matter cycling in ecosystems - · ppt file · web view ·...
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MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS
• Nutrient Cycles: Global Recycling– Global Cycles recycle nutrients through the
earth’s air, land, water, and living organisms.– Nutrients are the elements and compounds that
organisms need to live, grow, and reproduce.– Biogeochemical cycles move these substances
through air, water, soil, rock and living organisms.
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The Water Cycle
Figure 3-26Figure 3-26
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Water’ Unique Properties• There are strong forces of attraction between
molecules of water.• Water exists as a liquid over a wide
temperature range. • Liquid water changes temperature slowly.• It takes a large amount of energy for water to
evaporate.• Liquid water can dissolve a variety of
compounds.• Water expands when it freezes.
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Effects of Human Activities on Water Cycle
• We alter the water cycle by:– Withdrawing large amounts of freshwater.– Clearing vegetation and eroding soils.– Polluting surface and underground water.– Contributing to climate change.
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The Carbon Cycle:Part of Nature’s Thermostat
Figure 3-27Figure 3-27
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Effects of Human Activities on Carbon Cycle
• We alter the carbon cycle by adding excess CO2 to the atmosphere through:– Burning fossil fuels.– Clearing vegetation
faster than it is replaced.
Figure 3-28Figure 3-28
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The Nitrogen Cycle: Bacteria in Action
Figure 3-29Figure 3-29
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Effects of Human Activities on the Nitrogen Cycle
• We alter the nitrogen cycle by:– Adding gases that contribute to acid rain.– Adding nitrous oxide to the atmosphere through
farming practices which can warm the atmosphere and deplete ozone.
– Contaminating ground water from nitrate ions in inorganic fertilizers.
– Releasing nitrogen into the troposphere through deforestation.
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Effects of Human Activities on the Nitrogen Cycle
• Human activities such as production of fertilizers now fix more nitrogen than all natural sources combined.
Figure 3-30Figure 3-30
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The Phosphorous Cycle
Figure 3-31Figure 3-31
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Effects of Human Activities on the Phosphorous Cycle
• We remove large amounts of phosphate from the earth to make fertilizer.
• We reduce phosphorous in tropical soils by clearing forests.
• We add excess phosphates to aquatic systems from runoff of animal wastes and fertilizers.
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The Sulfur Cycle
Figure 3-32Figure 3-32
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Effects of Human Activities on the Sulfur Cycle
• We add sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere by:– Burning coal and oil– Refining sulfur containing petroleum.– Convert sulfur-containing metallic ores into
free metals such as copper, lead, and zinc releasing sulfur dioxide into the environment.
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