maximum oxygen consumption and its comparison 978-93-84659-97-4.pdf · with team, individual and...

MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND ITS COMPARISON

WITH TEAM, INDIVIDUAL AND COMBATIVE SPORTS

By

Dr. Birendra Jhajharia

Assistant Professor

Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education,

Gwalior, (M.P.) - India

2017

International E - Publication www.isca.co.in

International E - Publication 427, Palhar Nagar, RAPTC, VIP-Road, Indore-452005 (MP) INDIA

Phone: +91-731-2616100, Mobile: +91-80570-83382

E-mail: [email protected] , Website: www.isca.co.in

© Copyright Reserved

2017

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, in a

retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, reordering or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-93-84659-97-4

MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND ITS COMPARISON WITH………….

International E – Publication

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Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION

By nature human being are competitive and aspire from excellence in

every field. Sport is not an exception. Changes are the order of the day. Changes

are taking place every day in every walk of life. Life of people, their

philosophy, ways of living etc. are under going changes due to basic and applied

research in various fields. Man has reached the space age from the primitive

Stone Age because of continuous change. Records have been sprucing and the

athletes as a result of combined improvement in the technique of training and

coaching. New techniques are developed in laboratories and scientific methods

are applied to obtain top-level performance. Sports by their vary nature are

enjoyable, challenging, absorbing and require a certain amount of skill and

physical condition.

An important phase of the physical education profession is

applied to testing of an individual’s ability to meet the demands of varying types

of tasks. An equally important application of testing the programme is made by

sports scientists and sports trainers in order to assess physical abilities in terms

of one's physical, psychological and physiological limits, so as to provide each

sportsperson with individualized and properly guided programme schedules for



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effective training programmes. Such an effort automatically ensures result

oriented training plans.

The remarkable improvement in the standards of athletic performances

during the past few decades represents a unique biological phenomenon. It was

inconceivable even a decade ago, that some of the earlier established athletic

records could be improved upon within such a short span. Apart from the

phenomenal progress in training methods, techniques and improvement in tools,

equipment and various other associated factors which contribute in shaping a

world class athlete, genetically endowed human potential seem to play a great

role in the final outcome, everything else being equal. However, the nature of

the contributory role of the genetic factors in sports events is still a mystery.

Perhaps in a few years with a rapid advance in the field of genetics a clear

picture may change soon.

With all round advancement in the science of sports the new disciplines

are emerging with micro-specializations. The elements, of scientific basis of

selection are being inducted in the procedure of selection of athletes at various

levels in some of the advanced countries. The knowledge from many scientific

disciplines is being used for improving the criteria for the selection of talents.

The physical educationists have designed test procedures fore evaluating the

fitness of young children. The structures of performance for different games and



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events are being worked out. The general physical fitness of top—ranking

athletes has been evaluated. Human growth and performance is also an

important field in this regard. The physiological factors limiting one's

performance in sports are also well known. It is the understanding of interaction

of all these factors that can help us in designing the way for selecting the

children for appropriate game and training.

A lot of progress has been made in order to assess various components

and factors that are crucial for an individual's progress in any given sport. Many

of these bests have been successfully used in order to assess given factors. But a

continued effort is on, to ensure more objective evaluation of many factors

keeping in view the application and specificity of such factors for a given sport.

Sports hold a prominent place in the modern life. Millions of people

participate in sports activities, watch and read about them and spend billions of

dollars annually on sports related activities and equipments. This has lead to

the competitive element in sports, as now sportsman participate to win and

achieve laurels for them as well as for country.

In the modern scientific age, in every field of human endeavour,

systematic objective and scientific procedures are followed in accordance with

principles based on experience, understanding and application of knowledge of

science. The field of games and sports is no exception to this. In advanced



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countries like U.S.A., Germany, Russia, Australia, Britain and others, the rapid

progress in the field of games and sports like athletics, soccer, hockey, etc. has

taken place and their international achievements have been possible only due to

research, experimentation and application of scientific knowledge.

Search and selection of potential athletes in specific field based on

scientific knowledge, is a matter of routine in many developed countries.

Unfortunately, in India, this aspect has not been given serious consideration;

consequently athletes are selected from the ‘available pool’ mainly on the basis

of their performance records in various sports meets. It is often forgotten that

such ‘talents’ have already reached their peak performance with little scope for

further spectacular improvement in spite of intense grooming schedules.

Therefore, a fresh look towards the need has to be taken to improve upon the

methods of selection of Indian athletes. They need to be identified at a very

young age.

During the last decade in many advanced countries, the “muscle Biopsy”

technique, whereby samples from skeletal muscles of healthy people are

obtained and has been widely applied “to catch them young”. Recently,

“histological and histochemical techniques have also been applied to identify

different fiber types in the skeletal muscles of man. This is than use to correlate

the contractile characteristics of their functions and metabolic potentialities in

various athletic events by determining different enzyme activities. It has become



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popular to determine muscle fiber composition of athletes involved in different

types of events. Regarding the relative distribution of ST (slow twitch) and FT

(Fast twitch) fibers, the most interesting findings are those long distance runners

have a marked predominance of ST (slow twitch) fibers in their leg muscles.

The degree to which the cardio-vascular fitness contributes to a particular

games or sports depends upon the type and variety of movements involved in

them. In sports training much emphasis is laid on those components of physical

fitness, which are most fundamental to those sports. For example training of

long distance runner, cardio-vascular & muscular endurance are prime

importance, while for sprinting, development of strength, speed is given greater

importance. Same is true in training of games such as Football, Basketball,

Volleyball, Swimming etc. The complex nature of physical fitness includes the

muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardio- respiratory endurance and the

most important of them is the cardio- respiratory endurance.

Among all the factors, the physiological characteristics play on important

role for the attainment of high level sports performance. Among the various

physiological parameters, cardio-vascular efficiency forms the basis to under-

take sports efforts successfully.

Cardio-vascular efficiency reflects the capacity of an individual to under

take and continues physical efforts of sub-maximal nature for a relatively longer



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period of time. To measure cardio-vascular efficiency, tests of physical work

capacity and VO2 max. have been developed to use in laboratory and field

situations to assist the scientists, physical educators and coaches.

Some of these tests are appropriate only to the modern fully equipped

exercise physiology laboratory and customarily make use of bicycle ergo-meter

and treadmill. These methods are called direct methods of assessing aerobic

power, because they involve collection of expired air during an exercise effort

either on treadmill or bicycle ergo-meter. The collected gas is then analyzed and

persons VO2 max.is estimated.

If sophisticated instruments are not available making use of the

ergometery certain indirect methods of estimation of Vo2 max have been

suggested. Austrian monogram is one of such method.

The purpose of the study was to compare the maximum oxygen

consumption of players belonging to different team, individual and combative

sports.

The objective of the study was to compare the maximum

oxygen consumption of players belonging to different team, individual and combative sports.



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Hypothesis

On the bases of literature reviewed, expert’s opinion and scholars own

understanding of the problem, the following hypothesis was made: -

There is a significant difference on maximum oxygen consumption of

players belonging to different team, individual and combative sports.

Definition and Explanation of Terms

Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max.)

The maximal rate at which oxygen can be consumed per minute; the

power or capacity of aerobic or oxygen system9.

9 Donald K. Mathews and Edward L. Fox, The Physiological Basis of Physical Education and

Athletics.



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Significance of the study

The study was significant in the following ways -

1. The findings of the study will add new knowledge in the field of physical

education and sports.

2. The results of the study will be helpful to coaches to assess their athlete’s

potentialities in relation to their respective games/sports.

3. This information may help them (coaches) to modify their existing

training schedule to have better performance.



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Chapter II

In this chapter the selection of subjects, criterion measures, administration of

tests and the statistical technique employed for analyzing the data are described.

Selection of Subjects

The subjects were selected from different match practice group i.e.

Basketball(18), Hockey(12), Swimming(4), Judo(6), Cross-Country runners(6)

and sprinters(10) from Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education

(Deemed University) Gwalior for this study. On random basis sixty percent

athletes from each match practice group were selected as the subject for the

study. All the subjects were residents of the institute and they had the similar

routine of work. The age of the subjects ranged between 20-25 years.



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Criterion Measures

Maximum Oxygen Consumption (VO2 max.)

Maximum oxygen consumption was determined by the Rockport walking

test (kline et. al. 1987).

Procedure for Administration of Test

The test involves walking as fast as possible for one mile and then

measuring the exercise heart rate and one mile time at the end of the walk. To

measure maximum oxygen consumption the formula was as follows:-

VO2 max.= 132.85 – (.0769) x wt – (.3877) x age + (6.315) x gv –

(3.2469) x 1 ml walk time – (0.1565) x heart rate.

- Weight measured in pounds.

- Mile walk time measured to 1/100th

of a second.

- Exercise heart rate (beats. min-1

) measured immediately at the

conclusion of the walk.

- Age measured to the last year completed.



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Reliability of Data

The reliability of data was ensued by establishing the instrument

reliability and tester competence.

Instrument Reliability

The stop watches used for taking performance of subjects in one mile

walk test were all calibrated, Swiss made and supplied by Krishna watch

company Bombay.

The weighing machine used for measuring the weight of the subjects was

calibrated before use and thus its reliability was accepted.

The steel tape was used for measuring the height.

Thus all the instruments used were considered reliable and precise

enough for the purpose of this study.

Tester Competency

To ensure that the scholar was well versed with the techniques of

conducting the tests, the scholar had a numbers of practice session in testing

procedures under the supervision of tests and measurement exports and guide.

For the administration of the test the scholar took the assistance of Master’s

Degree students and M.Phil scholars who had some prior experience in



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conducting such tests. Proper instructions were also given to the assistants

before the administration of the test.

Statistical Procedure

To see the significant difference of maximum oxygen consumption

among the players belonging to different sports and games the analysis of

variance F ratio was applied at .05 level. For further analysis Post-Hoc Test

(Scheffe’s Test) was applied.



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Chapter – III

ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY

The statistical analysis of data on maximum oxygen consumption of

players belonging to different sports and games are presented in this chapter.

The maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max.) was estimated by using the

formula given by Rackport.

Level of Significance

For testing the difference between the mean difference of Basketball

players, Hockey players, Judo players, Swimmers, Sprinters and Cross country

runners, the level of significance was set at .05 level.

Findings

Finding pertaining to maximum oxygen consumption of players

belonging to different sports and games which were subjected to analysis of

variance and mean difference method has been presented in the following table.



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Table – 1

COMPARISION OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION

OF PLAYERS BELONGING TO DIFFERENT

SPORTS AND GAMES

Source of

Variation

d.f. S.S. M.S.S. F-ratio

(SS)b 5 29974.46 5994.89 192.70*

(SS)w 50 1555.68 31.11

*Significant of .05 level

Cal. F = 192.70*

Tab. F = df .05 (5,50) = 2.40

The above table-1 indicates that there is a significant difference between different

sports and games in relation to maximum oxygen consumption. As F-ratio found to be

significant, the data further analysed with Post-Hock test (Scheffe’s Test). The results

pertaining to this are presented in Table-2.



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Table - 2

PAIRED MEAN DIFFERENCE OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF

DIFFERENT SPORTS

AND GAMES

Mean Mean

Difference

CD at

5%

level

Basketball Hockey

Judo

Swimmers

Sprinter Cross

Country

65.58s 62.39 3.19 8.66

65.58 57.77 7.81* 4.24

65.58 58.91 6.67* 4.74

65.58 65.01 0.57 3.35

65.58 71.43 5.85* 4.02

62.39 57.77 4.62* 4.32

62.39 58.91 3.48 4.97

62.39 65.01 2.62 3.66

62.39 71.43 9.04* 4.32

57.77 58.91 1.14 5.60

57.77 65.01 7.24* 4.49

57.77 71.43 13.66* 5.04

58.91 65.01 6.1* 5.11

58.91 71.43 12.52* 5.60

65.01 71.43 6.42* 4.49

*significant at 0.05 level

It is evident from the table-2 that the Basketballers (65.58) were found to be significant with

Judo players (57.77), Swimmers (58.91) and Cross Country Runners (71.43) in relation to



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maximum Oxygen consumption. Since the observed mean difference between Basketball

and Judo (7.81), Basketball and Swimming (6.67), Basketball and Cross Country (5.85)

which were higher than required CD values (4.24), (4.74) and (4.02) respectively.

The above table-2 also indicated that the Hockey players (62.39) were found

significant with Judo (57.77) and Cross Country (71.43) in relation to maximum Oxygen

consumption. Since the observed mean difference between Hockey and Judo (4.62), Hockey

and Cross Country (9.04) which were higher than the require CD value (4.32).

The table-2 also indicated that the Judo players (57.77) were found to be significant

with Sprinters (65.01) and Cross Country (71.43) in relation to maximum Oxygen

Consumption. Since the observed mean difference between Judo and Sprinters (7.24), Judo

and Cross Country (13.66) which were higher than the required CD values (7.24) and (13.66)

respectively.

MEANS SCORE OF DIFFERENT SPORTS AND GAMES

IN RELATION TO VO2 MAX.



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Figure: 1

The table-2 also indicated that the Swimmers (58.91) were found to be significant with

Sprinters and Cross Country runners (71.43) in relation to maximum oxygen consumption.

Since the observed mean difference between Swimmers and Sprinters (6.1), Swimmers and

Cross Country runners (12.52) which were higher than the required CD values (5.11) and

(5.60) respectively.

The table-2 also indicated that the Sprinters (65.01) were found to be significant with

Cross Country runners (71.43) in relation to maximum oxygen consumption. Since the

observed mean difference between Sprinters and Cross Country runners (6.42) which was

much higher than the required CD value (4.49).

On the other hand the table-2 also indicated that the Basketballers (65.58) were

found to be insignificant with Hockey players (62.39) and Sprinters (65.01) in relation

to maximum oxygen consumption. Since the observed mean difference between

Basketball and Hockey (3.19), Basketball and Sprinters (0.57) which were lower than

the required CD values (8.66) and (3.35) respectively

The table-2 also indicated that the Hockey players (62.39) were found to be insignificant with

Swimmers (65.01) and Sprinters (65.01) in relation to maximum oxygen consumption. Since

the observed mean difference between Hockey and Swimmers (3.48), Hockey and Sprinters

(2.62) which were lower than the required CD values (4.97) and (3.66) respectively.

The table-2 also indicated that the Judo players (57.77) were found to be insignificant

with Swimmers (58.91) in relation to maximum oxygen consumption. Since the observed



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mean difference between Judo and Swimmers (1.14), which was lower than the required CD

values (5.60).

Discussion of Finding

From the results of table-2 it is obvious that the Cross Country runners

had shown higher VO2 max. (71.43) in comparison to all other games sports.

The reason could be that they (Cross Country runners) were directly involved in

the activity which is primarily aerobic in nature.

Further the Basketballers (65.58), hokey players (62.39) and Sprinters (65.01)

had more or less same VO2 max. with a small range of variation. The reason

could be that they were involved in similar kind of training, which is based on

strength endurance and explosive strength.

On the other hand Judo players (57.77) have shown the lowest VO2 max.

This is probably because Judo is primarily an anaerobic base activity where Vo2

max. is not an essential quality more over the duration of activity is also very

shot. Swimmers also showed a lower maximum oxygen consumption (58.91) in

comparison to all other sports and games except Judo (57.77). Normally the

swimmers are having high VO2 max. for those who are engaged in long distance

swimming. But the group chosen here were mostly from those who practiced

and participated in the short distance (sprinting) swimming as the size of



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swimming pool of Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education,

Gwalior was having the measurement of 12 ½ feet x 25 feet only.

To conclude the discussion of finding it can be stated that subject chosen in this

above study were mainly selected from different match practice groups, but the

fact stands that even when they were grouped in various games/sports, they

were also involved with overall physical education activity programme as

academic requirement of each subjects, therefore the impact of other activities

could not be nullified and thus above variations in Vo2 max. of different games

and sports groups were observed. But one finding is very clear that on an

average the VO2 max. of all the subjects irrespective of their games/sports were

higher that the Vo2 max. Values of normal sedentary individuals (between 38-40

ml./kg.)1. This might be attributed by the fact that regular participation in

physical education programme influenced the overall VO2 max. level of entire

batch of subjects irrespective of match practice specialization.

Testing Of Hypothesis

It was hypothesized that there may be a significant difference on maximum

oxygen consumption of players belonging to different sports and games, but the

study exhibited the insignificant difference between Basketball with Hockey

and Sprinters, Hockey with Swimming, Judo with Swimming. Hence the



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hypothesis is not accepted at this level, but present study also shows the

significant difference between Basketball with Swimming and Cross Country,

Hockey with Judo and Cross, Judo with Sprinters and Cross Country,

Swimming with Sprinters and Cross Country and Sprinters with Cross Country

in relation to their maximum oxygen consumption, hence the hypothesis is

accepted at this level.



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Chapter –I V

SUMMERY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summery

The demand of oxygen differs from one sport to other sports. It’s a

common observation that whenever athlete go for anaerobic type of training

his/her anaerobic capacity is enhanced but along with this it is also observed

that after anaerobic type of training the aerobic capacity of the athlete is also

improves. Thus it is very essential to know that which type of training

(aerobic/anaerobic) dominates to a particular sport, or whether combination

training is needed.

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether there were

significant differences between different team, individual and combative sports

in relation to maximum oxygen consumption.

Fifty-Six subjects were selected from different match practice groups i.e.

basketball (18), hockey (12), judo (6), swimming (4), sprinter (10) and cross

country runners (6) from Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education,

Gwalior, (Deemed University) for the study.

In order to ascertain significant differences among different sports and

games in relation to maximum oxygen consumption ANOVA Test was

employed. For further analysis Post-Hoc Test (Scheffe’s Test) is applied.



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The Cross Country runners had shown highest VO2 max. (71.43) in

comparison to all other games and sports. Further the Basketballers (65.58),

Hockey players (62.39) and Sprinters (65.01) had more or less same VO2 max.

with a small range of variation.

On the other hand Judo players had shown (57.77) lowest Vo2 max.,

Swimmers also shown a lower VO2 max. (58.91) in comparison to all other

sports/games except Judo (57.77).

Conclusions

From the results of the study following conclusions may be drawn:

1. The Cross Country runners had shown highest VO2 max. (71.43) In

comparison to all other games and sports.

2. The Basketballers (65.01), Hockey players (62.39) and Sprinters (65.01)

had more or less same VO2 max. with small range of variation.

3. The Judo players had shown (57.77) the lowest VO2 max. in comparison

to all other sports/games.

4. Swimmers also had shown a lower VO2 max. (58.91) in comparison to

all other sports and other sports and games except Judo 57.77.



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Recommendations

In the light of the conclusions drawn the following recommendations are

made:

1. Similar study may be carried out on subjects with age level and sex other

than used in this study.

2. Similar study may be done on different levels of a particular game (Inter

State or Inter-National level).

3. Similar study may also be done on different positions in particular sports

(Attackers, Defenders, Center forward, etc.).

4. Physical Education Teacher and Coaches may utilize the findings of the

present study by preparing or modifying the existing training schedules

for different sports and games.



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Chapter V

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Sincere efforts have been made by the research scholar to locate literature

required for the study:

Coleman, Wilkie, Viscio, Hanley, Porcari, Kline, Killer, Hsieh, Freedson

and Rippe conducted study to determine whether 1-mile walk test previously

validated in 30-69 year old subject accurately estimated Vo2 max. in 20-29 year

olds. 90 subjects (M = 40, F = 50) mean age = 25.5 years, were studied. Vo2

max was measured during a max tread mill test (TVO2) and, on a different data,

estimated from a 1-mile walk test using the equation:

Vo2 (ml/kg. min-1

) = 132.853 - .0769 Weight (lbs) - .3877 age (yr) +

6.315 sex – 3.2649 walk time (min.) - .1565 HR (bpm.). Pearson

correlations and paired t-tests were utilized to compare observed and estimated

VO2 max. values.

In the total 90 students the observed Vo2 max. was 49.4 5.3 and

estimated Vo2 max was 49.5 5.3 and their coefficient and correlation was 0.79.

where as in case of 40 male students the observed VO2 max. was 44.4 9.3 and

estimated Vo2 max 52.9 4.8 and their coefficient of correlation was 0.79, and



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at last in case of 50 female students the observed Vo2 max. was 45.4 7.0 and

estimated Vo2 max. was 46.8 4.1 and their coefficient of correlation was 0.62.

These data demonstrated no significant difference between estimated Vo2

max and TVO2 max and that this method accurately estimated Vo2 max,

particularly for M and T. In conclusion this test provides a valid estimate of Vo2

max in 20-29 years old in non-laboratory settings.

Metz and Alexander conducted a study, the purpose of this study were,

first to investigate the relationship between maximal oxygen intake and three

sub maximal work parameters (heart rate oxygen intake, and respiratory

quotient) and second to develop regression equations for the estimation of

maximal oxygen in take. 60 boys, ranging in age from 12 – 15 years, were

given a series of treadmill tests designed to elicit sub maximal work

parameter as well as maximal oxygen intake values. The data were treated by

stepwise multiple correlation-regression analysis to obtain correlation

coefficients between the various sub maximal measures and maximal oxygen

intake and to obtain regression equations for estimating maximal oxygen in

take. The .05 level was used to determine the significance of the correlation

coefficient.

Acceptable regression equation for estimation of maximal oxygen intake

required a multiple correlation coefficient equal to or larger than .700. For both



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groups of boys (12-13 year old and 14-15 yr. old) only the sub maximal heart

rate was significantly related to maximal oxygen intake the respective

coefficient being - .687 and - .355.

Maximal oxygen intake was reasonably estimated for 12-13 years old

boys using the regression equation having sub maximal heart rate and oxygen

intake as the independent variable (R = .701, S.E. of pred. = 3.125). This

regression equation did not cross-validate when applied to the 14-15 year - old

subject.

Jackson, Solomon, and Stusek conducted a study on one-mile walk test as

a field test of aerobic capacity. The purpose of the study was to investigate the

reliability and validity and to develop norms for this test for young adults. The

reliability and validity sample included 41 males (n = 21) and female (n = 20)

with an age range of 19-32 years. They performed a treadmill stress test to

determine peak O2 consumption and 3 trials of maximum one mile walk on an

indoor track. The mean trials performances are depicted in figure-1. The alpha

reliability estimate was .96 but a significant trend (T < .002) was present. Trials

2 and 3 had a reliability estimate of .95 with no trend. The r between trial 3

time and peak O2 consumption was - .57 (p < .001). Figure - 2 provides to

scatter plot of this relationship. When the Rockport prediction function using

age, weight, gender, OMW, and ending heart rate was used to predict peak O2



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the ‘r’ improved to .66 (P < .0001). The normative sample includes males (n =

400) and females (n = 426) with a range of 18-30 years. They performed a

practice trial of the OMW followed by a performance trial.

The OMW is a very reliable and moderately valid test of aerobic

capacity. A formal practice trial of the test is recommended to eliminate a

learning effect.

Getchell, Donal and Robbins done a study the purpose the study was to

evaluate the predictability of Vo2 max from a 1.5 mile running performance of

young adult women joggers. Twenty-one healthy women students (mean age =

20.1 years) underwent a continuous graded treadmill run to exhaustion. Hearth

rate were electrocardiographically monitored and oxygen uptake values were

determined for each min. of the test. In addition a 1.5 mile run on a indoor 220

yard track was completed within five days of the treadmill test. When various

correlation method were employed, the results indicated that Vo2 max. when

expressed as ml/kg. min, provided the highest correlation (r = 0.915)

with the running time for 1.5 mile. There data tended to indicate that body fat or

body weight had little effect on the results. Thus for young adult joggers, with

no problem of excess body fat or weight, the 1.5 mile run tended to be a

suitable distance or estimating cardio-respiratory endurance.

Courelis examined the relationship of leg strength and body weight for

the measurement of maximal oxygen in take on bicycle ergometer and



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treadmill. Twenty-one subjects (varsity athletes) aged 22 to 30 years were the

subjects of the study. The study concluded that maximal oxygen intake values

obtained when the treadmill is used are higher than when bicycle ergometer is

used. Some of the strength variable in the study are related to maximum oxygen

intake when bicycle ergometer is used and the body weight is negatively related

to relative maximum oxygen intake. On the bicycle ergometer and treadmill it is

not related to obsolete maximum oxygen intake.

Haynes examined the differences in aerobic capacity, strength and power

relative to weight and lean body weight between male and female collegiate

athletes. Forty one male and thirty seven female alpine skiers, cross country

skiers and middle- distance and distance runners at the university of

Colorado served as subjects, vo2 max, isometric, knee extension strength,

margarine Kalamen stair run and the vertical jump. It was concluded that

training has reduced the differences in aerobic capacity and strength but not

power to the point where they can be explained by the differences in lean body

weight between male and females.

Doolittle and Bigbee made investigation to evaluate the distance covered

in 12 minutes as an indicator of cardio-respiratory fitness and to compare it with

the 600-yard run/walk in this regard. All the subjects (153 grade 9 boys)

successfully completed a test-retest of the 12 minute run/walk which yielded a

correlation coefficient of 92, indicating that this is highly reliable measure, 9 of



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the subjects also performed maximum oxygen intake test and 600 yard

run/walk test. Maximum oxygen intake was correlated with the 12 minutes

run/walk (r=. 90) and the 600 yard run /walk (r = .62). It was concluded that

the distance covered during the 12 minutes run/walk was a highly reliable and

valid indicator of cardio-respiratory fitness and that it was to be preferred to the

600-yard run/walk in this regard.

Colemen et. al. studied nine college basketball athletes to determine the

effects of a season of competition on the aerobic and anaerobic energy sources.

Pre and Post season variables testing and recovery heart rates, performances of

the Treadmill test (time), Maximal oxygen intake (m1/kg.min) and the scores of

Margaria’s anaerobic capacity test (Vertical velocity) were studied. Analysis of

data yielded no significant decrease in recovery, heart rate, treadmill

performance time, and Vo2 max., a non significant increase in the vertical

velocity from pre to post test. The results of this investigation suggest that the

training regime in basketball was of sufficient to maintain cardio-respiratory

function and improve anaerobic performance.

Shreer studied a group of 30 untrained college males aged 18 to 20 years,

who volunteered for tests on 100,200,400 and 800 yard run, as well as on 1,2

and 3 miles runs. This study was conducted to predict maximum aerobic power

and anaerobic work capacity from various running performance and no practice

session were given for the track running. In addition, the subjects were tested



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for maximum aerobic capacity (max o2 intake) on a treadmill and anaerobic

work capacity (as measured by method of Margaria). It was concluded that

distance beyond half miles are significantly related to the aerobic.

Gibbons studied the anaerobic threshold, aerobic capacity (Max Vo2)

aerobic power (AP) on 29 young low fit = 35m×kg-1

min-1

). Females (age=19.8)

during a maximum consumption test on a motorized treadmill using the

modified Backle protocal. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three

training groups as follows (1) At heart rate (2) At heart rate plus 40% of heart

rate the results indicated that all three groups significantly increased their

AT(P<.001) AP (P<.001) and max Vo2 ( P<.001) from pre test to post test ,

however there was no significant difference between groups (P<.005). It was

concluded that AT, AP which were investigated. Therefore, it is recommended

that low fit females should train at a level 40% below their anaerobic threshold.

Christine et. al. conducted a study on body composition and aerobic

requirement of male and female marathon runners (seven male and four

female). It was determined that experienced female runners as well as male

runners were able to work at a high fraction of their aerobic capacity during

actual marathon competition and both the female and male marathon runners

had more lean body mass. Further no significant differences in these parameters

were observed between the male and female runners studied.



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In a relationship study Abdo concluded that excess had the greatest

deleterious effect on cardiovascular efficiency. The correlation was definitely

higher for subject with normal weight. The linear correlation between

cardiovascular efficiency and ponder index was significant.

Johnson conducted a study to investigate the effect of season of inter-

collegiate soccer participation on selected components of physical fitness. The

subjects were 16 members of Emory university soccer Team 1971.The pre-

season practice and the competitive season latest approximately 10 weeks. It

was found that participation in inter collegiate soccer programme was likely to

cause adaptation in the circulatory and respiratory system that would result in

increased efficiency or improved cardio–respiratory endurance. It produced

significant improvement in agility, muscular strength, of the legs and running

speed also.

Caru et al. compared the maximum anaerobic and maximal aerobic

muscular power of young football players with corresponding non-athletic

subjects. He founds that the average maximum anaerobic muscular power in

football players was significantly higher than non-players. On the contrary the

maximal aerobic power does not differ significantly between two groups.

Custer and Chalouka conducted a study to determine the relationship

between predicted maximal O2 consumption and running performance for 6, 9

and 12 minutes duration in college women between the age of 18 and 21 years



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old (l-T— 40) maximal 02 consumption (ml/kg/min) was predicted by Astrand

Bicycle Ergometer lest. It was found that a significant (p. 05) relationship

(Pearsonsjr) existed between maximal predicted Oxygen consumption and

performances in all three runs. Since the magnitude of the difference between

correlations of the 6 min. (r=. 45) and 12 min. (r=. 49) run were not

significant, it was concluded that 5 min. run could be used in lieu of the 12

min. run, which is customarily used as a measure of cardio-respiratory fitness.

Rasch conducted a study on maximal oxygen uptake of young male adults

by using a treadmill. The scores were compared with those predicted by use of a

step test and by use of one Ergometer. The assessed scores correlated very

poorly with the predicted scores. None of the scores were of value in predicting

performance in 1000 meters, 1.5 miles or three miles run. The correlations

between the times in these events were too low to permit substitution of one for

another.

Wilmore conducted a study to establish relationship between maximum

oxygen in athlete and the capacity for endurance performance in a sample of 30

male university students. Each subject performed two work capacity tests on

a bicycle Ergometer from which continuous, minute by minute oxygen intake

values, the amount of work performed the length of the ride (seconds)

were obtained. The result indicated a fairly high correlation (r=. 84) between

Vo2 max. (lit./min-) and endurance capacity. But the relationship was reduced



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considerably when VO2 max. Was expressed relative to body weight (r= .37)

and lean body weight (r=.37). However, where the influence of body weight and

lean body weight were held statistically constant, the correlation of endurance

capacity with Vo2 max. (ml/kg/min) and VO2 max. (inl/lit/min) increased to

r=.78 and r=.64 respectively. He concluded that there is a substantial

relationship between endurance capacity and VO2max. Which is essentially

independent of the form in which VO2 max. was reported provided the influence

of the body weight and lean body weight on variables and are taken into

account.

Karth conducted an Ailout test on a bicycle ergo-meter with male college

students (N=24) to determine VO2 max. Maximal oxygen consumption, which

was expressed as, the greatest amount of oxygen consumed during any one

minute of exercise on the bicycle ergometer, divided by subject’s body weight.

Endurance was the amount of work performed during a two minute bout of

exercise consisting of flexion of the left forearm strength recovery was

expressed first as the strength which was recorded during a ten minute recovery

period relative to the maximum strength recorded and then as the percentage of

strength decrement, occurring at the end of exercise which was recovered

during each minute of recovery period. Correlation between maximal oxygen

consumption and endurance and strength recovery score were not significant

(P.05). Partial correlation between maximal oxygen consumption and endurance



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with the effect of the strength held constant did not result in a significant

correlation.

Miller in his study observed that by training vital capacity could not be

increased significantly. However maximum breath holding, maximum

expiratory pressure and pulse rate showed significant changes particularly the

maximum expiratory pressure, where change was significant.

Lois Williams conducted a study on reliability of predicting maximal

oxygen intake using the Astrand Ryhming Nomogram. Thirty-one female

physical education majors and minors were used to study the test-retest

reliability of oxygen uptake estimated form the Astrand Rhyming Nomogram.

The test was administered twice on each of 2 days. The estimated reliability for

single trials was low. 64, a total of 3 trials over 3 days was need to estimate

reliability above .80 and 6 trials were needed to estimate reliability above .90

ANOVA finding revealed that additional trials over days is preferred to

additional trials administered within days.

Robert, Frank and Franklin conducted a study on prediction of oxygen

intake from ventilation and oxygen intake and work capacity from heart rate

during heavy exercise. Minute by minute 02 intakes, ventilation volume and

heart rate were correlated during 12 minute of heavy, fatiguing exercise on the

bicycle ergometer (N=50). The 12 minute mean VE values correlated r=.97 with

the corresponding mean VOn scores during exercise and r~.98 during 10-minute



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of recovery correlation across individuals, for VO2 and VE were also relatively

high during the last 3 minutes of exercise and during 10 minute of recovery.

This means that VE could be used to predict Vo, very effectively on the other

hand the minute by minute correlations between individual heart rates and O2

intake were low (r=.06 to -.29) and non-significant. When the changes from

resting to exercise in heart rate (A HR) and 0^ intake (AVo,) were grouped by 4

minute intervals the correlations were somewhat higher (r=.10 for the period 0-

3, .38 for 3-6, 7.2 for 6-9 and .47 to 9-12). However, these correlations were

still too low to be of much productive value. Oxygen pulse (vbp/HR) at average

minute was also a poor predictor of individual differences in work capacity

during the 12 min. fatiguing test (r=.10) or during a different work capacity test

on the bicycle ergo-meter of the all-out type (r=.25).

Campbell conducted a study to determine the validity of workloads, at

180 and 190 heart rate as a predictor of maximal oxygen consumption of

endurance trained college female athletes. 28 Ss, 7 each from field hockey,

basketball, track and swimming W5re randomly selected from varsity teams. Ss

walked the treadmill to max. with expired air samples being taken for analysis

and Vo calculation at ilR 180 and 190. It was found that the Blake regression

line for these females using either MR 180 or 190 (r = .81). It was concluded

that the HR could be used as a valid cut-off point in a treadmill procedure for

predicting Vo2 max of endurance trained women athletes.



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Haynes examined the differences in aerobic capacity, strength and power

relative to weight and lean body weight between male and female collegiate

athletes. Forty one male and thirty seven female alpine skiers, cross country

skiers and middle-distance and distance runners at the University of Colorodo

served as subjects, VO max, isometric, knee extension strength, Rnargarin

Kalamen Stair run and the vertical jump. It was concluded that training has

reduced the differences in aerobic capacity and strength but not power to the

point where they can be explained by the differences in lean body weight

between males and females.

Schrciber studied the effect of participation in University athletics

on anaerobic fitness and relationship of somatotype to the development

of anaerobic capacity. She concluded that all sornatotypes improved in

anaerobic capacity as a result of training. High intercity work of low

duration, made the greatest intra-group improvement in anaerobic capacity

following participation in their sports. And also the endomorphs and

mesomorphs had higher anaerobic capacities than other somatotype

categories.



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