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Reasons to be cheerful Matt Ridley

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Page 1: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Reasons to be cheerful

Matt Ridley

Page 2: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Are we better off?

Page 3: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

World GDP per capita

http://www.krusekronicle.com/2008/07/index.html

Page 4: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

World economic growth

http://www.oecd.org/document/47/0,3746,en_21571361_44315115_49095919_1_1_1_1,00.html

Page 5: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

People living on less than $1* a day

Pinkovskiy and Sala‐i‐Martin 2009* Adjusted for inflation

Page 6: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Even in Africa

Pinkovskiy and Sala‐i‐Martin 2009

``It’s blindingly obvious that completely unsustainable 

population growth in most of Africa will keep it permanently, 

hopelessly, stuck in deepest, darkest poverty.’’

Jonathan Porritt 2007

Page 7: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

How long does it take to earnan hour of reading light?

Tallow candle 1800 – 6 hrs

Kerosene lamp1880 – 15 mins

Incandescent bulb1950 – 8 secs

CF bulb1997 – ½ sec

Labour cost of 1,200 lumen hours at average US wage

Nordhaus 1997

Page 8: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Living longer

Page 9: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Death rate, England and Wales

http://valemail.wordpress.com/2008/07/12/birth‐and‐death‐rates‐national‐statistics/

Falling death rate

Page 10: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Child mortality

http://www.unicef.org/progressforchildren/2007n6/index_41802.htm

Page 11: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Infectious disease

Page 12: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Polio

Page 13: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

http://givewell.org/international/charities/The‐Carter‐Center/Guinea‐Worm

Guinea worm

Page 14: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Tuberculosis

Page 15: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Stroke (US)

Age‐adjusted mortality

Page 16: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Heart disease (US)

Age adjusted mortality

Page 17: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Cancer Mortality (US)

Age adjusted mortality

Page 18: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

http://www.good.is/post/chart‐watch‐america‐leads‐the‐world‐in‐obesity‐but‐it‐s‐not‐alone/

Obesity

Page 19: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

The AIDS epidemic in America

Page 20: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Expected death toll

• Ebola, Hanta ‐‐ ??

• vCJD – up to 136,000 (UK govt)

• SARS – millions (WHO)

• Bird Flu – 2m‐7.4m (WHO) 

Actual death toll

Tens

176

774

c200

Pandemics that weren’t

Page 21: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Deaths

vCJD deaths, UK 

http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/figures.htm

“Figures show rise in vCJD deaths” – BBC News, 2 March 2004

Page 22: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

“But some advocates for women’s health tried to pressure The Lancet into delaying publication of the new findings, fearing that good news would detract from the urgency of their cause, Dr. Horton said in a telephone interview.”

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/14/health/14births.html

Page 23: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

But are we… ?

Happier?Cleverer?Cleaner?Kinder?Freer? More equal?More peaceful?

Than 50 years ago?

Page 24: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Happier

Pew Survey

Page 25: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Cleverer

IQ scores

Page 26: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

``By 1985 air pollution will have reduced the amount of sunlight reaching the 

earth by half.’’

Life Magazine 1970

Cleaner

Page 27: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

BBC, ONS

Kinder

Page 28: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Freer

Page 29: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

More equal

Pinkovskiy and Sala‐i‐Martin 2009

Page 30: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

More peaceful

S. Pinker, The Better Angels of our Nature, 2011

Page 31: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Battle deaths in wars

S. Pinker, The Better Angels of our Nature, 2011

Page 32: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Domestic violence, US

S. Pinker, The Better Angels of our Nature, 2011

Page 33: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Rape, US

S. Pinker, The Better Angels of our Nature, 2011

Page 34: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

How is this possible?

Page 35: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen
Page 36: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

``No man ever saw a dog make fair and deliberate exchange of a bone with 

another dog’’

Adam Smith 1776

Page 37: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Comparative advantage

David Ricardo 1817

Adam takes 4 hours to make a spear and 3 hours to make an axe

Oz takes 1 hour to make a spear and 2 hours to make an axe

If Oz makes 2 spears

And Adam makes 2 axes

And they trade…Then they each save an hour of work

Page 38: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen
Page 39: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen
Page 40: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Division of labour in nature

Page 41: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

The earliest evidence of trade

Bouzougar et al. 2007. PNAS 2007 104:9964‐9969; Barton et al 2009 doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.

Page 42: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Neanderthal localism

http://www.eva.mpg.de/evolution/staff/hublin/pdf/Hublin_Steele_2006_CurrAnth.pdf

Dzudzuana cave, Georgia

Page 44: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Hybrid ideas

Page 45: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Tasmania

Henrich 2004 American AntiquityTwo Tasmanians repairing and making spears(B. Duterrau, 1855)

Page 46: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Tierra del Fuego

Page 47: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

The human cloud

Maori fishing tackle; Kline and Boyd 2010

Page 48: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen
Page 49: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

The collective brain

internet traffic : the Opte Project. Licensed under Creative Commons.

Page 50: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Can it go on?

Page 51: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Population projections

Page 52: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Population growth rate is falling

Page 53: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

http://earlywarn.blogspot.com/2011/04/food‐consumption‐around‐world.html

People have more food

N America

Europe

S AmericaAsia

Africa

Page 54: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

http://wattsupwiththat.com/2011/10/08/peak‐oil‐climate‐change‐and‐the‐threat‐to‐food‐security/#more‐48870

…while crop prices have fallen

Page 55: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

``Farmers can no longer keep up with rising 

demand for food, and famine is inevitable.’’

Lester Brown 1974

Page 56: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

http://www.climate4you.com/images/AllCompared%20GlobalMonthlyTempSince1979.gif

The global temperature has risen…

Page 57: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

http://clivebest.com/blog/wp‐content/uploads/2011/06/normalised.png

…less than expected

Page 58: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Sea level rise is slow and slowing 

Page 59: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

http://www.thegwpf.org/the‐observatory/1378‐indur‐m‐goklany‐global‐death‐toll‐from‐extreme‐weather‐events‐declining.html

Deaths from extreme weather

Page 60: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

1900

2007

Change

Malaria

P. Gething et al Nature 2010

Page 61: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Inexhaustible

Page 62: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Resource abundance

Page 63: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Isn’t pessimism necessary?

Page 64: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen
Page 65: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

Isn’t optimism complacent?

Page 66: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen
Page 67: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen

``We cannot absolutely prove that those are in error who say society has reached a turning point, that we have seen our best days, but so said all who came before us and with just as much apparent reason...On what principle is it that with nothing but improvement behind us we are to expect nothing but deterioration before us?’’ Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1830

Page 68: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen
Page 69: Matt Ridley - Inicio · Tallow candle 1800 –6 hrs. Kerosene lamp. 1880 –15 mins. Incandescent bulb. 1950 –8 secs. CF bulb. 1997 –½ sec. Labour cost of 1,200 lumen