-

¯n-eqsS kz¯p-am-{X-a-Ã, kvt\l-_-Ô-§Ä IqSn Nn¶-`n-¶-am-bn-t¸m-Ip¶p F¶

hyY At±-l-¯n-\p--v. \m«nse \nev¡-¡-Ån-s]mfnªv tPmen-tXSn Duc psX - - pI ;

HmWw, DÕhw Hmtcm-¶n-t\bpw Ipdn¨v AXm-Xnsâ bYmÀ°-amb CS-¯nÂ\n¶v

amdn-bn-cp¶v DXvI-WvT-s -SpI þ Cu Ah-Øbv¡v D]-im- ntb CÃ... `mKw Ipªn-cm-

a³ \mb-cpsS a\-Ên-te-ev]n¨ \oäw cq]-t -Z-t¯msS km£y-s¸«p In«p-¶Xpw AÀ°-

KÀ`-am-Imw. kmaq-ln-I-X-e-¯n A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-bvt¡- bmYmÀ°yw F¶-Xn-¶-¸pdw

ZmÀi-\n-I-¯n-tebv¡v `mK-sa¶ A\p-`hw ]cn-W-an-bv¡p-¶p. ag-hn-Ãv, `mKw th-

apX-emb Ihn-X-IÄ Cu ]cn-Wm-a- nsâ amXr-I-I-fmWv.'' 155 A{X-t¯m-f-an-sÃ-¦nepw

]e- Hm-W-¡-hn-X-I-fnepw `mKhpw Hml-cn-hn-ev¡epw kmµÀ`n-I-am-bn-¡-S¶p hcp-¶p-

- v . Nne DZm-l-c-W-§Ä:

262

""A½-bp-a-Ñ-\p-antà ho«nÂ,s¸m¶\pP-·mcpw?

`mKw Ign-bm- -htcm \n§Ä \n§sS Xd-hm-«nÂ?”156

"" BsI- -IÀ¶ IcĨn-Ãp-ambn

`mKw-I-gnsªmcp ho«n³ Rm³ h¶p

H¶m-bv¡-fn¨p hfÀs¶mcp \n§Äþ

s¡ms¡bpw Rm\n-s¶mc\y-\m-bv¯oÀ¶p!

`mK- n-e¶p InS- Xmw k¼þ

¯msI apSnªp heªp ho-pw

]-s¯ ho«n ]Sn-I-b-dp-sas¶

I-n -« -dn -ªnà \n§-fmcpw''157

""Xd-hmSpw ss]Xr-I-ambv

ssIh¶ hnf-`q-anbpw

`mKn¨p Xodp-hn-än¶p

`n£-sX- -p -I-bmWp Rm³''158

""D{Xm-S-am-W¶;´nþ-

ab-§pw -t\cw ho - pþ

sa´nt\m sNt¶-dn- Rm³

`mKw hm§nb ho«nÂ

h{I-amÀ¤¯n¡qSnþ

¡pSp-¡o-s«-s¶-¯ocp

hn-ev¡p-am-¸o-kn-sem¸pþ

sh¸n¨ Zn\-tamÀ¸q

Dsämcp hkp-Ôtc

\evIpI s]ä-½sb

hnä ]p{X-t\-t¡-pw

{Iqcamw h[-in£''159

""`mhp-I-sa¶pw t\cpw P\\n

]peÀ¯pw Xd-hm-Sn³

`mKw hm§n¸Sn-bp-a-S¨v aþ

\pjy-\n-d-§n-t¸mbv''160

Xd-hm-Sp-Isf inYn-e-am-¡p-Ibpw hnf- qan A\ym-[o-\-s -Sp- p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv Ihnbv¡v

kln-bv¡m-\m-hp-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ, kwK-Xn-h-im Xm³ sN¿p-¶Xv AXm-Wp-Xm-\pw.

Cu sshcp²yw krjvSn-bv¡p¶ Ipä-t_m[w aqew Ihn-bpsS Imev]-\n-I-a-\Êv kzbw

in£-tb-sä-Sp-¡p-Ibpw _ln-jvIr-X-\mbn Ae-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

"HmWwIgnªv' F¶ Ihn-X-bnÂ,

263

""HmcmsX \ns¶-¸p-W-cp-¶p, I®oÀ

tXmcm-sXmgp¡p-ao-iym-af cm{Xn''161

F¶v A½sb HmÀ½n-¸n-bv¡p¶ Hcp km´z-\-kv]Àiw Ihnbv¡v Iq«m-bp--v. cm{Xn,

A½-X-s¶-bmWv ]n.bv¡v F¶-Xn-\v, "A½bpw aI\pw' F¶ Ihn-X-bnse hcn-IÄ

sXfn-hp-\-evIp¶p:

""B\µw Xmgv¯n-bn-cp-¶m-f-½,

]q\n-em-hä cP-\nt]mse''162

AtX-k-a-bw, "tlm«-eqWpw hmS-I-ap-dnbpw' F¶- I-hn-X-bn-se- p-t¼m-tg-bv¡v, `qX-

Im-e-kvar-Xn-I-fpw, I®p-\ocpw am{Xta Ihn-tbm-sSm¸apÅq:

""am¬s]-gp-tam-W-¯n-cpþ

thmW-¯n³ a²ym-lv-\-¯nÂ

ZpÀ¤-Ô-aq«pw tlm«þ

sem¶nse-¯o³tai-bnÂþ

]än-þ-hm-Sn-b-þ-\-Spþ

Iodn-sbm-cn-e-bn«p

]Ãp-tX-bv¡m¯ ]¿³

]nip-¡n-hn-f-¼p¶

IÃ-cn-t¨m-dp-hm-cm³

ssIsX-sä-¶p-b-cth

FÅp-\o-cp t]men-äpþ

hoWXmw NpSp I®oÀþ

¯pÅn-bn \ng-en¨q

s]mbvt¸mb ]q¡m-e-§Ä''163

HmWw s]mbvt¸mb ]q¡m-e-§-fpsS BsI- p-I-bm-Wv, ]n.-bv¡v. ChnsS \ndª

Krlm-Xp-c-X-tbmsS IS-¶p-h-cp-¶Xv HmWw am{X-a-Ã, Xd-hmSpw {]Ir-Xn-bpw, IqSn-bm-

Wv. {im²- nsâ kqN-I-amb FÅp-\o-cn-äv, Ihn ss]Xr-I- n\p \evIp¶ Xntem-Z-

I-s - -s¶-bmImw kqNn- n-bv¡p-¶-Xv.

{]W-bhpw {]W-b-\-jvShpw ]n.-Ip-ªn-cm-a³\mb-cpsS {]nb-s¸« {]ta-b-§-fm-

Wv. F¶m Ihnsb hÃmsX De- p-I-fª Hcp t{]a-_-Ô-s - -än, aÃn-tÈcn Icp-

Wm-I-c³ kqNn-¸n-bv¡p-¶p-- v. Ah-km-\-Im-e¯v, “CjvS-]-Xv\n-bp-sam¯pÅ KmÀl-

Øy-Po-hn-X- nsâ Hcp hnip-²-Nn{Xw lrZ-b- n sXfnªp h¶p. F¶m B

k¦ev]w, B ]hn-{X-X-t]m-h-\w, asämcp sImSpw Xobn A -Sn-sh- p-t]m-bn. B

CjvS-]Xv\n Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbsc DSp-XpWn am{Xm-hn-ti-j-\mbn Cd-¡n-hn«v Xncn-

ªp-\n¶v hmXn sIm-«n-b-S¨p... B-tª-ev¡p¶ ]Iz-amb Hcp aplqÀ¯-¯nÂ

FbvXp-hn« Hc¼v þ AXv aÀ½-¯n-\p-Xs¶ sIm--p. Ipªn-cm-a³\mb-cpsS kÀÆ-

kn-c-Ifpw XIÀ¶p-t]mb Hcp Pohn-Xm-LmXw. F{X hnhmlw Ign¨p F¶ tNmZy-

264

¯n\v aq¶p Ieym-W-an-Ãm-I-eym-Whpw Ggp t{]a-_-Ô-§fpw F¶p Iqk-en-ÃmsX

]d-bm³ Ignª Ihn-bv¡v, Zm¼-Xy-_Ôw hfsc emL-h-t¯msS IcpXn ckn-¨p-

t]m¶ Ihn-bv¡v, "t]m¶m t]mI«pw' F¶p kam-[m-\n-bv¡m³ Ign-ªn-Ã. _Ô-

s¸« ]¯n-tesd k{Xo-I-tfmSp ImWn¨ AhKW\, {]tXy-In¨v kz´w a¡-fpsS

A½-tbm-Sp-t]mepw ImWn¨ Ah-K-W-\, H¶p tNÀ¶p Xncnªp Ip¯nb aÀ½LmXn-

bmb thZ\ Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ¡v A\p- -h-s -«n-cn-bv¡-Ww.'' 164 Cu A\p- hw ]n.-

bpsS ]e Ihn-X-IÄ¡pw {]ta-b-am-bn-«p- - v. ‘Idp- -\m-b’, ‘]n¨n- o- nb]pjv]-N-

{Iw’, ‘hb¡-c-bnÂ’, ‘AXn-c-\n-em-hv’, ‘]m{X-an-Ã’, ‘]d-¶p-t]mb ss]¦n-fn-IÄ’, ‘Im«p-

ap-Ã-bpsS ]m«v’ XpS-§nb Nne Ihn-X-I-fn Cu {]W-b-\jvSw {]Xn-^-en-bv¡p-¶-

Xmbn At±lw Nq - n -¡m-Wn -¨n -«p - - v . '' 165

Ch-bnÂ, ‘]n¨n-¨o-´nb]pjv]-N-{Iw’, ‘hb¡-c-bnÂ’,‘]d-¶p-t]mb ss]¦n-fn-

IÄ’, ‘Im«p-ap-Ã-bpsS ]m«v’ XpS-§nb Ihn-X-IÄ {]I-S-ambpw HmW-t¯mSp _Ô-s¸«p

hcp-¶-h-bm-Wv. kq£va-hn-i-I-e-\- nÂ, ‘HmW-an-Ã’, ‘Acn-bn-Ã’, ‘HmÀ½bn Htcm-

W-\n-em-hv’, ‘D{Xm-S-cm{Xn’ F¶o Ihn-X-Ifpw CtX A\p-`-h-¯nsâ Bhn-jv¡m-c-

amWv F¶p ImWmw. AXn-\mÂ, Cu Ihn-X-Isf ]c-kv]cw _Ôn- n¨v hni-I-e\w

sN¿m-\mWv C\n {ian-bv¡p-¶-Xv.

‘Acn-bn-Ã’, ‘hb¡-c-bnÂ’ F¶o Ihn-X-IÄ HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fpsS Iq«- n-e-Ã,

]n.-I-hn-X-I-fpsS FUn-äÀ DÄs -Sp- n-bn-«p-Å-Xv. Ihn-X-bpsS apJy-{]-tabw HmW-aÃ

F¶-Xpw, Ah-bn sXfn-bp¶ hnjm-Z-hp-amImw CXn\p Imc-Ww. F¶mÂ, Ihn-X-

bnse HmW- nsâ A -co-£-hpw, aÃn-tÈcn Icp-Wm-I-c³ \evIp¶ Poh-N-cn-{X-]-c-

amb kqN-\-Ifpw ]cn-K-Wn-¨v, Ch-sb, Cu hn`m-K-¯n DÄs¸-Sp¯n hni-I-e\w

sN¿p-I-bm-Wv.

5.3.2.2.12,13,14,15. HmW-an-Ã, Acn-bnÃ166, hb¡-c-bnÂ167,]d-¶p-t]mbss]¦n-fn-IÄ

{]W-bn\n ]ncn-ªp-t]m-b-Xn-\m X\nbv¡v HmW-an-sÃ-¶pw, ]mSm-\m-hn-söpw

hne-]nbv¡p¶ Ihn-X-I-fm-Wn-h.

""I\-I- q-jbv¡p Im´n-b-cp-fp-thm-f-hÄ t]mb

Zn\-sasâ `h-\- n³ hn-f-¡p-sI«p

If-Km\apXnÀ¯p sNän-S-¯-¯n-¸-©-hÀ®-þ

¡nfn-t]m-se-b-h-sft§m ]d-¶p-t]mbn

a[p-c-am-cmaw ]Sp-Np-S-e-bmbv Ag-Insâ

ac-XI\nean¶p acp- q-an-bmbv ''168

HmWw Ihnbv¡v ZpxJw \evIp-¶-Xm-Wv. F¶m-epw, Imhym-cw- - nÂ, IÀ¡-S-cm-

{Xn-sb, Aen-hnsâ tZhX Fs¶ms¡ hnti-jn-¸n-bv¡p-¶-Xn HuNn-Xy-¡p-d-hp--v.

AXp-t]m-se, "AhÄ' t]mb-Xnsâ hnj-a-§Ä ]d-bp-¶-Xn\p sXm-«p-apt¼ AhÄ

t]mb-tXmsS ]pg sXfn-ªp, shfn¨w Ie-hd Xpd¶p Fs¶ms¡¸d-bp-t¼mÄ AhÄ

t]mbXv {]Ir-Xnbv¡v Blm-Z-ap--m-¡p¶p F¶ Hcp [z\n hcp-¶-Xnse A\u-Nn-

265

Xyhpw Ihn {i²n- n-«n-Ã.

""HmÀ½-bn¯§n-\n-ev¡p¶p

t]msbmcp{XmSkÔy-IÄ

Nn§-¸p-e-cn-t]m¡¿mþ

ehÄ ]qhn« \mfp-IÄ

iq\y-an-¶o-t¯m-¸p, ]pÃpþ

taª IÀj-I-hm-Shpw

AhÄt]mbv þ hnfn-tIÄ¡m¯

Zqsc-þ-¡n-fn-]-d-¶p-t]mbv ''169

""HmW-am-tbm-W-am-bv, GtXm

]\- ¯ IYn-bv¡bmw

IqsS-¸m-Sm³ hcp-¶n-sÃþ

t¶mW-hnÃp apdn-ªp-t]mbn

A¶]qÀt®-iz-cn-b-hÄ

Fs¶-bn-¡p-Sn-en-¶Iw

Hä-bv¡m¡n¨ne-¼nsâ

\mZw-t]mse ad-ªp-t]mbv ''170

""sIm¨p InSm-§-sf- m-cm-«msX

]p¯-cn-t¡m¸p apgp-an-bv¡msX

sa¯-bn¸qhn-X-dmsX cmhnþ

ses¶- -Xn- p-t]mbv Iq«p-Imcn

......................................................

Btemew th¸n-en-cp¶p `qXþ

Imea[p-c-a-b-hn-d¡n

hmgpw Infn-sNmÃn; sb³ s]mt¶mW

\mfp-I-sft§m ]d-¶p-t]mbn''171

Xs¶- -\n- m¡n Iq«p-Imcn ]ncnªp t]mb-Xnsâ ZpxJw ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-¶-h-bmWv

Cu \mep Ihn-X-I-fpw. {]W-bhpw HmWhpw Ch-bn kao-I-cn-bv¡-s -Sp-¶Xp ImWmw.

{]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-am-tbm, DÅ ]£n-_nw-_- n-eq-sS-bm-Wv, Ihn kzbw Ah-X-

cn- n-bv¡p-¶Xv F¶Xpw {it²-b-am-Wv.

5.3.2.2. 16. ]n¨n- o- nb ]pjv]-N{Iw

hgn-bn I-mepw ]c-kv]cw an-m-¯-h-cmbn Ihnbpw {]nb-X-abpw amdn-¡-gn-

ªn-«pw, AsXm¶padn-bmsX HmWw hcp-¶p. HmWw HmÀ½-I-fpsS Ime-am-Wv.

""]mX-bn¡--mepan¶p-\-½Ä

t\m¡msX c-p -h-gn -bv¡p-sX-änþ

t¸mIp¶ ]mXn-c- m-c-I-fmbv

266

\oe-¡-S-¡-s®mgpIn

Cud-\p-Sp-¯- cP\nhÀ¶p

Hmfw XpÅpw IS-en ho-pw

HmÀ½-X-t¶mW \nem-hp-hoWp-Wp” 173

Ihn-bpsS Imev]m-Sp-I-fn-se, ‘]pg-h-¡s¯ kn\na’ F¶ ZoÀL-amb A²ym-bw,

]md-¡m«v A½p-¡p«n F¶ Cu `mcy-sb-¡p-dn- m-Wv. Xs¶ Dt]-£n- v, asäm-cmsf

kzoI-cn¨ A½p-¡p-«n-sb- än ]n.- F-gp-Xp¶p: "" kqcy³ ]Sn Cd-§n-t¸m-bn. kÔy

]pXnb ]«p-kmcn Npän apJ¯p s]mSn ]qin Bsctbm Im¯n-cp-¶p. ]pg-b-e-IÄ

s]m-«n-¨n-cn¨p... -th-¸p-a-c-¯n Hä-s¸« aª-¡nfn ]mSn.""hr²mÀ¡s\ ]pd-¯m¡n

kÔy \£-{X-ho-Sn³ ]Sn-b-S- p.'' 174

‘]n¨n-¨o-´nb ]pjv]-N-{I-¯nÂ’ CtX A\p-`-h-s¯-¯s¶ Ihn Bhn-jv¡-cn-

bv¡p¶p:

""buh\w hän-b-Im-än³ t{]aþ

teJ\w ]qhp-Xn-cn-¨-b¨p

]mSp¶ aª-¡n-fn-¨n-d-InÂþ

¡qSn, ]pXn-sbmcp Iq«p-Im-c³

hr²mÀ¡s\¸pd-¯m¡n kÔy

\£-{X-ho-Sn³ ]Sn-b-S¨p''175

thÀ]n-cn-bp¶ ka-b¯v Ihn mcysb ImWp-¶Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv: ]Xn-\mdv HmW-

¡m-e¯v HmW-ÊZy Hcp-¡n- ¶ ssIbn NqÂ. Dc-kn-bn-cp¶p ]Xn-\mdp Xncp-hm-Xn-

c-\mÄ a[pcw ]IÀ¶ Np-n Imªn-c-\oÀ...'' 176 C -c- n-epÅ a[p-c-kvar-Xn-IÄ

HmW-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶-Xp-sIm--mhmw, {]W-b-\-jvSw, HmW-¯nsâ

IqSn \jvS-ambn Ihnbv¡p tXm¶p-¶-Xv. kam-\-{]-ta-b-apÅ Ihn-X-I-fn-seÃmw Cu

Bibw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p- - v .

5.3.2.2. 17. Im«p-ap-Ã-bpsS ]m«v

ho«p-Im-cpw, Iq«p-Imcpw \m«p-Imcpw Bcp-an-Ãm- , _ln-jvIr-X-\mb Im«p-ap-Ã-bm-

bn-«mWv Ihn CXn kzbw Iev]n-bv¡p-¶-Xv. A½p-¡p-«n-bp-am-bp--mb {]W-b-_-Ô-

¯nsâ XIÀ¨ Xs¶-bmWv Chn-sSbpw {]ta-bw. F¶mÂ, AXv IqSp-X Xo{h-am-Ip-

Ibpw {]W-bn-\n-tbmSpw HmW-t¯m-Sp-apÅ \ntj-[m-ßIkao-]-\-ambn amdp-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶Xv Cu Ihn-X-bn ImWmw.

""\n§-f-b-s¨mcp I¯p-IÄþI-hn-X-IÄ

Xncn-¨-b-bv¡p-¶pþ

Xpd-¡-bnÃm ]Sn Rm³; t]mhpI

Nn§-¸q-¦mtä

267

Xncn¨p t]mhp-I-b-´n-¡mtä

Nn§- q-¦mtä'' 178

ap¡p-än- q-hpw, I®m- -fn-bpw, \m¡n-ebpw ]mW³]m«pw FÃmw Pohn-X- n \n¶p

]n³hm§n:

""ap¡p-än-¸q-hnÃm Xp¼-IÄ

I®m-´-fn-bn-Ãmþ

sXm-«m-hm-Sn-¡m-Sp-IÄ aqSnþ

¡nS¸p sXm-Sn-bmsI''173

ChnsS ap¡p-än-bpw, I®m- -fnbpw GI-h-N-\- n-em-Wv. Xp¼-IqSn A§-s\-bm-

bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ, \·-I-fp-sS, {]k-¶-X-bpsS, hnc-fX Ipsd-¡qSn kv]jvS-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-

¶p. "sXm«mhmSn-¡mSv' F¶ {]tbm-Kw, XpSÀ¶p-h-cp¶ "Imc-ap-Ån³ s]m-´-IÄ'

XpS-§n-bh ]mcp-jy-§-fpsS B[n-Iys¯ kqNn-¸n-bv¡p-¶p. CXnse HuNn-Xyhpw

,ku-µ-cyhpw {]tXyIw FSp-¯p-]-d-tb-- -Xp- - v. an¡Xpw apÄ¡m-Smb Zm¼-Xy-s¯-

¸än "I®oÀ¸mS-'¯n sshtem-¸n-Ånbpw ]mSn-bn-«p-v.

cN-\-bn kw -hn¨ A\-h-[m-\-bn \n¶v Cu Ihn-Xbpw apà-a-Ã. \·-I-fp-

sSbpw kvt\l- n-sâbpw \jvS-s - än hmNm-e-am-b-ti-jw, ImWp-¶, "Xma-c-]q¡pw

Ipfw hngp-§nb `h-\-§-fpsS' ImgvN CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

ISp¯ \ncm-i-bpsS kzc-amWv "Im«p-ap-Ã-bpsS ]m«nÂ' tIÄ¡p-¶-Xv. "Xs¶ ]Sn-

b-S¨p ]pd- m¡n' F¶p ]d-ª-t¸mgpw ]cn- -hn-bv¡pI am{Xw sNbvX Ihn, Chn-sS-

sb-¯p-t¼mÄ, XnI¨pw ]cp-¡-\m-Ip-¶-Xv, Pohn-Xm-´y-¯nse \nÊ-lm-bX IqSn

krjvSn¨ \ncm-i-aq-e-am-Imw.

5.3.2.2. 18,19. HmÀ½-bn Htcm-W-\n-em-hv, D{Xm-S-cm{Xn

ambv¨n«pw ambm¯ {]WbaplqÀ -§Ä HmÀ½-I-fmbn ]n³Xp-S-cp¶ Ihn-X-I-

fmWv "HmÀ½-bn Htcm-W-\n-emhpw' "D{Xm-S-cm-{Xn-bpw'. hnc-l-¯nsâ Xo{h-th-Z\

A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ cN-\-IÄ. {]W-b-¯nsâ a[p-c-kva-c-W-Ifpw hnc-l-¯nsâ

Xo¨qSpw amdn amdn Ah-X-cn- n-bv¡p¶p F¶-XmWv Cu Ihn-X-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X.

""Xcn-In-ep-§p-tam-«p -In- - nþ

s¯fnbarXp\À½-tamXn

Ce-bn a[p-c-¡p-¶p-bÀ¯n

]qh-S, ]gw \pdp¡pw

. .........................................

he-Xp-ssI-bn¡n®-hp-am-bvþ

s¯mgpXp-t]m-cm³ \obn-d§n

ad-bp-tam-W-sh-bn-en³ \mfw

268

Ihn-fn-W-bn aªÄ ]qin

.....................................................

IcpXn h¶p Xcp-h-Xn¶p

{]W-b-temeZÀ¸Ww Rm³

AXp- h-cn- m³ Nmsc-h-¶nþ

ÃWn hf-b-Wn-ª-ssI-IÄ

......................................................

Xgp-Xn-d§pw \n¶-g-In³

a¶n-emZyw h¶p sXm«p

a[p-c-ssh-im-Jm-´y-]q-Pmþ

Znh-k-am-bv, \mw thÀ]n-cnªp'' 179

F¶pw,

""hmscmfn a²ym-Ó-§-fn Ipdp-Ip¶ ]ndmshm¯p

hmg-t¯m-¸n-e-h-fp-mw ]pÅn-am³t]mse

amªp-t]m-bn- -e- n-{Xw, XIÀ¶p-t]m-bv hoW; X«n

adn-ªp-t]mbv apÄs¸m-´-bn ]q¡p-¼n-fn-t¸mÄ

Ae-bp¶p a\-an-¶pw, Ag-In³ ]m¸p-g -]mSpw

sXfn-a-W sa¯ \oÀ¯pw kz]v\-`q-an-bnÂþ

ape- Sw amäpw ssIX-a-eÀ¡pe aWw ]mäpw

\nfm-a-W hncn-bnse cm{Xn-tbmÀ¡p-¶pþ”180

A½p-¡p«n So -dpsS IY ]d-bp¶ A²ym-b- nsâ t]cv "]pg-h-¡nse kn\na'

F¶m-sW-¶-Xpw, Hcn-¡Â Xsâ ho«n h¶ So¨sd "]pÅn-am³t]mse' F¶v Ihn

hnti-jn-¸n-bv¡p-s--¶Xpw CXp-ambn tNÀ¯p-hm-bn-bv¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.181 shdp-¡m³

{ian- n«pw km[n-bv¡m-sX, BÀ{Z-am-bn-t¸m-Ip¶ Ihn-a-\Êv Cu Ihn-X-I-fn ImWmw.

Chn-sSbpw HmWw, {]nb-X-asb HmÀ½n-bv¡m-\pÅ Hcp Imc-W-w am-{X-am-Wv. Cu Ihn-

X-I-fn ssih-_nw-_-§Ä kar-²-am-bn-¯s¶ IS¶p hcp-¶p-v F¶Xpw {it²-b-

am-Wv. \nf-sb¶ Kncn-cm-P-Ip-amcn, hnezssi-ew, Iqf-I-¡m-bvt]mse Xmc-I-§Ä, KwKsb

HmÀ½n- n-bv¡p¶ \nem-hnsâ shÅ- m«w XpS-§n-bh DZm-l-c-Ww. HmWs¯ ssih-

k-¦-ev]-hp-ambn _Ôn- n-bv¡m³ {ian-bv¡p-¶Xv ]n.-am-{X-amWv F¶Xpw {]kvXm-hy-

am-Wv.

Cu {]W-b- nsâ {]I-S-amb emRvO\-I-sfm¶pan-sÃ-¦n-epw, kzbw _ln-jvIr-

X-\m-Ip-Ibpw HmWs¯ th--hn[w kzoI-cn-bv¡msX \jvS-s¸-Sp-¯n-¡-f-bp-Ibpw

sN¿p-¶-Xnsâ Ipä-t_m[w DÄs¡m-Åp¶ Nne HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fp-ap-- v.

269

5.3.2.2. 20. ap§n-¡p-fn- nÃ

HmW- nsâ s]m-cp-f-t\z-jn¨v \S-¡p-Ibpw HSp-hn HmW-sa- p-t¼mÄ AXns\

th- hn[w kzoI-cn-bv¡m-\m-hmsX I\¯ \jvS-t_m[w A\p-`-hn-bv¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p¶ Ihn-X.

""tNWn-en-f-sh-bn \mf-¯n Nm©mSnþ

tbmWaecp Ifnbvs¡

]¦-a-I-s¶mcp hm\nsâ tImWn-emþ

s]m³IXnÀ¡-ä- sa-Xnbvt¡

]«p-]Zaq¶n- h¶p \o am_en

\m«nse {Kma-Kr-l-¯n”182

HmWs¯ \mw Bt -m - Sm - v I - p - a p - «m - d p - s - -¦ nepw Cu Bsf-¡p-dn¨v H¶pw \ap-¡-

dn-bn-söpw ]n.- F-gp-Xn-bn-«p- - v. 179 HmWhpw AXnsâ s]m-cpfpw \nÊm-c-cmb a\p-

jyÀ¡v th--hn-[-¯n Xncn-¨-dn-bm-\m-Ip-¶nà F¶mhmw [z\n. F¶m HmWw

"{]mWsâ ss]Zmlamäm³ h¶-W-ªn-«pw, Xm³ btYm-NnXw kzoI-cn- n-ÃtÃm, F¶

Ipä-t_m-[-amWv Cu Ihn-X-bpsS ImXÂ.

""{]mWsâ ss]Zm-l-am-äp-hm³ hs¶-¯pþ

tamW-¯n-cp-thm-W-\m-fnÂ

H¶p-Ip-fn-¨n-Ã, ap§n-¡p-fn-¨nÃ

Znhy-ku-µ-cy-¨n-d-bnÂ

H¶p sXm-gp-XnÃ, Ip¼n-«p-t]m-¶nÃ

Znhy-a-l-Ên³ \S-bnÂ

]mcpäp NqSn-b-Xnà Rm³ X¼p-cm³

hmcn-sb-dnbpw {]kmZw

tkhn- -Xnà Rm³ Znhyamw ]m¸p-gþ

ss¡hgn hogp¶ XoÀ°w

k´XZpÀ¤-Ô-am-äp-hm³ ]qioe

kÔy-IÄ \evIpw If`w

IjvS-an-s¸mt¶mW \mfn Rm³ hmXn-epþ

sIm«nbS¨p InS¶p

Imcp-Wy-aqÀ¯nbmw X¼p-cm-t\-dnb

tXcp IS-¶p-t]m-btÃm

HmÀ¯p X]n-bv¡p¶p \jvS-am-bvt¸m-sb-\nþ

bvt¡mW-¸p-ecn \nt£]w''184

kzmÀ°-X-bp-sS, AÚ-X-bp-sS, Al- -bpsS Hs¡ Ccp-«nÂs¸«v Dd-§n-t¸m-b-Xnsâ

Xo{h-amb hyY, Ipä-t_m-[-ambn Ihnsb th«-bm-Sp-¶p. HmWw \jvS-am-bn-t¸mbn

270

F¶ t_m[w ]n.-bn DS-\ofw ImWm-\m-Ip-sa-¦nepw C{X Xo{h-amb Aß-\nµ aäp

-I-hn-X-I-fn ImWm-\m-hn-Ã.

5.3.2.2. 21. Ihn-sb-hnsS 185

hb¡-c-bnse ]mW-sâ-þ-Hm-W- m-«p-Im-csâþ hoSv GtXm sNIp- m³ It¿dn

F¶ k¦-ev]- n Fgp-Xnb Ihn-X. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS teme- w-Kn-IÄ \jvS-s -Sp-Ibpw

]Icw {Iucyw IpSn-bn-cn-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

""\mSn³ apJ-s¯-¸-cn-th-j-§Ä

Nqgp-a-g-sIm-fn-sb§p t]mbn?

Aw_c\oen-a-b-Ã, I®nÂ

_nw_n- q- tLm-camw cà-Zmlw''186

\mSpw AXnsâ \·-Ifpw \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶-tXm-sSm¸w, Ihnbpw þ HmW-¸m-«p-Im-c-\mb

]mW³ þ CÃm-sX-bm-Ip-¶p.

""tNmf-¡p-e-t]m apSn-\-c¨

tNepä ]mW-\n-s¶-§p-t]mbn?

amthen a¶-\-I-¼-Sn-IÄ

tkhn¨ tNI-h-s\-§p-t]mbn?

]mW-þ-s\mtcgbmw ]mW-þ-s\-¶mþ

temW-¯n³ {]mW-R-c-¼m-W-h³

{]mW-\p-sN-än-S- an-¶-semfn

ImWnbv¡pw ]mW-\n-s¶-§p-t]mbn?

...........................................................

]«n-Wn-¯o-bn-se-cn-sª-cnªm

\m«n³]pd- n³ Ihn acn¨p

............................................................

Nmabpw a¯bpw tNmf-¡¼pw

cmKn-bp-an-Ãn-¸-d-¼n-en-t¸mÄ

]m«p-hn-X¨p IXn-cp-sIm¿pw

]mWsâ sIm¨p IpSpw-_-anÃ''187

F¶mepw Ihn ]mWs\ {]Xo-£n-bv¡p-¶p. (HmW-hp-ambn _Ô-s -Sp¯n Xosc

{]k-àn-bn-Ãm¯ tNmf-¡¼pw cmKn-bp-saÃmw ]n.- ]-e-t¸mgpw hÀ®n-bv¡m-dp--v. (aäp

DZm: ‘XS-h-d-bnÂ’, ‘HmW-¡m-gvN’, ‘Ccp-«nsâ ]p©n-cn’.) A\-h-[m-\X aqew kw -hn-

bv¡p-¶-XmImw CXv.) AbmÄ, "HmW- n³ \mcm-b-thcp t]mäp¶'h\mI-bmÂ, B

{]Xo£ HmWs¯¡pdn-¨p-Iq-Sn-bm-Ip¶p:

""HmW-¯n³ \mcm-b-th-cp-t]mäpw

]mW-\mÀ hmsWmcn¸pÃpamSw

271

Dĸq-hn³ ]qP-I-tfev¡pw Xr¡mþ

c- ³ IpSn-s¡mÅpw s]m-¶-¼ew

F¶p-Xn-cn¨p hcpw \o, Pohþ

kv]µ-am-ta-Im´ tImIn-eta!

t{]a- n-¶-ssZzX Zo]vXn NqSpw

ama-e-\m-Snsâ s]m³In\mth!'' 188

5.3.2.2. 22. hÅw-Ifn

Ihn- Xs¶ kzbw hÅ-ambn k¦-ev]n-bv¡p-¶p. Npäp-]mSpw HmWw hcp-t¼mÄ,

Ihn-bm-Ip-¶, tISp-]mSp ]änb ]gb h©n HmÀ½-IÄ Ab-hn-d-¡n, \ncm-i-tbmsS

]pg-h-¡¯p hn{i-an-bv¡p-I-bm-Wv. F¶n-«pw, ]q\n-em-hpw, Nn§-¡m-äp-saÃmw hnfn-

bv¡p-t¼mÄ Ihnbv¡v DW-cm-Xn-cn-bv¡m-\m-hp-¶n-Ã.

""sImSnbhÀj-¯n-e-ÃnÂ, ]e-]-e-sImSp¦mänþ

¶Sn-tbäp XIÀ¶Xn¸gb h©n!

.........................................................................

Ae-IÄ¡p ]¦p-h¨p Nc-¡p-I-fm-sI,bmSpw

Ifn-h-Å-¯n-¦-en-t¸m-g-h-ti-jn-¨p,

]pe-cn¸qh\w \\- p-dh -h-änb ]m«pw

Hfn-a-§n-¡-cn-bp¶ Xma-c-sam«pw

Cgªpw Icªpw cmhn³ ap¼p-Xs¶ Ic-]-änþ

¡gn-ªtÃm hÅwIfn-¸m-«p-Im-scÃmw

t\À¯ shÅ\nem-hWn-t¨e¯p¼n¸n-Sn-t¨tXm

ssI¯p-g-bm Xpg-bp-¶n-tX-Im-In-bmbv Rm³'' 189

ico-cs¯ hÅ-am¡n Nn{Xo-I-cn-bv¡p¶ ]Xnhv aäp-Nne HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fnepw ]n.- Xp-

S - c p -¶p - - v .

""hÅw-I-fn-bv¡m-än h¶p

\nc-¡p¶p ]pXp-h-©n-IÄ

Ac-b-¶-§-fmbv¸änþ

¸d¡pw ]pXp-h-©n-IÄ

]Ãp-t]m-sbmscsâ h©n

InS¡p¶p Ic-bv¡p-taÂ'' 190

""]pg-bn-e-Ise Im¯p-\n¶p

Xpg-I-fä IS-hp-tXmWn'' 191

"hÅw-Ifn' bnÂ, XIÀ¶ hÅs¯ ho-p-ap-WÀ¯p¶Xv HmW-am-Wv. Pohn-

Xs¯ ho-pw Ne-\m-ß-I-am-¡m-\pÅ HmW-¯nsâ ssNX-\ys¯ ]t£, B²ym-

ßn-I-X-bp-ambn Iq«n-bn-W-¡m-\mWv Ihn {ian-bv¡p-¶-Xv.

272

""hnX-¼p¶ iq\y-Xbv¡pa¸pd¯p \n¶p-sas¶

hnfn-bv¡bmw ho-p-tatXm apcfo\mZw

]pg-bpsS ]m«p-Imcm Ag-Insâ \m«p-Imcm

]g-§fpw ]q¡fpw Xr¡m-ev¡-eÀ¸n¨p

F®-XoÀ¶p ]pI-bp¶ ]mgvhn-f-¡p-ao-h-Å-hpþ

aÀ®-h- n³ \S-bnse hgn-]m-Sm¡n

thyma-ta-dn-s¯fnXmc-Im-aWn ap¯m-IpI a®n³þ

Xma-c-bn-e-bn hoW \oÀ¡-Wamw \o'' 192

Ihn-bn CS-¡m-e- ¦p-cn¨ Kpcp-hm-bq-c¸`àn-bpsS {]Xn- -e-\-ambn CXns\ IW-

¡m-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv.193

5.3.2.2. 23. sshIn-h¶ hncp-¶p-Imcn 194

]n.-Ip-ªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ, lrt{ZmKw _m[n¨v XrÈq-cnse Hcm-ip-]-{Xn-bn InS-¡p¶

Imes¯ -A-\p- hw. B Bip-]{Xn Pohn-X- n Ihnsb ]cn-N-cn¨ Cf-sh-bn-en-t\m-

sSm¯ Hcp t\gvknsâ a[p-c-a-kr-W-amb Hcp Ihn-Xm-Nn-{X-am-Wv, "sshIn-h¶ hncp-

¶p-Im-cn’. “Ihnbv¡v a¡-fn-Ã. ]n.-Ip-ªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ F¶ a\p-jy\v a¡-fn-tÃ... !

D- v Fsâ {]nb-s¸« \gvkv...'' F¶v Ihn Bß-I-Y-bnÂ, \nXy-I-\y-I-bn Ipdn- p.

henb IpSpw-_-ap--m-bn«pw IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-sa-s´-¶-dn-bm¯ Ihn. Bip-]-{Xn-¡-«n-

en XfÀ¶p hoW-t¸mÄ Hcp aI-fn \n¶v, "AÑm' F¶ hnfn-tIÄ¡m\pw aI-fpsS

]cn-N-cWw A\p-`-hn-bv¡m\pw Zmln-¨n-cp¶p F¶p-thWw Icp-Xm³. B A\p-`-h-

¯nsâ {]Xy-£-ZÀi-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. "sshIn-h¶ hncp-¶-Imcn' bnse \gvkv.'' 195 CXv

Ihn-Xs¶ Cu Ihn-X--bv¡pÅ Bap-J-¯n Xpd¶p ]d-bp-¶p-- v. "" N -apÅ XqshÅ

]«p-Sp- n« \gvkv þ \c-I- n \mIw Na-bv¡p¶ Hcp A]vkc Ipamcn; Aen-hnsâ

]p©n-cn-b-arXv F¶pw ssIbn Icp-Xp¶ ]mXn-cm- q-\n-em-hv. Ibv pä Ir{XnatcmKKpfn-

I-I-tfm-sSm¸w Aen-hnsâ a[pcw Iq«n-t¨À¯p-sIm-Sp¯ Ah-fpsS kvac-W-bv¡pÅ

k½m-\-amWv Cu IhnX''.196

Htcm-W-¡m-e-s¯-gp-Xnb Ihn-X-bm-b-Xp-sIm-mhmw (5.9.1971) {]tXy-I ImcW-

§-sfm-¶p-an-Ãm-ªn«pw Cu Ihn-X-bn HmW-]-cm-aÀi-§Ä BhÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶-Xv. Ah-

bn {][m-\-s¸-«h Nph-sS-t¨À¡p¶p:

""lrt{Zm-Knbmw Imäp, I¯n³ adp-]Sn

Im¯p \ncm-i-\mbv hoÀ¸nSpw thf-bnÂ

..................................................................................

HmÀ½-X³ Xp¼-bn tX³IWw XqIp-s¶mþ

tcmW \nem-hm-b-en-sªs¶ t\m¡n \o

...................................................................

HmW- p-e-cn-IÄ t]mIpw hc-t¼dn

273

ssXa-Wn-s¯-§-Wn-t¯m-¸p-IÄ ]n¶n«pw

imcZkÔy-X³ ]q¡p-¼nÄ Nn¶n-tbmþ

cmh-gn- m-c-bn amªp \nem-h-hÄ

.......................................................................

IÀjII\y-I-am-cpsS Np-nepw

I®n-ep-tamWw Ifnbv¡pao thf-bnÂ

amthen \mSn³ aWn-ap-ä-sams¡bpw

]qhn³ \nd-]-d-shbv¡pao thf-bnÂ

{imh-W-s¯-¶Â¯nc-bn-e-en-ªp-t]mbv

hmSnb sN¼-I- q-hn³ ]cn-afw'' 197

X\nbv¡v {]nb-¦-cn-bmb \gvkn-s\-¡p-dn-bv¡m³ HmW-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Iev]-\-

IÄ Ihn Is-¯n F¶-XmWv HmW-¡-hnX F¶ \ne-bn Cu Ihn-Xsb FSp¯p

]d-b-¯-¡-Xm-¡p-¶-Xv.

5.3.2.2. 24. D{Xm-S- n³\mÄ

hntZ-i-hm-kn-bmb Xsâ `À¯mhv Cu D{Xm-S- n-s\-¦nepw \m«n-se- ptam F¶

`mcy-bpsS {]Xo-£m-\nÀ -c-amb Im¯n-cn- mWv Cu Ihn-X-bpsS {]ta-bw. HmW-s -

¡p-dn-¨pÅ Nne kpµc Nn{X-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp¶p F¶-sXmgn¨m FSp-¯p-]-d-b-

¯¡ khn-ti-j-X-I-sfm¶panÃm¯ Ihn-X. Htcm-W-¡m-e- m-bn-cp¶p Ah-cpsS hnhm-

l-sa-¶-XmWv Ah-fpsS HmÀ½sb Xo{h-am-¡p-¶Xv.

""lÀj-]p-f-I-a-Wnbpw þ {Kmaþ

IÀj-I-hm-S-§Ä tXmdpw

apä-a-Wnªp ]qhn-«-þ-a-eÀþ

apä¯p ar¯n-Im-_nw_w

.........................................

tNsem¯ Nµ\t¡mepw þ ]p¯þ

t\me-¡p-S-Ifpw s]m§n

Nn¯apebv¡pw \nem-hp-þ-ho-gpþ - - - -

ap{Xm-S-\m-fn³ hc-hmbv

........................................

\mY-sâ- kp-kvan-X-ambnþap-¶nÂþ

]q¯ \nem-shmfn h¶p

.........................................

F³I-cÄ¡p-¼nÄ \ndbv¡m þ \Ãnþ

se³ {]mW-\m-Y³ hcp-tam...” 198

F¶n-§s\ \o-p-t]m-Ip-I-bmWv Ihn-X.

274

5.3.2.2. 25. N -¡nfn

Xnc-¡pÅ _Ên-tebv¡v s]s«¶v Ib-dn-h¶ Hcp s]¬Ip-«n-sb- -än-bmWv Ihn-

X. Bcv F¶-- kqN-\-bn-Ã. Ihn-X-bnse hÀ®-\-IÄ kqNn- n-bv¡p-¶Xp {]Im-c-am-

sW-¦nÂ, Hcp sIm¨p `n£-¡m-cn-bm-Imw. {]Ir-Xn-ku-µ-cy-am-kz-Zn-¨v, HmW-¡-hnX

In\m-hp-I-v _Ên-en-cn-bv¡p¶ Ihn-sb, B "]n©p Infn' bpsS BÀ¯-\mZw De-¨p-

I-f-bp-¶p. At±lw Ah-sf-¡p-dn¨v Nn´n¨p XpS§n:

""GtXm ac-s¸m-¯nÂþ

\n¶p-amtcm

Iq«n-e-S- n«

]n©p-Infn

h©-I³ Im«m-fþ

\ob-g-sIþ

¨´-¨-c-¡m¡n

sh¨n-cn¸q

]p¯³ IXnÀ¡p-eþ

tXSn-¯Å

]p¯-cn-bp®m

s\mcp¡n-hbvs¡

\o - -I -¿p -sÅmcn

¡m«m-ft\m

am´n-¸n-Sp§o

IpSpw_kuJyw

\m\m-P-\-¯nþ

¶nS-bn¸än-þ

tbmW-¡-hnX

In\m-hp-Im¬tI

s_©n-¶-Sn-bnþ

ee-b-Sn¨

]n©p-In-fn-bp-sSþ

bmÀ¯-\mZw

ImXn-e-e-bvs¡-s¸m³þ

Nn§w-tIWp:

`mh-\m-tem-I-anþ

Snªp hoWp''199

CXp-t]mse bmYmÀ°y-§-fpsS ItÃ-dp-sIm-v, tZh-`m-h\m ZÀ¸Ww s]m-«n-b-Xnsâ

ZpxJw ‘Ip-Sn-sbmgnbv¡Â’, ‘B¼Â¸q-¡Ä’ XpS§nb Ihn-X-I-fn sshtem- n-Ånbpw

]¦p -sh-¨n -«p - - v .

275

]n.-bpsS HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fnse ]pjv]-km-¶n-²y-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-IqSn ChnsS Nn´n-

bv¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Xp¼bpw ap¡p-än-bp-amWv AXn Gähpw A[nIw {]Xy-£-s -Sp-

¶-Xv. Nne-t¸mÄ, B¼Â, Acn-¸q-hv, I®m-´-fn, NnämS XpS-§n-b-hbpw ImWmw.

F¶m Xp¼-tbbpw ap¡p-än-tb-bpw-]än \nc-h[n hyXy-kvX-I-ev]-\-IÄ ]n. Ah-X-cn-

¸n-bv¡p-¶p. anbv¡-hmdpw FÃm HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fnepw Ch {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p-s--¦n-

epw, {][m-\-s¸« Nne Iev]-\-IÄ am{Xta ChnsS \evIp-¶p-Åq.

1. ""A¼n a[p-c-¯mÂþ

Xp¼-¸q-¡Ä

]q¼m-ä-IÄ¡p

hncp-s¶m-cp¡o

X¿Â ]Tn-bv¡p¶

ap¡p-än-IÄ

""sa¿m-`-c-Wþ

saSp¯p NmÀ¯n''200

2. ""A¼n-ep-dp-¼p-IÄ¡m-I-am\w

Xp¼-IÄ tNmdp-hn-f-¼n-\n¶p

]p¯\mw X¦-¡pS¡Sp-¡³

ap¡p-än -¡p-ªnsâ ImXn¡-p''201

3. ""t]À¯p-tam-a-\-h-Iv{Xþ

apbÀ¯n ap¡p-än-IÄ

Im¯p \nev¡-bmbv apäþ

¯Ñ-s\-þ-I-Xn-tcms\

Xp¼- q- I-Sm-£n¨p

bph-Xm-cs¯; s¯¨nþ

bs¼mSp Ifn-bm-¡nþ

s¨mÃn: sbs´mcp tNÀ¨''202

4. ""A¯-semgnªpÅ ]q¯p-¼- \þ

·p¯p-¡p-S-IÄ ]nSn¨p \nevt¡

ap¡pän aª ]ngn-ªp-Spt¡''203

5. ""Hä-h-b-än-ep-d-§o- Xpt¼ Xmc-Ibpw \obpw

ap¡qän¸qh-dnbmwþkqcy\p s]m¶\pP³ Xs¶''204

6. ""Xp¼n-IÄ sNdp-h©n \o¡n, In¡n-fn-bm¡nþ

Xp¼-sb- n-cn- n¨p sIm- p-sX-¶Â

276

AÀ¡aeÀ \evIp-tam-W- p-Sh hm§m³

ap¡pän aeÀ ]n©p ssIIÄ \o«n''205

7. ""I¼n-tImÀ¡-bm-a-¼n-fn-¸m¡-XnÀ

Xp¼ \o«p¶ ap¯p aWn-I-fnÂ

sI«-S-§msX I¯n ]pe-cn-IÄ

sIm¨p ap¡p-än-tb- nb Xme- nÂ''206

8. ""AÀ¡s\tÊhn-¨-]-arXyp amäp¶

ap¡pän¸q¡-f-enªp sIm©n

HmW-\mÄ R§Ä¡p aª ]ngn-ª-Xmþ

tamW¸p-S-hbv¡p ]ª-anÃ

]qs¯mcnfw Xp¼-bmÀ¯p hnfn-t¨mXn

ap¯p-IÄ tImÀs¯mcp ame It-m?''207

9. ""A¼mÀ¶p IqsS¡fn¨p hfÀ¶

Xp¼-I-sfs¶ ]cn-l-kn-bv¡p¶p

AÀ¡-s¸m-en-a-IÄ ]¦p-h-¨p-

ap¡p-än-bn¶p apJw Xncn-bv¡p¶p''208

10. ""Np-n ]p©n-cn - h-äm¯

]q¯p-t¼, a¬sN-cm-Xp-IÄ

\nc¯n¨n§-s]m³tImhnÂ

NqSpw ap¡pän hrµta''209

11. ""Idp-s¯mcp `mh-sa-¶-X-dn-bmsX ]q¯p-¼-IÄ

Ic-fn ap¯p-ambv Zqsc-¡m- p-\n-ev¡p¶p

BZn-Xy-lr-Zba{´-ap-]m-knbv¡pw ap¡p-än-IÄ

B a-e-s©-cn-hp-tXmdpw Im¯p-\n-ev¡p¶p''210

12. ""t]mänb a®n-\-gIp \mWþ

taänb Xp¼ Na-sªmcp§o

ta«n hs¶- nb ]q\n-em-hn³

ho«n-te-bvs¡m¶p hncp¶p t]mhm³

...........................................................................

sX¡n-\n- a- n³ Npa-cp-]än

\nev¡p¶p ap¡p-än-s¸¬In-Sm-§Ä''211

13. ""sNhn-tbmÀ¯p Xp¼-¡p-Sw, I¬an-gn¨p

ap¡p-än-IÄ''212

277

14. ""sX§n³ If- m-Sn sIm-bvXp-shbv¡pw

Xp¼-¯-d-hm-«n-temWw h¶p

ap¡n ap\n-ªmcpw I®n-Sm¯

ap¡pän-s¸-®n-s\mcp¯³ h¶p''213

15. ""iqew \o«pw aXnÂs¡«p

Nqgpao t{]X-`q-an-bnÂ

s]«-sX-½«p ]q¯pt¼

HmW-t¡m-Sn-bp-Sp¯ \o

Imäp-WÀ¯pw th¸p-a-cþ

¯W-en IqSn-bm-Sp-hm³

If`w ]qin-h-s¶¯pw

ap¡p-än-¡n-Sm-§tf!''214

C§s\ Xp¼-sbbpw ap¡p-än-tbbpw Ihn ]e Xc- n hÀ®n-bv¡p-¶Xp ImWmw.

Xp¼-bpsS shfp¸p \ndw aqew, AXns\ \nem-hn-t\mSpw \£-{X-§-tfmSpw ap¯p-I-

tfm-Sp-sam-s¡-bmWv D]-an-bv¡p-¶-sX-¦n ap¡p-änsb AXnsâ aª-\n-d-waqew FÃm-

bn-t¸mgpw kqcy-\p-ambn _Ôn- n-bv¡p-¶Xp ImWmw. ap¡pän Nne-t¸mÄ kqcysâ

A\p-P-\m-Wv, aäp Nne-t¸mÄ kqcysâ k´m-\w, Nne-t¸mÄ BZnXy lrZba{´w

P]n-bv¡p¶ `à... -A-§s\ ap¡p-änbpw kqcy\pw X½n-epÅ _Ôs¯ Ihn ]e-X-

c-¯n Ah-X-cn-¸n-bv¡p-¶p- - v .

5.3.2.2. 26. Ccp-«nsâ ]p©ncn 215

Poh-]-cy´w XS-hp-in-£-tbäp Ign-bp¶ Pbn¸pÅn-bpsS IY ]d-bp¶ Ihn-X.

P·n-bpsS ]d-¼n \n¶v Hcp \m¡ne apdn¨ ASn-bms\ AbmÄ sNcn-¸q-cn-¯-Ãn.

AXv XSª ASn-bm³ Xsâ tcmj- m P·nsb sh«n. A[n-Im-chpw [\-hp-apÅ

P·n-bpsS kzm[o-\ -e-ambn ASn-bm³ \mev]-Xp-hÀj-t¯m-f-ambn Xpdp-¦-d-bn¯s¶

Ign-bp-¶p. (Cu `qX-I-Ym-Jym\ `mKw, "XS-h-d-bnÂ' F¶ Ihn-X-bn ]qÀ®-ambpw

Hgn-hm-¡n-bn-cn-bv¡p-¶p.) ]t£, HmW-¡m-e-am-Ip-t¼mÄ, B Pbn-e-\-I- pw, Xp¼bpw

ap¡p-än-bpw, imcZ\nem-hp-sams¡ IS¶p hcn-I-bpw, Abmsf ]gb HmW-¡m-e-§Ä

HmÀ½n- n-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. HmW-s -¡p-dn- pÅ Nne kpµ-c-kva-c-W-I-fmWv {][m-

\-ambpw "XS-h-d-bnÂ' DÅXv. Hcp IÀj-I-s¯mgnemfn-bpsS k¼qÀ®-amb PohnXIY-

bmWv "Ccp-«nsâ ]p©ncn', F¦n IjvS-Im-e- n\v XS-h-d-bnÂs¸« GsXm-cm-fp-tSbpw

(AXv thW-sa-¦n Pohn-X-¯-S-h-d-bp-am-Imw) HmW-¡n-\m-hm-Wv, "XS-h-d-bnÂ' Ihn-

bpsS B Ime-L-«-¯nse at\m-\n-esb (1974 Imew) {]I-Sn-¸n-bv¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-mImw

Cu IhnX At±lw ]p\x-{]-kn-²o-I-cn- -Xv.

a\p-jy³ Xsâ Pohn-X-]m-cp-jy-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂs¸«v HmW-s¯ -a-d-¶mepw HmWw,

ae-bm-fn-Isf ad-¡n-Ã F¶ {]Xo-£-bpw, A§s\ ad-¡-cptX F¶ {]mÀ°-\bpw

278

]n.-bn BhÀ¯n¨p {]Xy-£-s -Sp-¶Xp ImWmw

""GtXm ssIhn-j-ap-ÅnÂs¸þ

«t¼ \ns¶ ad-¡nepw

Iq«nse Ipªn-¶n-c-sbmþ

s¯¯pw ss]¦n-fn-t]m-eth

ad-¡mbvsIs¶ \o s]m¶qw

Nn§-¯n³ kp{]-`m-Xta!''216

F¶pw,

""ad-t¶bv¡mw Xosc \ns¶þ

bÔ-Xm-an{k P´p Rm³

ad-¡mbvsIs¶ \osb¶pw

Nn§¸q¯n-cp-thm-ata !''217

F¶pw Cu {]mÀ°\ ]n.-bn ià-amWv. BZy-Im-e- v, CXv,

""{]mW-\nÂt¯³ Xpfn-bv¡m³ hcp-¶-Xmþ

tamW\mfns\ \n§Ä ad-¶mepw

HmW-sa¶pw shSn-bnà \n§sf

HmW-sa¶pw ad-¡nà \n§sf''218

F¶ Dd¨ hnizm-k-am-bn-cp¶p F¶p IqSn ]d-tb- - -Xp- - v .

5.4. \nco-£-W-§Ä/\nK-a-\-§Ä

* Ipªn-cm-a³\m-bsc kw_-Ôn- n-S-t¯mfw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS BtLm-j-¡m-e-amWv

HmWw. GXp Xc- n-epÅ HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fnepw kmam\yw hnkvX-cn¨ {]Ir-Xn-hÀ®-

\-IÄ ImWmw. B ImgvN-I-fm-I-s«, ]e-t¸mgpw kmam-\-hp-am-Wv. Ahn-S-hnsS NnX-dn-

¡n-S-¡p¶ Cu {]Ir-Xn-Nn-{X-§sf C{]-Imcw kw{K-lnbv¡mw: “`qan-Im-Wm-\n-d-§nb

\£{X¡pªp-§-fm-Ip¶ ]qhp-IÄ, Ip¸n-h-f-bn« tXm¸p-IÄ,tIm-Sn-bp-e-bm¯ ]mhp-

ap-p NmÀ¯n, ]ps¶Â¡-Xn-cn³ I\-Iw-t]mse ]mZ-k-c-an«p \nev¡p¶ \oÄan-gn-bm-

fmb s]¬Ip-«n, Ah-fpsS I®p-I-fnse Icn-ao³ ]pf¸v; Bbncw HmWw D- Du¡nÂ

\nev¡p¶ Ac-bmÂ; Acn- m- -Wnª ]q¡fw; hfÀ -ap-änb apÃ; Zqc- p-\n¶v s]®p-

Im-Wm³ Bfp-h¶ ]n¨Iw; Ge-e-hw-K-§Ä Iq¯p-I-fn-bv¡p¶ \oe-ae; Agn-tbmSp

kzImcyw ]d-bp¶ ]q\n-em-hnsâ ]p©ncn; ]mb ad amäp¶ shÅm-¼Â; \nem-

s¸mbvIbn ap§n-\o- p¶ ]mSs¯¯¯; CW-]n-cn-bm¯ {]mhp-IÄ; a©m-Sn-¡m-

Sp-IÄ; ao\q«p \S-¯p¶ IS-hp-IÄ; aª-¡nfn IqSp-¡q-«p¶ amhv; ssIX-¸q-aWw

IeÀ¶ Imäv; sX¶-en Infn- m-«p-ambn IqSn-bm-Sp¶ Ig-a-¡-Xncv; hoW-ao-«p¶ aWn-

t¨m-e-bpsS XSw ]än \mWw IpWp-§p¶ Im«p-]qhv; t]cm-änse Cf-¶oÀ shÅw;

X®oÀ - Â; A¯mWn; tImhn-ense s\bvhnf¡v; tXmSp-IÄ ]nSn-hmin t]in¡fn-

279

bv¡p¶ Bdn-eqsS Ib-dn-t¸m-Ip¶ HmS-§Ä; Imen-¡n-Sm-§Ä BSn¡p¯n-a-dn-bp¶

Ip¶n³ sNcn-hp-IÄ; {]mW-\n angn-\o-cp-ho-Wp-Ip-Xncpw t]mse HmW-\n-emhv; InSm-

§-fpsS ]qhn-fn- ap-g-§p¶ ]pÂam-S-§Ä; .... B-Sn-bp-e-bp¶ tXhn-Sn-]q-¡Ä; Imän-t\m-

sSm¯v HmW-¯Ãn-s\m-cp-§p¶ sX§p-IÄ; HmW-¸p-Sh Npän IÃnepw apÅnepw

XpÅp¶ XI-c-¡p-«³, then-bnÂs]m-¯n-¸nSn¨pI-bdn adnªp hogp¶ a¯\pw

Ibv]bpw; sNs¼mfn hn¯n-\-I¯p \n¶v ]SÀ¶p s]m-´p¶ Ip¼fhÅn. CXv

k¼-¶sâ hncp-¶m-Wv. ChnsS, Nn§w ap¸Xv CX-fp-IÄ DÅ ]qhmWv ”. 219 Chn-sS-

sbÃmw {]map-Jy-t¯msS IS-¶p-h-cp-¶Xv Zriy-_nw-_-§-fm-sW¶p ImWmw. ]n.-bpsS

HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fpsS {][m-\-s¸« Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv, Zriy-_nw-_-§-fpSw Cu B[n-

Iyw.

* HmWw tIc-f- nsâ DZm- -amb `qX-Im-e-am-bn-cp¶p F¶v ]n.-B-ßmÀ°-am-

bn- s¶ hniz-kn-bv¡p-¶p. AXv "s]m-bvt¸mbn' F¶v FÃm-bn-t¸mgpw hne-]n-bv¡m³

CXmWv Imc-Ww. “GXp P\-X-bpsS kwkv¡m-c- n\pw \ne-\n-ev]n-sâbpw hn\m-i-

¯n-sâbpw AXn-Po-h-\- n-sâbpw AS-bmf]pcm-hr- -ambn C¯cw Nne Poh-aÀ½-

§Ä/kzXz-tI-{µ-§Ä k¦-ev]n-bv¡-s¸-Sp-¶p--v... -Hm-W-¯n-tâbpw al-_-en-bptSbpw

]pcm-hr- -s¸m-en-abpw ZÀi-\-s¸m-en-abpw XnIª Xr¡m-¡-c-bmWv ]n.-bpsS `mh-\-

bn ae-bmf kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS kzXz- q-an. AXn\m Xr¡m¡-c-bv¡pÅ ]mX ]n.bv¡v

apàn-]-Y-amWv.'' 220 Cu Xr¡m-¡-c-bv¡pÅ hgn, Xsâ HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fn-eqsS ]n.-I-

s- -¯m³ {ian-bv¡p-I-bm-sW¶p ]d-bmw.

* \ne-\n-ev¡p¶ sFXn-ly-§sf bmsXmcp ]p\Àhn-i-I-e-\hpw IqSmsX

AtX]Sn kzoI-cn-bv¡p-¶-XmWv ]n.-bpsS Ihn a\-Êv. tIcfw ]c-ip-cma]p{Xn-bmWv

F¶ k¦-ev]w, alm-_en hma-\-I-Y-bn _en-bpsS XymK-s -¡p-dn- pÅ ImgvN- m-

Sv, XpS-§n-b-h-bn-sems¡ CXp ImWmw. kam-\-amb kµÀ -§-fnÂ, alm-_-en-tbmSv

hnjvWp sNbvXXv NXn-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶pw, Ncn-{X-¯n A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ t]cn-ep-

-mb henb Hc-«n-a-dnsb kqNn-¸n-bv¡p-¶-XmWo¡Y-sb¶pw sshtem-¸n-Ånbpw CS-

tÈ-cnbpw Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p--v. ]n.-bm-Is« hnizm-k-¯nsâ Nc-SnÂs¡«nbmWv HmW-¸p-

cm-hr-¯s¯ kzmwio-I-cn-bv¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm-mWv, alm-_-ensb Nhn-«n-¯m-gv¯n-

bn«pw, alm-hn-jvWp-hn-t\m-SpÅ `ànbv¡pw BZ-c-hn\psam¶pw ]n.-bn tIm«w X«m-

-Xv. HmWs¯ {]I-S-am-bn¯s¶ IrjvW-k-¦-ev]-hp-ambn _Ôn- n-bv¡m³ {ian-

bv¡p-¶-Xpw, C¡q«- nÂ, ]n.-am-{X-am-Wv.

* Ipªn-cm-a³\m-b-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fnÂ, s]m-Xpth \o- hÀ®-\-IÄ {]Xy-£-

s¸-Sp-¶p-- v. Ch-bn Iptd `mKw hn«p-t]m-bmtem Iptd `mKw Iq«n-t¨À¯mtem

s]s«¶v Xncn-¨-dn-sª¶p hcn-Ã. Htc Ihn-X-IÄX-s¶, t\cnb amä-t¯msS ]e

t]cn {]kn-²o-I-cn-bv¡m³ Ihnsb klm-bn-bv¡p¶ LSIw CXm-Wv. HmW-¡-hn-X-

I-fnepw Cu khn-ti-jX {]I-S-am-Wv. AtXm-sSm¸w, Nne hcn-Itfm Bi-b-§tfm

t\cnb hyXym-k-t¯msS BhÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶Xpw ImWmw. CXv F´p-sIm-msW¶v

Nn´n-bv¡p-t¼mÄ, ]n.-I-hn-X-IÄ¡v, hS-¡³ ]m«p-I-fp-am-bpÅ kmZr-iy-¯n-emWv

280

sNs¶- p-I. hS-¡³ ]m«p-I-fnse Hcp-¡p-io-ep-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v tUm.-Fw.-BÀ.-cm-L-h-

hm-cyÀ \S- p¶ Nne \oco-£-W-§Ä ChnsS {]k-à-amWv: "" Iq«¯n\pw Ipdnbv¡pw

Imc-W-sa-´m-bmepw th-n-Ã. Gäp-s]mcpXp¶-hÀ Bcm-bmepw th-nÃ: A¦hpw

s]mbv¯pw hÀ®n-bv¡m³ hS-¡³ ]m«p-I-fn Iptd ]Xn-hp-io-ep-I-fp--v... -C-¯cw

hÀ®-\-I-fn CtX hcn-IÄXs¶ hc-h®w amdn-t¸m-ImsX FÃm-bn-S¯pw FSp¯p

tNÀ¯v ImWm-sa¶v C -d-ª-Xn-¶À°-an-Ã. Nne hcn-IÄ Nne-t¸mÄ hn«p-t]m-sb-

¶n-cnbv¡pw; Nne-t¸mÄ Nne hcn-IÄIq-Sn-sb-¶p-an-cnbv¡pw: F§-s\-bm-bmepw ]d-

bp¶ Imcy-§Ä H¶p-X-s¶.......-k-µÀ - n-s\m¯v hÀ®-\-Isf Bh-iyw-t]mse \o«n

hnSÀ¯m\pw Npcp-¡n-sbmXp¡m\pw hS-¡³ ]m«p-ImÀ¡p Ign-bpw.'' 221 HmW-¡-hn-X-

I-fnse hÀ®-\-IÄ¡v, {]tXy-In¨v {]Ir-Xn-hÀ®-\-IÄ¡v, CXv hf-sc-b-[nIw _m[-

I-am-sW¶p ImWmw. ]n.-I-hn-X-I-fnse hS-¡³]m«p kzm[o-\-s -¡p-dn¨v hni-Z-amb

]T-\-¯n\v ChnsS apXn-cp-¶n-Ã. A¯-c-samcp ]T-\-¯n\v km²y-X-bp-s-¶p Nq-n-

¡m-Wn-bv¡pI am{Xta sN¿p-¶p-Åq.

* 1952 \p tijw FÃm-hÀjhpw Hmtcm HmW-¡-hn-X-sb-¦nepw (Nn-e-t¸mÄ CXv

ct-m aqt¶m Hs¡-bm-Ipw) ]n.-F-gp-Xn-bn-«p- - v. "]n.-bpsS GXm\pw Nne Ihn-X-Isf

HmW-¡-hn-X-IÄ F¶p thÀXn-cn-bv¡p-¶-Xv, Ah HmW-¡m-e-s¯-gp-Xn-b-h-bm-sW-¶-

Xp-sIm-p am{X-amWv' F¶ tUm.-F-kv.-sI.-h-k-´sâ \nco-£Ww222 hfsc {it²-b-

amWv. HmWw ]Ým- -e-ambn hcp¶ Nne Ihn-X-I-fn-se-¦n-epw, kmµÀ`n-I-amb ]cm-

aÀi-§Ä am{Xta AsX- än DÅq F¶Xpw CXp-ambn tNÀ¯p hmbn-bv¡m-hp-¶-Xm-

Wv.

* BZy-Im-e-I-hn-X-I-fn kzmX{´yw, sFIyw XpS-§n-bh {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p.

]n¶oSv hyày-\p- -h-§sf HmW-hp-ambn _Ôn- n-bv¡m³ {ian-bv¡p-¶Xpw Ah-km-

\-Ime cN-\-I-fn-se- p-t¼mÄ hyàn-]-c-amb ZpxJ-§Ä aqew HmW- n-epÅ hnizmkw

Xs¶ DSªp t]mIp-¶Xpw ImWmw.

* HmW-hp-ambn _Ô-s -Sp¯n ssih-_nw-_-§Ä [mcm-f-ambn ]n.-Ip-ªn-cm-a³\m-

bÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p--v. alm-_en inh-`-à-\m-bn-cp¶p F¶ k¦-ev]tam, {Zmhn-U-

-\n-a-bpsS ssih-]-£-]m-Xn-Xztam Ihnsb Bg- n kzm[o-\n- -Xnsâ e-amImw,

C¯cw _nw_-§Ä.

* HmWw AXnsâ icn-bmb AÀ°- n \ne-hn hcp-t¼mÄ FÃm Xn·-I-fnÂ

\n¶p-apÅ þ _mlyhpw B´-cn-I-hp-ambþ tamN\w e`n-bv¡p-sa¶ hnizmkw Cu

Ihn-X-I-fn DS-\ofw ImWmw.

* tIcf kwkv¡m-c- nsâ P·Àt£m-Õ-h-amWv HmWw F¶v, Ihn ]e-X-hW

BhÀ¯n-¨n -«p - - v .

* ]n.- Po-hn-¨n-cn-bvs¡-¯-s¶, HmWw, tZio-tbm-Õ-h-am-bn. F¶mÂ, A¯-c-

¯nÂ, HmWs¯ hyJym-\n-bv¡m³ At±lw {ian-bv¡p-¶n-Ã. BkvXn-I-\mb Hcp

lnµp-hnsâ I®n-eq-sS- -s¶-bm-Wv, DS-\ofw At±lw HmWs¯ ImWp-¶-Xv.

281

* ]nd¶\mSp-am-bpw, {KmaoWPohn-X-hp-ambpw _Ôn- n¨v HmWs¯ ImWm-\mWv

]n.-F-Ãm-bn-t¸mgpw {ian-bv¡p-¶-Xv.

* HmWs¯ ImÀjnI Pohn-X-hp-ambn _Ôn- n¨v hÀ®n-bv¡m-\pÅ {ia-§fpw

\nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. CS-tÈ-cnbpw HmW- nsâ ImÀjn-I-k- bv¡pXs¶-bmWv Du¶Â

sImSp¡p¶-Xv. F¶m Ch-cpsS ImgvN-¸m-Sp-I-fn {]I-S-amb hyXym-k-ap--v. ]n.-

bn Krlm-Xp-c-X-bpsS kzcw sXfnªp tIÄ¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-sX-¦nÂ, CS-tÈcn,

ImÀjnIPohn-Xs¯ AXnsâ DÅn \n¶p-sIm-v hni-Zo-I-cn-bv¡p-Ibpw AXnsâ

kpJ-Zpx-J-§-tfbpw {]Xn-k-Ôn-I-tfbpw Bhn-jv¡-cn-bv¡p-I-bp-amWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.

* HmWs¯ \njv¡-f-¦-amb BËm-Z- nsâ Ime-am-bn-«pw, ssii-h-Im-e-am-bn«pw

_Ôn- n-bv¡m-\pÅ {ia-§Ä Cu Ihn-X-I-fn BhÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶p- - v.

* HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fn A½ þ \nem-hv, Aѳ þ alm-_-enþ kqcy³ XpS-§nb

Iev]-\-IÄ ka-tam, kam-\tam Bb kml-N-cy-§-fn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p--v.

* {]W-bw, {]W-b-\jvSw XpS-§n-b-h-sb, HmW- nsâ Xs¶ \jvS-ambn hnh-cn-

bv¡m-\pw, Bhn-jv¡-cn-bv¡m\pw ]e HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fnepw Ihn {ian-bv¡p-¶p--v. {]I-

S-amb \jvS-t_m-[-apÅ C¯cw Ihn-X-Isf ap³\nÀ¯n, ]n.-bpsS HmW-k-¦ev]w

hnjm-Zm-ß-I-am-sW¶v ]d-bm-\m-hn-Ã.

* IpSpw-_-s¯-¡p-dn¨v c-p-Xcw k¦-ev]-§Ä HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fn {]Xy-£-s¸-

Sp-¶p--v. H¶v, `mKw hm§n-¸n-cn-bp¶ Xd-hmSv þ AXn Ihn ]e-t¸mgpw {`jvS-\m-Wv.

c-m-a-t¯X,v {]]-©-am-Ip¶ IpSpw_w. CXn-t\mSv tNÀ¶p \nev¡m-\mWv Ihn FÃm-

bn-t¸mgpw {ian-bv¡p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ, hyàn-]-c-amb \ncm-i-aqew Cu {]]-©- -d-hm-

«n \n¶pw Xm³ ]pd- m-¡-s -«pthm F¶ Bi¦ Nne Ihn-X-I-fn ImWmw.

-* aäp Ihn-I-fp-tS-Xn \n¶v XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-amWv ]n.-bpsS alm-_en k¦-

ev]w. ]e Ihn-X-I-fn-embn NnX-dn-¡n-S-¡p¶ k¦oÀ®-amb alm-_en kzcq]w C{]-

Imcw t{ImUo-I-cnbv¡mw: "" kn²mÀ°-im- n-sNm-cnªv knwl-c-tYm-]cn hnf-§p¶

HcmÄ, "Hcp aXsamcp PmXn, Hcp \nd,samcp\nWw, s]m-cp-fnXp ]c-ky-ambn' Ac p -

fnb `c-Wm-[n -Im-cn, hna-eX Ifn -bv¡p¶ `rKp -cma\ne-b-¯nÂ, kma-tZ-h-

aWn_nw_{]Xn-jvT-sN-bvX-h³, AÀ¡-_nw_w Xnf-§p¶ hn--e-¯n DS-\ofw

Xr¡m-¡-c-s¸m³ ]pe-cn-s¡mSn¡qd ]mdn-bv¡p-¶-h³... -B--n-semcnbv¡Â In\m-hnsâ

B¼-e-¸q-s¨--p -ambn AW-bp¶ hÃ-`³; hm\-hÀ I-v ssIIq-¸n-\nevs¡ knwl-

hm-l-\-ta-dn-h-cp¶ {]mW-h-Ã-`³, D¼ÀtIm³ s]m³apSn-ta\n shSn-ª-h³; Xp¼-

¡pSw Xncp-au-en-bn NmÀ¯p-thm³; [t\-i-cpsS ]qtaS hn«v IpSn-en Dĸq-Ip-thm³;

tem`hn]-Wn-hn«v Dugnsb tkhn¨p t]mcp¶ IÀj-I-hm-S-§Ä tXSp-thm³... -A-

ssZzXktµihml-I³ F¶p-t]mepw B alm-cm-Pm-hns\ Ihn IoÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶p.

Ncn-{X-I-Y-I-fn-eqsS \ap¡p In«nb alm-_-en- n-{X- nÂ, Ipªn-cm-a³\mb-cpsS mh\

s]m-¶p-Sp¸pw s]m³Xe-¸mhpw hmcn AWn-bn-bv¡p-¶p-v F¶À°w.'' 223

282

* aäp ]cm-arjvSIhn-I-fn \n¶v hyXy-kvX-am-bn, HmW-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ B\p-

jw-KnI ]cm-aÀi-§Ä, ]n.-bnÂ, hfsc A[n-I-am-Wv. HmWw ]Ým- ew am{X-ambn

hcp¶ Ihn-X-I-fnepw kPo-h-amb HmW-¨n-{X-§Ä k¶n-th-in-¸n-bv¡m³ ]n. -{i-an-

b v¡p -¶p - - v .

X\n-¡m-ev]-\n-I-am-Wv, ]n.Ipªncm-a³\mb-cpsS HmWw. HmW-t¯m-SpÅ At±-

l-¯nsâ {]Xn-I-c-W-§-sf-Ãmw, hkvXp-\n-jvT-sa-¶-Xn-ep-]-cn, {]XoXn\njvT-am-Wv.

283

Ip-dn-¸p-IÄ

1. Ipªn-cm-a³\mbÀ.-]n, “Hm-W-ap-®m³”, ‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Un.kn _pIvkv ,XriqÀ, 2005,]p.1310.

2. “Hm-Wwhcp¶p”, A.-]p.-]p.1371.

3. A.-]p.-]p.1339,1340.

4. “Hm-W¡me¯v ”, A.-]p.-]p.1339,1340.

5. A.-]p.-]p.1338.

6. A.-]p.-]p.1338.

7. “s]mbvt¸mb s]mt¶mWw”, A.-]p.-]p.1243.

8. A.-]p.-]p.1240.

9. A.-]p.-]p.1241.

10. A.-]p.-]p.1243.

11. “\mf-s¯-{]-`mXw”, A.-]p.-]p.1260.

12. “hÅw-Ifn”, A.-]p.-]p.1390.

13. “]mXn-cm¡m-än”, A.-]p.-]p.1352.

14. “s]mt¶mW¡mew”, A.-]p.-]p.1266.

15. “s]mbvt¸mb s]mt¶mWw”, A.-]p.-]p.1243.

16. tPmXnjv IpamÀ, AP-bv]pcw ,“HmW-¡mgvN”, ‘Ihn-X-bpsS ctYm-Õhw’,tPmXnjv IpamÀ,

AP-bv]pcw (FUn.) tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw, 2002, -]p.177.

17. Icp-Wm-I-c³ aÃn-tÈcn, ‘Ifn-b-Ñ\pNpäpw’, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-an, XriqÀ, 1997, -]p.320.

18. Ipªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ ]n.,“HmW-¡mgvN”,‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Unkn _pIvkv ,XriqÀ, 2005,]p.1326.

19. A.-]p.-]p.1327.

19 a.“\m«n-tebv¡v ”, A.-]p.-]p.1384.

20. “HmW-¡mgvN ”, A.-]p.-]p.1329.

21. “HmW-¸q-hvþ2”, A.-]p.-]p.1284.

22. “s]mt¶m-W-¡mew”, A.-]p.-]p.1284.

23. “]q¡fw”, A.-]p.-]p.1380.

24. A.-]p.-]p.1380.

25 A.-]p.-]p.1380.

26. A.-]p.-]p.1380.

27. “ae-\m-«nsâ alm-k-tµiw”, A.-]p.-]p.1271.

28. “HmW-kZy”, A.-]p.-]p.1320.

29. “HmW-¸qhv ”, A.-]p.-]p.1282.

30. “I®ocnsâ I¯v ”, A.-]p.-]p.1304.

31. “sshIn-h¶ hncp-¶p-Imcn”, A.-]p.-]p.281.

32. “]n¨n-¨o-´nb ]pjv]-N{Iw”, A.-]p.-]p.1288.

33. “D{Xm-S-cm{Xn”, A.-]p.-]p.1249.

284

34. “HmW-anÔ, A.-]p.-]p.1342.

35 “HmWw-Ignªv ”, A.-]p.-]p.1366.

36. “Ccp-«nsâ ]p©ncn”, A.-]p.-]p.555.

37. “HmÀ½-bn Htcm-W-\n-emhv ”, A.-]p.-]p.1248.

38. “Ihn-sb-hnsS”, A.-]p.-]p.99.

39. “hÅw-Ifn”, A.-]p.-]p.1388.

40 “]pÃp-am-S-¯nsâ ]m«v”, A.-]p.-]p.1345.

41. “shfn-¨-¯nsâ Ifn”, A.-]p.-]p.1279.

42. “HmW-ap-®m³”, A.-]p.-]p.1311.

43. “tlm«-eqWpw hmS-I-ap-dnbpw”, A.-]p.-]p.1375.

44. “Im«p-ap-Ã-bpsS ]m«v ”, A.-]p.-]p.1348.

45. “\m«n-tebv¡v ”, A.-]p.-]p.1381.

46. “s]mt¶m-W-¡mew”, A.-]p.-]p.1265.

47. “HmW-¡mgvN”, A.-]p.-]p.1374.

48. “HmW-\n-em-hn”, A.-]p.-]p.1308,1309.

49. “ae-\m-«nsâ alm-Ihn”, A.-]p.-]p.1268.

50. A.-]p.-]p.1270.

51. “ap§n¡p-fn-¨nÔ, A.-]p.-]p.1252.

52. “ae-\m-«nsâ alm-Ihn”, A.-]p.-]p.1270.

53. Icp-Wm-I-c³, aÃn-tÈcn, ‘Ifn-b-Ñ\p Npäpw’, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-an, XriqÀ, 1997, -]p.301,302.

54. Ipªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ ]n., “HmW-¸qhv ”, ‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Un.kn _pIvkv, XriqÀ, 2005,]p.1283.

55. A.-]p.-]p.1283.

56 “shfn-¨-¯nsâ Ifn”, A.-]p.-]p.1277.

57. A.-]p.-]p.1278.

58. A.-]p.-]p.1279.

59. cma-Ir-jvW³ C.-hn, “A\p-`hhpw BJym-\hpw”,‘Xr¡m-¡-c-bv¡p t]mw ]mXtbtXm’,i¦-c-]nÅ sI.-Pn. (F-Un) F¨v. Bâ v- kn. ]»n-jnwKv lukv, XriqÀ, 2007 ]p.113.

60. Ipªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ ]n, “\ngepw \nemhpw”, ‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Un.kn _pIvkv, XriqÀ, 2005,

]p.1301.

61. A.-]p.-]p.1302.

62. A.-]p.-]p.1302.

63. A.-]p.-]p.1302,1303.

64. “HmW-¸qhv”, A.-]p.-]p.1282.

65. “B\-µ-¡p-«³”, A.-]p.-]p.1364.

66. “HmW-¡mgvN”, A.-]p.-]p.1323.

67. “\ngepw \nemhpw”, A.-]p.-]p.1301.

68 “HmW-¡mgvN”, A.-]p.-]p.1327.

285

69. “ap§n¡p-fn-¨nÔ, A.-]p.-]p.1258.

70. “HmWw hcp¶p”, A.-]p.-]p.1371.

71. “hÅw-Ifn”, A.-]p.-]p.1388.

72. “\ngepw \nemhpw”, A.-]p.-]p.1302.

73. “shfn-¨-¯nsâ Ifn”, A.-]p.-]p.1278.

74. “\ngepw \nemhpw”, A.-]p.-]p.1303.

75. “shfn-¨-¯nsâ Ifn”, A.-]p.-]p.1278.

76 “tLmj-bm{X”, A.-]p.-]p.1313.

77. i¦-c-¸nÅ sI.Pn, “AXn-cp-hn«v”, ‘Xr¡m-¡-c¡p t]mw ]mX-tbtXm’,i¦-c-]nÅ sI.-Pn.

(F-Un.), F¨v. Bâ v- kn. ]»n-jnwKv lukv, 2007 ]p.5.

78. Ipªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ ]n., “tLmj-bm{X”, ‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Un.kn _pIvkv, XriqÀ, 2005,

]p.1314.

79. A.-]p.]p 1315.

80. “HmW-¡mgvN”, A.-]p.-]p. 1321.

81. A.-]p.]p 1326.

82. “IS-e-eIfpsS ktµiw”, A.-]p.-]p. 181.

83. “tLmj-bm{X”, A.-]p.-]p. 1317.

84 {io[-c-ta-t\m³, sshtem-¸nÅn ,“kzÀ®-s¡m-Sn-a-cw”, “sshtem-¸nÅn k¼qÀ®IrXn-IÄ”,thmfyw 1, Idâ v_pIvkv, XriqÀ, 2001 ]p. 707,708.

85. cmP-tKm-]m-e³ C.-]n, “cmjv{Sobwþ ]nbpsS \nÀÆ-lWw”, ‘Ihn-X-bpsS {Kma-§Ä’, ta[m-

_p-Ivkv, tImgn-t¡mSv, 2004, ]p.59.

86 Ipªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ ]n, “\mfs¯ {]`mXw”, ‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Un.kn _pIvkv, XriqÀ,

2005,]p.1259.

87. A.-]p.]p. 1259, 1260.

88. A.-]p.]p. 1260.

89. “s]mt¶mWw”, A.-]p.-]p. 1334.

89a. A.-]p.]p. 1334.

89b. “]pÃp-am-S-¯nsâ ]m«v”, A.-]p.-]p. 1200.

90. “s]mt¶mWw”, A.-]p.-]p. 1334

91. Icp-Wm-I-c³ aÃn-tÈcn, ‘Ifn-b-¨\p Npäpw’, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-an, XriqÀ, 1997, -]p.327.

92. Ipªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ ]n, “B\-µ-¡p-«³”, ‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Un.kn _pIvkv, XriqÀ, 2005,]p.1364.

93. A.-]p.]p. 1363.

94. “HmW-¡mgvN”, A.-]p.-]p.1322.

95. “B\-µ-¡p-«³”, A.-]p.-]p.1363,1364.

96. “HmW-¡mgvN”, A.-]p.-]p.1321,1322.

97. “B\-µ-¡p-«³”, A.-]p.-]p.1365.

98. “HmW-¡mgvN”, A.-]p.-]p.1396.

286

99. “B\-µ-¡p-«³”, A.-]p.-]p.1366.

100. Icp-Wm-I-c³ aÃn-tÈcn, ‘Ifn-b-Ñ\p Npäpw’, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-an, XriqÀ, 1997, -]p.318.

101. Ipªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ ]n., “HmW-¸m«v ”, ‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Un.kn _pIvkv ,XriqÀ, 2005,]p.1276.

102. A.-]p.-]p.1276.

103. “ae-\m-Snsâ almktµiw”, A.-]p.-]p.1264.

104. A.-]p.]p 1262,1263.

105. “tLmj-bm{X”, A.-]p.-]p.1315.

106. “ae-\m-Snsâ almktµiw”, A.-]p.-]p.1264.

107. “\n³ tXm¸n ]q¡-fp -t -m”, A.-]p.-]p.1293.

108. A.-]p.]p 1294.

109. A.-]p.]p 1298.

110. A.-]p.]p 1295.

111. “tLmj-bm{X”, A.-]p.-]p.1316,1317.

112. “]pÃp-am-S-¯nsâ ]m«v ”, A.-]p.-]p.1345.

113. “]mXn-c-¡m-än”, A.-]p.-]p.1350.

114. “]pÃp-am-S-¯nsâ ]m«v ”, A.-]p.-]p.1346.

115. A.-]p.]p 1347.

116. “HmW-¡m-e¯v ”, A.-]p.-]p.1338.

117. “HmW-¡mgvN”, A.-]p.-]p.1321.

118. “ssIIn-fn-bpsS t]³In-\mhv ”, A.-]p.-]p.1386.

119. “shfn-¨-¯nsâ Ifn”, A.-]p.-]p.1277.

120. “\n³tXm-¸n¸q¡-fpt-m”, A.-]p.-]p.1293.

121. “\mfs¯ {]`mXw”, A.-]p.-]p.1255.

122. “HmW-¸p-ecn ]mSp¶p”, A.-]p.-]p.1337,1338.

123. “tLmj-bm{X”, A.-]p.-]p.1317.

124. “IS-ense In\mhv ”, A.-]p.-]p.1354,1355

125. “HmW-¸p-ecn ]mSp¶p”, A.-]p.-]p.1333.

126. “HmW-\n-emhn”, A.-]p.-]p.1360.

127. A.-]p.-]p.1360.

128. “HmW-¡mgvN”, A.-]p.-]p.1325.

129. “s]mbvt]mb s]mt¶mWw”, A.-]p.-]p.1242.

130. “N´-¡nfn” A.-]p.-]p.1336.

131. “\n³tXm-¸n¸q¡-fpt-m”, A.-]p.-]p.1295.

132. “ssI¡n-fn-bpsS t]¡n-\mhv ”, A.-]p.-]p.1385.

133. A.-]p.-]p.1385.

134. “HmW-kZy”, A.-]p.-]p.1316.

135. A.-]p.-]p.1319.

287

136. “I®o-cnsâ I¯v ”, A.-]p.-]p.1305.

137. “IS-ense In\mhv ”, A.-]p.-]p.1355.

138. “]mXn-cm-¡m-än”, A.-]p.-]p.1350.

139. “HmW-ap-®m³”, A.-]p.-]p.1311.

140. “\m«n-tebv¡vv”, A.-]p.-]p.1381.

141. “aª-¡nfn”, A.-]p.-]p.1295.

142. “]mXn-cm-¡m-än”, A.-]p.-]p.1352.

143. “tlm«-eqWpw hmS-I-ap-dnbpw”, A.-]p.-]p.1376.

144. “\m«n-tebv¡vv ”, A.-]p.-]p.1384.

145. “]mXn-cm-¡m-än”, A.-]p.-]p.1351.

146. “\mfs¯ {]`mXw”, A.-]p.-]p.1360.

147. “s]mt¶mWw”, A.-]p.-]p.1334.

148. “HmW-ap-®m³”, A.-]p.-]p.1312.

149. A.-]p.-]p.1312.

150. “\m«n-tebv¡v ”,A.-]p.-]p.1382,1383.

151. “aª-¡nfn ”,A.-]p.-]p.1291.

152. “HmWw-I-gnªv ”A.-]p.-]p.1367,1368.

153. “tlm«-eqWpw hmS-I-ap-dnbpw”, A.-]p.-]p.1375.

154. “shfn-¨-¯nsâ Ifn”, A.-]p.-]p.1278.

155. i¦-c³ sI.]n (s{]m^.), “Ipªncm-a³\mbÀ Ihn-X-bnse IpSpw-_-k-¦ev]w”, ‘{XnthWn’,Idâ v _pIvkv, XriqÀ, 2009, -]p.38,39.

156. Ipªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ ]n., “shfn-¨-¯nsâ Ifn” ‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Un.kn _pIvkv, XriqÀ,

2005, ]p.1278.

157. “HmWw-I-gnªv ”,A.-]p.-]p. 1366.

158. “Acn-bnà ”,A.-]p.-]p. 566.

159. “tlm«-eqWpw hmS-I-ap-dnbpw”, A.-]p.-]p. 1377.

160. “]pÃp-am-S-¯nsâ ]m«v ”, A.-]p.-]p. 1346.

161. “HmWw-I-gnªv ”,A.-]p.-]p. 1368.

162. “A½bpw aI\pw ”,A.-]p.-]p. 520.

163. “tlm«-eqWpw hmS-I-ap-dnbpw”, A.-]p.-]p. 1379.

164. Icp-Wm-I-c³, aÃn-tÈcn, ‘Ifn-b-Ñ\pNpäpw’, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-an, XriqÀ, 1997, -]p.29,30,31.

165. A.-]p.-]p.29,32,242.

166,167 ‘Acn-bnÃ’, ‘hb¡-c-bnÂ’ F¶o Ihn-X-IÄ HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fpsS Iq«-¯n-eÃ,

‘]n.-I-hnX’IfpsS FUn-äÀ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ÅXv Ihn-X-bpsS apJy-{]-tabw HmW-aÃ

F¶Xpw Ah-bn sXfn-bp¶ hnjm-Z-hpamImw CXn\p ImcWw F¶m Ihn-X-bnse

HmW-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-ehpw, aÃn-tÈcn Icp-Wm-I-c³ \evIp¶ Poh-N-cn-{X-]-c-amb kqN-

\-Ifpw ]cn-K-Wn-¨v, Chsb ChnsS ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

288

168. Ipªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ ]n., “HmW-hnÃvv ”, ‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Un.kn _pIvkv, XriqÀ, 2005,]p.1342.

169. “hb¡-c-bn”, A.-]p.-]p.256.

170. “Acn-bnÔ,A.-]p.-]p.566,567.

171. “]d-¶p-t]mb ss]¦n-fn-IÄ ”,A.-]p.-]p.1370.

172. Cu Ihn-X-bpsS Ime-kq-N\, tUm. F.sI \¼ym-À, ‘1947\pap¼v ’ F¶pw {io aÃn-tÈcn

Icp-Wm-I-c³ ‘20þ8þ1972’ -F¶p-amWv \evIp-¶-Xv. ‘Ihn-bpsS Imev]m-Sp-IÄ’ \evIp¶

kqN\ ]cn-K-Wn-¨v, IhnX-bpsS Imew 1972 Xs¶-bmWv F¶p-d-¸n-¡m-hp-¶-Xp-am-Wv.

173. Ipªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ ]n., “]n¨n- o- n-b -]p-jv]-N{Iw”, ‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Un.kn _pIvkv, XriqÀ,

2005, ]p.1288.

174. þ þ þ , ‘-I-hn-bpsS Imev]m-Sp-IÄ’, end-dn {]n³kv ]»n-t¡-j³kv, tIm«bw, 1985, ]p.65.

175.---- þ þ þ “]n¨n-¨o-´n-b- ]p-jv]-N{Iw”, ‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Un.kn _pIvkv, XriqÀ, 2005,]p.1287.

176. þ þ þ , ‘ -I-hn-bpsS Imev]m-Sp-IÄ’, end-dn {]n³kv ]»n-t¡-j³kv, tIm«bw, 1985, ]p.63

177. þ þ þ “]n¨n-¨o-´n-b- ]p-jv]-N{Iw”, ‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Un.kn _pIvkv, XriqÀ, 2005, XriqÀ,

2005, ]p. 1349.

178. A.-]p.-]p. 1348.

179. “HmÀ½-bn HtcmW-\n-emhv ”, A.-]p.-]p. 1246, 1247.

180. “D{XmScm{Xn ”, A.-]p.-]p. 1251.

181. þ þ þ , ‘-I-hn-bpsS Imev]m-Sp-IÄ’, end-dn {]n³kv ]»n-t¡-j³kv, tIm«bw, 1985, ]p.60.

182. þ þ þ -“ap§n-¡p-fn-¨nÔ ‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Un.kn _pIvkv, XriqÀ,2005,]p.1253.

183. “tLmj-bm{X ”, A.-]p.-]p.1313.

184. “ap§n-¡p-fn-¨nà ”, A.-]p.-]p.1254.

185. Cu Ihn-X, tUm. F.-sI. \¼ymÀ, ‘Imhy-{]-Wmaw’ F¶ hn`m-K-¯n-emWv DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-

ÅXv. F¶mÂ, HmWs¯ At\z-jn-¡p-Ibpw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-\mÂ

CXns\HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fpsS Iq«-¯n s]Sp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

186. Ipªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ ]n., “Ihn-sb-hnsS”, ‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Un.kn _pIvk,v XriqÀ,2005]p159.

187. A.-]p.-]p.160,161.

188. A.-]p.-]p.161.

189. “hÅw-Ifn ”,A.-]p.-]p.1388.

190. “Acn-bnà ”,A.-]p.-]p.568.

191. “HmÀ½-bn HtcmW-\n-emhv ”, A.-]p.-]p.1248.

192. “hÅw-Ifn ”,A.-]p.-]p.1390.

193. Cu `àn-sb-¸än ‘lrZbw Xpd-¡p¶ Xmt¡m-ep-IÄ’, F¶ Poh-N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b- Ir-Xn-bnÂ

Cub-t¦mSv {io[-c-\pw, ‘Ihn-bpsS Imev]m-Sp-I-fnÂ’Ihn X-s¶bpw kqN\ \evIp-¶p- - v .

194. Cu Ihn-Xbpw ‘]n. Ihn-X’-IfpsS kam-lÀ¯mhv HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fn-eà ‘tIc-fo-bX’F¶

ioÀj-I¯nsâ Iogn-emWv DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xv. F¶m HmW-¯nsâ ]mÝm-¯-e-

¯n-emWv BJym\w \S-¡p-¶Xv F¶-Xn-\m CXn\v Cu hn`m-K-¯n DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-I-

bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.

195. Icp-Wm-I-c³ aÃn-tÈcn, ‘Ifn-b-Ñ\p Npäpw’, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-an, XriqÀ, 1997,

289

]p. 243, 244.

196. Ipªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ ]n., “sshIn-h-¶- hn-cp-¶p-Imcn”, ‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Un.kn _pIvkv,

XriqÀ,2005,]p280.

197. A.-]p.-]p. 280, 281, 282.

198. “D{XmS¯n \mÄ ”, A.-]p.-]p. 1273, 1274.

199. “N´-¡nfn ”,A.-]p.-]p. 1337.

200. A.-]p.-]p. 1335, 1333.

201. “HmW-¡mgvN ”, A.-]p.-]p. 1325.

202. “HmW-\n-emhv ”, A.-]p.-]p. 1360.

203. “HmW-]qhv ”, A.-]p.-]p. 1281.

204. “shfn-¨-¯nsâ Ifn ”, A.-]p.-]p. 1278.

205. “I®o-cnsâ I¯v ”, A.-]p.-]p. 1305.

206. “\ngepw \nemhpw ”, A.-]p.-]p. 1300.

207. “\n³tXm-¸n ]q¡-fpt-m ”, A.-]p.-]p. 1294, 1295.

208. “HmW-I-gnªv ”, A.-]p.-]p. 1367.

209. “Acn-bnà ”, A.-]p.-]p. 567.

210. “HmW-ap-®m³ ”, A.-]p.-]p. 1311.

211. “]d-¶p-t]mb ss]¦n-fn-IÄ ”, A.-]p.-]p. 1369.

212. “D{Xm-S-cm{Xn ”,A.-]p.-]p. 1250.

213. “aª-¡nfn ”,A.-]p.-]p. 1291.

214. “Ccp-«nsâ ]p©ncn ”, A.-]p.-]p. 555.

215. Cu Ihn-Xbpw ]n.-I-hnXIfpsS FUn-äÀ HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fpsS Iq«-¯n-eà DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-

bv¡p-¶-Xv. F¶m CXnsâ Hcp `mKw ‘XS-h-d-bnÂ’ F¶ -t]-cn ]n. {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨Xv

HmW-¡-hn-X-I-fn DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ap-- v. (A.-]p.-]p. 1337).

216. Ipªn-cm-a³\m-bÀ ]n., “IS-ense In\mhv ”, ‘]n. Ihn-X-IÄ’, Un.kn _pIvk,v XriqÀ, 2005,

]p. 1357.

217. “Ccp-«nsâ ]p©ncn ”, A.-]p.-]p. 561.

218. “\ngepw \nemhpw ”, A.-]p.-]p. 1301.

219. hk-´³, Fkv.-sI. (tUm.) “Ipªn-cm-a³\m-b-cpsS HmWw”, ‘kmln-Xy-temIw’,2006þPq-sse-þ-B-K-Ìv, ]p. 19, 20.

220. i¦-c-]nÅ, sI.-Pn,“AXn-cp-hn«vv ”, ‘Xr¡m-¡-c-¡p t]mw ]mX-tbtXm’, i¦-c-]n-Å,sI.-Pn

(-F-Un.) F¨v Bâ v kn ]-»n-t¡-j³ lukv, XriqÀ, 2007, ]p. 5.

221. cmL-h-hm-cyÀ, Fw.-BÀ, ‘hS-¡³]m-«p-I-fpsS ]Wn-bme’,hÅ-t¯mÄ hnZym-]o-Tw, ipI-]p-cw,

2þmw ], 1996 ]p.

222. hk-´³, Fkv. -sI. (tUm.) “Ipªn-cm-a³\m-b-cpsS HmWw”, ‘kmln-Xy-temIw’,2006þPq-sse-þB-K-Ìv, ]p. 21.

223.A.-]p.-]p.16.