chapter 3 nutrient cycles. matter cycling in ecosystems nutrient cycles: global recycling global...
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Chapter 3Chapter 3
Nutrient CyclesNutrient Cycles
MATTER CYCLING IN MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMSECOSYSTEMS
Nutrient Cycles: Global RecyclingNutrient Cycles: Global Recycling Global Cycles recycle nutrients through the Global Cycles recycle nutrients through the
earthearth’’s air, land, water, and living organisms.s air, land, water, and living organisms. Nutrients are the elements and compounds that Nutrients are the elements and compounds that
organisms need to live, grow, and reproduce.organisms need to live, grow, and reproduce. Biogeochemical cycles move these substances Biogeochemical cycles move these substances
through air, water, soil, rock and living organisms.through air, water, soil, rock and living organisms.
WaterWater’’ Unique Properties Unique Properties There are strong forces of attraction between There are strong forces of attraction between
molecules of water.molecules of water. Water exists as a liquid over a wide Water exists as a liquid over a wide
temperature range. temperature range. Liquid water changes temperature slowly.Liquid water changes temperature slowly. It takes a large amount of energy for water to It takes a large amount of energy for water to
evaporate.evaporate. Liquid water can dissolve a variety of Liquid water can dissolve a variety of
compounds.compounds. Water expands when it freezes.Water expands when it freezes.
The Water CycleThe Water Cycle
Figure 3-26Figure 3-26
Effects of Human Activities Effects of Human Activities on Water Cycleon Water Cycle
We alter the water cycle by:We alter the water cycle by: Withdrawing large amounts of freshwater.Withdrawing large amounts of freshwater. Clearing vegetation and eroding soils.Clearing vegetation and eroding soils. Polluting surface and underground water.Polluting surface and underground water. Contributing to climate change.Contributing to climate change.
The Carbon Cycle:The Carbon Cycle:Part of NaturePart of Nature’’s Thermostats Thermostat
Figure 3-27Figure 3-27
Effects of Human Activities Effects of Human Activities on Carbon Cycleon Carbon Cycle
We alter the We alter the carbon cycle by carbon cycle by adding excess COadding excess CO22 to the atmosphere to the atmosphere through:through: Burning fossil fuels.Burning fossil fuels. Clearing vegetation Clearing vegetation
faster than it is faster than it is replaced.replaced.
Figure 3-28Figure 3-28
The Nitrogen Cycle: The Nitrogen Cycle: Bacteria in ActionBacteria in Action
Figure 3-29Figure 3-29
Nitrogen Cycling TerminologyNitrogen Cycling Terminology
Fixing Nitrogen- converting nitrogen gasFixing Nitrogen- converting nitrogen gas
into forms that can be used by plantsinto forms that can be used by plants
*electrical discharge*electrical discharge
*nitrogen fixing bacteria*nitrogen fixing bacteria
Nitrogen Fixation– soil BacT, produce Nitrogen Fixation– soil BacT, produce ammoniumammonium
Nitrification– soil BacT, produces nitrate Nitrification– soil BacT, produces nitrate
Ammonification- decomposing BacT convert Ammonification- decomposing BacT convert wastes, dead organisms. Produces wastes, dead organisms. Produces ammonia and ammoniumammonia and ammonium
Denitrification-water BacTDenitrification-water BacT
Effects of Human Activities Effects of Human Activities on the Nitrogen Cycleon the Nitrogen Cycle
We alter the nitrogen cycle by:We alter the nitrogen cycle by: Adding gases that contribute to acid rain.Adding gases that contribute to acid rain. Adding nitrous oxide to the atmosphere through Adding nitrous oxide to the atmosphere through
farming practices which can warm the farming practices which can warm the atmosphere and deplete ozone.atmosphere and deplete ozone.
Contaminating ground water from nitrate ions in Contaminating ground water from nitrate ions in inorganic fertilizers.inorganic fertilizers.
Releasing nitrogen into the troposphere through Releasing nitrogen into the troposphere through deforestation.deforestation.
Effects of Human Activities Effects of Human Activities on the Nitrogen Cycleon the Nitrogen Cycle
Human activities Human activities such as such as production of production of fertilizers now fix fertilizers now fix more nitrogen more nitrogen than all natural than all natural sources sources combined.combined.
Figure 3-30Figure 3-30
The Phosphorous CycleThe Phosphorous Cycle
Figure 3-31Figure 3-31
Effects of Human Activities Effects of Human Activities on the Phosphorous Cycleon the Phosphorous Cycle
We remove large amounts of phosphate from We remove large amounts of phosphate from the earth to make fertilizer.the earth to make fertilizer.
We reduce phosphorous in tropical soils by We reduce phosphorous in tropical soils by clearing forests.clearing forests.
We add excess phosphates to aquatic We add excess phosphates to aquatic systems from runoff of animal wastes and systems from runoff of animal wastes and fertilizers.fertilizers.
The Sulfur CycleThe Sulfur Cycle
Figure 3-32Figure 3-32
Effects of Human Activities Effects of Human Activities on the Sulfur Cycleon the Sulfur Cycle
We add sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere by:We add sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere by: Burning coal and oilBurning coal and oil Refining sulfur containing petroleum.Refining sulfur containing petroleum. Convert sulfur-containing metallic ores into free Convert sulfur-containing metallic ores into free
metals such as copper, lead, and zinc releasing metals such as copper, lead, and zinc releasing sulfur dioxide into the environment.sulfur dioxide into the environment.