ma;thsh; cwjpnkhop - 14.139.186.108
TRANSCRIPT
Ma;thsh; cWjpnkhop
G. Kj;Jnyl;RkpKj;Jnyl;RkpKj;Jnyl;RkpKj;Jnyl;Rkp ,irj;Jiw fiyf;fhtphp Ez;fiyf;fy;Y}hp jpUr;rp–21.
Kidth; khh;fnul; gh];bd; mth;fspd; Nkw;ghh;itapy;
“ kNdhjh;krq;fPjj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;kNdhjh;krq;fPjj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;kNdhjh;krq;fPjj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;kNdhjh;krq;fPjj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;” vd;Wk; jiyg;gpy;
Kidth; gl;lj;jpw;fhf 2006 Kjy; 2012 tiu Ma;T epfo;j;jp
vd;dhy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j Ma;NtL vdJ nrhe;j
Kaw;rpahy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk;> ,J NtW ve;j
Ma;Tg;gl;lj;jpw;Fk; mspf;fg;ngwtpy;iy vd;Wk; cWjp $WfpNwd;.
ifnahg;gk;ifnahg;gk;ifnahg;gk;ifnahg;gk;
,lk;:,lk;:,lk;:,lk;:
ehs;ehs;ehs;ehs;
newpahsh; rhd;wpjo;
Kidth;Kidth;Kidth;Kidth; khh;fnul; gh];bd;khh;fnul; gh];bd;khh;fnul; gh];bd;khh;fnul; gh];bd; Kjy;th;> fiyf;fhtphp Ez;fiyf;fy;Y}hp jpUr;rp-21.
“ kNdhjh;krq;fPjj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;kNdhjh;krq;fPjj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;kNdhjh;krq;fPjj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;kNdhjh;krq;fPjj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;” vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;
cs;s ,e;j Ma;NtL> ghujpjhrd; gy;fiyfofj;jpy; Kidth;
gl;lk; ngWtjw;fhf vd; Nkw;ghh;itapy; G. Kj;Jnyl;Rkp vd;gth;
2006 Kjy; 2012 Kba Ma;T nra;J cUthf;fpajhFk;. ,e;j
Ma;NtL ,jw;F Kd; NtW ve;jg; gl;lj;jpw;Fk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy
vd;gjw;Fk;> ,e;j Ma;NtlhdJ mtUila nrhe;j Kaw;rpahy;
cUthdJ vd;gjw;Fk; ,jd; topr;rhd;W toq;Ffpd;Nwd;.
ifnahg;gk;ifnahg;gk;ifnahg;gk;ifnahg;gk;
,lk;,lk;,lk;,lk; ::::
ehs;ehs;ehs;ehs; ::::
ed;wpAiu
fUizNahL vd;idf; fhynky;yhk; fhj;J top elj;jp tUk;
,iwtDf;F,iwtDf;F,iwtDf;F,iwtDf;F vd; ,ja kyh;fis rkh;g;gzk; nra;fpNwd;.
jkpo;ehl;bd; fiyfshd gujehl;bak;> fh;ehlf ,ir Mfpa
,uz;ilAk; jk; ,U fz;fshf ghtpj;J mjd; kuGKiw khwhky;
tsh;j;J mjw;nfd fiyf;fhtphp Ez;fiyf;fy;Y}hp vDk; epWtdj;ij
epWtp fiyj;njhz;lhw;wpa fiykhKdpfiykhKdpfiykhKdpfiykhKdp Msrg.S.M.[hh;[;; mbfshUf;F[hh;[;; mbfshUf;F[hh;[;; mbfshUf;F[hh;[;; mbfshUf;F
Kjw;fz; vd; ed;wpia njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. ,e;epWtdj;jpy;
gzpahw;w vdf;F tha;g;gpid mspj;J> vd; Nkw;gbg;gpidj;
njhlu vkf;F mDkjp mspj;jikf;Fk; vd; kdg;G+h;tkhd
ed;wpapidj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd; ,f;fy;Y}hpapNyNa vdJ
Ma;tpidj;njhlu mDkjp mspj;j Nkdhs; nrayh; je;ijah;fshd
mUl;je;ijmUl;je;ijmUl;je;ijmUl;je;ij A. #ir myq;fhuk;#ir myq;fhuk;#ir myq;fhuk;#ir myq;fhuk; mth;fSf;Fk;> mUl;je;ijmUl;je;ijmUl;je;ijmUl;je;ij S.M.G. Nrfud;Nrfud;Nrfud;Nrfud;
mth;fSf;Fk; jw;Nghija nrayh; mUl;je;ijmUl;je;ijmUl;je;ijmUl;je;ij L.me;Jtme;Jtme;Jtme;Jthhhhd;d;d;d;
mbfshUf;Fk; vd; ed;wpfis njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
,f;fy;Y}hpapNyNa ,t;tha;it Nkw;nfhs;s mDkjp mspj;J
vdf;F newpahsuhf kl;Lkpd;wp ey; MrhdhAk;> midj;J
tifapYk; vdf;F Cf;fk; mspj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mUl;rNfhjhpmUl;rNfhjhpmUl;rNfhjhpmUl;rNfhjhp
Kidth; khh;f;Kidth; khh;f;Kidth; khh;f;Kidth; khh;f;nul; gh];bd;nul; gh];bd;nul; gh];bd;nul; gh];bd; fsj mth;fSf;F vd; ,jaq;fdpe;j ed;wp
kyh;fis fhzpf;ifahf;Ffpd;Nwd;.
xt;nthU tUlKk; eilngWk; Kidth; gl;l Ma;Tf;FOtpw;F
cWg;gpduhf te;jpUe;J vd; Ma;tpw;Fj; Njitahd gy ey;y
MNyhridfisj; je;J cjtpa KidtHKidtHKidtHKidtH jpUkjpjpUkjpjpUkjpjpUkjp.... S.A.K. JJJJHHHHfhfhfhfh
mth;fSf;F vd; neQ;rhh;e;j ed;wpfisr; rkh;g;gpf;fpd;Nwd;.
,f;fy;Y}hpapd; Kd;dhs; Ma;Tj;Jiw xUq;fpizg;ghsuhd
jpUkjp.jpUkjp.jpUkjp.jpUkjp. J. rhUkjprhUkjprhUkjprhUkjp mth;fSf;F> jw;Nghija xUq;fpizg;ghsh; cjtpg;
Nguhrphpia Kidth;Kidth;Kidth;Kidth; S. ckhkNf];thpckhkNf];thpckhkNf];thpckhkNf];thp mth;fSf;Fk; vd; ed;wpapidj;
njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
Ma;Tf;fl;Liu ed;Kiwapy; ntsptu gy E}y;fisj; je;J
cjtpa ,f;fy;Y}hpapd; E}yfh; jpUkjp. tpj;ah Mz;ljpUkjp. tpj;ah Mz;ljpUkjp. tpj;ah Mz;ljpUkjp. tpj;ah Mz;lddddpppp cjtp
E}yfh; jpUkjp. rh.jpUkjp. rh.jpUkjp. rh.jpUkjp. rh. nnnnggpggpggpggp> nry;tp mk;rj;ghDnry;tp mk;rj;ghDnry;tp mk;rj;ghDnry;tp mk;rj;ghD mth;fSf;Fk; vd; csk;
fdpe;j ed;wpfisj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
NkYk; ,t;tha;T rpwf;fj; Njitahd E}y;fisj; je;J cjtpa
ru];tjp k`hy; E}yfj;jpdUf;Fk;> jQ;rhT+h; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;
,irj;Jiw Nguhrphpah;fs; Kidth; mq;faw;fz;zpKidth; mq;faw;fz;zpKidth; mq;faw;fz;zpKidth; mq;faw;fz;zp> Kidth; khjtpKidth; khjtpKidth; khjtpKidth; khjtp>
Kidth; fw;gfk;Kidth; fw;gfk;Kidth; fw;gfk;Kidth; fw;gfk; MfpNahUf;Fk; vd; ed;wpapidj; njhptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;.
Neh; fhzypd; NghJ gy mhpa jfty;fisj; je;J cjtpa
jpUkjp mk;G[k; Ntjhe;jk;jpUkjp mk;G[k; Ntjhe;jk;jpUkjp mk;G[k; Ntjhe;jk;jpUkjp mk;G[k; Ntjhe;jk;> jpjpjpjpUkjp rk;gh fy;$uhUkjp rk;gh fy;$uhUkjp rk;gh fy;$uhUkjp rk;gh fy;$uh> jpU.jpU.jpU.jpU. J. ntq;fl;uhkd;ntq;fl;uhkd;ntq;fl;uhkd;ntq;fl;uhkd;>
jpU. gj;kehgd;jpU. gj;kehgd;jpU. gj;kehgd;jpU. gj;kehgd;> jpU. mhpksk; gj;kehgd;jpU. mhpksk; gj;kehgd;jpU. mhpksk; gj;kehgd;jpU. mhpksk; gj;kehgd;> jpU. itj;aypq;fk;jpU. itj;aypq;fk;jpU. itj;aypq;fk;jpU. itj;aypq;fk; kw;Wk;
jpUr;rp mfpy ,e;jpa thndhyp epiya ,irf; fiyQh;fs;
B. rptf;Fkhrptf;Fkhrptf;Fkhrptf;FkhHHHH> jpU. Kf;ag;uhzhjpU. Kf;ag;uhzhjpU. Kf;ag;uhzhjpU. Kf;ag;uhzh MfpNahUf;F vd; kdkhh;e;j
ed;wpapidj; njhptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;.
Neh;fhzypd; topahfTk;> tFg;Gf;fis cw;W Nehf;Fjypd;
topahfTk; gy juTfisj; jpul;l cjtp nra;j rPjhny\;kp
uhkrhkp kfspH fy;Y}hp kw;Wk; fiyf;fhtphp Ez;fiyf; fy;Y}hp
,irj;Jiwg; Nguhrphpah;fs;> khzth;fs; midtUf;Fk; ed;wpia
rkHg;gpf;fpd;Nwd;.
,t;tha;thdJ jkpo;nkhopapy; rpwg;ghf miktjw;F Mq;fhq;Nf
Vw;gl;l rpWgpiofisj; jpUj;jp> ey;ynjhU tbtikj;Jf; nfhLj;J
cjtpa jkpohrphpag; ngUe;jifahsH GytH ,uh. ,yl;Rkzd;GytH ,uh. ,yl;Rkzd;GytH ,uh. ,yl;Rkzd;GytH ,uh. ,yl;Rkzd;>>>> M.A.,
M.Ed., M.Phil., (nghpahH E}w;whz;L epidT nkl;hpf; Nkdpiyg;gs;sp
KJfiyj; jkpohrphpaH) mtHfSf;Fk; vd; ed;wpapidf;
fhzpf;ifahf;Ffpd;Nwd;.
,irNkijfs; ghbAs;s / thrpj;Js;s kNdhjh;k ,irf;Fwpj;j
gFjpfis xyp ehlhf;fs;> ,izajsk; topahfg; gjpT nra;J
FWe;jfl;by; gjpT nra;a cjtpa jpU. Rjh;rd;jpU. Rjh;rd;jpU. Rjh;rd;jpU. Rjh;rd;> jpU. uhN[jpU. uhN[jpU. uhN[jpU. uhN[\\\\;;;;
mth;fSf;Fk; vd; kdkhh;e;j ed;wpapid njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
vd; tho;tpd; xt;nthU tsh;r;rpf;Fk; vd;id MrPh;tjpj;J
nfhz;bUf;Fk; vdJ ngw;Nwhh; S.FU%Hj;jpFU%Hj;jpFU%Hj;jpFU%Hj;jp, G.Rg;gnyRg;gnyRg;gnyRg;gny\\\\;kp;kp;kp;kp mth;fSf;F
vd; ed;wpfis rkh;g;gpf;fpNwd;.
vy;yhr; #o;epiyfspYk; vdf;F cjtpa vd; FLk;gj;jhUf;Fk;>
Ma;Ntl;bid jl;lr;R nra;J nfhLj;j jpUkjpjpUkjpjpUkjpjpUkjp \\\\Pghutpf;FkhhPghutpf;FkhhPghutpf;FkhhPghutpf;Fkhh;;;;>
jpUkiy Mg;nrl; gphpz;lh;]; epWtdj;jpw;Fk; vd; kdkhh;e;j ed;wpapidj;
njhptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;. ,t;tha;tpw;F ,Wjp tbtk; nfhLj;J
ed;Kiwapy; ntsptu NgUjtp nra;j Nfhy;ld; nel;Nfhy;ld; nel;Nfhy;ld; nel;Nfhy;ld; nel; fk;g;A+l;lH];fk;g;A+l;lH];fk;g;A+l;lH];fk;g;A+l;lH];
epWtdj;jhHf;Fk; vd; kdkhHe;j ed;wpiaj; njhptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;.
“epd;id tzq;fp epd;jhs; gzpjyd;wp vd;Nd ahk; nraw;ghy”
midtUf;Fk; ed;wpj;Njd;; ciuj;NjdmidtUf;Fk; ed;wpj;Njd;; ciuj;NjdmidtUf;Fk; ed;wpj;Njd;; ciuj;NjdmidtUf;Fk; ed;wpj;Njd;; ciuj;Njd;;;; ;; ;; ciuapid Kbj;Njd;.ciuapid Kbj;Njd;.ciuapid Kbj;Njd;.ciuapid Kbj;Njd;.
RUf;f FwpaPl;L nrhy;tpsf;fk;
Dic. - Dictionary
g. - gf;fk;
gf;. - gf;fq;fs;
gh. - ghly;
rpyg;. - rpyg;gjpfhuk;
muq;. - muq;Nfw;Wf;fhij
g. kuG - gQ;rkuG
Pg. - Pages
P. - Page
Chap - Chapter
nghUslf;fk;
gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;
Kd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;Diu 1111
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 1111
1.1.1.1. Ma;tpd; tbtikg;GMa;tpd; tbtikg;GMa;tpd; tbtikg;GMa;tpd; tbtikg;G 3333
1.1. Ma;tpd; jiyg;G 3
1.2. Ma;T Kiw 3
1.3. Ma;tpd; vy;iy 4
1.4. Ma;Tr; rpf;fy; 4
1.5. Ma;T KbT 4
1.6. Ma;Ntl;bd; RUf;fk; 5
1.7. Ma;tpd; gad; 7
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 2222
2.2.2.2. ,irapy; fw;gidapd; gq;F,irapy; fw;gidapd; gq;F,irapy; fw;gidapd; gq;F,irapy; fw;gidapd; gq;F 8888
2.1. Ma;twpQh;fsJ fUj;J 11
2.2. Ez;fiyfspy; fw;gid gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs; 27
2.3. cstpayhsh; $w;W 36
2.4. kNdhjHkj;jpd; cl;gphpTfs; 42
2.5. KbTiu 50
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 3333
3.3.3.3. ,irapy; kNdhjh;k,irapy; kNdhjh;k,irapy; kNdhjh;k,irapy; kNdhjh;kk;k;k;k; FwpFwpFwpFwpj;j E}y; tpsf;fk;j;j E}y; tpsf;fk;j;j E}y; tpsf;fk;j;j E}y; tpsf;fk; 52525252
3.1. tlnkhop E}y;fs; 52
3.2. jkpo; E}y;fs; 68
3.3. njYq;F E}y;fs; 75
3.4. fd;dl E}y;fs; 81
3.5. Mq;fpy E}y;fs; 84
3.6. KbTiu 99
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 4444
4.4.4.4. gpw ,ir Kiwfspy; kNdhjh;kk;gpw ,ir Kiwfspy; kNdhjh;kk;gpw ,ir Kiwfspy; kNdhjh;kk;gpw ,ir Kiwfspy; kNdhjh;kk; 100100100100
4.1. ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir 100
4.2. g[id gj;jjp 111
4.3. fjhfhyl;Nrgk; 117
4.4. ghftjNks ehlfk; 121
4.5. `pe;J];jhdp ,ir 122
4.6. KbTiu 125
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 5555
5.5.5.5. jw;fhy ,ir muq;Ffspy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;Fjw;fhy ,ir muq;Ffspy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;Fjw;fhy ,ir muq;Ffspy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;Fjw;fhy ,ir muq;Ffspy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;F 126126126126
5.1. fr;Nrhpapd; Njhw;wk; 130
5.2. fr;Nrhp ghLk; Kiw 132
5.3. fr;Nrhpfspy; kNdhjHkj;jpd; gq;F 134
5.4. fr;Nrhpapd; tiffs; 134
5.5. fiyQHfspd; gilg;ghw;wy; 137
5.6. KbTiu 138
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 6666
6.6.6.6. kNdhjh;kj;ijkNdhjh;kj;ijkNdhjh;kj;ijkNdhjh;kj;ijg;g;g;g; gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiwfs;gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiwfs;gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiwfs;gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiwfs; 140140140140
6.1. FUFyg; gapw;rp 140
6.2. epWtdq;fspy; kNdhjHk gapw;rp 141
6.3. fw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; Kiw 147
6.4. kNdhjHk rq;fPjj;jpy; ,irNkijfspd; rhjidfs;
161
6.5. kNdhjHk rq;fPjj;jpy; ,irNkijfspd; ghzpfs;
165
6.6. KbTiu 168
KbTiuKbTiuKbTiuKbTiu 169169169169
JizE}w;gl;bay;JizE}w;gl;bay;JizE}w;gl;bay;JizE}w;gl;bay;
gpd;dpizg;Ggpd;dpizg;Ggpd;dpizg;Ggpd;dpizg;Gfs;fs;fs;fs;
Kd;Diu
1
Kd;Diu
fiy vd;gJ fw;Wf; nfhs;tJ. xUth; kw;wthplk; fw;Wf;
nfhz;L tsh;f;Fk; fiyfSs; xd;W ,irahFk;. Nfl;Nghiuj;
jd;tag;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; tha;e;jJ ,irahFk;. md;igg; ngUf;fp
cs;Sapiu cUf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. gy ghf;fis uhfj;NjhL
ghLtJ vd;gNj ,irahFk;. gy ,ay; ghf;fNshL ,d;dpirahfpa
jpwj;ij (uhfj;ij) ,irj;jyhy; ,irnad;w ngaiug; ngw;wJ.
vk;.Mh;. milf;fyrhkp vd;gtH jkJ jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW vd;Dk;
E}ypDs; ,ir Fwpj;J njhy;fhg;gpaH jUk; tpsf;fkhf ‘,irg;G
,irahFk;’ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh; (gf;.280). ,ir vd;gJ kf;fs;
tho;f;ifNahL xd;wp cah;e;jJ. giw> aho; Nghd;w ,irf;fUtpfNshL
mf;fhy kf;fs; tho;f;ifiaj; Jtf;fpdh; vd;gjpypUe;Nj ,irapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpaKbfpwJ. ,j;jifa ngUik tha;e;j
,iria tlnkhopapy; rq;fPjk; vd;W miog;gh;. rq;fPjk; vd;why;
,dpik vd;W nghUs;. ,t;tpdpik nrtp topNa GFe;J
kdj;jpw;Fs; nrd;W kfpo;r;rpiaj; jUfpd;wJ. rq;fPjk; vd;why; Rfk;
vd;Wk; nrsghf;ak; vd;Wk; nghUs; nfhs;syhk;. mfk;> Gwk;
,uz;bidAk; If;fpag;gLj;jp cly;> cs;sk;> ,uz;bYk; tpthpf;f
Kbahj xU RfhDgtj;ij toq;ff; $baJ rq;fPjk;. ,iwtid
ehjtbtkhf> ,irtbtkhf fz;lth;fs; ek; %jhijah;fs;>
Mo;thh;fs;> ehad;khh;fs; kw;Wk; gythf;Nfaf;fhuh;fSk; Mthh;.
rq;fPjj;jpd; topNa ,iwtid Mj;khh;j;jkhf czh;e;j
mDgtj;ij mth;fs; tpl;Lr; nrd;wpUf;Fk; E}y; topAk;> ghly;fs;
topAk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
,iria ,iw gf;jpf;F mh;g;gzpj;j fhuzj;jhy; mNef
fPh;j;jdq;fSk;> ghly;fSk; ,d;W ekf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wJ. gf;jpia
tsh;f;f kl;LNk ,iriag; gad;gLj;jp te;j fhuzj;jhy;jhd;>
fhyq;fhykhf ek; ehl;by; rq;fPjk; mjd; tsh;r;rp Fd;whky;
tsh;e;J te;Js;ssJ. ahfq;fs; nra;J mjd;%yk; fpilf;f $ba
,iw mUis> ,irapd; %yk; ntF Rygkhfg; ngw;Wtpl KbAk;
vd;gJ Md;Nwhh; $w;W. ,jdhy;jhd; md;dka;ah> uhkjh]h;>
2
jpahfuh[H Nghd;w kfhd;fs; rq;fPjj;jpw;Nf jq;fs; tho;f;ifia
mh;g;gzpj;jdh; vdyhk;.
fhJf;F Nfl;Fk; ,dpikahd rg;jq;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;J>
mit ,irthf ,Ue;j fhuzj;jhy; ]> hp> f> k> g> j> ep vd
thpirg;gLj;jp> mijNa rq;fPjj;jpw;F mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ldh;.
vy;yh ,ir KiwfspYk; ,e;j VO ];tuq;fNs mbg;gilahf
cs;sd vd;gJk;> rg;j ];tuq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk; ,itfis
kl;Lk; itj;Jf; nfhz;L> E}w;Wf; fzf;fhd ,uhfq;fisf;
fz;Lgpbj;Jf; fhyq;fhykhff; ifahz;L tUfpd;Nwhk; vd;gJk;
ek;ik Mr;rhpaj;jpy; Mo;j;Jfpd;wJ. ,J Nghd;w gy Ez;zpa
mikg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;s ek; rq;fPjj;ijg; gw;wp Nkiy
ehl;bdUk; tpae;J Nghw;Wfpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa ngUikf;Fhpa ekJ
fHehlf ,irKiwapy; Kf;fpa mq;fk; tfpg;gJ kNdhjHkk;
vdg;gLk; fw;gid ,ir. mjidg; gw;wpNa ,t;tha;T
mike;Js;sJ. ,dp Ma;tpd; tbtikg;igf; fhzyhk;.
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 1111
Ma;tpd; tbtikg;G
3
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 1111
Ma;tpd; tbtikg;G
Maf;fiyfs; mWgj;J ehd;F. ,tw;wpy; eldk;> rpw;gk;>
rpj;jpuk;> Xtpak;> ,ir vd;w ,t;ite;Jk; Ez;fiyfshFk;.
,e;Ez;fiyfSs; ,irf;fiyAk; xd;whFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; tl
,e;jpa ,ir> njd;dpe;jpa ,ir vd ,Utifahd ,ir Kiwfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njd;dpe;jpa ,iria fh;ehlf ,ir vd;W
miog;gh;. fh;ehlf ,irahdJ ,UngUk; gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ.
xd;W fy;gpj ,ir kw;wJ kNdhjh;k ,ir (fw;gid ,ir).
fy;gpj ,ir vd;gJ thf;Nfafhuh;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
kNdhjh;k ,irahdJ ,irf;fiyQh;fs; ghLk; Neuj;jpNyh>
fUtpapy; thrpf;Fk; Neuj;jpNyh fiyQh;fspd; jpwikia
ntspf;fhl;Lk; tpjj;jpy; fw;gidahf ntspg;gLtJ. ,k;kNdhjh;k
,ir uhfMyhgid> jhdk;> eputy;> fy;gid];tuk; ghLjy; Nghd;w
cl;gphpTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ngUk;ghYk; kNdhjh;k ,irahdJ
fw;gpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. Nfl;Lk;> mDgtj;jpd; topahfTNk ,jid
fw;fKbAk; vd;gJ FUFy gbg;gpy; Mrphpah; jUk; tpsf;fkhFk;.
,t;tpsf;fj;jpdpd;W khWgl;L kNdhjh;k ,iria fw;gpf;f KbAk;
vd;gjidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;Nl ,e;j Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jd;cl;gphpTfisg; gw;wpa KOtpsf;fk;> ,jd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp>
ghLk;Kiw. gapw;rp Kiw> fw;gpf;Fk;Kiw Mfpadg; gw;wpa
nra;jpfis KOikahf ntspf;nfhzuTk; ,e;j Ma;T
Kad;Ws;sJ.
1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. Ma;tpd; jiyg;GMa;tpd; jiyg;GMa;tpd; jiyg;GMa;tpd; jiyg;G
‘kNdhjh;krq;fPjj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;kNdhjh;krq;fPjj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;kNdhjh;krq;fPjj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;kNdhjh;krq;fPjj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;’
1.2.1.2.1.2.1.2. Ma;T KiwMa;T KiwMa;T KiwMa;T Kiw
kNdhjh;krq;fPjj;jpd; cl;gphpTfisg; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs;
kw;Wk; tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs; Nghd;wit gy E}y;fspypUe;J
Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L jug;gl;Ls;sJ. fw;gidiag; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;>
4
,irf;fiyQdpd; gilg;ghw;wYf;Fk;;> fw;gidf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;G
Nghd;w nra;jpfs; Nkdhl;L Ma;thsh;fspd; tpsf;fj;Jld;>
cstpayhsh;fs; $wpAs;s fhuzq;fNshL xg;gpl;L Ma;T
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. gpw,ir Kiwfspd; fiytbtq;fspy;
kNdhjh;kj;jpd; nray;ghl;bid mwpAk; nghUl;L epfo;r;rpfs;
eilngWk; ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W cw;WNehf;Fjypd; %ykhfTk;> fs
Ma;T %ykhfTk;> Neh;fhzy; %ykhfTk; juTfs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L
Ma;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
1.3.1.3.1.3.1.3. Ma;tpd; vy;iyMa;tpd; vy;iyMa;tpd; vy;iyMa;tpd; vy;iy
kNdhjh;kk; vd;gJ tl ,e;jpa ,ir KiwapYk;> ghftjNks
ehlfk;> fjhfhyl;Nrgk;> gf;jp ,irapYk;> ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapYk; vd
gy;NtW ,irKiwfspYk; ,lk; ngWfpd;w NghJk; ,e;j
Ma;thdJ nrt;tpay; ,ir vdg;gLk; njd;dpe;jpa fh;ehlf
,irKiwapy; ,lk; ngWfpd;w kNdhjh;kj;jpd; Njhw;wk; tsh;r;rp
Fwpj;j nra;jpfis kl;LNk jd; Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sJ.
1.4.1.4.1.4.1.4. Ma;Tr; rpf;fy;Ma;Tr; rpf;fy;Ma;Tr; rpf;fy;Ma;Tr; rpf;fy;
kNdhjh;k ,iriag; gw;wpa Ma;tpy; gy ,irf;fiyQh;fis
Neh;fhzy; nra;Ak; nghOJ khzth;fSf;F kNdhjh;k ,iriaf;
fw;Wj;jUk; tpjj;ij cldpUe;J cw;WNehf;fypd; %ykhf Ma;T
nra;Akplj;J gjpT nra;a mDkjp fpilf;fhkypUe;jJ> ehl;Lg;Gw
,ir> tl ,e;jpa ,ir> g[idKiw> fjhfhyhl;Nrgk; Mfpa
epfo;r;rpfis Nehpy; fhz gy;NtW Ch;fSf;Fk;> mJ eilngWk;
,lq;fSf;Fk; nry;y Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mr;rkaq;fspy; me;epfo;Tfs;
elf;fpd;w fhyq;fSf;fhf fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. gy ,ir
Nkijfs; ghbAs;s kw;Wk; thrpj;jspj;Js;s ,irj;jl;Lf;fspy; gy
GJikfisg; GFj;jpapUg;gjhy; mjDila kuGj; jd;ik KOikahf
fpilf;f ngwhky; rpy rpf;fy;fis re;jpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
1.5.1.5.1.5.1.5. Ma;T KbTMa;T KbTMa;T KbTMa;T KbT
,t;tha;tpd; %yk; kNdhjh;k ,irahdJ ve;nje;j
fhyf;fl;lq;fspy; vt;thW tsh;e;jJ vd;Wk;> vd;ndd;d ngah;fspy;
5
mit miof;fg;gl;L te;jd vd;gJk; gpd;dh; ,J vt;thW xU
KOikahd epiyia mile;Js;sJ vd;gijAk; ,e;j Ma;T
epWt Kad;Ws;sJ. jw;fhyj;jpy; ,ir fw;Fk; khzth;fs;>
fiyQh;fs; kNdhjh;k ,iria vt;thW ghLtJ> gapw;rp
nra;tJ Nghd;w gy nra;jpfis xUq;Nf mwpAk; tifapy;
epuy;gLj;jpaspj;Js;sJ.
1.61.61.61.6.... Ma;Ma;Ma;Ma;Ntl;bd;Ntl;bd;Ntl;bd;Ntl;bd; RUf;fk;RUf;fk;RUf;fk;RUf;fk;
Kjy; ,aypy;Kjy; ,aypy;Kjy; ,aypy;Kjy; ,aypy; Ma;T Kiw> Ma;tpd; vy;iy> Ma;Tr;rpf;fy;>
Ma;tpd;KbT Kjypad tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,uz;lhk; ,aypy;,uz;lhk; ,aypy;,uz;lhk; ,aypy;,uz;lhk; ,aypy; fw;gid vd;why; vd;d? vd;gJ Fwpj;J
Nkdhl;L Ma;thsh;fshd C.T. tpd;nr];lh;> N[hrg; mbrd;> tpy;ypak;
nja;yh;> tpy;ypak;Nth;l;];nthh;j; MfpNahhpd; tpsf;fq;fs;
njhFj;jspf;fg;gl;L cs;sd. rpyg;gjpfhuk;> rPtfrpe;jhkzp>
jpUke;jpuk;> fk;guhkhazk; Mfpa E}y;fspypUe;J fw;gidAk;
czh;r;rpAk; vt;thW xd;Wld; xd;W neUq;fpa njhlh;Gilad
vd;W Nkw;Nfhs; ghly;fs; top tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,irapy; ,irf;fiyQh;fs; gilg;ghw;wy; jpwikNahLk;>
fw;gid jpwikNahLk; ,Ug;gh; vd;gJ Fwpj;J kNdhjj;Jt
epGzh;fs; gy Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ,e;epGzh;fspd;
fUj;Jg;gb ,irf; fiyQDf;F vt;thW gilg;ghw;wYk;> fw;gidAk;
Njhd;WfpwJ vd;gijg; gw;wpa tpguk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdbg;gilapy;
fw;gid ,irapd; cl;gphpTfshd uhfMyhgid> jhdk;> eputy;>
fy;gid];tuk; Mfpatw;wpd; tpsf;fq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
%d;whk; ,aypy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; cl;gphpTfshd uhfMyhgid>
jhdk;> eputy;> fw;gid];tuk; Fwpj;j tuyhw;W nra;jpfs; E}y;topj;
juTfshfj; njhFj;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rk];fpUjk;> njYq;F>
fd;dl nkhopfspy; cs;s yÑzfpue;jq;fshd ehl;barh];jpuk;>
gpU`j;Nj]p> rq;fPj rkarhuk;> rq;fPjuj;dhfuk;> rJh;jz;bgpufhrpif>
rq;fPjRjh> rq;fPjnfsKjp> fhdgh];fuK> uhfMyhgid
jhdkhl;Lgy;ytp> rq;fPj ];tak;Nghjpdp> g;ujkmg;ahrG];jfK>
fhNde;JNrfuK> rq;fPj rk;g;ujhajPgpif> rq;fPjRjhk;G+jp> ];tukQ;rhp>
6
gy;ytp ];tufy;gty;yp> gy;ytp uj;dkhyh Nghd;w E}y;fspypUe;Jk;
jkpo;E}y;fshd gQ;rkuG> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> jkpopirf; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;
Mfpatw;wpypUe;Jk; ,t;tha;T Fwpj;j tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs;
Nrfhpf;fg;gl;Lj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
ehd;fhk;; ,aypy; gpw ,irKiw kw;Wk; gpwfiy tbtq;fspy;
,lk; ngWk; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; gw;wpa Ma;T
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. gpw ,ir Kiwfshd ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir> tl
,e;jpa ,ir Mfpatw;Ws; kNdhjh;k ,irapd; gq;F gw;wpAk;> gpw
fiytbtq;fshd fjhfyhl;Nrgk;> g[idKiw> ghftjNks
ehlfk; Mfpatw;wpy; ,irepfo;r;rp epfo;j;JNthhpd; fw;gid kw;Wk;
gilg;ghw;wy; vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gijg;
gw;wpa tpsf;fKk;> ,e;epfo;r;rpfis cw;WNehf;Fjypd; %ykhff;
fz;lwpag;gl;L jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
Ie;jhk;; ,aypy; jw;fhy ,ir muq;Ffspy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd;
gq;F kw;Wk; ghLk;Kiw Mfpad Ma;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
fr;Nrhpfspy; nghJthd fr;Nrhp kw;Wk; fUj;J mbg;gilapyhd
fr;Nrhp vd;w ,Utif fr;Nrhp mikg;GKiwg; gw;wpAk;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mwhk; ,aypy; kNdhjh;kj;ij ifahSk;Kiw> fw;Fk;Kiw>
gapw;rpKiw> gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiw Mfpadg; gw;wp tphpthf Ma;T
nra;ag;gl;L tpsf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,irf;fiyQh;fis Neh;fhzy;
nra;J kNdhjh;kj;jpy; Mrphpah;fs; ifahSk; Kiw>
khzth;fSf;F fw;gpf;Fk; Kiw> fw;Wf;nfhz;l gpd; gapw;rp nra;Ak;
Kiwfs; mfpadTk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,irNkijfs; ghbAs;s my;yJ ,irf;fUtpfspy; thrpj;Js;s
uhfMyhgid> jhdk;> eputy;> fy;gid];tuk; Mfpatw;wpd;
xypehlhf;fs;> FWe;jfLfs; %yKk;> ,izajsq;fspd; %yKk;
gjpT nra;ag;gl;L> mth;fs; ifahz;Ls;s Kiwfs;> EZf;fq;fs;>
Mfpad FWe;jfl;by; gjpT nra;ag;gl;L gpz;zpidg;gpy;;
,izf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ.
7
1.71.71.71.7.... Ma;tpd; gad;Ma;tpd; gad;Ma;tpd; gad;Ma;tpd; gad;
,t;tha;tpd; %yk; kNdhjh;k rq;fPjj;jpd; cl;gphpTfisg;
gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; ve;j E}w;whz;L Kjy; ekJ ,irKiwAs;
,Ue;J te;Js;sJ vd;gij E}y;fspypUe;J Nrfhpj;j juTfs;
topAk; gpw ,irKiwAs; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;F gw;wpAk; Kiwahf
Ma;Tfs; nra;J mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kNdhjh;kj;ij fw;gpf;Fk;
Kiw> gapw;rp Kiw Nghd;wit fiyQh;fis Neh;fhzy;
nra;jjpd; %ykhf Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; gpw;fhy
re;jjpapdUf;F ,g;gapw;rp Kiwfs; gaDs;s tifapy;
mike;jpUf;Fk;. NkYk;> ,e;jpa ,irapd; capHehbAk;
jdpj;JtKkhd kNdhjh;k ,irapd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; mjd; tsh;r;rp
Fwpj;j midj;J nra;jpfSk; ,e;j Ma;Ntl;bd; top fpilf;fg;
ngWtJ ,ir Mh;tyh;fSf;Fk;> Ma;thsh;fSf;Fk; gaDs;s
tifapy; mikAk; vd;gJ cWjp.
,,,,ay;ay;ay;ay; ---- 2222
,irapy; fw;gidapd; gq;F
8
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 2222
,irapy; fw;gidapd; gq;F
‘kNdhjh;kk;’ vDk; nrhy;Yf;F Nth;r;nrhy; tpsf;fkhdJ gy
mfuhjpfs;> Ngufuhjpfspd;%yk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kNdhjh;kkhdJ
fw;gid vd;W miof;fg;gl;L fw;gid vd;why; vd;d? vd;gJ
Fwpj;j Nkdhl;L Ma;thsh;fshd C.T. tpd;nr];lh;> N[hrg; mbrd;>
tpy;ypak; nja;yh;> tpy;ypak; Nth;l;]; nthh;j; MfpNahhpd;
tpsf;fq;fs; njhFj;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpyg;gjpfhuk;> rPtfrpe;jhkzp>
jpUke;jpuk;> fk;guhkhazk; Mfpa E}y;fspypUe;J fw;gidAk;>
czh;r;rpAk; vt;thW xd;Wld; xd;W neUq;fpa njhlh;Gilait
vd;gJ Nkw;Nfhs; ghly;fs; top tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,irf;fiyQh;fs; gilg;ghw;wy; jpwikNahLk; fw;gidNahLk;
,Ug;gh; vd;gJ Fwpj;J kNdhjj;Jt epGzh;fs; gy Ma;Tfis
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdh;. gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;fhd gilg;ghw;wy; vt;thW
Njhd;WfpwJ vd;gijg; gw;wpAk; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
kNdhjh;kj;jpd; cl;gphpTfshd uhfMyhgid> jhdk;> gy;ytp>
eputy;> fw;gid ];tuk; Mfpadg; gw;wpAk; ,t;tpaypDs; tpsf;fq;fs;
jug;gl;Ls;sd.
Nth;r; nrhy; tpsf;fk;Nth;r; nrhy; tpsf;fk;Nth;r; nrhy; tpsf;fk;Nth;r; nrhy; tpsf;fk;
kNdh + jh;kk; = kNdhjh;kk;. kNdhjh;kk; vd;gJ tlnkhopr;
nrhy; ‘kNdh’ vd;why; kdk;> kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; vz;zk;> tpUg;gk;>
fUj;J> rq;fw;gk;> vz;Zif vd;gjhFk;. jh;kk; vd;why; md;G>
mwk;> ,ay;G> <if> Rj;jk;> njhopy;> ey;nyhOf;fk; Nghd;w gy
tpsf;fq;fs; kJiu jkpo;g; Ngufuhjpapy; (,uz;lhk; ghfk; - g.394)
jug;gl;Ls;sd. kNdhjh;kk; vDk; nrhy;yhdJ vLj;Jf; nfhz;l
VNjDk; xU njhopiy mjw;Fhpa EZf;fq;fis ,izj;J Gjpjhd
xd;whf epfo;j;jpf; fhl;LtJ vd;W Mrphpah; tP.g.fh.Re;juk; jkJ
fiyf;fsQ;rpak; ,uz;lhk; njhFjpAs; (g.71) tpsf;fkspj;Js;shh;.
fh;ehlf ,irapy; ghlfh; jhd; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l ,iria mjd;
9
Gdpjj;jd;ik kw;Wk; mjd; ,dpikf;nflhJ jd;Dila nrhe;j
Kaw;rpahYk;> jdf;Fj; Njhd;Wk; fw;gidahYk; midj;J
EZf;fq;fNshL Gjpjhf xd;iwg; ghLtJ vd;Wk; $wpAs;shh;.
kNdhjh;kk; vDk; nrhy;Yf;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;l me;j Neuj;jpy;
kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; vz;zj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jjy; vd;W nghUshFk;.
,r;nrhy;yhdJ njd;dpe;jpa fh;ehlf ,irapy; Kf;fpa ,lk;
tfpf;fpd;wJ. fHehlf ,irapy; uhfk;> jhdk;> gy;ytp> eputy;>
fy;gdh];tuk; vd tphpthff; ifahsg;gLfpwJ. ,jid Kd;$l;bNa
jpl;lkpl KbahJ. vj;jid Kiw gapw;rp nra;jhYk; ghLk;
Neuj;jpy; Njhd;WtNj kNdhjh;kk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
tlnkhop nrhy;yhd ,k;kNdhjh;k rq;fPjk; vd;gJ jkpopy;
fw;gid ,ir vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fw;gid + ,ir vd;W
gphpj;jhy; fw;gid vDk; nrhy;Yf;F ,y;yhjij ,Ug;gjhf kdjpy;
nfhz;L tUtJ> my;yJ kdjpy; cUthf;fp ntspg;gLj;JtJ
my;yJ Gide;Jiug;gJ vd;W nghUs;gLk;. ,ir vDk; nrhy;Yf;F
,irg;G> ,dpa xyp> Gfo;> ghLjy; vd;W kJiuj; jkpo;g;Ngufuhjp
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ (g.241). Mf> fw;gid ,ir vd;why; ghLk; nghOJ
];tuq;fis jdJ fw;gid tsj;jpw;F Vw;g cUthf;fp
ntspg;gLj;JtJ vd;W nghUs; nfhs;syhk;.
fw;gid ,irfw;gid ,irfw;gid ,irfw;gid ,ir
fw;gid ,ir vd;why; “gilg;gpir”, “Gj;jhf;f ,ir” vd;Wk;
,/J xUth; jkf;Fj; jhNk Gjpadthfg; gilj;Jf; nfhz;L ghLk;
,ir vd;W nghUs;. ,jw;F EZf;fkhd jhs mwpTk;> ,uhfj;ijg;
gw;wpa rpwe;j njspthd gz; mwpTk;> gyehl;gapw;rpAk;> Kaw;rpAk;
Njit. ,f;fw;gid ,iria rk];fpUjj;jpy; kNdhjh;krq;fPjk; vd;W
$WtH. ,jw;F gilg;gpir vd;w kw;nwhU ngaUk; jkpopy; cz;L.
njd;df ,irapy; gilg;gpir kpfr; rpwe;j ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ
vdyhk;. ,jd; tiffshtd:
01. rq;fjp my;yJ tphpthf;fq;fisg; gbg;gbaha; tsh;j;J
ghLjy;.
02. eputy; ghLjy;
03. fw;gidr;Ruk; ghLjy;
10
04. Msj;jp ghLjy; (Myhgid)
05. jdpg;ngUk; gy;ytp ghLjy;
06. jhdk; ghLjy;
gilg;gpirNa (improvisation) xUtuJ jdpj;jpwikiaAk;
,ir Moj;ijAk;> Ez;khz; Eio Gyj;ijAk; Gyg;gLj;JtJ>
njd;dpirf; fiy EZf;fq;fSs; jiyahaJ MFk;. ,J ghbaJ
ghLtJk; md;W> kddk; nra;J xg;gpg;gJk; md;W>
cs;sj;jpwikfspd;W Cw;nwLj;J XLk; Gj;jhW vdyhk; vd;W
tP.gh.fh. Re;juk; mtHfs; jkpopirf; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; (njhFjp 2>
g.71) vDk; jkJ E}ypy; tpsf;FfpwhH.
“Manodharma Sangita it denotes ‘spontaneous music in its purest form
in this form the singer has to create the melody of the concerned Raga
according to his own ability and imagination”. ,uhfj;jpd; jdpj;jd;ik
nflhky; jdJ jpwikf;Fk; fw;gidf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; ghLfpd;w
me;j Neuj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;JtJ vd;W Biswajit Sinha Dictionary of
Music and Drama (P. 159) vd;w jkJ E}ypy; tpsf;fkspj;Js;shh;.
mjhtJ> ghlfh; jhk; ghl vLj;Jf; nfhz;l ,iria mjd;
Gdpjj;jd;ikAk; ,dpikAk; nflhJ jd;Dila nrhe;j
Kaw;rpahYk; jdf;Fj; Njhd;Wk; fw;gidahYk; midj;J
EZf;fq;fNshL Gjpjhf xd;iwg; ghLtJ vd;W $wpAs;shh;.
,e;E}yhrphpaH Ragava R. Menon ,jid tpsf;Fkplj;J,
“Manodharama sangeeta Means: Music sung extempore a product of the
moment. It has particular significance in carnatic music in whichmusic
composed by the great saints constitutes the basic element of music. The alap,
the taans, the pallavi exposition, swarakalpana and the niraval are manodharma
in carnatic music. In Hindustani music even the composition has a touch of
manodharama each time it is sung composing a kriti or khayal does not
constitute manodharma although it is creative and original manodharma is
improvisational and is produced instantaneously without planning or
forethought” vd;W The Penguin Dictionary of Indian Classical Music (P.115) jkJ E}ypy; $wpAs;shH. mjhtJ kNdhjh;kk; vDk; nrhy;Yf;F
11
me;j Neuj;jpy; kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; vz;zj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jjy;
vd;W nghUs;. ,r;nrhy;yhdJ `pe;J];jhdp ,irapYk; fh;ehlf
,irapYk; Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ. Kjyhtjhf uhfk;;> jhdk;>
gy;ytp> eputy;> fy;gdh];tuk; vd tphpthff; ifahsg;gLfpwJ.
Mdhy; `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; xt;nthU ,irtbtKk;
kNdhjh;kj;Jld; njhlh;GgLj;jp ghlg;gLfpd;wJ vd;W tpsf;Ffpd;whH.
kNdhjh;kj;jpw;F fw;gid vd;W kw;nwhU nghUs; cz;L.
,dp ,f;fw;gidg; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijf; fhzyhk;.
2.2.2.2.1111.... Ma;twpQHfsJ fUj;JMa;twpQHfsJ fUj;JMa;twpQHfsJ fUj;JMa;twpQHfsJ fUj;J
KidtH jh.V. Qhd%Hj;jp mtHfs; fw;gidf; Fwpj;J
tpsf;fk; mspf;Fkplj;J> fw;gidf;F tpsf;fk; ju gyj;
jpwdha;thsHfs; Kad;Ws;sdH. Mdhy;> ,it xt;nthd;Wk;
ntt;NtW tpsf;fk; jUtjhf mike;Js;sJ. md;G> ,d;gk;>
Jd;gk;> nghwhik Nghd;w czh;r;rpfis vt;tsT tpsf;fpdhYk;
mjid czuKbahJNghy; ,t;tpsf;fq;fSk; mike;Js;sd vd;W
jkJ ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay; vd;Dk; E}ypDs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH
(g.110> Kjw;gjpg;G> 1996). mtH jUk; ,U jpwdha;thsHfsJ
tpsf;fkhtJ:
fw;gid vd;gJ Fwpj;J
C.T. tpd;nr];lH jUk; tpsf;fk;>
“gbg;Nghh; kdf;fz;Kd; jd; mDgtj;ijg; gilj;J
fhl;Lk; jpwNd fw;gid MFk;. gilg;ghsH jd;id
Ml;gLj;jpa czHit Kiwahf ntspg;gLj;jpdhy;jhd;
mtH ngw;w mNj czHit ehKk; ngwKbAk;” .1
[hd; u];fpd; vDk; ,yf;fpa jpwdha;thsH>
“fw;gid jpwd; vd;gJ Gjph; epiy tha;e;jjhfTk;
tpsf;f ,ayhjjhfTk; cs;sJ. mjDila
tpisTfisf; nfhz;Nl mj;jpwid mwpa KbfpwJ”.2
1 Some principles of literary criticism, p-117, 1950. 2 History of English Literature V. Edition.
12
2.1.1.2.1.1.2.1.1.2.1.1. N[hrg; mbrd; (1707)N[hrg; mbrd; (1707)N[hrg; mbrd; (1707)N[hrg; mbrd; (1707)
,th; xh; Mq;fpy ehtyhrphpah; rhh;lh;̀ T]; vDkplj;jpy;
jkJ gs;spg; gbg;ig Kbj;Jf; nfhz;L Mf;];Nghh;L
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nguhrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wp te;jth;. rpwe;j
mwpthsp. ehlfk; ebg;gjpYk; ftpijfs; GidtjpYk;> fl;Liufs;
vOJtjpYk; Gyik ngw;wth;. 18Mk; E}w;whz;Lj; njhlf;fj;jpy;
fw;gidf;Fk; (imagination) kdg;gilg;Gf;Fk; (fantasy) Ntw;Wikapd;wp
mbf;fb ,uz;ilAk; xd;whfNt nfhs;Sk; Fog;gepiy ,Ue;j
#o;epiyapy; N[hrg; mbrd; vd;w ehtyhrphpaNuh ,t;tpuz;bw;Fk;
NtWghby;iy vd;W fUJfpwhh;. ,th; Rosamond vDk; OperaitAk;
(1707) Drummer vDk; eifr;Rit ehlfj;ijAk; (1715) vOjpAs;shh;.
,th; murpay; rk;ge;jkhd gy njhlh; fl;Liufis vOjpAs;shh;.
jkJ fw;gidj; jpwdpy; Sir Roger D Coverly vDk; ghj;jpuj;ij
rhjhuz kdpjhplkpy;yhj tpj;jpahrkhd Fzq;fNshL gilj;J
,jid Coverly Papers vDk; ngahpy; njhlh; fl;Liufshf
gj;jphpf;iffspy; ntspapl;Ls;shh;.3 ,tuJ $w;Wg;gb
fw;gidf;F fl;GyNd (Sense of sight) mbg;gilahdJ MFk;.
,f;fl;GyNd fUj;Jf;fs; mike;J fw;gidia ey;FfpwJ. fw;gid
my;yJ kdg;gilg;G ,d;ge;jUtjhFk;. fz;zhy; nghUs;fis
Nehpy; fhZk; NghNjh tz;z Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> tUzid
Kjypaitfs; thapyhf Kd;fz;l fhl;rpfis epidTf;Ff;
nfhz;L tUk; NghNjh mt;tpd;gk; Njhd;WfpwJ. fz;zhy; Nehpy;
fhZk; fhl;rpapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ,d;gk; Kjdpiy ,d;gk;
(Primary)> vd;Wk;> Kd;G fz;l fhl;rpfis epidTf;F nfhz;L
tUjy; ,uz;lhk; epiy ,d;gk; (Secondary) vd;Wk; mth;
fUJfpwhh;. ,uz;lhk; epiyf;fw;gid ,d;gk;> fiy> ,yf;fpak;
Kjypatw;why; Njhd;WfpwJ. ftpQd; jhd; fz;l fhl;rpapid>
epfo;r;rpapid rpwpJk; khw;wkpd;wpj; jhk; fz;lJ NghyNt
kdf;fz;Kd; fhz;gJ fw;gid vd;Wk; mjpy; rpy GJikfisg;
GFj;jp jhd; fz;l fhl;rpf;F XusT xj;jpUf;Fk;gb nra;tJ
3 History of English Literature V. Edition.
13
kdg;gilg;G (fantasy) vd;Wk; nfhs;sg;gl;ld4 vd;W N[hrg; mbrd;
mth;fs; fw;gidf;F tpsf;fkspj;Js;shh;. ,t;tpsf;fj;jpypUe;J
tho;f;ifapy; Nehpy; fz;l fhl;rpapdhy; va;jpa fUj;Jf;fis
epidTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;J fiyahfg; gilj;J ,d;gKWtJNt
fw;gid vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.
2.1.2.2.1.2.2.1.2.2.1.2. tpy;ypak; nja;yhpd; nfhs;iftpy;ypak; nja;yhpd; nfhs;iftpy;ypak; nja;yhpd; nfhs;iftpy;ypak; nja;yhpd; nfhs;if
tpy;ypak; nja;yh; vd;gth; 1813k; Mz;by; fw;gidf;Fk;
kdg;gilg;Gf;Fk; gpd;tUkhW tpsf;fk; $wpAs;shh;. fhl;rp Kjypa
Gyd;fspy; ed;F gjpe;jdtw;iw vt;tsTf;nft;tsT xUtd;
njspthf rpwpJk; khWghbd;wpr; nrhw;fspy; ntspapLfpwhNdh
mt;tsTf;ft;tsT mtd; fw;gid (Imagination) Mw;wy;
cs;stdhthd; Gyd; czh;r;rpia kdf;fz;zpy; fhZk; jpwNd
fw;gid vd;gjhFk;. kdf;fhl;rpfis tpUg;gk; Nghy; khw;wpaikf;Fk;
nray; thapyhf kdg;gilg;G mikfpwJ. Ik;Gyd;fshYk; Kd;G
czh;e;jtw;iw kPz;Lk; cs;sj;jpy; epidT $h;e;J ghly; my;yJ
,yf;fpakhf mikg;gJ tpy;ypak; nja;yh; nfhs;ifg;gb fw;gid
MFk;.
,jid>
“ NrYz;l xz; fzhhpy;NrYz;l xz; fzhhpy;NrYz;l xz; fzhhpy;NrYz;l xz; fzhhpy; jphpfpd;w nrq;fhy; md;dk;jphpfpd;w nrq;fhy; md;dk;jphpfpd;w nrq;fhy; md;dk;jphpfpd;w nrq;fhy; md;dk;” 5555
(fk;guhkhazk; ehl;Lg;ghlyk; ghly; 13)
vd;w fk;guhkhazg; ghlypy;> md;dg;gwitfs;> mjd; FQ;Rfs;>
jhkiukyh;> vUik kbapypUe;J tbAk;ghy;> jtisfs; fj;Jjy;
Nghd;w taypy; fz;l gy fhl;rpfis xd;whf ,izj;J xU rPhpa
fhl;rpiaf; fk;gh; gilj;Js;shh; vd KidtH jh.V. Qhd%Hj;jp
jkJ E}ypy; (gf;. 112-114) tpsf;FfpwhH.
4 ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;> gf;. 111.
5 ,yf;fpa jpwdha;tpay;> gf;. 112-114.
14
2.1.3.2.1.3.2.1.3.2.1.3. tpy;ypak; Nth;l;]; nthh;j; (1770tpy;ypak; Nth;l;]; nthh;j; (1770tpy;ypak; Nth;l;]; nthh;j; (1770tpy;ypak; Nth;l;]; nthh;j; (1770----1850)1850)1850)1850)
,q;fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; NrHe;j ,th; Cockermouth vDkplj;jpy;
gpwe;jth;. ,tuJ je;ij xU tof;fwpQh;. ,th; rpWtajpypUe;Nj
ftpij GidAk; jpwik ngw;wpUe;jhH. ,aw;ifiaj; jd; tho;NthL
,izj;Jf; nfhz;L xt;nthU ftpijapYk; ,aw;ifiaf; fUthf
mikj;Nj ftpij Gide;Js;shh;. ftpijg; gilg;igf; Fwpg;gjw;Ff;
fw;gid vd;w nrhy;Ny gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. kdg;gilg;G mj;Jiz
nghUj;jKilaJ MfhJ. epidthoj;jpYs;s gbkq;fis kdj;jpw;Ff;
nfhz;L te;J mtw;iw type;J ,izj;J moFgLj;JtjpDk;
cah;e;j gilg;Gr; rf;jp xd;W cz;L. mJNt fw;gid MFk;.
“ eQ;rpDk; nfhba ehl;lk;eQ;rpDk; nfhba ehl;lk;eQ;rpDk; nfhba ehl;lk;eQ;rpDk; nfhba ehl;lk; mKjpDk; eae;J Nehf;fpr;mKjpDk; eae;J Nehf;fpr;mKjpDk; eae;J Nehf;fpr;mKjpDk; eae;J Nehf;fpr;”
vd;w fk;guhkhazg; ghlypy; (ghyfhz;lk;> G+f;nfha;g;glyk;> gh.7)
Mltiu ghh;f;Fk;NghJ eQ;rpDk; nfhLik tha;e;j ngz;bh;
ghh;itapid kuj;jpYs;s kyh;fis Nehf;Fk; NghJ mKjpDk;
,dpikahdJ vd;W khw;wpapUf;fpwhh;. kq;ifahpd; ghh;itAk; mth;
jk; njhL czh;r;rpAk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W fye;J xd;whfp tpLfpd;wd.
mtH jk; fz;zpd; ghh;itAk; nky;ypa fuj;jpd; njhL
czh;r;rpiaAk; mUl;rf;jpahf;fpa ftpQh; mUtkhf;fpAs;shh;.
,q;qdk; mUl; rf;jpAila ngz;bUf;Fk; cyfpy; vj;jifatUk;
tzq;Fth; vd;w fUj;ij g+q;fpisapd; Nky; Vw;wpf; fk;gh;
ciuf;fpwhh;. ,t;thW ,g;ghly; Nkw;$wg;gl;l xh;l;];nthh;j;jpd;
fw;gid tpsf;fj;jpw;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;FfpwJ vd;W
KidtH jh.V. Qhd%Hj;jp jkJ E}ypy; (gf;. 116-117) tpsf;FfpwhH.
RUq;ff;$wpd;> NtHl;];nthHj;jpd; fhyk; tiu fw;gid
vd;gJk;> kdg;gilg;G vd;gJk; Kd;fz;l fhl;rpapid> my;yJ
ngw;w mDgtj;jpidr; rpwpJk; khw;wkpd;wp epidTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;J
gilf;Fk; jpwd; vd;Wk;> mjpy; khw;wk; nra;J tpisahl;lhfTk;>
Ntbf;ifahfTk; GJikfisg; GFj;jpg; gilg;gJ kdg;gilg;G
vd;Wk; nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jd. ,t;tpuz;L tpsf;fj;jpdpd;Wk;
khWgl;L KOikahf Xh; Gjpa tpsf;fj;ij czh;j;jpath;
NtHl;];nthh;j; Mthh;.
15
2.1.4.2.1.4.2.1.4.2.1.4. Nfhyphpl;[; nfNfhyphpl;[; nfNfhyphpl;[; nfNfhyphpl;[; nfhs;ifhs;ifhs;ifhs;if
Nfhyphpl;[; vd;w Mq;fpyf; ftpAk; NtHl;];nthHj; NghyNt
ftpij vd;why;> “ehk; fz;zhy; ghh;j;j xd;iw kdf;fz; Kd;
epWj;jp> epidtpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;J jq;F jilapd;wp tUk;
thh;j;ijfisf; nfhz;L ,aw;WtJ” vd;w tpsf;fj;ijj; je;Js;shH
(P.291).6
fw;gidiag; gw;wpa NtHl;];nthh;j; nfhs;iff;Fk;> Nfhyphpl;[;
nfhs;iff;Fk; mbg;gilapy; Ntw;Wik ,y;iy. mijg;gw;wp
Nfhyphpl;[; ,d;Dk; rw;W tpsf;fkhff; $wpapUf;fpwhh; vd;W
nfhs;syhk;.
Nfhyphpl;[; nfhs;ifg;gb fw;gid ,Utifg;gLk; xd;W
Kjdpiyf; fw;gid (Primary imagination) kw;nwhd;W ,uz;lhk;
epiyf; fw;gid (Secondary imagination) Kjdpiyf; fw;gidahtJ
kf;fs;> ,lq;fs;> nghUs;fs; Kjypa GyDzh;Tg; nghUs;fis
(Objects of sense) gFjpfshfNth> KOikahfNth kdj;jhy; $h;e;J
ftdpf;Fk; Mw;wyhFk;.
,uz;lhk;epiyf; fw;gidAs; Gyd; mDgtq;fis kdj;jhy;
$h;e;J Nehf;FtNjhL (perception) Ez;zwpT (Intellectual) kdj;jpl;gk;
(willing) czh;r;rpfs; (emotions) Kjypa El;gj;jpwd;fs; ek;ikawpahky;
Nrh;e;J gad;gLtdthFk;. ,t;thw;wiy czh;e;J (conscious use of
this power) gad;gLj;JtJ ,uz;lhk;epiyf; fw;gid MFk;.
GyDzh;T kl;Lk; Kjdpiyf; fw;gid> mjNdhL cs;sj;jpd;
El;gj;jpwd;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j tifapy;
Kjdpiyf;fw;gid Mw;wyw;wJ; ,uz;lhk;epiyf; fw;gidNa
Mw;wy; epiwe;jjhFk;. ,t;tpUtifAs;Sk; NtHl;];nthh;j;jpd;
fw;gid nfhs;iff;F> Nfhyphpl;[pd; ,t;tpsf;fj;ij ehk; Ghpe;J
nfhs;Sk; tifapy; jh.V. Qhd%Hj;jp mtHfs; fk;guhkhazk;
kw;Wk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpypUe;J Nkw;Nfhs;fhl;b ,t;tpU epiyfisAk;
tpsf;Ffpd;whH.
6 “History of English Literature, V. Edition
16
Kjdpiyf; fw;gidKjdpiyf; fw;gidKjdpiyf; fw;gidKjdpiyf; fw;gidr;r;r;r; rhd;Wrhd;Wrhd;Wrhd;W
“Miytha; fUk;gpd; NjDk;Miytha; fUk;gpd; NjDk;Miytha; fUk;gpd; NjDk;Miytha; fUk;gpd; NjDk; mhpjiyg; ghisj; NjDk;mhpjiyg; ghisj; NjDk;mhpjiyg; ghisj; NjDk;mhpjiyg; ghisj; NjDk; Nrhiy tPo;fdpapd; NjDk;Nrhiy tPo;fdpapd; NjDk;Nrhiy tPo;fdpapd; NjDk;Nrhiy tPo;fdpapd; NjDk; njhilaponjhilaponjhilaponjhilapopppp ,whypd; NjDk;,whypd; NjDk;,whypd; NjDk;,whypd; NjDk; kkkkhhhhiytha;iytha;iytha;iytha; cFj;j NjDk;cFj;j NjDk;cFj;j NjDk;cFj;j NjDk; tuk;gpfe; Njhb tq;ftuk;gpfe; Njhb tq;ftuk;gpfe; Njhb tq;ftuk;gpfe; Njhb tq;f Ntiy tha; kLg;g cz;LNtiy tha; kLg;g cz;LNtiy tha; kLg;g cz;LNtiy tha; kLg;g cz;L kPndyhk; fspf;FkhNjhkPndyhk; fspf;FkhNjhkPndyhk; fspf;FkhNjhkPndyhk; fspf;FkhNjh”
(fk;guhkhazk;> ehl;Lg;glyk;> gh.9))))
fUk;ghiyfspypUe;J ghAk; fUk;gpd; rhWk;> njq;F gid
<e;J Mfpa kuq;fspd; ghisfis mhptjhy; xOFk; fs;Sk;>
Nrhiyapd; fz;Zs;s kuq;fspypUe;J tPo;e;j fdpfspd; rhWk;>
Njd; ,whypUe;J xOFk; NjDk;> Mlth; kfsph; mzpe;jpUf;Fk;
G+khiyfspypUe;J cFf;Fk; NjDk;> msT fle;J MWfshf xb
flYf;Fs; Nru mtw;iw mq;Fs;s kPd;fs; vy;yhk; cz;L
fspf;fpd;wd vd;gJ ,g;ghlypd; nghUs;. gy ,lq;fisr; rhh;e;j
fUk;gpd; rhW> fdpapd; rhW> Njd; Mfpa Ritg;Gyd; nghUl;fspd;
ngUf;fpid kdj;jhy; $h;e;J Nehf;fp mg;gy;tif Rit ngUf;F
gha;e;Njhb flypDs; Nrh;tjhff;> ftpQdpd; cs;sk; jd;id
mwpahkNyNa mtw;wpw;F tbtKk;> msTk; je;J gha xU
Ritahd fw;gidiag; gilf;fpwJ. ,f;fw;gidapy; Ritg;Gyd;
nghUshfpa fUg;gQ;rhWfs;> fdpapd;rhW> Njd; Mfpait ftpQd;
cs;sj;jpy; vt;tif khw;wKk; va;jtpy;iy. mtw;wpd; kpFjpapidf;
Fwpf;fNt mit gha;e;J flypDs; Nrh;tjhff; ftpQh; ghLfpwhh;
vd;W E}yhrphpaH jh.V. Qhd%Hj;jp jkJ E}ypDs; tpsf;fpAs;shH.
vdNt ,f;fw;gid Nfhyphpl;[; nfhs;if> tpy;ypak; nja;yh;
,th;fsJ $w;Wg;gb Kjdpiyf; fw;gidNahL xj;Js;sJ.
,uz;lhk; epiy,uz;lhk; epiy,uz;lhk; epiy,uz;lhk; epiyf;f;f;f; fw;gidfw;gidfw;gidfw;gidr;r;r;r; rhd;Wrhd;Wrhd;Wrhd;W
NfhtyDk; fz;zfpAk; fTe;jpNahL itiaahw;iw
kug;Gizahy; fle;J njd;fiuia va;jp kJiuapd; kjpw;Gwj;jhfpa
GwQ;Nrhpia milfpd;wdh;. mq;Fs;s Vhp tay;fs; Kjypatw;wpy;
Ftis> Mk;gy;> jhkiu Mfpa nfhbfs; nropj;J tsh;e;J g+j;Jf;
17
FYq;Ffpd;wd. mk;kyh;fspdpd;Wk; Njd;Jspf;fpwJ. mj;NjidAz;z
tUk; tz;Lfs; xypf;fpd;wd. fhw;wpdhy; Mg;g+q;nfhbfs;
mirfpd;wd. ,t;tpaw;iff; fhl;rpapd; xt;nthU gFjpAk;
,sq;Nfhtbfs; cs;sj;jpy; Mog;gjpe;J> fhl;rpapd; ghy; CLUtpr;
nrd;W mjidj; jk; kakhf;Ffpd;wd. mf;fhl;rpAk; mth; cs;sKk;
xd;Nwhnlhd;W fye;J xd;whff; fiue;J $l;Lf; fyitahfp xU
rPhpa fw;gid cUthfpwJ.
“fUneLq; FtisAk; Mk;gYk; fkyKk;fUneLq; FtisAk; Mk;gYk; fkyKk;fUneLq; FtisAk; Mk;gYk; fkyKk;fUneLq; FtisAk; Mk;gYk; fkyKk; ijaYq; fztDk; jdpj;JW Jauk;ijaYq; fztDk; jdpj;JW Jauk;ijaYq; fztDk; jdpj;JW Jauk;ijaYq; fztDk; jdpj;JW Jauk; Iakpd;wp mwpe;jd Nghyg;Iakpd;wp mwpe;jd Nghyg;Iakpd;wp mwpe;jd Nghyg;Iakpd;wp mwpe;jd Nghyg; gz;zPh; tz;L ghpegz;zPh; tz;L ghpegz;zPh; tz;L ghpegz;zPh; tz;L ghpe;jpide;Njq;fp;jpide;Njq;fp;jpide;Njq;fp;jpide;Njq;fp fz;zPh; nfhz;L fhYw eLq;ffz;zPh; nfhz;L fhYw eLq;ffz;zPh; nfhz;L fhYw eLq;ffz;zPh; nfhz;L fhYw eLq;f”
(rpyg;. GwQ;Nrhp mb 184-188)
tz;bd; xypiag; Gyk;nghypahfTk;> kyhpdpd;Wk; Jspf;Fk;
Njdpidj; Jauf; fz;zPuhfTk;> nfhbfs;> fhw;why; mirtijj;
Jd;gj;jhy; eLq;FtjhfTk; ftpQhpd; cs;sk; mtw;iw
khw;wptpl;lJ. ,q;qdk; khw;wpaike;jit ftpQhpd; cs;sj;ijj; jk;
tag;gLj;jp mjd;fz; NkYk; Jd;g czh;r;rp Cw;nwLj;Jg;
ngUFkhW nra;fpd;wd. ,f;fw;gid Nth;l;];nthh;j; kw;Wk;
Nfhyphpl;[; nfhs;ifg;gb ,jpy; ,uz;lhk; epiyf;fw;gid
mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk; vd;fpwhH KidtH jh.V. Qhd%Hj;jp
(,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;> gf;. 120-122).
2.1.5.2.1.5.2.1.5.2.1.5. I.A. hpr;rh;l;]; (1893)hpr;rh;l;]; (1893)hpr;rh;l;]; (1893)hpr;rh;l;]; (1893)
,th; xU rpwe;j E}y; jpwdha;thsH. ,th; ,yf;fpa
rk;ge;jkhd gy E}y;fis ,aw;wp ntspapl;Ls;shh;. NkYk;
gyUila E}y;fisAk;> fl;LiufisAk; tpkh;r;rpj;Js;shh;.
fw;gidiag; gw;wpAk; mjd;tiffisAk; ed;F ghFghL nra;J
,tH $wpAs;shH. (g. 559)7
“I.V. hpr;rh;l;]; fw;gid gw;wpj; jpwdha;thsh;fsplk; epyTk;
fUj;Jf;fis MW tifahfg; ghFghL nra;fpwhh;. mtw;;Ws;
Nfhyphpl;[pd; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fw;gid tpsf;fj;jpid MW
7 History of English Literature, Chapter XIII.
18
tifahff; Fwpg;gpl;L mJNt nghUj;jKilaJk; rPhpaJkhFk; vd;W
ciuf;fpwhh;. me;j MW tiffSk; gpd;tUkhW mikfpd;wd.
01. njspthd gbkq;fs; (Vivid images) nghJthff; fl;Gyg;
gbkq;fis ntspg;gLj;JtJ.
02. fw;gid vd;gJ mzp eyd; tha;e;j nkhopapidg;
gad;gLj;JtJ MFk;. cUtfk;> ctikfs; Mfpait
GJikahditahf ,Ug;gJ.
03. kw;w kf;fspd; cs;s epiyia Kf;fpakhf czh;r;rp epiyfis czh;e;J czh;e;jthNw ntspg;gLj;Jjy; fw;gidapd;ghw;gLk;
GyDzh;TfNshL njhlh;Gila fw;gidNa kjpg;G kpf;fJ.
04. nghJthd njhlh;gw;w $Wfisg; Gjpjhfj; njhlh;GgLj;Jk; jpwd; fw;gid.
05. Kw;wpYk; Ntwhd nghUs;fisg; nghUj;jKWk; tifapy; ,izg;gJ kw;nwhU fw;gid.
06. $l;bizg;Gk; tpaf;fj;jf;f Mw;wYk; tha;e;j xd;Nw fw;gid vd;Dk; ngaUf;Fg; nghUe;jpajhFk;. ,J NkNyhq;fpa
czh;r;rpiaAk; cah;e;j xOq;fhd mikg;GKiwAk; cilaJ.
cs;sj;jpy; epiyngw;W Mh;tj;ijAk; kdepiwitAk;
ey;FfpwJ. m/J ,irAzh;T Nghd;w ,d;gk; juj;jf;fJ.
,j;jifa fw;gidNa rPhpa ftpijg;gz;G tha;e;jJk;> kjpg;G
epiwe;j mDgtk; epiwe;jJk; MFk; vd;W I.A. hpr;rh;l;];
$Wtjhf> jh.V. Qhd%Hj;jp jkJ ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T
vDk; E}ypDs; $wpAs;shH (gf;. 123-125).
fw;gid gw;wpa Kbthd tpsf;fk;fw;gid gw;wpa Kbthd tpsf;fk;fw;gid gw;wpa Kbthd tpsf;fk;fw;gid gw;wpa Kbthd tpsf;fk;
fw;gid vd;why; gbg;NghH kdf;fz;Kd; jd; mDgtj;ijg;
gilj;Jf; fhl;Lk; jpwNd fw;gid MFk;. fw;gidj; jpwid
tpsf;f ,ayhJ. mjd; tpisTfisf; nfhz;Nl mwpaKbfpwJ.
ftpQd; jhk; fz;l fhl;rpia fz;lJNghyNt rpwpJk; khw;wkpd;wp
jd; kdf;fz; Kd; fhz;gJNt fw;gid. mjpy; rpy GJikfisg;
GFj;jp jhd; fz;l fhl;rpf;F XusT xj;jpUf;Fk;gb nra;tJ
kdg;gilg;G (fantasy) MFk;. fw;gid ,Utifg;gLk;. kf;fs;
,lq;fs;> nghUs;fs; Kjypa GyDzHTg; nghUs;fis
19
gFjpfshfNth> KOikahfNth kdj;jhy; $He;J ftdpf;Fk;
Mw;wiyf; nfhz;lJ Kjdpiyf; fw;gid. Gyd; mDgtq;fis
kdj;jhy; $He;J Nehf;FtNjhL Ez;zwpT> kdj;jpl;gk;>
czHr;rpfs; Kjypa El;gj; jpwd;fis ek;ikawpahky; czHtJ
,uz;lhk; epiyf;fw;gid MFk;.
gbkk;gbkk;gbkk;gbkk;
GyDzh;Tg; nghUs;fisj; jdpj;jdpahf kdj;jhy; gilj;J
nkhopahy; Gyg;gLj;Jjy; gbkq;fshFk;. kdf;fhl;rpfSk; mtw;iw
ntspg;gLj;Jk; nkhopAk; gbkq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
‘Miytha;f; fUk;gpd;’ vd;W njhlq;Fk; fk;guhkhazk;
ghlypy; Miytha; fUk;gpd;Njd;> mhpjiy ghisj;Njd;>
NrhiytPo;fdpapd; Njd;> njhilapop ,whypd; Njd; Mfpatw;Ws;
xt;nthd;Wk; xU gbkk; vdyhk;.
,g;gbkq;fis xUepiyg;gLj;JtJ xUtiff; fw;gidahFk;.
Nfhyphpl;[; fUj;Jg;gb ,jid Kjdpiyf; fw;gidahff;
nfhs;syhk; ftpQuhy; GJikahfg; gilf;fg;gLk; ctik>
cUtfq;fs; fw;gidapd;ghw;gLk; vdf; nfhs;syhk;. rhd;whf
FoYk;> ahOk;> mkpo;Jk; Fioj;j epd; koiyf;fpstp vd;gJ
,sq;Nfhtbfs; mikf;Fk; GJikahd cUtfk;. ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
fz;zfpapd; koiynkhop> Foypdpik> ahopdpik> mkpo;jpdpik
Mfpa %d;iwAk; Fioj;jikj;jjhy; Ma ,dpik tha;e;jJ vd;W
xU Gjpa cUtfj;ij gilf;fpwhh; vd;W jh.V. Qhd%Hj;jp
mtHfs; jkJ ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay; vd;Dk; E}ypDs; (gf;.125-
127) Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
kdg;gilg;Gkdg;gilg;Gkdg;gilg;Gkdg;gilg;G (Fantasy)
gbkq;fs; my;yJ GyDzh;T nghUs;fis tpe;ijahfTk;
Ntbf;ifahfTk; ,izj;J Ritahd tpisit cz;lhf;FtJ
kdg;gilg;G MFk; vd;W jh.V. Qhd%Hj;jp ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;tpay; vDk; jkJ E}ypy; (g.114) $wpAs;shH.
20
cah;juf;fw;gid vd;gJ ntw;wpiy> ghf;F> Rz;zhk;G
,k;%d;iwAk; thapy; ,l;L nkd;W mtw;iw xd;Nwhnlhd;W
fyq;Fq;fhy; mjpdpd;Wk; rptg;Gepwf;fyit Vw;gLfpwJ.
,r;rptg;Gepwk; ntw;wpiyapNyh> ghf;fpNyh> Rz;zhk;gpNyh ,y;iy
mtw;iw fyitahf;Fk; NghJ mf;fyit rptg;G epwkhf
cUg;ngWfpwJ. ,JNghyNt gy GyDzh;Tg; nghUs;fis khw;wp
fyitahf;Fq;fhy; GJikg; gilg;G cUthfpwJ. ,f;fw;gid
gbg;Nghh; cs;sj;jpy; czh;r;rpiag; nghq;fpnaor; nra;J mjid
,d;gtag;gLj;Jk; jd;ik MFk;.
,f;fw;gidfis Ez;zpjpd; Muha tpUk;GNthh; Ik;Gyf;fhl;rp>
cs;nshsp> czh;r;rp> ePjp> mwk; ,d;Ndhud;dtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
Ma;e;J tifg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
2.1.6.2.1.6.2.1.6.2.1.6. C.T. tpd;nr];tpd;nr];tpd;nr];tpd;nr];lh; tpsf;fk;lh; tpsf;fk;lh; tpsf;fk;lh; tpsf;fk;
C.T. tpd;nr];lh; ehd;F tifahd fw;gidia tpsf;Ffpd;whH.
1. Creative Imagination
2. Fantasy
3. Associative Imagination
4. Interpretative Imagination
Kjy; tifapy;> ftpQd; jd; cs;sj;jpy; neLq;fhykhfj;
Njq;fp fplf;Fk; rPhpa mDgtq;fis ,ay;ghfNt xUq;fpizj;J
mtdpd;Wk; KOikahfg; GJik gilg;nghd;wpid cUthf;Ffpwhd;.
,jid mth; gilg;Gf; fw;gid (Creative Imagination) vd;ghH.
,uz;lhtJs;> ftpQd; jd; mDgtq;fis kdk;Nghd
Nghf;fpy; gFj;jwpTf;Fg; nghUe;jhky; ,ize;Jg; gilg;gij
kdg;gilg;G (fantasy) vd;W $Wfpwhh;.
gilg;G fw;gidapDk; xusT NtWgl;l ,d;ndhU tif
fw;gidia tpd;nr];lh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ,g;Nghija xU
fhl;rpiaNah> mDgtj;ijNah cs;sj;jpy; fhZk; NghJ mjw;Fj;
njhlh;Gila mjDila gioa epiyik fw;gidapy; Njhd;wp
czh;r;rpia kpFtpg;gjhFk;.
21
cjhuzkhf murpahfpa tpria jd; kfidr; RLfhl;by;
<d;nwLf;fpwhs;. jd; kfd; RLfhl;by; jiuapy; gpwe;J fplf;Fk;
epiyia mts; fz;lJk; muz;kidapy; gpwe;jhy; mf;Foe;ij
va;Jk; rpwg;Gfs; mts; cs;kdj;jpypUe;J NknyOe;J kdf;fhl;rpapy;
Njhd;wpf; fw;gidahf tphpfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa fw;gidiaNa
tpd;nr];lh; njhlh;Gilf; fw;gid (Associative imagination) vd;gh;.
“Notice that in this case it is an emotional impulse which
callsimagination into activity” vd;Wk;;> ,jw;F Nky; ,d;ndhU
tifahd fw;gidiaf; tpd;nr];lh; $WfpwhH. ,jid> fUj;J
tpsf;ff; fw;gid (interpretative imagination) vd;gh;.
nghpJk; Jd;g czh;r;rpia ey;Fk; rPtfdpd; ,uq;fj;jf;f
gpwg;G epiy gbg;Nghh; kdjpy; Njhd;WkhW nra;J mj;Jd;g
czh;r;rp NkYk; ngUf;nfLj;J czh;r;rpapdhy; fw;gid cUthfpwJ.8
,jid>
“ epj;jpy Kiyapdhh;j ndLq;fzh Nehf;fg; ngw;Wk;epj;jpy Kiyapdhh;j ndLq;fzh Nehf;fg; ngw;Wk;epj;jpy Kiyapdhh;j ndLq;fzh Nehf;fg; ngw;Wk;epj;jpy Kiyapdhh;j ndLq;fzh Nehf;fg; ngw;Wk; ifj;jye; jPz;lg; ngw;Wq; fdifj;jye; jPz;lg; ngw;Wq; fdifj;jye; jPz;lg; ngw;Wq; fdifj;jye; jPz;lg; ngw;Wq; fdpe;jd kyh;e;jfhz;fpe;jd kyh;e;jfhz;fpe;jd kyh;e;jfhz;fpe;jd kyh;e;jfhz;f itj;jyh; nfha;aj; jho;e;j kuKaphpy;iy nad;ghh;.itj;jyh; nfha;aj; jho;e;j kuKaphpy;iy nad;ghh;.itj;jyh; nfha;aj; jho;e;j kuKaphpy;iy nad;ghh;.itj;jyh; nfha;aj; jho;e;j kuKaphpy;iy nad;ghh;. gpj;jyhuapw; Nga;fbnsd;wyhw; NgryhNkhgpj;jyhuapw; Nga;fbnsd;wyhw; NgryhNkhgpj;jyhuapw; Nga;fbnsd;wyhw; NgryhNkhgpj;jyhuapw; Nga;fbnsd;wyhw; NgryhNkh”
(jpUj;jf;fNjth;> rPtfrpe;jhkzp> gh.1907) ,g;ghlypy; Kiffs; kyh;tJ ngz;fs; ghh;itapd;
mUl;rf;jpnad;Wk;> fha;fs;fdpjy; ngz;ik eyq;fnsy;yhk; xUq;Nf
tha;f;fg; ngw;w mth;jk; mofpa nky;ypa nrq;fuj;jpd; Mw;wy;
vd;Wk;> mth;fs; kyh; gwpf;fg; G+q;fpisfs; jho;e;J nfhLg;gJ
mth;jk; njhLTzh;r;rpapd; rf;jpnad;Wk; ,t;thW ngz;fSf;F
,uq;fp nrayhw;Wk; kuk; caph; cs;sJ vd;Wk; ,g;ghl;by;
jpUj;jf;fNjthpd; fUj;J tpsf;F nghUe;jpAs;sJ. vdNt ,g;ghliy
tpd;nr];lh; $Wk; fUj;J tpsf;ff; fw;gidf;Fj;jf;f vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff;
nfhs;syhk; vd;fpwhH jh.V. Qhd%Hj;jp (,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;>
gf;. 126-127).
8 NkyJ> g. 126.
22
fUj;J tpsf;ff; fw;gid Md;kPf kjpg;G my;yJ rpwg;gpid
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L mk;kjpg;Gk; rpwg;Gk; mike;Js;s
gFjpfisNah> gz;GfisNah ek; kdf;fz; Kd; epWj;Jfpd;wJ.
tpd;nr];lh; $Wk; gilg;G fw;gidAk;> fUj;J tpsf;ff;fw;gidAk;
Nfhyphpl;[; tpsf;fpAs;s ,uz;lhk;epiy fw;gidapDs; mlq;Fk;
mth; Fwpg;gpLk; njhlh;Gilf; fw;gid Nfhyphpl;;;;;[; tpsf;fj;jpd;gb
Kjy;epiy fw;gidapDs; mlq;Fk;. kdg;gilg;Gf; fw;gidapy;
,UtuJ tpsf;fKk; xd;whfNt cs;sJ.
fw;gid vd;w nrhy;Yk; jkpo; E}y;fSk;fw;gid vd;w nrhy;Yk; jkpo; E}y;fSk;fw;gid vd;w nrhy;Yk; jkpo; E}y;fSk;fw;gid vd;w nrhy;Yk; jkpo; E}y;fSk;
jkpopd; gok; ,yf;fz E}y;fs; vtw;wpYk; fw;gid gw;wpa
,yf;fzNkh tpsf;fq;fNsh ,y;iy. fw;gid vd;w nrhy;
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpNyh> rq;f,yf;fpak;> rq;fkUtpa ,yf;fpaq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpNyh fhztpy;iy. ,r;nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; jpU%yh;
ghlypy; jhd; gad;gLj;jg; ngWtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
“fw;gid aw;Wf;fdy; topNa nrd;Wfw;gid aw;Wf;fdy; topNa nrd;Wfw;gid aw;Wf;fdy; topNa nrd;Wfw;gid aw;Wf;fdy; topNa nrd;W”
(jpU%yh;> jpUke;jpuk;> gh.608)
“fope;j fw;gid ehSk; FWfpfope;j fw;gid ehSk; FWfpfope;j fw;gid ehSk; FWfpfope;j fw;gid ehSk; FWfp”
(jpUKyh;> jpUke;jpuk;> gh.118)
rpe;jidaw;w epiyiaNa fw;gid mw;w epiy vdj;
jpU%yH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. mjw;F gpw;gl;l E}y;fs; rpytw;Ws;Sk;
mr;nrhy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ngUk;ghYk; mr;nrhy; fw;gpj;jy;> mwpT>
epidT> rpe;jid> gioa vz;zk; vd;w gy;NtW nghUs;fspNyNa
,yf;fpaq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sij czuyhk;. Mdhy;
goe;jkpo; ftpQh;fs; midtUk; rpwe;j ,yf;fpa fw;gidNahL jk;
ghly;fis gilj;jpUg;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. rq;f ,yf;fpak;>
jpUf;Fws; Mfpatw;wpy; fw;gidfs; epiwe;Js;sd. mfg;ghly;
gytw;wpy; mike;Js;s cs;Siw ctikfs; fw;gidf;Fr; rpwe;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. fhjw; rpwg;Giuj;jy; vd;w Fws;top fw;gid
vj;jifaJ vd;gjid jpUts;StH mofhf tpsf;Ffpd;whH.
“ neQ;rj;jhh; fhjytuhf nta;Jz;ly;neQ;rj;jhh; fhjytuhf nta;Jz;ly;neQ;rj;jhh; fhjytuhf nta;Jz;ly;neQ;rj;jhh; fhjytuhf nta;Jz;ly; mQ;RJk; Ntghf;mQ;RJk; Ntghf;mQ;RJk; Ntghf;mQ;RJk; Ntghf; fwpe;Jfwpe;Jfwpe;Jfwpe;J” (Fws; 8)
23
jd; jiytp gUFjw;Fj; Njhopkpf;f md;NghL xU rpW
fyj;jpy; #lhd ghypidj;jUfpwhs;. Mdhy; jiytp mijg; gUf
kWf;fpwhs;. vd; fhjyh; vd; neQ;rpy; ,Uf;fpwhh; ,r;#lhd ghiy
ehd; cl;nfhz;lhy; mr;#l;bdhy; vd; neQ;rpYs;s fhjyh; Nkdp
tUe;Jk;. Mifahy; ahd; ,jidg; gUf mQ;RfpNwd; vd;W
jiytp $Wtjhf mikfpd;wjJ. jiytpapd; vy;iyaw;w
fhjYzh;r;rpia ,f;Fwl;gh ek; kdf;fz;Kd; epWj;JfpwJ.
,f;Fwspy; mike;Js;s fw;gid gpw;fhyf; fhg;gpaq;fspy; fhZk;
fw;gidfs; gytw;iwAk; tpQ;RfpwJ. jz;bayq;fhu ,yf;fzg;gb
,f;fw;gid Ritazpapd; ghw;gLk;.
jjjjkpopy; fw;gidf;F ,yf;fzk; ,y;iykpopy; fw;gidf;F ,yf;fzk; ,y;iykpopy; fw;gidf;F ,yf;fzk; ,y;iykpopy; fw;gidf;F ,yf;fzk; ,y;iy
fw;gid vd;gjw;Fj; jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y;fspy; ,yf;fzk;
$wg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; cs;s ctktpaiyf;
fw;gidapd; ,yf;fzkhff; nfhs;syhk;. jz;bayq;fhuk;>
khwdyq;fhuk;> Kj;JtPhpak; ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; ,d;Ndhud;d
,yf;fz E}y;fspy; gy mzp tiffs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
,t;tzptiffs; midj;jpw;Fk; mbg;gilahdJ ctikazpahFk;.
,jidnahl;bNa njhy;fhg;gpah; ctikf;F kl;Lk; jk; ,yf;fz
E}ypy; ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;shh; vd;W nfhs;syhk;. ctikNa gy
mzpfspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F fhuzkhapUe;jJ vd;gij tlnkhopahsUk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. ,g;nghUs;gl mg;igajPÑpjh; vd;gth;
jhnkOjpa “rpj;jpu kPkhk;ir” vd;Dk; E}ypy; vl;lhtJ ];Nyhfj;jpy;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
mjd; nkhop ngah;g;G gpd;tUkhW:
“ctiknad;De; jtyUq; $j;jpctiknad;De; jtyUq; $j;jpctiknad;De; jtyUq; $j;jpctiknad;De; jtyUq; $j;jp gy;tiff; Nfhyk; ghq;Fwg; Gide;Jgy;tiff; Nfhyk; ghq;Fwg; Gide;Jgy;tiff; Nfhyk; ghq;Fwg; Gide;Jgy;tiff; Nfhyk; ghq;Fwg; Gide;J fhg;gpa muq;fpw; ftpDwj; Njhd;wpfhg;gpa muq;fpw; ftpDwj; Njhd;wpfhg;gpa muq;fpw; ftpDwj; Njhd;wpfhg;gpa muq;fpw; ftpDwj; Njhd;wp ahg;gwp Gyth; ,jak;ahg;gwp Gyth; ,jak;ahg;gwp Gyth; ,jak;ahg;gwp Gyth; ,jak; ePg;gW kfpo;r;rp g+g;g ebf;FNkePg;gW kfpo;r;rp g+g;g ebf;FNkePg;gW kfpo;r;rp g+g;g ebf;FNkePg;gW kfpo;r;rp g+g;g ebf;FNk”
(irtrpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;G – 1963> gf;. 36)
24
jz;bayq;fhuk; nghUszp ,aypy; Kg;gj;ije;J mzptiffs;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tzpfspy; tho;j;jzp> ghtpf mzp Nghd;w
mzpfisj; jtpu kw;w mzpfis rpwe;j fw;gidfshff;
nfhs;syhk;. Gjpa ctik> cUtfq;fs; fw;gidapd; ghw;gLk;.
Mq;fpyf; ftpQH Nfhyphpl;[; Fwpg;gpLk; Kjy;epiyf; fw;gidf;F
,izahd rpy mzpfs; jz;bayq;fhuj;jpDs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mitahtd jd;ikazp> epuzpiw mzp.
“Cs;sq;FspuCs;sq;FspuCs;sq;FspuCs;sq;Fspu ccccNuhkQ;rpyph;j;JiuAk;NuhkQ;rpyph;j;JiuAk;NuhkQ;rpyph;j;JiuAk;NuhkQ;rpyph;j;JiuAk; js;s tpop ePuUk;gj; jd; kwe;jhs;js;s tpop ePuUk;gj; jd; kwe;jhs;js;s tpop ePuUk;gj; jd; kwe;jhs;js;s tpop ePuUk;gj; jd; kwe;jhs; ---- Gs;siyf;Fk;Gs;siyf;Fk;Gs;siyf;Fk;Gs;siyf;Fk; Nje;jhkiu tay;#o; jpy;iy jpUelQ;nra;Nje;jhkiu tay;#o; jpy;iy jpUelQ;nra;Nje;jhkiu tay;#o; jpy;iy jpUelQ;nra;Nje;jhkiu tay;#o; jpy;iy jpUelQ;nra; G+e;jhkiu njhOj nghd;G+e;jhkiu njhOj nghd;G+e;jhkiu njhOj nghd;G+e;jhkiu njhOj nghd;”
(jz;bayq;fhuk;)
tay;fs; #o;e;j jpy;iyak;gjpapy; jpUelk;GhpAk; eluhrg;
ngUkhdpd; jpUtbfisj; njhOk; eq;if jd; neQ;rq;Fspu
nka;kaph; mUk;gp nrhw;fs; vy;yhk; jsu fz;fspy; ePh; ngUfj;
jd;idNa kwe;jhs; vd;gJ ,g;ghlypd; nghUs;. ,iwtid
njhOq;fhy; Vw;gLk; nka;g;ghLfshfpa jd; gbkq;fis ,izj;J
,g;ghly; ghlg; ngw;Ws;sJ. jz;bayq;fhu ,yf;fzg;gb ,J
jd;ikazpahFk;. ,JNghy epuzpiw mzpiaAk; Kjdpiyf;
fw;gidahff; nfhs;syhk;. mt;tifNa Nfhyphpl;[; fhl;Lk;
,uz;lhk; epiyf; fw;gidf;Fhpa tpsf;fj;Jld; ngUkstpy;
xj;Jf;fhzg;gLk;. jz;bayq;fhu mzpfshtd: Xl;lzp> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w
mzp> tpyf;F mzp> Ntw;Wikazp> tpghtidazp> VJ mzp>
GzHepiy mzp> ghptHj;jd mzp. Xl;lzpf;F gpd;tUk;
rhd;wpidj; jz;bayq;fhuk; $Wfpd;wJ.
“ ntwpnfhspdr; RUk;G Nka;e;Njhh; fhtpf;ntwpnfhspdr; RUk;G Nka;e;Njhh; fhtpf;ntwpnfhspdr; RUk;G Nka;e;Njhh; fhtpf;ntwpnfhspdr; RUk;G Nka;e;Njhh; fhtpf; Fiw gLNjd; Ntl;Lq; FWFk;Fiw gLNjd; Ntl;Lq; FWFk;Fiw gLNjd; Ntl;Lq; FWFk;Fiw gLNjd; Ntl;Lq; FWFk; ---- epiwkJr;epiwkJr;epiwkJr;epiwkJr; Nrh;e;Nrh;e;Nrh;e;Nrh;e; Jz;lhLe; jd;Kfj;Nj nrt;tpAilaNjhh;Jz;lhLe; jd;Kfj;Nj nrt;tpAilaNjhh;Jz;lhLe; jd;Kfj;Nj nrt;tpAilaNjhh;Jz;lhLe; jd;Kfj;Nj nrt;tpAilaNjhh;
tz;lhkitz;lhkitz;lhkitz;lhkiu gphpe;j tz;Lu gphpe;j tz;Lu gphpe;j tz;Lu gphpe;j tz;L”
(jz;bayq;fhuk;)
tsk;kpFe;j jhkiuapy; cs;sj; Njid cz;l tz;lhdJ
kdepiwT nfhs;shky; gy tz;Lfs; Nrh;e;J cz;L vQ;rpa ftp
kyhpYs;s Njdpid mUe;j tpUk;gp mk;kyiur; NrHfpwJ. vd;gJ
,g;ghlypd; nghUs; ,jpy; jiytp guj;ij Mfpath;fisAk;
25
jhkiu> tz;L> ftp> kyH;> Vida tz;Lfs; MfpaitfisAk;
,izj;Jf; fyitahf;fp mjdpd;Wk; fw;gidia cUthf;fpapUj;jy;
Nfhyphpl;[; $Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fw;gidf;Fr; rpwe;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;FfpwJ.
“kz;gLNjhl;fps;sp kjahid khw;wurh;>kz;gLNjhl;fps;sp kjahid khw;wurh;>kz;gLNjhl;fps;sp kjahid khw;wurh;>kz;gLNjhl;fps;sp kjahid khw;wurh;> ntz;Filiaj; Nja;j;j ntFspahy;ntz;Filiaj; Nja;j;j ntFspahy;ntz;Filiaj; Nja;j;j ntFspahy;ntz;Filiaj; Nja;j;j ntFspahy; ---- tpz;glh;e;Jtpz;glh;e;Jtpz;glh;e;Jtpz;glh;e;J ghghghghAq; nfhnyd;W gdpkjpak; Nghy;tJ}ck;Aq; nfhnyd;W gdpkjpak; Nghy;tJ}ck;Aq; nfhnyd;W gdpkjpak; Nghy;tJ}ck;Aq; nfhnyd;W gdpkjpak; Nghy;tJ}ck; NjAe; njsptpRk; gpdpd;WNjAe; njsptpRk; gpdpd;WNjAe; njsptpRk; gpdpd;WNjAe; njsptpRk; gpdpd;W”
(jz;bayq;fhuk;)
epyTyfj;ij Ml;rp nra;Ak; Nrhokd;ddpd; kjk; nfhz;l
ahidahdJ gifaurh;ghy; rPwpnaOe;J mth;fSila ntz;
nfhw;w Filiar; rpijj;J mopf;fpwJ. me;j ahidapd; rPw;wj;ij
tpz;zpYs;s KOepyT fz;Lj; jd;Nky; mt;ahid te;J ghANkh?
vd;W Ngur;rk; nfhs;fpwJ. mt;tr;rj;jhy; mk;KOkjp Nja;fpwJ.
,/J ,g;ghl;bd; nghUs;. KOkjp ,aw;ifahf ehSf;F ehs;
Nja;tij ahidapd; rPw;wj;ijf; fz;L m/J mr;rKw;Wj; Nja;e;J
Nghtjhff; ftpQh; fw;gid nra;fpwhh;.
,jpy; epyTyif Ml;rpGhpAk; Nrhokd;ddpd; kjahid>
gifaurpd; ntz;nfhw;wf;Fil> ahidapd; rPw;wk;> mr;rPw;wj;jhy;
gifthpd; ntz; nfhw;wf;Fil mopnta;jy;> tpz;zpy; Njhd;Wk;
KOkjp mJ ehSf;F ehs; NjAq;fhl;rp Mfpait midj;Jk;
,izf;fg; ngw;W xd;Nwhnlhd;W fye;J mf;fyitapdpd;Wk;
Ritkpf;f cah;juf;fw;gid cUthfpapUg;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,J
jz;bayq;fhug;gb jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpahFk;. ,q;qdNk jz;bayq;fhuk;
$Wk; tpyf;fzp> Ntw;Wikazp> tpghtidazp> VJmzp>
Gzh;epiymzp> ghpth;j;jdmzp Nghd;witfis ,uz;lhk;epiyf;
fw;gidfshff; nfhs;syhk;. Mh;tnkhopazp> Ritazp
MfpaitfSk; ,f;fw;gidapd; ghw;gLk; ,t;tpuz;ilAk; czh;r;rp>
fw;gid vd;Wk; $wyhk;. mjpramzp> cah;T etpw;rp mzp vd;w
,uz;ilAk; kdg;gilg;ghff; nfhs;syhk;.
Nkw;$wpa rhd;WfspypUe;J jz;bayq;fhuk; $Wk; nghUszpfs;
ngUk;ghyhdtw;iw Kjdpiy my;yJ ,uz;lhk; epiy fw;gidfspy;
26
ghw;gLj;jpf; (nfhs;syhk;) $wyhk;. ,tw;iw Nkw;$wg;gl;Ls;s
Ik;Gyf;fhl;rp> cs;nshsp> czh;r;rp> ePjp mwk; Kjypaitfspd;
ghw;gLj;jpf; $wyhk;. my;yJ jz;bayq;fhuk; $Wk; mzpfspd;
ngauhNyNa ,f;fw;gid tiffis tifg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
rhd;whfj; jd;ikazp vd;gij jd;ik fw;gid vd;Wk;> xl;lzp
vd;gij xl;Lf;fw;gid vd;Wk; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp vd;gij
jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w fw;gid vd;Wk; cah;T etpw;rp mzp vd;gij
cah;T etpw;rp kdg;gilg;G vd;Wk; nfhs;syhk;. jPtf mzp
gpd;tUepiyazp rpNyil mzp> mzpey nkhopahff; (Figurative
language) nfhs;syhk; vd;fpwhH jh.V. Qhd%Hj;jp.
ftpQd; jd;Dila nrwpthd czh;r;rpapidf; fiy
tbtj;NjhL ntspgLj;Jtjw;F chpa cj;jpfspy; fw;gid xd;W.
fw;gid gw;wp Nkdhl;Lj; jpwdha;thsh;fs; gy;NtW tpsf;fq;fs;;
$wpAs;s jpwj;jpid NkNy mwpa Kbe;jJ. mtw;Ws; Nfhyphpl;[;
tpsf;fq;fs; ,yf;fpa fw;gidf;F kpfTk; nghUe;Jtdthf
cs;sd vd;Wk; mf;fw;gidfis vt;ntt;tifapy; ghFgLj;jyhk;
vd;Wk; jz;bayq;fhuj;jpd; nghUszpapaypy; $wg;gLk; mzpfspy;
rpy Kjy; epiy fw;gidapd; ghw;gLk; vd;Wk;> gy mzpfs;
,uz;lhk; epiyf; fw;gidapd; ghw;gLk; vd;Wk;> rpy mzpfs;
kdg;gilg;gpd; ghw;gLk; vd;Wk;> rpy mzpfs; ntWk; mzpey
nkhopapd; ghw;gLk; vd;Wk; ,f;fw;gidfis jz;bayq;fhuk; mzpfis
ghFgLj;jpAs;s KiwapNyNa ghFgLj;jp mt;tzpapd; ngahpNyNa
toq;fyhk; vd;Wk; ,jd; top mwpa KbfpwJ.
,yf;fpaj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jk; fw;gid ftpQdpd; nrwpthd
czh;r;rpapdhy; cUthfpd;wikahy; xU fw;gid vt;tsTf;nft;tsT
cah;jukhf cs;sNjh mt;tsTf;ft;tsT mJ czh;r;rp
nrwpTilaJ vd;gij ehk; czu Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;tpay; E}yhrphpaH jh.V. Qhd%Hj;jp.
fw;gidAk;> czh;r;rpAk; xd;iwnahd;W rhh;e;jjha; tsh;r;rpAWjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpuz;by; xd;W <w;wyw;W> Kiwaw;wJkhf ,Uf;Fkhapd;
kw;nwhd;wpd; juk; Fiwe;JtpLk;. ,sq;Nfhtbfs;> jpUj;jf;fNjth;>
27
fk;gh; MfpNahh;fSila fw;gidfis ehk; gbf;Fk; NghJ mth;
jk; czh;r;rpfs; vj;Jidj; juKilait vd;gijAk;> MoKk;>
td;ikAk; tha;e;jit vd;gijAk; vj;Jizg; nghUj;jKk;
fiyaoFk; epiwe;jit vd;gijAk; czuyhk;. ,t;thW
fw;gidf;fhd tpsf;fq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2.2.2.2.2222.... Ez;fiyfspy; fw;gid gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs;Ez;fiyfspy; fw;gid gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs;Ez;fiyfspy; fw;gid gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs;Ez;fiyfspy; fw;gid gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs;
ehk; fw;gidfisg; nghJthff; fiyfs; vd;Wk;> rh];jpuq;fs;
vd;Wk; ,uz;L gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. fiyfis rhkhd;a
fiyfs; vd;Wk;> yypj fiyfs; vd;Wk; gphpf;fyhk;. njhd;Wnjhl;L
te;Js;s rJr~;b fiyfs; vdg;gLk; mWgj;J ehd;F fiyfspy;
rhkhd;a fiyfSk;> yypj fiyfSk; Nrh;e;Js;sd. yypjfiyfs;>
ek;Kila ,jaj;ijj; njhl;L> Nkyhd czh;r;rpiaAk;> fiy
,d;gj;ijAk; cz;lhf;fp ek;ikg; gutrg;gLj;Jk; jd;ik tha;e;jit.
mit 1. rq;fPjk; (music) 2. ftpij (poetry) 3. Xtpak; (Painting)
4. rpj;jpuk; (drawing) 5. rpw;gk; (sculpture) Nghd;wit yypj
fiyfspd; Kf;fpag; gphpTfshFk;. eldk;> fhyl;NÑgk;> ehlfk;>
Nfaehlfk;> epUj;a ehlfk; KjypaitfSk; yypj fiyfNs.
Xtpak;> rpj;jpuk;> rpw;gk; Mfpadf; fhl;rpf;fiyfs; (visual arts)
vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ fz;zhy; ghh;j;J ,d;gk; ngwf;$ba
fiyfshFk;. Mdhy; rq;fPjnkd;gJ rputz fiyahFk;. mjhtJ
fhjhy; Nfl;L ,d;gk; ngwf;$ba fiyahFk;.
2.2.1.2.2.1.2.2.1.2.2.1. rpw;;gf;fiyrpw;;gf;fiyrpw;;gf;fiyrpw;;gf;fiy
Nrhoh;fhyf;fiyQh;fs; fy;ypYk;> ntz;fyj;jpYk; jq;fSila
if tz;zj;ijf; fhl;bAs;sdh;. gy;yth; fiyiaj; njhlh;e;J
Mjhpj;jNghjpYk; jdpj;jd;ikiar; Nrhoh;fhyf; fiyfNs
fhl;Lfpd;wd. gy;yth;fisg;Nghy; Rth; KOtJk; rpw;gq;fshy;
epiwf;fhky; Nfhtpw; Rth;fspy; ntspaplq;fspy; nrJf;fp moFf;
fz;ldh;. gy;yth;fspd; rpw;gq;fs; Guhzf; fijfisg; NgRfpd;wd.
Mdhy;> kdpjh;fspd; cUtq;fis tbj;j Nrhoh;fhyj; jpUNkdp
cUtq;fNsh gf;jh;fSf;F ,iw cUtj;Jld; neUf;fk; Vw;glr;
28
nra;jd. Njhw;wj;jpYk; Kfg;nghyptpYk; cah;Tk;> td;ikAk; ngw;W
tpsq;fpa rpw;gq;fs; midtiuAk; kjpkwf;fr; nra;jd. md;iwa
rpw;gpfs; tbj;j fiyiaj; nja;t cUtr;rpiyfspYk;>
gpujpikfspYk;> ,aw;if cUtq;fspYk; fhzyhk;. rpw;gpapd;
ngUikiaf; fhl;lTk;> flTsh;fspd; Jiztpah; vdf; fhl;lTk;
ngz; cUtr; rpw;gq;fis gilj;jdh; vd;W jkpof tuyhWk;
gz;ghLk; vd;w jkJ E}ypy; (gf;. 312-314) Nt.jp. nry;yk; rpw;gk;
vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk; mspj;Js;shH.
,t;thW Ez;zpa Ntiyg;ghLfisr; nra;a xU rpw;gpapd;
jpwikiatplf; fw;gid kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhfpwJ. itztf;
Nfhapy;fspy; %tiff;Nfhyj;jpy; jpUkhypd; jpUTUtj;ijr;
nrJf;fpa rpw;gpahdtd; jd; fw;gidj; jpwikahy; epd;w jpUNkdp>
mkh;e;j jpUNkdp> fple;jjpUNkdp vd rpw;gq;fs; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk;
cs;s NtWghl;ilj; jd; fw;gidahy; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpwhd;.
rkaf;Futh;fs;> Mo;thh;fs; ,th;fis fw;gidapy; tbtikf;Fk;NghJk;
mth;fsJ Kfj;jpy; mikjpAk;> mUSk;> md;Gk; nghype;jthW
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;%yk; rpw;gpapd; fw;gidAk;> jpwikAk;
ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.
2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2. Xtpak;Xtpak;Xtpak;Xtpak;
jkpofj;jpy; Xtpak; rpwe;j fiyahf tsh;f;fg;gl;lij
,yf;fpaq;fs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. Nrhoh;fhyj;J Xtpaj;jpd;
KOtbtj;ijj; jQ;irg; nghpaNfhapypy; fhzyhk;. Nrhoh;fhyj;Jr;
Rth;f; Nfhyq;fs; md;iwa XtpaH rpw;gpia tpl ,isj;jtuy;yh;
vd;gij czh;j;Jfpd;wd. Xtpak; ngUk;ghYk; rkag;gpd;dzp
ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Xtpaj;jpYk; fiyQdpd; fw;gidAk;>
jpwikAk; ,aw;ifj; Njhw;wk;> czh;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;Jk;
tifapYk;> re;jh;g;gj;jpw;Nfw;w tifapy; ntspf;fhl;LtjpYk;
mike;Js;sJ. jQ;irg; ngUTilahh; Nfhapypy; jPl;lg;ngw;Ws;s
Re;juh; jpUkz epfo;r;rpia tpsf;Fk; RtHf; Nfhyk; me;jzh;
FWf;fPl;ilAk; mjdhy; Re;juUk; mtUld; ,Ug;gth;fs;
jpifg;gijAk; moFwf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. tphprilf; flTs; jphpGuk;
29
vhpf;Fk; fhl;rpapd; mikg;Gk; rka irt czh;r;rpfisj; J}z;Lk;
tifapy; Xtpaq;fs; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
jQ;irg; nghpa Nfhapypy; cs;s ehl;ba kfspuJ Xtpaq;fs;
gujehl;baf; fuzq;fs;> nfhk;G> fubif> giw> kj;jsk;> jhsk;>
Foy;> aho;> gQ;rKfthj;ak; Kjypa ,irf;fUtpfsJ Xtpaq;fs;
fhz;gtHjk; neQ;irf; fth;gitahFk;. mJkl;Lky;yhJ muritf;
FLk;gk; Kjy; tptrhaf; FLk;gk; tiuapYk; cs;sth;fspd;
tho;f;ifAk;> eil> cil> myq;fhuq;fs;> mzpfyd;fs;
jiyayq;fhuq;fs; midj;ijAk; tUq;fhyr; re;jjpapdh;fSf;F
mwpKfg;gLj;jpajpy; Xtpadpd; jpwikAk; fw;gidAk; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
Guhzf;fijfs;> tuyhw;Wf; fijfs;> rKjhaf;fijfs; vd
xt;nthU gpd;dzpf;Fk; Vw;g epwq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Xtpaq;fs;
jPl;Ltjpy; mf;fiyQuJ fw;gidNa Kjyplk; ngWfpwJ.
2.2.3.2.2.3.2.2.3.2.2.3. ftpijftpijftpijftpij
ftpij vd;why; xUth; jd; vz;zj;ijNah> mDgtj;ijNah>
fw;gid eaj;Jld; czh;r;rpg;G+h;tkhf (ciueil my;yhj)
nrhy;yikg;gpy; RUf;fkhfTk;> nrwpthfTk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; tbtNk
ftpijahFk;. ftpQd;> jd; kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; xd;iwf;
ftpijahff; $Wk; NghJ> jk;Gyikahy; vJif> Nkhid Nghd;w
,yf;fzq;fNshL kpifg;gLj;jpf; $Wthh;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
ngz;zpd; ePz;l $e;jiyf; fUNkfj;jpw;Fk;> fz;fis kPDf;Fk;>
GUtj;ij tpy;Yf;Fk; xg;gpl;Lf; $Wfpwhd;. ,r;rpwg;ghy; kw;w
Ez;fiyfspypUe;J ftpij khWgl;Ls;sJ vdyhk;. ftpij
GidtJ vd;gJ ngUk; fiyahFk;. ftpQd; jd; kdjpy; Njhd;wpa
vz;zj;ij vOj;J tbtpy; gilg;gNj ftpijahFk;. ,jpy;
mtdpd; fw;gidNa ngUk; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. kapy;Njhif
tphpj;jhLtijf; fUNkfk; #o;e;jpUg;gijf; fz;L kfpo;r;rpahf
kapy; MLfpwJ vd;W $WtJ ftpQdpd; fw;gidNa.
‘ftpij fiyfspd; murp’ vd;W xU ftpijiaNa
gilj;jspj;Js;shH jhk]; ];g;uhl; vd;w Mq;fpyf; ftp (The Queen
of Arts by Thomas sprat).
30
[hd; nfg;gps; vd;Dk; ftpQH> kdj;ij kfpo;tpf;Fk; Mw;wy;
ciueilapDk; ftpijf;Nf kpFjpahf cz;L vdTk;> “Verse has
more powers to sooth than prose”.9 ftpij vd;gJ ,iwtd; kdpjDf;F
toq;fpa nja;tPf kUe;J (‘Poetry a Kind of medicine, divinely bestowed
upon man’ – Rev – John Keble) vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;.
ftpij vd;why; cs;sk; ftUk; nra;As;. fw;gidAk;
GJKiwapy; fUj;jpid ntspg;gLj;jYk; MFk;.
“khrpy; gDty; Gyth; Gfo; gykhrpy; gDty; Gyth; Gfo; gykhrpy; gDty; Gyth; Gfo; gykhrpy; gDty; Gyth; Gfo; gy ehtpw; Gide;j ed;ftpijehtpw; Gide;j ed;ftpijehtpw; Gide;j ed;ftpijehtpw; Gide;j ed;ftpij” 10101010
vd;w ghly;top ew;nrhy;yhy;> ey;Nyhirahy;> ew;epwj;J ntspg;ghl;lhy;
cs;sj;ij gw;wpg; gbg;gJ ftpij vd;W KidtH G+tz;zd;
,yf;fpa tuyhW vDk; jkJ E}ypy; (g.319) $wpAs;shH.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ftpaurh;fshfj; jpfo;e;J kiwe;jth;fSs;
ghujpahh;> ghujpjhrd;> ftpkzp Mfpa %tUk; rpwe;jth;fs;.
,th;fsJ ftpijapd; mikg;ghdJ eil> ghkud; Kjy;
gz;bjh;fs; tiu Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; vspa eilapy;
,Ue;jd. ftpijfspy; fUj;Jf;fSk; rKjhaj;jpy; xU jpUg;gj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ftpQh;fs; gyH ,Ue;jhYk; ftpijfspy; Gul;rpfs;
nra;j kfhftp> Gul;rpf;ftp> ftpkzp Rujh> fz;zjhrd; MfpNahuJ
ftpijfspd; %yk; ,tHfsJ fw;gidj; jpwj;jpd; jdpj;Jtj;ijf;
fhzKbfpd;wJ.
kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;
“vd;W jzpAk; ,e;j Rje;jpujhfk; vd;W kbAk; vq;fs;
mbikapd; Nkhfk;” (gf;. 320-321) vd;W Vq;fpa NghJ jhfj;ijj;
jPH;f;fTk;> mbikapd; Nkhfj;ijg; Nghf;fTk; Rg;ukz;a ghujpahh;
jkpofj;J vl;laGuj;jpy; 1882 ,y; Njhd;wpdhh;. tpLjiy
Ntl;ifia cz;L gz;zp> mJ jPuTk; topfhl;ba Kjy; jkpo;f;
ftpQh; ghujpahNu.
9 jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW> gf;. 321
10 ghpghly; 6 : 7.
31
“ffffhw;W ntspapilf; fz;zk;khhw;W ntspapilf; fz;zk;khhw;W ntspapilf; fz;zk;khhw;W ntspapilf; fz;zk;kh – epd;wd;epd;wd;epd;wd;epd;wd; fhjiy nafhjiy nafhjiy nafhjiy naz;zpf;z;zpf;z;zpf;z;zpf; fspf;fpd;Nwd;fspf;fpd;Nwd;fspf;fpd;Nwd;fspf;fpd;Nwd; ---- mKmKmKmK JJJJ}w;wpid nahj;j}w;wpid nahj;j}w;wpid nahj;j}w;wpid nahj;j ,jo;fSk;,jo;fSk;,jo;fSk;,jo;fSk; ---- eeeepypypypy T+wpj; jJk;Gk; tpopfSk;T+wpj; jJk;Gk; tpopfSk;T+wpj; jJk;Gk; tpopfSk;T+wpj; jJk;Gk; tpopfSk; ---- gj;Jgj;Jgj;Jgj;J khw;Wg; nghd;ndhj;j epd; NkdpAk;khw;Wg; nghd;ndhj;j epd; NkdpAk;khw;Wg; nghd;ndhj;j epd; NkdpAk;khw;Wg; nghd;ndhj;j epd; NkdpAk; ---- ,e;j,e;j,e;j,e;j itaj;jpy;itaj;jpy;itaj;jpy;itaj;jpy; ahDs;s kl;bYk;ahDs;s kl;bYk;ahDs;s kl;bYk;ahDs;s kl;bYk; ---- vidvidvidvid Ntw;W epidtpd;wpj; Njw;wpNaNtw;W epidtpd;wpj; Njw;wpNaNtw;W epidtpd;wpj; Njw;wpNaNtw;W epidtpd;wpj; Njw;wpNa ---- ,,,,q;nfhHq;nfhHq;nfhHq;nfhH tpz;zt dhfg; GhpANktpz;zt dhfg; GhpANktpz;zt dhfg; GhpANktpz;zt dhfg; GhpANk ---- ............”
(ghujpahH ftpijfs;> g.44)
,g;ghl;by; fz;zk;khtpd; ,jo;fisr; RitkpFe;j mKjpw;Fk;
tpopfis thdpy; jtOk; epytpw;Fk;> Nkdpia gj;jiu khw;Wg;
nghd;dpw;Fk; epfuhff; $wpAs;sJ %yk; mtH fw;gidAk;> fUj;Jk;
ntspg;gLfpwJ.
ghujpjhrdghujpjhrdghujpjhrdghujpjhrd ;; ;;
“ghujpjhrdpd; ftpijfs; Cd; fye;J caph; fye;J
ctl;lhky; ,dpg;git. vdNt jhd; ,th; ftpijfisr; ‘ftpf;fhf
xUKiw> fUj;jpw;fhf xUKiw> nfhs;iff;fhf xUKiw>
czh;r;rpf;fhf xUKiw> ,dpikf;fhf xUKiw vopYf;fhf
xUKiw gbj;Njd;” 11 vd;W fp.M.ng. tp];tehjd; $Wfpwhh;.
“ ePythd;ePythd;ePythd;ePythd; Milf;Fs; cly; kiwj;JMilf;Fs; cly; kiwj;JMilf;Fs; cly; kiwj;JMilf;Fs; cly; kiwj;J epyhepyhepyhepyhntd;W fhl;Lfpd;whntd;W fhl;Lfpd;whntd;W fhl;Lfpd;whntd;W fhl;Lfpd;wha; xspa; xspa; xspa; xsp – Kfj;ijf;Kfj;ijf;Kfj;ijf;Kfj;ijf; NfhyKOJk; fhl;NfhyKOJk; fhl;NfhyKOJk; fhl;NfhyKOJk; fhl;b tpl;lhy; fhjw;b tpl;lhy; fhjw;b tpl;lhy; fhjw;b tpl;lhy; fhjw; nfhs;isapNy ,t;Tyfk; rhNkhnfhs;isapNy ,t;Tyfk; rhNkhnfhs;isapNy ,t;Tyfk; rhNkhnfhs;isapNy ,t;Tyfk; rhNkh? thdr;? thdr;? thdr;? thdr; NrhiyapNy G+j;j jdpg;G+Nth ePjhd;NrhiyapNy G+j;j jdpg;G+Nth ePjhd;NrhiyapNy G+j;j jdpg;G+Nth ePjhd;NrhiyapNy G+j;j jdpg;G+Nth ePjhd; nrhf;f nts;spg; ghw;FlNknrhf;f nts;spg; ghw;FlNknrhf;f nts;spg; ghw;FlNknrhf;f nts;spg; ghw;FlNkh> mKj Cw;Nwhh> mKj Cw;Nwhh> mKj Cw;Nwhh> mKj Cw;Nwh!!!! fhiy te;j nrk;ghpjp flypy;fhiy te;j nrk;ghpjp flypy;fhiy te;j nrk;ghpjp flypy;fhiy te;j nrk;ghpjp flypy; %o;fpf;%o;fpf;%o;fpf;%o;fpf; fdy; khhpf; Fspu ile;j xspg; gpok;Ngh!fdy; khhpf; Fspu ile;j xspg; gpok;Ngh!fdy; khhpf; Fspu ile;j xspg; gpok;Ngh!fdy; khhpf; Fspu ile;j xspg; gpok;Ngh!”
(ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;> g.22)
thdj;ij ePyepw Milf;Fk;> epytpid thdpy; G+j;Js;s
G+tpw;Fk;> nts;sp ghw;Flj;jpw;Fk;> Flj;jpy; cs;s mKjpw;Fk;>
fhiyapy; Njhd;wp khiyapy; flypy; kiwe;J ntg;gk; jzpe;J
FspHe;J te;Js;s xspg;gpok;gpw;F ,izj;Jf; $wpAs;stw;wpypUe;J
Gul;rpftpapd; fw;gidj; jpwd; ek;ik tpaf;f itf;fpd;wJ.
11 jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW> gf;. 327
32
ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk;gps;isftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk;gps;isftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk;gps;isftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk;gps;is
“njd;wypd; Fsph;r;rp> njspe;j ePNuhilapd; mikjp>
koiyapd; ,dpik Kjypatw;iw mDgtpf;f Ntz;Lkhapd; ftpkzp
Njrpa tpehafk; gps;isapd; ghly;fis ehl Ntz;Lk;. ftpkzpapd;
ftpijfs; mofhdit. mikjp epiwe;jit Foe;ijf;Fk; GhpAk;
vspik ngw;wit. gpwehl;L ey;ywpQh; rhj;jpuq;fs; jkpo; nkhopapy;
ngah;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;” vd;W ghujpapd; fdit ,th; edthf;fpdhH
vd;gij KidtH G+tz;zd; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW vd;Dk; jkJ
E}ypy; (gf;.327-328) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
ftpij vd;gJ vd;d vd;gij
“fy;ypd;fy;ypd;fy;ypd;fy;ypd; fijfs; vy;yhk;fijfs; vy;yhk;fijfs; vy;yhk;fijfs; vy;yhk; ---- ,,,,UUUU fhJ Fspuf; Nfl;Ngd;fhJ Fspuf; Nfl;Ngd;fhJ Fspuf; Nfl;Ngd;fhJ Fspuf; Nfl;Ngd; Gy;ypd; Ngr;Rk; mwpNtd;Gy;ypd; Ngr;Rk; mwpNtd;Gy;ypd; Ngr;Rk; mwpNtd;Gy;ypd; Ngr;Rk; mwpNtd; ---- mijg;mijg;mijg;mijg; Guhzkhf tphpg;Ngd;Guhzkhf tphpg;Ngd;Guhzkhf tphpg;Ngd;Guhzkhf tphpg;Ngd; cs;sj;Js;sJ ftpijcs;sj;Js;sJ ftpijcs;sj;Js;sJ ftpijcs;sj;Js;sJ ftpij ---- ,d;gk;,d;gk;,d;gk;,d;gk; cUntLg;gJ ftcUntLg;gJ ftcUntLg;gJ ftcUntLg;gJ ftpijpijpijpij njs;sj; njspe;j jkpopy;njs;sj; njspe;j jkpopy;njs;sj; njspe;j jkpopy;njs;sj; njspe;j jkpopy; ---- cz;ikcz;ikcz;ikcz;ik njhpe;Jiug;gJ ftpijnjhpe;Jiug;gJ ftpijnjhpe;Jiug;gJ ftpijnjhpe;Jiug;gJ ftpij” 12
(jkpo;r; nra;As; jpul;L> gf;. 15-16)
vd;W ,f;ftpijapd; %yk; ftpkzpapd; ftpijj; jpwDk;>
fw;gidj; jpwDk; kpspuf; fhzyhk;.
ghurPff;ftpQh; ckhh;fa;ahkpd; ftpijfis ckhh;fa;ahk;
ghly;fs; vd jkpopy; nkhop ngah;j;Js;shh;. nghpa jj;Jtq;fis
vspaKiwapy; ,dpikahff; $w ,aYkh? vd;W tpaf;Fk;
tifapy; ghly;fis mikj;Js;shh; ftpkzp.
RujhRujhRujhRujh
ghujpahUf;Fj; jhrdhfj; jpfo;e;j ghujpjhrDf;Fg; gy
jhrh;fs; cz;L. mth;fSs; Rujh rpwg;Gg; ngw;wth;. Rujhtpd;
,aw;ngah; ,uhrNfhghy;. Rg;Guj;jpdjhrd; vDk; ngahpd; RUf;fNk
Rujh.
12 ‘kyUk; khiyAk;’ vDk; ghly; njhFjp> ‘ftpij’ vDk; jiyg;G.
33
Rujhtpd; ftpijfs; kw;w ftpijfspdpd;W rpwe;J
jpfo;tjw;F Kjw;fhuzk; ctik vdyhk;. ,th; Gjpa ctikfis
Gjpa ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fshy; gilj;jspg;ghh;. vdNt
,tiu ctikf;ftpQh; vd;gh;. ghNte;jh; ghlypy; cs;s rpwg;ig
vLj;Jiuf;Fk; jkJ ghlypy;>
“jil eilNa mth; vOj;jpy; ,y;iy! thioj;jil eilNa mth; vOj;jpy; ,y;iy! thioj;jil eilNa mth; vOj;jpy; ,y;iy! thioj;jil eilNa mth; vOj;jpy; ,y;iy! thioj; jz;Lf;fh jLf;fpd;w fZf;fs; cz;L!jz;Lf;fh jLf;fpd;w fZf;fs; cz;L!jz;Lf;fh jLf;fpd;w fZf;fs; cz;L!jz;Lf;fh jLf;fpd;w fZf;fs; cz;L!”
vd;W Nfl;fpwhh;. fZtw;w jz;il jilaw;wjkpOf;F
ctikahf;fpAs;sJ xU Nrhw;Wg;gjk;.
ghz;baNte;jhpd; kPiria>
“ gLj;jpUf;Fk; tpdhf;FwpNghy; kPir itj;jgLj;jpUf;Fk; tpdhf;FwpNghy; kPir itj;jgLj;jpUf;Fk; tpdhf;FwpNghy; kPir itj;jgLj;jpUf;Fk; tpdhf;FwpNghy; kPir itj;j ghz;bah;fs;ghz;bah;fs;ghz;bah;fs;ghz;bah;fs;…………”
(jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW> gf;.336-337)
,g;ghlypDs;> Nfs;tpf;Fwpia gLf;f itj;jhw; Nghy; kPir
,Uf;fpwJ vd;W jkJ fw;gidia ctik top ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.
fz;zjhrd;fz;zjhrd;fz;zjhrd;fz;zjhrd;
,d;iwa ftpQh;fSs; vy;NyhuhYk; mwpag;gl;lth;
fz;zjhrd;. mjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; mth; ghly;fs;
jpiug;glq;fspy; ,lk; ngw;wNjahFk;. ,sik Kjy; KJik tiu
fz;zjhrdpd; ghliy KZKZj;jthW ,Uf;Fk; fhl;rpia
vq;Fk; fhzyhk;. el;G vDk; ftpijj; njhFg;gpypUe;J ,g;ghly;
“ gidkuj;Jf;Fj;gidkuj;Jf;Fj;gidkuj;Jf;Fj;gidkuj;Jf;Fj; jz;zp xU juk;jz;zp xU juk;jz;zp xU juk;jz;zp xU juk; gha;r;rp tpl;lhy; NghJk;gha;r;rp tpl;lhy; NghJk;gha;r;rp tpl;lhy; NghJk;gha;r;rp tpl;lhy; NghJk; ---- mJmJmJmJ jid tsHj;Jj; jd;jid tsHj;Jj; jd;jid tsHj;Jj; jd;jid tsHj;Jj; jd; jiyapy; Ejiyapy; Ejiyapy; Ejiyapy; Eq;fpidj;q;fpidj;q;fpidj;q;fpidj; je;J tpisahLk;je;J tpisahLk;je;J tpisahLk;je;J tpisahLk; ---- ed;ndQ;Nred;ndQ;Nred;ndQ;Nred;ndQ;Nr je;Jje;Jje;Jje;J tpistpistpistpisahLk;ahLk;ahLk;ahLk;
njd;njd;njd;njd;id kuj;id kuj;id kuj;id kuj;JJJJffff;F;F;F;F mbf;fb nfhQmbf;fb nfhQmbf;fb nfhQmbf;fb nfhQ;rk;;rk;;rk;;rk; jPHj;jk;jPHj;jk;jPHj;jk;jPHj;jk; tpl Ntz;tpl Ntz;tpl Ntz;tpl Ntz;Lk;Lk;Lk;Lk; ---- memememe;jj;;jj;;jj;;jj; jPHj;jk;jPHj;jk;jPHj;jk;jPHj;jk; ,dpg,dpg,dpg,dpg;ig;ig;ig;igAk;Ak;Ak;Ak; NrHj;NrHj;NrHj;NrHj;Jf; nfhz;Jf; nfhz;Jf; nfhz;Jf; nfhz;LtUk;LtUk;LtUk;LtUk; fhfhfhfhjjjj;;;;jpUf;jpUf;jpUf;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;f Ntz;Lk;f Ntz;Lk;f Ntz;Lk; ---- ed;ed;ed;ed;ndQ;NrndQ;NrndQ;NrndQ;Nr fhj;fhj;fhj;fhj;jpUf;fjpUf;fjpUf;fjpUf;f Ntz;Lk;Ntz;Lk;Ntz;Lk;Ntz;Lk;
34
thio kuj;thio kuj;thio kuj;thio kuj;Jf;Jf;Jf;Jf;FFFF ehSf;FehSf;FehSf;FehSf;F ehs;ehs;ehs;ehs; jz;zpjz;zpjz;zpjz;zp thHj;thHj;thHj;thHj;j gpdj gpdj gpdj gpd;;;;dhybNdhybNdhybNdhybNahahahah – mJmJmJmJ G+it> goj;G+it> goj;G+it> goj;G+it> goj;ijijijij ,iyiaf;,iyiaf;,iyiaf;,iyiaf; nfhLg;nfhLg;nfhLg;nfhLg;gJgJgJgJ Nghl;lNghl;lNghl;lNghl;l fldbNahfldbNahfldbNahfldbNah – ed;ndQ;Nred;ndQ;Nred;ndQ;Nred;ndQ;Nr Nghl;l fldbNahNghl;l fldbNahNghl;l fldbNahNghl;l fldbNah ez;ghpNy gidez;ghpNy gidez;ghpNy gidez;ghpNy gid njd;id thnjd;id thnjd;id thnjd;id thionad;wionad;wionad;wionad;w ehYtpjqehYtpjqehYtpjqehYtpjq;fSz;L;fSz;L;fSz;L;fSz;L – mtHmtHmtHmtH ed;wpapYk; nra;Ak;ed;wpapYk; nra;Ak;ed;wpapYk; nra;Ak;ed;wpapYk; nra;Ak; ed;ikapYk;ed;ikapYk;ed;ikapYk;ed;ikapYk; ,e;j,e;j,e;j,e;j %d;W tiffSz;L%d;W tiffSz;L%d;W tiffSz;L%d;W tiffSz;L – ed;ndQ;Nred;ndQ;Nred;ndQ;Nred;ndQ;Nr %%%%d;W tiffSz;Ld;W tiffSz;Ld;W tiffSz;Ld;W tiffSz;L”
(jkpo;r;nra;As; jpul;L> g.31)
ez;gHfis gid> njd;id> thio kuq;fNshL xg;gpLifapy;
ftpQhpd; fw;gidj;jpwidf; fhzyhk;.
gy jpwk; gilj;j ftpQHfs; ,Ue;jNghJk; fhytiuaiw
kw;Wk; gf;f tiuaiwf; fUjp xU rpyiu kl;LNk ,q;F njhpT
nra;J mtuJ ftpijfspy; fhzg;gLk; fw;gid eak; Fwpj;J
mwpe;Njhk;. ,dp eldj;Js; ,ioNahLk; fw;gidtsk; Fwpj;Jf;
fhz;Nghk;.
2.2.4.2.2.4.2.2.4.2.2.4. eldk;eldk;eldk;eldk;
Nrhoh;fhykhdJ gy;yth; fhyj;jpd; njhlh;r;rp vd;gij
tuyhW czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. Nfhapy;fspy; Mly; kfsph;
epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jdh;. eldj;jpy; Njh;r;rp ngw;w Mlyofpfs;
jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspYk;> jpUNkdp Ch;tyq;fspYk; Njtfd;dpah;
Nghy; myq;fhpj;Jf; nfhz;L eldk; Mbr; nrd;wdh;. ,t;thW
tsh;f;fg;gl;l ,e;j eldf;fiyahdJ gpd;dh; FUFykhf ,Ue;J
fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; epiyf;F te;jJ. FUFythrk; nra;J
,f;fiyiag; gapd;wdh;. ,f;fiyapy; fiyQdpd; fw;gidahdJ
mgpeaj;jpd; top ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ. xUepfo;itg; ghh;itahsh;
Ghpe;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; ntt;NtW Kiwfspy; tpsf;FtH.
,J ]Q;rhhp ghtk; vdg;gl;lJ. eldkzpfs; jq;fSila
35
fw;gidj;jpwj;Jld;> jdpj;jd;ikAk; Nrh;j;J ntspg;gLj;j VJthd
,lkhf eldk; mikfpwJ. ifNjh;e;j eldkzpAld; ey;y
el;Lthq;fKk; kpUjq;fKk; Nrh;fpd;w Ntisapy; ‘epUj;jk;’ vdg;gLk;
fhy; mlTfs; gQ;r[hjpfspd; topAk; mtw;wpf;fpilapyhd fhh;itfs;
kw;Wk; [jpfs; KbAk; kFlmlTfshd “fpljfjhpfplNjhk;”
“jjPq;fpzNjhk;” Mfpatw;wpYk; eldf;fiyQh;fspd; fw;gid
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
2.2.5.2.2.5.2.2.5.2.2.5. ,ir,ir,ir,ir
fh;ehlf ,irahdJ fy;gpjrq;fPjk; vd;Wk; fy;gdhrq;fPjk;
vd;Wk; ,Utifg;gLk;. ]uspthpirfs;> [z;ilthpirfs;>
myq;fhuq;fs;> fPjq;fs;> ];tu[jpfs;> ];tug;gy;ytpfs;> th;zq;fs;>
fpUjp> [htsp> gjq;fs; ,it fy;gpj rq;fPjk; vd;w tifiar;
rhh;e;jit. nrk;ikahd Nkk;gl;l rq;fPjQhdk; cs;s FUtplk;
fy;gpj rq;fPjj;ij fw;Wf; nfhz;L ,ij tplhKaw;r;rpAlDk; mjpf
ftdj;Jld; gapw;rp nra;tjd; %yKk;> gpurpj;jp ngw;w
tpj;thd;fspd; ,iriaj; njhlh;e;J Nfl;LtUtjd; %yKk;
khzth;fs; yaQhdk;> ];tuQhdk;> uhfQhdk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ey;y
Njh;r;rp ngwyhk;.
Kiwahf rq;fPjk; fw;Wf;nfhs;shtpl;lhYk; tUlf;fzf;fhf
,uhfq;fisf; Nfl;lDgtpj;j fhuzj;jpdhy; uhfk; ghlf;$ba
jpwikia xUth; ngWfpwhH. FU> ];tuq;fis vOj jFjp
gilj;j khztDf;F rq;fjpfis vOjpf; nfhLj;Jg; Ghpe;J
ghLk;tiu mth;fSf;F topfhl;ba gpd; jdpahf khztiug; ghl
itg;gjd; %yk; ];tuQhdk;> uhfQhdk; tug; ngwyhk;. ,jw;F
Nfs;tp Qhdk; kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;.
Nkw;nrhd;d topKiwfspy; Kiwahfg; gapw;rp ngWtjd;
%yk; xU ,irf; fiyQd; kNdhjh;k ,irapy; Njh;r;rp ngw;Wj;
jd; jpwikia tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd;. ,dp Nkw;nrhd;d fw;gid
vt;thW xU fiyQdplk; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ vd;gij cstpayhsh;fs;
top epd;W fhz;Nghk;.
36
2.2.2.2.3333. cstpapyhsh; $w;W. cstpapyhsh; $w;W. cstpapyhsh; $w;W. cstpapyhsh; $w;W
,irf;fiyQh;fs; gilg;ghw;wy; jpwikNahL ,Ug;gh;. ,J
Fwpj;J kNdhjj;Jt epGzh;fs; gy Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L
,jw;;fhd fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; #o;epiyfs; Nghd;wtw;iw chpa
Mjhuq;fSld; njspTgLj;jpAs;sdh;. mtw;iw ,q;Ff; fhz;Nghk;.
2.3.1.2.3.1.2.3.1.2.3.1. khd];uha; nrsj;hpkhd];uha; nrsj;hpkhd];uha; nrsj;hpkhd];uha; nrsj;hp (Manas Roy Choudhury);
gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;fhd Mw;wy; vt;thW Njhd;WfpwJ vd;gij
Muha;e;J mjw;fhd gy;NtW fhuzq;fisg; gl;baypLfpd;whH
khd];uha; vd;w cstpay; mwpQh;. mitahtd:
1. mwpTrhh;e;j rpe;jidfs;
2. mwpthw;wyhy; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Ljy;
3. mwpthw;wy; njhlh;ghd ghjpg;Gfs;
4. gytpjkhd MSikg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;Nshiu
Kd;Ndhbfshff; nfhs;Sjy;.
5. Mw;wy; tsh;tjw;fhdg; gpd;ddp
Mfpa gz;Gfs; cs;NshUf;Nf gilg;ghw;wy; jpwd; mjpfkpUf;Fk;
vd;gJ ,tuJ fUj;jhFk;.13
gilg;ghw;wy; kpf;f ,irf;fiyQh;fsJ gz;Gfs; Fwpj;J
tpsf;Fkplj;J
“The creative musician is more distinctly marked by his emotional and
temperamental characteristics than by other aspects of his personality. A
number of developmental factors as well as certain aspects of familial and
socio-cultural, field-forces have appeared to be significant and selective in the
lives of the studied musicians” (Musical Creativity Revised, p.73).
1. ,iraikg;gjpy; GJik
2. czh;Tg;G+h;tkhd gilg;ghf;fk;
3. mth; rhh;e;Js;s rKjhag;gpd;dzp> fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk;
Cf;fg;gLj;Jfpd;w #o;epiy Mfpait gilg;ghw;wy; kpf;f
,irf;fiyQh;fspd; tsh;r;rpf;F Kjd;ikahd fhuzkhFk;.
13 Psychology of Music.
37
4. capNuhl;lkhd ,iria cUthf;fpg; GJikiag; gilg;gth;fSk;
gilg;ghw;wy;kpf;f ,irf;fiyQh;fNs.
,irf;fiyQDf;Fk; Gwr;#oYf;Fk; vg;NghJk; xUtpjkhd
njhlh;G ,Uf;Fk;. gpwh; jd;idf; nfhz;lhLtij vjpHghh;j;jy;.
mjpfkhd jd;Kidg;G (ego) Nghd;w kdepiyfs; Vw;gLk;nghOJjhd;
kdpjd; Xh; cah;thd epiyia milfpwhd; vd;W khd];uha;
nrsj;hp $WfpwhH.
“It has been found that the Musicians are high scorer in the scale for of
the meaning the openness to inner experience. As a matter of fact the data
indicate musician distinctive orientation towards both the external and internal
reality seems to provide an interesting vital talance between the internal needs
(self) and external situation (society, audience, music, cricit), p. 81.14
ekJ ,irf;fiyQh;fs; ghuk;ghpa kuGf;F cl;gl;l tifapy;
epd;W nfhz;L nraw;gLth;. ,t;thwhf ,irf;fiyQh;fs; nraw;gLk;
nghOJ rpy Ntisfspy; jk;Kila gilg;ghw;wiyAk; jpwidAk;
gad;gLj;jp Neubahf> ,ay;ghd> Neh;kiwahd> GjpaKiwfisf;
ifahStJ kpfTk; Neh;j;jpahd czh;T rhh;e;j rpe;jidia
,irtop toq;FgtNu gilg;ghw;wy; kpf;f ,irf;fiyQh; vd;W
nrsj;hp Fwpg;gpLfpwhh; (gf;. 83).
,irf;fiyQh;fs; jkJ czh;it clDf;Fld; ntspg;gLj;Jk;
jd;ikf; nfhz;ltHfs; jkf;F Vw;gl;l> Vw;gLk; czHTfis
vjpHkiwahfTk; nfhLf;fpd;w Mw;wYilatHfs;.
“Perceptual openness, which is regarded as Individual’s greater
awareness of and receptiveness to both the outer world and inner self has found
to be of significance among the creative musicians”.
ntspcyfj;ijAk;> jd; jpwikiaAk; ed;whf Ghpe;J
nfhs;gth;fNs gilg;ghw;wy; kpf;f ,irf;fiyQh;fshth; vd;gij>
,irf;fiyQh;fs; jkf;nfd;W xUghzpia tFj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;
Kd; Kd;Ndhh;fshy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l kuig gpd;gw;wpNa
nray;gl;Lte;jdh;. rpy Ntisfspy; jk;Kila gilg;ghw;wiyAk;> 14 Psycology of Music p. 81.
38
jpwikiaAk; gad;gLj;jp Neubahf ,ay;ghd Gjpa cj;jpKiwfisf;
ifahz;L kpfTk; Neh;j;jpahd czh;T rhh;e;j rpe;jidia
,irtop toq;FgtNu gilg;ghw;wy; kpf;f ,irf;fiyQh;fs; vd;Wk;
khd];uha; nrsj;hpapd; tpsf;fkhFk;.
‘Our Musicians have greater availablity of both realitively primitive
processes. This extensive use of primitive functioning by the musicians can be
attributed to optimal, flexible controls which were readily accessible and
facilitated quick return to secondary processes which are more orderly realistic
– oriented and rational’.
In the case of our creative artists, it seems to centre on acctivities that
offer the greatest opportunities for utilistion of personal experience and
resources. It is technically called creatively motive which implies an eagerness
of the individual to interact with his surrounding to experience his fullest
perceptual, cognitive an expressive patentiales”.15 (P. 84)
fiyQh;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; gilg;ghw;wy; vd;gJ
jdpg;gl;l mDgtq;fisAk;> tsq;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba
nghpa mstpyhd tha;g;Gfis my;yJ re;jh;g;gq;fis mspf;ff;
$ba nraw;ghLfis ikag;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,t;tifahd Nehf;F
rpwg;ghd gilg;ghw;wy; Nehf;F vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J xU
jdpg;gl;ltUila MHtj;ijf; Fwpj;J epw;Fk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
khd];uha; nrsj;hp vDk; cstpay; epGzh; ehd;F Mz;Lfs;
njhlHe;J epfo;j;jpa xU kdpjd; vt;thW rpwe;j fiyQdhfpwhd;>
mjw;fhd gz;G eyd;fs; vd;gJ gw;wpa Ma;tpy; gpd;tUk; Ma;T
KbTfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
1. Foe;ij gUtj;jpy; Vw;gLfpd;w kdmOj;jk; (have feelings of
depression in their childhood)
2. je;ijapd;kPJ Mo;e;j gw;Wf;nfhs;sy; (Have Strong odeipal
attachment)
15 Raychaudhari, 1966, p.83
39
3. cly;hPjpahd fbd ciog;igj; jtph;j;jy; (with a low need of
physical activity)
4. vg;NghJk; xUtiur; rhh;e;J ,Uj;jy; (Basically dependent,
submissive type of person)
5. mbf;fb czh;r;rp tag;gLj;jy; (have high degree of sensitivity)
6. vjidAk; xU fw;gidj; jpwj;NjhL mZFjy; (a tendency for
day dreaming)
7. Kd;NahridAld; vtw;iwAk; vspjhf mZFjy; Nghd;w
gz;Gfis cilatHfs; ,irj;Jiwapy; cah;thd epiyia
milth; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.16
2.3.2.2.3.2.2.3.2.2.3.2. Harrower, Cox vDk; cstpay; ty;Yeh;fs; 1942y; elj;jpa
,irf;fiyQh;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;tpYk; rpy KbTfisf; fz;lwpe;J
$wpAs;shH. mitahtd:
1. ‘Musicians are much more systematic (in their personality styles) than
the artists (painter) suggesting that music is something more than an art
that it to a degree a science’ kw;wf;fiyQh;fis tpl cjhuzkhf
xtpak;> rpw;gk;> kw;Wk; gpw) jpl;lkpl;l MSikg; gz;Gfis
cilath;fs; ,irf;fiyQHfs; vd;W gy Ma;twpQh;fs;
jkJ fUj;ij gjpT nra;fpwhh;fs;.17
2. Ananda Coommarswamy vd;Dk; mwpQH ,irf;fiyQh;fis
nja;tj;jpd; khzth;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
“Musical artisits have been considered as ‘pupils of God’ ”.
Ratanjakar vd;gth;
“Singer as a medium communicating between the mortals and the
divinity the effect of music is a holy communion with a soul, a
kind of yoga”.18
16 Psychology of Music, 1957, p.74 17 NkyJ, p.72. 18 NkyJ, 1957, p.73
40
ghlfh; vd;gth;fs; ,iwtDf;Fk; kdpjDf;Fk; ,ilNa ey;y
njhlh;ig cz;lhf;Fk; ghykhfj; jpfo;gth;fs; vd;Wk;> Md;kPfj;
NjlYf;fhd njhlh;ig cz;lhf;Fgth;fs; vd;Wk; mth;fspd; gzp
vtUf;Fk; fpl;lhj Nahfk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
,Jtiu fw;gid Fwpj;j tpsf;fj;ijg; ghHj;Njhk; ,dp
gilg;ghw;wy; Fwpj;j Ma;twpQHfs; jUk; tpsf;fj;ijf; fhz;Nghk;.
2.3.3. Somnath Battacharya
cstpay; Muha;r;rpapy; gilg;ghw;wy; vd;gJ kdpjdJ
tpUg;gj;ijg; nghWj;J mikfpd;wJ. fiyQh;fspilNa fhzg;gLk;
xU gilg;ghw;wy; my;yJ Mf;fj;jpwd;jhd; mth;fis gilg;gjw;F
Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ vd;W ,ay;ghd tpsf;fk; mspj;Js;shh;. kw;wtHfs;
jUk; tpsf;fj;ij N]hk;ehj;gl;lhr;rhh;ah thpirg;gLj;jpj; jUfpd;whH.
1. gilg;ghw;wy; czh;T vd;gJ ,ay; G+l;lq;fspd; ntspg;ghlhFk; vd;W g;uha;l; vd;w cstpayhsh; $wpAs;shh;.
2. gilg;ghw;wy; czh;T vd;gJ xUtifahd (gjPyPl;L) vz;zf; fUthFk; vd;gJ ml;yhpd; fUj;jhFk;.
3. gilg;ghw;wy; vd;gJ xUtUila MSik J}z;lypd;
ntspg;ghlhFk;. ntt;NtW tifahd fiy eaq;fSf;Fk;>
MSik tiffSf;Fk; njhlh;G cz;L vd;gJ [q; (Jung)
vd;gthpd; fUj;jhFk; (g. 91).
2.3.4.2.3.4.2.3.4.2.3.4. Freud jkJ fUj;ij tpsf;Fkplj;J
gilg;ghw;wiy xU gfy; fdtpw;F xg;gpLfpwhh;. gfy;fdtpy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl Kbahj MirfSk;> tpUg;gq;fSk; fiyapd;
thapyhf epiwNtWfpd;wJ. ,t;thW fdtpy; kl;Lky;yhJ mij
edtpYk; cUthf;Fk; jd;ik> fiyj;jpwikf;F cz;L ,th;fNs
fiy ty;YeHfs; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.19
gphpy;]; vd;Dk; Ma;thsH>
xU ftpQDf;F vd;dnty;yhk; jpwik cs;sNjh mj;jidAk;
gilg;ghw;wy;kpf;f ,irf;fiyQDf;Fk; cz;L vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.20
19 Psychology of Music, Freud (1908), p.92. 20 NkyJ> Brills, p. 93.
41
“Three different ‘strctures’ of the total mind stuff”.
1. Innate dissatisfaction is the foutain head of musical creativity.
2. Unfulfilled wishes are now satisfied in the form of Music.
3. Transformation of intellectual impulses. (p. 94-95) vd;gjd; top
%isj;jpwdpd; %tif epiyfisAk; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whH.
1. kdepiwtw;w epiyia ,irf;fiyQHfs; jk; gilg;ghw;wy;
jpwikahy; epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tH.
2. epiwNtwhj tpUg;gq;fs; ,irtbtq;fs; top epiwNtWfpd;wJ.
3. ,ir %ykhf jk; mwpthw;wiy ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH vd;Wk;
gphpy;]; $Wfpd;whH.
,irf;fiyQd; jhd; ghLk; ghly; topahf jd;Dila
Mw;wiy mjw;fhd newpKiwfNshL ntspg;gLj;Jk; NghJ mJ
mtDila kdij nefpo;Tj;jd;ik cilajha; khw;wptpLk;.
,jd;topahf mtDf;F epiwNtwhj rpy mDgtq;fs; epiwNtwpa
kfpo;r;rpapy; jpisf;fKbfpd;wJ.
“Music is Predominantly calhartic expression”21 - Kohut 1957
xUtUila gilg;ghw;wYk; jpwikAk; mtUila kjpg;ig
rKjhaj;jpy; cah;j;Jfpd;wJ. ,iriag; gilf;Fk; ,irf;fiyQd;
jd;Dila Jiw rk;ge;jkhd midj;J tp~aq;fisAk;>
mk;rq;fisAk; fw;Wf; nfhz;l gpd; jdf;nfd xU ghzpia
tFj;Jf; nfhz;L xU GJikiag; gilf;fpd;whd;.
gilg;ghw;wiyj; jho;T kdg;ghd;ikapd; xU gjpyPlhfTk;
nfhs;s KbAk;. r%fj;jpy; ey;y gaDs;s MSikiaj;
jl;bnaOg;gp fiyQdpd; cs;shh;e;j ntspahh;e;j MSikj;
jpwNdhLk; jhd; gilj;j fiyNahLk; xd;wpg; Nghfpwhd; vd;Wk;
,irf;fiyQDf;Fhpa fw;gidj; jpwd; cUthFk; #o;epiyia
tpsf;Ffpd;whH cstpayhsH ml;yH.22
Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; jho;T kdg;ghd;ikia tsh;j;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; kdpjd; tho;f;ifapy; VjhtJ xU fiyiaf;
21 Psychology of Music. 22 NkyJ, Adler (1964), pg. 98-99.
42
fw;Wf;nfhz;L mij tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ jho;T
kdg;ghd;ik ePq;fp rpwe;j fiyQdhfpwhd;. kw;w fiyQh;fistpl
ftpQDk;> ,irf;fiyQDk; kl;LNk ,t;thwhd jho;T
kdg;ghd;ikia tpyf;fp rKjhaj;jpy; cah;e;j ,lk; gpbf;fpwhHfs;.
,g;gjpyPL vd;gJ r%fj;jpy; ey;y gaDs;s MSikiaj;
jl;bnaOg;gp xU ,yf;if Nehf;fpajhfNt mikfpd;w,Uf;Fk;.
Mdhy; xU ,irf;fiyQd; jhd; guk;giuahf ngwf;$ba
xd;iwtpl #o;e;Js;s #o;epiyf;F kl;LNk Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUfpwhd;
vd;W Sir Francis Galton (1870)23 vd;Dk; mwpQH $wpAs;shh;.
2.2.2.2.4444.... kNdhjh;kj;jpd; cl;gphpTfs;kNdhjh;kj;jpd; cl;gphpTfs;kNdhjh;kj;jpd; cl;gphpTfs;kNdhjh;kj;jpd; cl;gphpTfs;
1. uhf Myhgid ghLjy;
2. jhdk; ghLjy;
3. gy;ytp ghLjy;
4. eputy; ghLjy;
5. fw;gid ];tuk; ghLjy;
uhfk;uhfk;uhfk;uhfk; ---- nrhy;tpsf;fk;nrhy;tpsf;fk;nrhy;tpsf;fk;nrhy;tpsf;fk;
KidtH N. uhkehjd; Musical forms in Sangita Ratnakara vDk;
E}ypy; uhfk; vd;w nrhy;ypd; tpsf;fj;jpw;F tz;zk; jPl;Ljy;>
czh;jy;> czh;Tfs; vd;W gynghUs;fspy; $wpAs;shh;. Mdhy;
uhfk; ghLk; NghJ Nfl;Nghiu czh;r;rptrg;gLj;JtJ> Nfl;fr;
nra;tJ vd;Wk; ehl;bak; vd;gJ fz;Lfspf;fr; nra;tJ vd;Wk;
tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
kjq;fKdp jkJ E}yhd gpU`j;Nj]papy;jhd; Kjd; Kjypy;
uhfk; vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;. fpuhkh24> [hjp25 ,tw;Ws;
Vw;gl;l khWjy;fspy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpaNj uhfkhFk;. uhfk; vd;why;
yÑpaj;ijAk;> yÑzj;ijAk; ,izg;gJ MFk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l
];tuj;ij mjw;fhd ,ilntspfSld; (interval) ];tu mirTfspd;
23 Psychology of Music. 24 Gramam – the three ancient scales of Indian music. 25 Jathi – the term corresponding to Raaga in ancient music.
43
%yk; (Melodic) cUthf;Fk; Xh; ,dpa xypNa (j;tdp) uhfk; vd;W
$wpAs;shh;. ,t;thW mo$l;lg;gl;l ];tuq;fisg; ghLk;NghJk;>
thrpf;Fk; NghJk; ghLNthhpd; kdjpw;F (Mind) ngUkfpo;r;rpia
jUtNj uhfk; vd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.26
NkYk; kjq;fH>
uhfk; vd;why; mjw;fhd Fzhjpraq;fSld; yÑz>
yÑpaq;fis nfhz;bUg;gJ MFk;. ,j;jifa tpjpfSld;
];tug;u];jhuq;fis mfhukhf tphpthfg; ghLtNj kNdhjh;k
rq;fPjj;jpd; Kjy; gphpthd ,uhf Myhgid MFk;. ,jw;fhd
tpsf;fj;ijf; fPNo fhzyhk;.
2.4.1.2.4.1.2.4.1.2.4.1. ,,,,uhf Myhgiduhf Myhgiduhf Myhgiduhf Myhgid
,uhf Myhgid vd;gJ ,dpikAk; uQ;rfj;ijAk;
mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ. ,jid mjw;fhd chpa tud;KiwfNshL
ghl Ntz;Lk;. ,uhfk; ghLk; NghJ m – j – d – hp Nghd;w
vOj;Jf;fis cgNahfpj;Jg; ghLth;. ,e;j vOj;Jf;fs; mud; - mhp
- mde;jd; Kjyhd nja;tq;fisf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. xU fr;Nrupapy;
uhfk; jhdk; gy;ytp ghLk;nghOJ uhfk; tphpthfg; ghlg;gLk;.
Mdhy; nghJthd ,irf; fr;Nrhpapy; xU f;Ujpia ghLKd;
ghlg;gLk; ,uhfk; mjd; ];t&gj;ijf; fhl;lf;$ba tifapy; rpwpa
mstpdjhf mikAk;.
,,,,uhf Myhgid gj;jjpuhf Myhgid gj;jjpuhf Myhgid gj;jjpuhf Myhgid gj;jjp
rk];fpUj E}y;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,uhf Myhgidapy;
gpd;tUk; epiyfs; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd.
1. MÑpg;jpfh (my;yJ mwpKfk;) 2. ,uhfth;j;jdp (my;yJ Myhgidapd; cly; gFjp) 3. ];jhap 4. kfhpzp (my;yJ th;j;jdp) vd;gJ KbT MFk;. ,t;tifapy; ,uhfk; ghLtJ vd;gJ xU fl;Liu tiutjpy;
cs;s mwpKfj;ijg; Nghd;Nw mikfpwJ.
26 Brihadesi of Srimatanga music, Chapter III, p. 78.
44
1.1.1.1. MÑpg;jpfhMÑpg;jpfhMÑpg;jpfhMÑpg;jpfh
,J FWfpa mstpy; ,uhfj;jpd; cUtj;ijj; jUk;. Mdhy;
,jd; mstpy; gy tifAz;L. mjhtJ xU ,uhfj;ij gj;J
my;yJ gjpide;J epkplq;fs; Myhgid nra;a Ntz;Lnkdpy;
MÑpg;jpfh mjw;Nfw;wthW mika Ntz;Lk;. Myhgid xU kzp
Neuj;jpw;F ,irf;fg;gLkhdhy; MÑpg;jpfhtpd; msT khWgLk;.
MÑpg;jpfhtpd; gad; ahnjdpy; Nfl;gtUf;F ,uhfj;ij clNd
fz;Lgpbf;f cjTtJ. jpwikahd Myhgid vd;gJ MÑpg;jpfh
gFjpapy; ,uhfj;jpd; rhpahd tbtj;ij vspjpy; fz;L nfhs;Sk;gb
,irg;gjhFk;. ,jpy; kj;jpa ];jhap rl;[j;jpypUe;J njhlq;fp
fPo;];jhapYk;> kj;jpa ];jhapYkhf rQ;rhuq;fis mikj;Jg;
ghlNtz;Lk;. ,ilapNy jhu];jhapYk; rpwpJ epd;W rQ;rhuk; nra;J
gpwF kj;jpa ~l;[j;ij te;J miltJ Kiw. rpy rkaq;fspy;
kj;jpa rl;[j;jpy; njhlq;fhJ jhu];jhap rl;[k; my;yJ
NtW ];tuj;jpYk; njhlq;fpg; ghLtJz;L. ,J ngUk;ghYk;
tpsk;gfhyj;jpNyNa ghlg;gLk;. ngUk;ghyhd uhfq;fSf;F
~l;[];tuNk> fpuf> mk;r> epahr> ];tukhf miktjhy; ,uhf
Myhgid kj;jpa ];jhap ~l;[j;jpy; njhlq;FtJ kuG MFk;.
2.2.2.2. ,uhfth;j;jdp,uhfth;j;jdp,uhfth;j;jdp,uhfth;j;jdp
,JNt Myhgidapd; clyhFk;. ,q;Fjhd; ,uhf tp];jhuk;
ed;F ,lk; ngWk;. ,uhfth;j;jdpapy; ehd;F gphpTfs; cs;sd.
mit ‘gpujk> Jtpjpa> jpUjpa> rJh;j;j’ vd;gjhFk;.
m)m)m)m) gpujk uhfth;j;jpdpgpujk uhfth;j;jpdpgpujk uhfth;j;jpdpgpujk uhfth;j;jpdp
,J ke;j;u ];jhapy; jhd; ,irf;fg; ngWk;. kj;jpa ];jhapy;
Muk;gpj;J ke;j;u ];jhapy; njhlh;e;J> XhpU Kiw> jhu];jhap tiu
nry;Yk;. gpujk uhfth;j;jpdpapy; ke;j;u ];jhapia ed;F
cgNahfg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpa> jhu ];jhapfspy;
ghLtijtpl ,jpy; ghLtJjhd; fbdkhdJ.
45
M)M)M)M) Jtpjpa uhfth;j;jdpJtpjpa uhfth;j;jdpJtpjpa uhfth;j;jdpJtpjpa uhfth;j;jdp
,J kj;jpa];jhap rl;[j;jpy; Muk;gpj;J me;j
];jhapf;Fs;shfNt rQ;rhuq;fs; nra;ag;gLk;. ];tuq;fs; MNuhfz
fpukj;jpy; xt;nthd;whf vLj;J tp];jhpf;fg;gLk;.
,),),),) jpUjpa uhfth;j;jdpjpUjpa uhfth;j;jdpjpUjpa uhfth;j;jdpjpUjpa uhfth;j;jdp
,jpy; jhu];jhapf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gLfpd;wJ.
Mq;fhq;Nf ke;ju> kj;jpa ];jhap rQ;rhuq;fSk; ,lk; ngWtJz;L.
<)<)<)<) rJh;j;j uhfth;j;jdprJh;j;j uhfth;j;jdprJh;j;j uhfth;j;jdprJh;j;j uhfth;j;jdp
,jpy; uhfj;jpd; gy tif mk;rq;fSk;> %d;W ];jhapfspy;
kj;jpa> Jhpjfhy rQ;rhuq;fs; Mfpa ahTk; ,lk; ngWk;. rpy
rkak; ehd;F uhfth;j;jdp gFjpfs; ,uz;lhf;fg;gLtJk; cz;L.
,it vy;yh uhfth;j;jdp gFjpfSf;Fk; xU jFe;j Kbthf
Kf;jhap my;yJ tpjhhp mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
3.3.3.3. ];jhap];jhap];jhap];jhap
,uhf Myhgidapd; mLj;j fl;lk; ];jhap vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; MNuhfz ];jhap> MNuhfz fpukj;jpy;
mikAk;. ,jpy; rQ;rhuq;fs; xt;nthU ];jhap ];tuj;jpYk;
Muk;gpj;J fPo;Nehf;fpg; NghFk;. Mdhy; me;j ];jhap ];tuj;ij
tpl;L NkNy nry;yhJ. ];jhap vd;why; ,q;F xU ];tuj;jpy;
epWj;Jtnjd;W nghUs;. ];jhap Myhgidapy; xU ];tuj;ijf;
Muk;g ];tukhff; nfhz;L mjpNy Muk;gpf;fpNwhk;. MNuhfz
fpukj;jpNyh my;yJ mtNuhfz fpukj;jpNyh rQ;rhuq;fs; nra;J
filrpapy; mNj ];tuj;jpy; te;J epw;f Ntz;Lk;. mtNuhfz
];jhapapy; ];tuq;fs; mtNuhfz fpukj;jpy; mike;jhYk;
rQ;rhuq;fs; Nky;Nehf;fp ,Uf;Fk;.
4.4.4.4. kfhpzpkfhpzpkfhpzpkfhpzp
kfhpzp vd;gJ uhfj;jpd; filrp ghfkhFk;. mjhtJ uhf
rQ;rhuq;fis kj;jpakfhy rq;fjpfSld; jhuk;> kj;jpakk;> ke;juk;>
gpd;G kj;jpakk;> jhuk; vd;W NkYk; fPOkhf %d;W ];jhapfspYk;
46
ghba gpd;G tpsk;g fhyj;jpy; ghb> tpsk;gfhyj;jpd; kj;jpa];jhap
Mjhu ~l;[j;jpy; Kbg;gJNt ,uhfMyhgid ghLk;Kiw MFk;.
,uhfk; ghLtjpy; jpwik tha;e;j rpy tpj;thd;fs; rpy
,uhfq;fspy; mtw;wpy; fpu`Ngjk; nra;J mjhtJ vLj;Jf;nfhz;l
,uhfj;jpd; ~l;[j;ij njhlHe;JtUk; mLj;j ];tuk; hp~gkhdhy;
hp~gj;ij Mjhu ~l;[khff; nfhz;Nlh fhe;jhuj;ij Mjhu
~l;[khf nfhz;Nlh mjpy; cUthFk; Gjpa ,uhfj;jpd;
];tu];jhdq;fis ghbf;fhl;Lk; NghJ NtW xU Gjpa ,uhfk;
Nfl;gJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk;. ,t;thW fiyQuJ jpwik KOtJk;
ntspg;gLk;. Mjhu ~l;[q;fis khw;wpg; ghLtjw;F kpFe;j
,irQhdKk; mjpfciog;Gk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ. gf;fthj;jpakhd
taypd; ,irf;fiyQUila xj;Jiog;Gk; kpfTk; mtrpak;.
Vnddpy; xU ,uhfj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,uhfj;jpw;F fpu`Ngjk;
nra;J ghLk; nghOJ mLj;j ,uhfj;jpw;fhd ];tu];jhdq;fisNah>
uhf];t&gj;ijj; juf;$ba gpuNahfq;fisNah taypd;
,irf;fiyQh; thrpg;gh;. tha;g;ghl;Lfhuh;fSf;F mLj;j ,uhfk; ghl
VJthf mikAk;. ,uhfj;jpd; ~l;[ gQ;rkj;ij th;[k; nra;J
ghLk; nghOJ me;j ,uhfj;jpd; nghypT GJ khjphpahf Nfl;Fk;.
,itahTk; mtutuJ fw;gidj; jpwdpd; ntspg;ghlhFk;.
2.4.2.2.4.2.2.4.2.2.4.2. jhdk;jhdk;jhdk;jhdk;
jhdk; vd;gJ tlnkhopr; nrhy;yhFk;. ,jd;nghUs;
tphpthf;Fjy;> ngUf;Fjy;> gug;Gjy;> tphpT nra;jy; vd;gjhFk;.
,irapy; ];tuq;fisf; Nfhh;itahfr; Nrh;j;J mjid
tphpj;Jg;ghLjy; vdg; nghUs; nfhs;syhk;. ,ir mwpQh;fs;
,Utif jhdq;fis $wpAs;sdh;. mit Rj;jjhdk;> $l jhdk;
MFk;. Rj;jjhdk; vd;why; VO];tuq;fs; fpukkhf tUtJ.
$ljhdk; vd;why; ];tuq;fs; fpukkpy;yhky; tUtJ vd;W (Dic.
South Indian Music, p.355) vd;Dk; mfuhjp27 $Wfpd;wJ.
27 Prof. P. Sambamoorthy.
47
Nguhrphpah; rhk;g%h;j;jp jkJ njd;dpe;jpa ,irapay;28
vd;Dk; E}ypy; jhdk; vd;why; kj;akfhyk; vd;W nghUs;. MfNt
,jid kj;akfhy ,uhf Myhgid vd;Wk; $wyhk;. fw;gidf;F
Vw;wthW vLj;Jf; nfhz;l ,uhfj;jpd;];tuf; Nfhh;itfs; mdk;j>
jhdk;j> jhdk;d Nghd;w nghUsw;w gjj;jpdhy; gad;gLj;jpg;
ghLtNj jhdk; MFk;. jhdj;ij kj;ak fhyj;jpy; ghLtijf;
fzk; vd;Wk; $Wth;. ,uhfj;jpd; epah]> kj;akfhy> tpsk;gfhy
]Q;rhuq;fisg; ghLtJ jhdk; MFk;. ,it vl;L tifg;gLk;.
mit khdt> m];t> f[> kh;fl> kA+u> Ff;Fl> kz;̂ f> rf;u
vd;gjhFk;.
ehl;barh];j;jpuj;jpy; jhd; Kjd;Kjyhf jhdk; vDk;
nrhy;yhdJ fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. ,th; ke;j;u rh];jpuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
jhdj;jpw;fhd nghUisf; $wpAs;shH jh + m + dk;
jh - rq;fuidf;Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
m - gpuk;khitf;Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
dk; - tp~;Zitf;Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
,t;thW jhdk;; vd;gJ %d;W %Hj;jpfspd; gP[ke;;;;;;;;jpukhFk;.
,jid “j;hp%h;j;jpahj;kh gug;uk;kth];a gP[ke;jpuj;hp%h;j;jpahj;kh gug;uk;kth];a gP[ke;jpuj;hp%h;j;jpahj;kh gug;uk;kth];a gP[ke;jpuj;hp%h;j;jpahj;kh gug;uk;kth];a gP[ke;jpu” vDk;
];Nyhfj;jpd; %yk; tpsf;fpAs;sijf; fhzyhk;. ,t;thW jhdk;
ghLk; nghOJ %k;%Hj;jpfspd; Mrpfisg; ngwyhk; vd;gNj IjPfk;
vd;W ,irapay; mwpQH rhk;g%Hj;jp mtHfs; $wpAs;shH.
KidtH gf;fphprhkp ghujp jhdk; gw;wpj; jkJ E}ypDs;
Fwpg;gpLkplj;J> jhdk; vd;gJ uhfj;ijg; NghyNt mikg;Gf;
nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; M. d> jk;> Njhk;> ek; Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fshy;
ghlg;gLfpwJ. jhdk; ghLtjw;F nghJthfNt jhsj;ij ahUk;
gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. Mdhy; rpy tpj;Jthd;fs; ,jid jhsj;jpy;
mikj;J ghLtJk; cz;L29 vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
28 South India Music – IV, P. 29 ,e;jpa ,irf;fUT+yk;> gf;.301.
48
2.4.3.2.4.3.2.4.3.2.4.3. gy;ytpgy;ytpgy;ytpgy;ytp
gy;ytp vd;w nrhy;ypd; tuyhw;iwg; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ %d;W
tpjkhd fUj;Jf;fs; epyTfpwJ. =nrd;dNfrta;ah jd;Dila
E}y;fshd uhfMyhgdh gj;jjp jhdkhl;L gy;ytp vd;w E}ypDs;
gy;ytpapd; %d;W Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
Kjypy; gy;ytp vd;w nrhy;yhdJ gy;yth vd;w
nrhy;ypypUe;J gpwe;jJ. gy;ytp vd;gJ (tender shoot) FUj;Jtpl;l
,sk; nrbf;F xg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. gy;ytpapd; nkl;Lf;fs;
FUj;Jtpl;L nkJthf tsh;e;J nghpa kukhFk; epiyapYs;s xU
tsh;r;rp Nghd;wJ. gy;ytpapd; nkl;L cah;e;j eilapy; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpAs;shh;.
,uz;lhtjhf gy;ytp vd;gJ uhf Myhgid kw;Wk; jhdk;
ghba gpwF ghlg;gLfpwJ. gy;ytpapd; mWjp vd;gJ xU
rhfpj;jpaj;jpd; Kjy; ghjpapd; KbT MFk;. ,J Kjy; j;Ujj;jpd;
jl;by; tpo Ntz;Lk;.
%d;whtjhf> gy;ytpapd; Muk;g ];tuj;jpw;Fk; ,Wjp
];tuj;jpw;Fk; xU nghUj;jk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1. rknghUj;jNkh
2. ];jhap nghUj;jNkh
3. rk;thjp ];tu nghUj;jNkh ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gy;ytp Kbtpy; fw;gid ];tuk; fPo;f;fhyj;jpYk;>
Nkw;fhyj;jpYk; ghlg;gLfpd;wd. gy;NtW uhfq;fspy; uhfkhypifahf
fw;gid ];tuq;fisg; ghb gy;ytpia vLg;gJk; cz;L.
2.4.2.4.2.4.2.4.4444.... eputy;eputy;eputy;eputy;
eputy; vd;gJ kNdhjh;k rq;fPjj;jpd; xU gFjpahFk;. ,J
fPh;j;jidfspy; mDgy;ytpapNyh my;yJ ruzj;jpNyh Vw;w
rhfpj;jpaj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> mtuth; fw;gidj; jpwid
KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jp me;j Neuj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; fw;gidapd;
mbg;gilapy; GjpaGjpa rq;fjpfis cUthf;fpg; ghLtNj eputy;
MFk;.
49
rhfpj;jpaq;fs; jhsj;jpw;Fs; mkh;j;jg;gl;l Kiwapy; ,lk;
khwhkYk; nrhw;fs; njspthfTk; ghlg;gl Ntz;Lk;. eputy;
ghLtjw;F ey;y fw;gid tsKk; ,irQhdKk; Ntz;Lk;. eputy;
jhsj;jpw;F cl;gl;ljhFk;. NkYk; vy;yhg; ghly;fspYk; eputy;
nra;a KbahJ. Vnddpy; eputy; nra;tjw;F Vw;w rhfpj;jpa
mikg;GKiwAk;> vLj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;s uhfk; tphpthf uhfk; ghl
,lk; nfhLf;Fk; uhfkhfTk; cs;s ghly;fspy; jhd; eputy;
nra;aKbAk;. mg;gb ,Ue;jhy;jhd; xU ghlYf;F moFk;> [PtDk;>
ghLNthUf;Ff; fw;gid QhdKk; ntspg;gLk;.
2.4.5.2.4.5.2.4.5.2.4.5. fw;gid ];tuk; ghLjy;fw;gid ];tuk; ghLjy;fw;gid ];tuk; ghLjy;fw;gid ];tuk; ghLjy;
kNdhjh;k rq;fPjj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd gFjp fw;gid ];tuk;
ghLjy;. ghly;fspy; gy;ytpapNyh mDgy;ytpapNyh ruzj;jpNyh
fw;gid];tuk; ghLtjw;F Vw;w rhfpj;jpa mikg;GKiw
cs;s ,lj;ijj; Njh;e;njLj;J mtuth; fw;gidj; jpwDf;Nfw;g
];tuf;Nfhh;itfisj; jhs mikg;Gf;Fs;shf;fp rh`pj;ak; ve;j
];tu mikg;gpy; mike;jpUf;fpwNjh mjw;F fPOs;s my;yJ
NkYs;s ];tuj;jpy; fw;gid ];tuj;ij Kbj;J rh`pj;aj;ij
vLg;gJ fw;gid ];tuk; ghLjyhFk;.
rpy ghly;fspy; rh`pj;jpaj;jpd; Muk;g ];tuj;jpw;F Nky;
];tuj;jpy; fw;gid ];tuj;ij Kbj;Jg; ghliy ghLtJk; cz;L.
,t;thW fw;gid ,irapy; gy;NtW tiffshd uhfk; ghLjy;>
jhdk; ghLjy;> gy;ytp ghLjy;> fw;gid ];tuk; ghLjy;
Nghd;witfs; fw;gid ,irf;F moFk; nkUFk; Nrh;f;fpd;wd.
,jw;F ,ir Qhdk;> uhfk;> Qhdk;> jhsk; Qhdk;> fw;gidtsk;
Kjypa mk;rq;fspy; Kjph;r;rp ngw;W rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhy;jhd;
kNdhjh;k (fw;gid) rq;fPjj;jpy; ntw;wp ngw KbAk;.
kNdhjh;k rq;fPjj;jpy; gy;tif mk;rq;fSs; xt;nthU
tifapYk; rpyh; rpwe;J tpsq;fpj; jhq;fs; ngaiu me;je;j
mk;rq;fspy;epiy ehl;bAs;shh;fs;. mt;tifapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs;.
50
uhfk; ghLtjpy; rpwe;jth;fs;uhfk; ghLtjpy; rpwe;jth;fs;uhfk; ghLtjpy; rpwe;jth;fs;uhfk; ghLtjpy; rpwe;jth;fs;
1. Njhb rPjhuhka;ah; 2. Nkh`dk; fpU~;za;ah; 3. rq;fuhguzk; eura;ah; 4. Ngfl Rg;ukzpa Iah; 5. ehuhaz nfss Fg;ga;ah; 6. jh;ghh; rPjhuhka;ah; 7. mlhzh mg;igah;
jhdk; ghLtjpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpath;fs;jhdk; ghLtjpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpath;fs;jhdk; ghLtjpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpath;fs;jhdk; ghLtjpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpath;fs;
1. fdk; fpU~;za;ah; 2. fdk; Nfrta;ah; 3. fdk; rPda;ah;
2.2.2.2.5555.... KbTiuKbTiuKbTiuKbTiu
fw;gid vd;why; gilg;ghsh; midthpd; Kd; jd; mDgtj;ij
gilj;Jf; fhl;Lk; jpwNd fw;gid vd;Wk;> fw;gidf;Fk;>
kdg;gilg;Gf;Fk; Ntw;Wikapy;iy vd;gijAk; Ik;Gyd;fshYk;
Kd;G czh;e;jtw;iw cs;sj;jpy; epidT$h;e;J ntspf;fhl;LtJk;>
epidthoj;jpYs;s gbkq;fis kdj;jpw;F nfhz;L te;J mtw;iw
type;J ,izj;J nfhLg;gNj fw;gidahFk; vd;W Nkdhl;L
jpwdha;thsh;fspd; $w;Wfs; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
jkpo; E}y;fspy; fw;gidf;F ,yf;fzk; ,y;iy. Mdhy;
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ctk,aiyf; fw;gidf;F ,yf;fzkhff;
nfhs;syhk;. jz;bayq;fhuk; $Wk; tpyf;fzp> Ntw;Wikazp
Nghd;w mzptiffs; Nkdhl;L mwpQH Fwpg;gpLk; Kjyhk; my;yJ
,uz;lhk; epiyf;fw;gidf;fspd; ghw;gLj;jpf; $wyhk; vd fw;gidf;
gw;wp tphpthf Ma;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
,f;fw;gid vDk; gilg;ghw;wy; ,irf;fiyQh;fSf;F
,Ug;gjw;fhd R+o;epiyfs;> fhuzq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wp Ma;T
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. gilg;ghw;wYf;fhd mwpFwpfs;> cstpayhsh;fs;
khd];uha;nrsj;hp> N]hk;ehj; gl;lhrhh;ah> n`uhh;> fhf;]; MfpNahh;
epfo;j;jpa gy Ma;T KbTfspd; top mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
51
fhjhy; Nfl;L> fz;zhy; ghh;j;J ,d;gk; ngwf;$ba
fiyfshd Ez;fiyfspy; fw;gid gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;Fk; rpw;gp> Xtpad; jk;
fw;gidahy; rpw;gq;fis> xtpaq;fis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpwhd;.
ftpQh;fs; jq;fsJ ftpijfspd; top fUj;jpid kl;Lkd;wp
fw;gidiaAk; Nrh;j;Js;sdH. eldf;fiyQd; mgpeaj;jpYk;> xU
epfo;it tpsf;Fk; ]Q;rhhp iffspYk; fw;gidj;jpwDld;> jd;
jpwikiaAk; ntspf;fhl;Lfpwhd;. ,ijg; Nghd;W ,irf;fiyQh;fspd;
fw;gidahdJ ,irepfo;r;rpapy; ghlg;gLk; kNdhjh;kj;jpd;
cl;gphpTfshd uhf Myhgid> jhdk;> gy;ytp> eputy;> fw;gid
];tuk; Mfpad gw;wpg; ghLk; KiwfSk; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
,dp kNdhjh;kj;jpd; cl;gphpTfisf; Fwpj;j tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis
mLj;j ,aypDs;; fhzyhk;.
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 3333
,irapy; kNdhjh;kk; Fwpj;j E}y; tpsf;fk;
52
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 3333
kNdhjh;kk; Fwpj;j tuyhw;W nra;jpfs;
,uhfMyhgid> jhdk;> gy;ytp> eputy;> fw;gid Fwpj;j
nra;jpfisf; $Wk; E}y;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
3.1.3.1.3.1.3.1. tlnkhop E}y;fs;tlnkhop E}y;fs;tlnkhop E}y;fs;tlnkhop E}y;fs;
,uhf Myhgid,uhf Myhgid,uhf Myhgid,uhf Myhgid
3.1.13.1.13.1.13.1.1.... ehl;barh];jpuk;ehl;barh];jpuk;ehl;barh];jpuk;ehl;barh];jpuk; (5 Cent.)
KidtH N. uhkehjd; Musical forms in sangita Ratnakara vDk;
E}ypy;>
ehl;barh];jpuj;jpy; gujh; “ Raga iti SamajikaPritih ” AB ON
NS13, 84cd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,jw;F uhfk; vd;w nrhy;ypd;
tpsf;fj;jpw;F tz;zk; jPl;Ljy;> czh;jy;> czh;Tfs; vd;W
gynghUs;fspy; $wpAs;shh;. Mdhy; uhfk;> ghLk; NghJ Nfl;Nghiu
czh;r;rptrg;gLj;JtJ kdij xU epiyg;gLj;JtJ vd;W
tpsf;fpAs;shh;. (g. 494)
jhdjhdjhdjhdk;k;k;k;
KidtH M.B. Ntjty;yp ‘uhfk; jhdk; gy;ytp’ vDk; jkJ
E}ypy; jhdk; vDk; nrhy;yhdJ gujhpd; ehl;ba rh];jpuj;jpy;jhd;
Kjd; Kjyhff; fhzg;gl;lJ vdyhk;. ,th; %h;r;ridia jhdk;
vDk; thpirapy; $wpAs;shH. ,Nj Nghd;W gy %h;r;ridfisf;
$wpAs;shH. ,t;tif %h;r;ridfSs; xU ];tuk; tH[khf cs;s
%h;r;ridia ~hlt %h;r;rid jhdk; vd;Wk;> ,uz;L ];tuk;
tH[khf cs;s %h;r;rid> xslt %h;r;ridjhdk; vd;Wk;
$wpAs;shH. ,tUf;Fgpd; te;j gy mwpQHfs; ,Nj Nghd;W
jhdq;fsJ tifg;ghLfisf; $wpAs;sdH. gujhpd; $w;Wg;gb jhdk;
vd;gJ %h;r;ridiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ (gf;.42-53) vd;W $wpAs;shH.
53
3.1.23.1.23.1.23.1.2.... g;U`j;Nj]pg;U`j;Nj]pg;U`j;Nj]pg;U`j;Nj]p (9 cent)
Dr. N. Premalathasharma, Brihadessi of Srimatangamuni, vDk; E}ypy;
kjq;fKdp ,aw;wpa ,e;E}ypy; jhd; Kjd;Kjypy; uhfk; vd;w
nrhy;yhdJ ,ir cyfpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,tH uhfj;jpd;
je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhH. gpU`j;Nj]p
“Trisu Margesu giyate dakshine kala vrattukala citrekala swarapadesu caccat putaditalah akspitaka” (Chapter V, P. 491.)
fpuhk uhfq;fis %d;W khh;f;fq;fshd jÑpz> tpUj;jp> rpj;u
khh;f;fj;jpy; ghLth; vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mt;thW ghLk; nghOJ
];tuj;jpd; ,dpik fUjp rpy thh;j;ijfs; jhsf;fl;Lg;ghl;NlhL
ghlg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F MÑpjpg;fh vd;W ngah;. vd;W Ehyhrphpah;
tpsf;Ffpwhh;.
3.3.3.3.1111....3.3.3.3. jj;jpyk;jj;jpyk;jj;jpyk;jj;jpyk;
KidtH M.B. Ntjty;yp> uhfk; jhdk; gy;ytp vDk; E}ypy;>
jj;jpyk; vOjpAs;s jj;jpyKdptH Rj;jjhdj;ijg; gw;wpAk;>
$l;ljhdj;ijg; gw;wpAk; $wpAs;shH. Rj;jjhdk; vd;gJ VO
];tuq;fSk; fpukkhf tUtJ. $l;ljhdk; vd;why; ];tuq;fs;
fpukkpy;yhky; tUtJ (g.42) vd;W $wpAs;shH.
3.1.3.1.3.1.3.1.4444.... rq;fPj rkarhukrq;fPj rkarhukrq;fPj rkarhukrq;fPj rkarhuk;;;; (12th to 13th cen)
KidtH M.B. Ntjty;yp> uhfk;> jhdk;> gy;ytp vDk; jdJ E}ypy;>
ghh;r;t Njtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,e;E}ypy; uhf Myhg;jpiag;
gw;wpa Fwpg;G ,uz;lhtJ mjpfhuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
xU ];jhapapy; %d;W ];tuq;fis mikj;J uhfj;ijg; ghLk;
Kiwia tpsf;fpAs;shh;. mitfis ];jhap];tuk;> j;tpah;j;j
];tuk;> j;tpFz ];tuk; vd;W gphpj;Js;shh;. mbg;gil ];tukhf
mikj;Jf; nfhs;tij
“];t];jhNd g;ujNkFh;ahj; ];tuhghghjpf;fhguk;];t];jhNd g;ujNkFh;ahj; ];tuhghghjpf;fhguk;];t];jhNd g;ujNkFh;ahj; ];tuhghghjpf;fhguk;];t];jhNd g;ujNkFh;ahj; ];tuhghghjpf;fhguk; uhfh fhuk g];jhNd thj;]PuNfhj;j cr;raNjuhfh fhuk g];jhNd thj;]PuNfhj;j cr;raNjuhfh fhuk g];jhNd thj;]PuNfhj;j cr;raNjuhfh fhuk g];jhNd thj;]PuNfhj;j cr;raNj” (22, P. 5)
];jhap];tuk; vd;W ghh;RtNjth; $WfpwhH.1 (g. 11)
1 uhfk; jhdk; gy;ytp.
54
,uhfk; ghLtij tpsf;F kplj;J xU ];jhapy; cs;s
cwTKiwapy; mike;j ];tuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwgw;wpa
tpsf;fj;Js; ,U tifahd cwT epiyfisg; ghHRt NjtH
Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whH. xd;W j;tpaHj;j ];tuk; ,J ];jhapd; Kjy;
];tuj;jpypUe;J ehd;fhtJ ];tuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,uz;lhtJ
Kjy; ];tuj;jpy; ,Ue;J vl;lhtJ ];tuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
,jdbg;gilapy; ghlg;gLk; Myhgidia ehd;F tifahf
tiuaWj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whH.
1.1.1.1. g;ujk];t];jhdk;g;ujk];t];jhdk;g;ujk];t];jhdk;g;ujk];t];jhdk;
uhfk; ghLtjw;F ];jhap ];tukhf nfhs;tJ g;ujk];t];jhdk;.
];jhap];tuj;jpypUe;J j;tpah;j;j ];tuk; tiu ]Q;rhuq;fisg;
ghb kPz;Lk; ];jhap ];tuj;jpw;F tUtNj uhfj;jpd; Kjy;
];t];jhdkhFk;.
2.2.2.2. j;tpjPa ];t];jhdk;j;tpjPa ];t];jhdk;j;tpjPa ];t];jhdk;j;tpjPa ];t];jhdk;
,J j;tpah;j;j ];tuj;ijAk;> ];jhap ];tuj;ijAk; ,izj;J
,ilntsptplhJ kj;ak fhy ]Q;rhuq;fspy; ghLtjhFk;.
3.3.3.3. j;hpjPa];t]j;hpjPa];t]j;hpjPa];t]j;hpjPa];t];jhdk;jhdk;jhdk;jhdk;
j;tpah;j;j ];tuj;jpw;Fk; j;hpjPa];t];jhdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa
ghlg;gLtJ mh;j;j];jplkhFk;. ,t;tpU ];t];jhdq;fSf;Fk;
,ilNa ghlg;gLtJ j;hpjPa ];t];jhdk;.
4.4.4.4. rJh;j;j];t];jhdk;rJh;j;j];t];jhdk;rJh;j;j];t];jhdk;rJh;j;j];t];jhdk;
];jhap ];tuj;jpw;Fk; j;tpFz];tuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa ghlg;gLk;
]Q;rhuq;fs; rJh;j;j ];t];jhdkhFk;. rJh;j;j (ehd;fhtJ)
];t];jhdj;jpy; ghLk;nghOJ xU];jhap KOtJk; KOikahfg;
ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. uhfj;ij KOikahf ghtj;NjhL ghLtjw;F
[Pt];tuj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; je;J uhfj;jpd; KOr;rhaYk;
ntspg;glNtz;Lk;. (g. 11)
55
&gf Myhg;jp gw;wpa Fwpg;G&gf Myhg;jp gw;wpa Fwpg;G&gf Myhg;jp gw;wpa Fwpg;G&gf Myhg;jp gw;wpa Fwpg;G
&gfMyhg;jpahdJ jhsf;fl;Lg;ghl;by; ghlf;$baJ vd;W
jdJ E}ypy; $wpAs;shh;. &gfMyhg;jpapd; xUtifahd
gpujpfpu`zthFk;. ,jid xU ];Nyhfk; %yk; tpsf;Ffpwhh;.
“];jhahah &gNfah];kpd;jh];ah ehzh gpufhj;j];jhahah &gNfah];kpd;jh];ah ehzh gpufhj;j];jhahah &gNfah];kpd;jh];ah ehzh gpufhj;j];jhahah &gNfah];kpd;jh];ah ehzh gpufhj;j; K$h;K$h; fpuN`hahj;J gpujp fpu`z Kr;aNjK$h;K$h; fpuN`hahj;J gpujp fpu`z Kr;aNjK$h;K$h; fpuN`hahj;J gpujp fpu`z Kr;aNjK$h;K$h; fpuN`hahj;J gpujp fpu`z Kr;aNj”
(P7 Verse 2, 31)
gpujpfpu`zj;jpy; MyhgidahdJ Kjypy; ];t];jhdj;jpy;
ghlg;gLfpwJ. mjd;gpd; gpuge;jj;jpd; VNjDk; xU mq;fkhdJ
mfhuj;jpy; ghlg;gLfpwJ. mjd;gpd; gpuge;jkhdJ ghlg;gLfpwJ
vd;W tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
3.1.4 rq;fPjuh[h3.1.4 rq;fPjuh[h3.1.4 rq;fPjuh[h3.1.4 rq;fPjuh[h
Fk;guhzhthy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s ,e;E}ypy;> rq;fPjhuj;dhfuk;>
rq;fPjrkarhuk; Mfpa E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sijg; gpd;gw;wpNa
uhfMyhg;jp> mjw;fhd ehd;F ];t];jhdq;fisg; ghLk; Kiwiaf;
$wpAs;shh;.
&gfMyhg;jpiaAk;> mjDila gphpTfisAk; tpsf;fp
$wpAs;shh;. gpujp fpu`zpfhit tpsf;fpf; $Wk; nghOJ ]hpfk
xypfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
“ gpujpfpU`zpiffpfh jjhD ghQgpujpfpU`zpiffpfh jjhD ghQgpujpfpU`zpiffpfh jjhD ghQgpujpfpU`zpiffpfh jjhD ghQ;rdp ]Q;rDfh;rdp ]Q;rDfh;rdp ]Q;rDfh;rdp ]Q;rDfh guhg;ujkj];j;tpak; gpujk th;zpjhyÑguhg;ujkj];j;tpak; gpujk th;zpjhyÑguhg;ujkj];j;tpak; gpujk th;zpjhyÑguhg;ujkj];j;tpak; gpujk th;zpjhyÑpapapapaNj!Nj!Nj!Nj! ajhj;u gpujpfpU`Njdhtat`h ];jpNjh&gNfajhj;u gpujpfpU`Njdhtat`h ];jpNjh&gNfajhj;u gpujpfpU`Njdhtat`h ];jpNjh&gNfajhj;u gpujpfpU`Njdhtat`h ];jpNjh&gNf tpjha ]hpfh jpfk; ];jpjp [P~k; rlhyhg;jptpjha ]hpfh jpfk; ];jpjp [P~k; rlhyhg;jptpjha ]hpfh jpfk; ];jpjp [P~k; rlhyhg;jptpjha ]hpfh jpfk; ];jpjp [P~k; rlhyhg;jp”
,e;j ];Nyhfj;jpd; %yk; kNdhjh;k ,irapy; rhpfk
FwpaPLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld vd;gJ tpsq;FfpwJ.
3.1.5 rq;fPjuj;dhfuk;3.1.5 rq;fPjuj;dhfuk;3.1.5 rq;fPjuj;dhfuk;3.1.5 rq;fPjuj;dhfuk;
,e;E}y; rhuq;fNjtuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ. gjpd;%d;W mj;jpahaq;fisf;
nfhz;l ,e;E}ypy;. ,uhfj;jpw;nfd;Nw mj;ahak; je;J ,jid
tpsf;Ffpd;whH.
56
xU uhfj;ij mjd; fpu`> mk;r> epah]> ke;ju> jhu>
mgd;ah]> my;gj;t> gFj;t> ~hlt> xslt ];tuq;fis itj;J
tphpthf tpthpj;J ghLtJ Myhgidapd; Kf;fpa fl;lkhFk;.
%d;whtJ mj;ahakhd g;ufPh;zmj;ahaj;jpy; uhfMyhg;jpiag; gw;wp
tpsf;fpAs;shh;. uhf Myhg;jp vd;gJ xU uhfj;ij mjw;fhd th;z
myq;fhuk;> ,irmzpfs;> fkfq;fs;> ];jhaq;fs;> mofhd
EZf;fq;fs; Kjypatw;iwf; nfhz;L ghlNtz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpwhh;.
]huq;f Njth; uhf Myhgidf;fhd ehd;F ];t];jhdq;fisAk;
,jd; thapyhf uhfj;ij vt;thW tpthpj;Jg; ghLtJ vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,th; tpsf;fpf; $wpAs;s ehd;F ];t];jhdq;fSk;
rq;fPjrkarhuj;jpy; ghh;r;Rt Njth; $wg;gl;Ls;sijNa jOtp
mike;Js;sJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
]huq;fNjth; jkJ thj;a mj;ahaj;jpYk; Myhg;jp
thrpf;fg;gLk; Kiwia tpsf;Fifapy; kj;jsk; vDk; ,irf;fUtp
gf;fthj;akhf Myhgidf;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vdTk; ehf];tu
fr;Nrhpfspy; jtpy; gf;fthj;akhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;Wk;
$wpAs;shh;. (gf;. 14-15)
&gfMyhg;jp gw;wpa Fwpg;G&gfMyhg;jp gw;wpa Fwpg;G&gfMyhg;jp gw;wpa Fwpg;G&gfMyhg;jp gw;wpa Fwpg;G
&gf Myhg;jpahdJ uhf jhsj;NjhL ghlg;gLtJ. ,J rpy
,lq;fspy; uhf Myhg;jpia xj;jpUf;Fk; Mdhy; NtWgl;l gy
gFjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;W $wpAs;shh;.
&gf];Njd uhNfd jhNsd r&gf];Njd uhNfd jhNsd r&gf];Njd uhNfd jhNsd r&gf];Njd uhNfd jhNsd r tpjpaNjtpjpaNjtpjpaNjtpjpaNj’ (3(3(3(3----197)197)197)197)
vd;w ghly; thpapy; &gfMyhg;jpapd; ,Utiffisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
1. gpujp fpu`zpf 2. ghQ;rzp.
gpujpfpU`;Najrh g;Nuhf;j gpujp fpu`z;f G+gpujpfpU`;Najrh g;Nuhf;j gpujp fpu`z;f G+gpujpfpU`;Najrh g;Nuhf;j gpujp fpu`z;f G+gpujpfpU`;Najrh g;Nuhf;j gpujp fpu`z;f G+jjjj (3(3(3(3>>>> 199)199)199)199)
gpujp fpU`zpf vd;w nrhy;Yf;F kPz;Lk; ghLjy; my;yJ
gw;Wjy; vd;W nghUs; &gf Myhg;jpapd; xU rpWgFjp jhd; uhf
Myhg;jp MFk;. uhf Myhgidiag; ghbagpd; ghlypy; ,Ue;J rpy
thpfs; ghlg;gLfpwJ. mjd;gpd; uhf Myhgidapy; rpy ];tu
]Q;rhuq;fs; ghlg;gl;L kPz;Lk; ghliyg; ghLtJ. ghQ;rdp
57
vd;gjw;F ,yf;fpa tbtj;jpy; gphpj;jy; vd;W nghUs;. ,J
,Utifg;gLk;. 1.];jha ghQ;rdp 2.&gf ghQ;rdp VNjDk; xU
cUg;gbapypUe;J Fwpg;gpl;l ]Q;rhuq;fis vLj;J mJ
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhy mstpy; NtWgl;l tpjj;jpy; ghLtJ ];jha
ghQ;rdp MFk;.
“ajh jj; gjkhNkdd ];jhNah &gf ]k;];jpajh jj; gjkhNkdd ];jhNah &gf ]k;];jpajh jj; gjkhNkdd ];jhNah &gf ]k;];jpajh jj; gjkhNkdd ];jhNah &gf ]k;];jp eheh g;u`huf`; fphpaNj rh[;Nea ];jha ghQ;rdpeheh g;u`huf`; fphpaNj rh[;Nea ];jha ghQ;rdpeheh g;u`huf`; fphpaNj rh[;Nea ];jha ghQ;rdpeheh g;u`huf`; fphpaNj rh[;Nea ];jha ghQ;rdp”
(3> 200)
cUg;gbfs; KOtjpYk; ,Ue;J ];jha ghQ;rdpapy; ghlg;gl;l
mNj thh;j;ijfs; my;yJ NtW thh;j;ijfs; mNj fhymstpy;
NtWgl;l tpjj;jpy; ghLtJ &gf ghQ;rdp MFk;.
‘ij`p gj];Njd khNd Nd rkfpuk;&gfk;ajp|ij`p gj];Njd khNd Nd rkfpuk;&gfk;ajp|ij`p gj];Njd khNd Nd rkfpuk;&gfk;ajp|ij`p gj];Njd khNd Nd rkfpuk;&gfk;ajp| ‘md;ajh rhd;ahjh fhNaj]A &gfghQ;rdpmd;ajh rhd;ahjh fhNaj]A &gfghQ;rdpmd;ajh rhd;ahjh fhNaj]A &gfghQ;rdpmd;ajh rhd;ahjh fhNaj]A &gfghQ;rdp’ (3> 201)
,tw;iw MuhAk; nghOJ eputypd; gpwg;G> Njhw;wkhdJ
ghQ;rdpia ghLk; nghOJ Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd;W mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ. ]huq;f Njthpd; rq;fPj uj;dhfuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3.1.6 rJh;jz;b gpuhfhrpif (1620)3.1.6 rJh;jz;b gpuhfhrpif (1620)3.1.6 rJh;jz;b gpuhfhrpif (1620)3.1.6 rJh;jz;b gpuhfhrpif (1620)
ntq;flkfpahy; vOjg;gl;l ,f;fpue;jj;jpy; MwhtJ
g;ufuzkhd Myhggpufuzj;jpy; uhfMyhgidapy; fhzg;gLk;
gy;NtW fl;lq;fSk; ghLk; KiwAk; tpsf;fpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tH
jUk; tpsf;fj;jpd; gb>
MÑpg;jpfhMÑpg;jpfhMÑpg;jpfhMÑpg;jpfh
yÑz Kiwg;gb Myhgid nra;tNj MÑpg;jpfh vd;W
$Wfpwhh;. ,jw;F ‘Maj;j’ vd;W nghUs;.
“jj;u MyhNg]P ]h;tj;uh];ahl thf;Ñpg;jpfh ];kUjjj;u MyhNg]P ]h;tj;uh];ahl thf;Ñpg;jpfh ];kUjjj;u MyhNg]P ]h;tj;uh];ahl thf;Ñpg;jpfh ];kUjjj;u MyhNg]P ]h;tj;uh];ahl thf;Ñpg;jpfh ];kUj MÑpg;jpfht;a NyhNf];kpdh ahj;jhkpjp[paNjMÑpg;jpfht;a NyhNf];kpdh ahj;jhkpjp[paNjMÑpg;jpfht;a NyhNf];kpdh ahj;jhkpjp[paNjMÑpg;jpfht;a NyhNf];kpdh ahj;jhkpjp[paNj” ((((6666----2)2)2)2)
xU kdpjd; MNuhf;fpaj;NjhL tho;tjw;F czT vt;tsT
Kf;fpaNkh mJ Nghy; xU uhfj;ij tp];jhukhf ghLtjw;F
MÑpg;jpfh kpfkpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij
58
“ gpdhj;Ntd ajhf;Ñpg;jk; ];teph;thfha Ngh[dk;gpdhj;Ntd ajhf;Ñpg;jk; ];teph;thfha Ngh[dk;gpdhj;Ntd ajhf;Ñpg;jk; ];teph;thfha Ngh[dk;gpdhj;Ntd ajhf;Ñpg;jk; ];teph;thfha Ngh[dk; uhNfd jjhf;Ñpg; njj; ahjthf;Ñpg;jpfh khjhuhNfd jjhf;Ñpg; njj; ahjthf;Ñpg;jpfh khjhuhNfd jjhf;Ñpg; njj; ahjthf;Ñpg;jpfh khjhuhNfd jjhf;Ñpg; njj; ahjthf;Ñpg;jpfh khjh” (6(6(6(6----3)3)3)3)
,r;];;Nyhfk; Kyk; tpsf;fpAs;shH.
uhfth;j;jpdpuhfth;j;jpdpuhfth;j;jpdpuhfth;j;jpdp
MÑpg;jpfhitj; njhlHe;J ghlg;gLk; uhftHj;jpdpiaf; fuzk;
vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. uhftHj;jpdpf;F vLg;G vd;W nghUs;.
“MÑpg;jpfhMÑpg;jpfhMÑpg;jpfhMÑpg;jpfhdd; juk;J fh;jt;ah uhfth;j;jpdpdd; juk;J fh;jt;ah uhfth;j;jpdpdd; juk;J fh;jt;ah uhfth;j;jpdpdd; juk;J fh;jt;ah uhfth;j;jpdp ,aNkt [idh;NyhNf aJ gpjahgpjpa Nj,aNkt [idh;NyhNf aJ gpjahgpjpa Nj,aNkt [idh;NyhNf aJ gpjahgpjpa Nj,aNkt [idh;NyhNf aJ gpjahgpjpa Nj” ((((6666----4)4)4)4)
xU uhfj;ij tp];jhukhfg; ghLtJ Fwpj;j tpsf;fk; ,q;F
jhd; tpthpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpjhhptpjhhptpjhhptpjhhp
uhfth;j;jpdpiaj; njhlh;e;J ghLtJ Kf;jhap vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
“ uhfth;jhd;a rhNtt g;Nuhf;jfuzkpj;ahgpuhfth;jhd;a rhNtt g;Nuhf;jfuzkpj;ahgpuhfth;jhd;a rhNtt g;Nuhf;jfuzkpj;ahgpuhfth;jhd;a rhNtt g;Nuhf;jfuzkpj;ahgp jNjh tpjhhp fjht;a NyhNf Kf;jhap ]k;[pdpjjNjh tpjhhp fjht;a NyhNf Kf;jhap ]k;[pdpjjNjh tpjhhp fjht;a NyhNf Kf;jhap ]k;[pdpjjNjh tpjhhp fjht;a NyhNf Kf;jhap ]k;[pdpj” ((((6666----6)6)6)6)
KjypU uhfth;j;jpdpf;F tpjhhp vd;W ngahpl;Ls;shh;.
tpjhhpiaj; njhlh;e;J ,uz;lhtJ uhfth;j;jpdp ghlg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jidAk; vLg;G vd;Nw Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J
,uz;lhtJ tpjhhp ghlg;gLfpwJ. mLj;jg;gbahf %d;whtJ
uhfth;j;jdpAk;> tpjhhpAk; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy rkaq;fspy; %d;whtJ
uhfth;j;jdp ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy rkaq;fspy; ghlg;gLtjpy;iy.
];jhap];jhap];jhap];jhap
jhdk; my;yJ g;uNahfq;fis tphpthfg; ghlg; gad;gLk;
];tuq;fSf;F ];jhap vd;W ngahpl;Ls;shh;. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J
ehd;fhtJ uhfth;j;jdpAk; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. Ntq;flkfp ,J Fwpj;J
tpsf;Fifapy; Myhgidf;Fhpa yÑzkhdJ vy;yh uhfq;fSf;Fk;
nghUj;jkhdJ vd;Wk; jkJ FUthd jhdg;gMrhh;ah Ik;gJ
uhfq;fis Myhg yÑzq;fSld; vt;thW ghLtJ vd;Wk; ghb
mjw;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; njspthf;fpAs;sijj; jkJE}ypy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. filrpg; gphpthd epah]j;ij jtpu uhf Myhgidf;F
59
,th; $wpAs;s midj;JNk rq;fPjRjhtpy; $wpAs;sijg; Nghd;Nw
mike;Js;sJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
ntq;flkfp jhdj;ijg;gw;wp “jhdg;ufuzk;” vDk; mj;ahaj;jpy;
tpsf;fpAs;shH. ,J lhag;g;ufuzk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
ntq;flkfp jhdj;ij flfk; (fl;fh) vd;W miof;fpwhH.
“lhak; vd;gJ” xU ];tuj;ij ];jhapahff; nfhs;sy; vdg;
nghUs;gLk;. ve;j uhfj;ijg; ghLfpwhNah me;j uhfj;jpy; xU
];tuj;ij ];jhapahf nfhz;L ghb> mjw;F fPo; cs;s
];tuq;fspy; rQ;rhpj;J> kj;a \l;[j;jpy; epahrk; nra;J me;j
];jhapf;F Nky; MNuhfz fpukkhAs;s KjyhtJ> ,uz;lhtJ>
%d;whtJ> ehd;fhtJ ];tuq;fis Kiwahf xt;nthU ];tukha;
NrHj;Jf;nfhz;L rQ;rhuq;fs; nra;Jk; kj;a];jhap \l;[j;jpNy
epw;f Ntz;Lk;. kWgbAk; mtNuhfzf; fpukkha; ehd;fhtJ
];tuj;jpNyNa jhdj;ij Muk;gpj;J mjpypUe;J fPOs;s
];tuq;fisg; gpbf;fhky;> me;j ];tuj;jpYk; mjw;F NkYs;s
];tuq;fspNyAk; rQ;rhuk; nra;J kj;a ];jhapy; epahrk; nra;J
];jhapf;F %d;whtJ> ,uz;lhtJ> KjyhtJ ];tuq;fspd;
Kiwahf xt;nthU ];tukha; rQ;rhpj;J kj;a \l;[j;jpy;
epah]j;ij epWj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W ntq;flkfp rJHjz;b
gpufhrpifapd; lhag; gpufuzj;jpy; jhdk; ghLk; Kiwia $WfpwhH.
NkYk;> uhf Myhgidiag; Nghy; jhdq;fSf;F Maj;j>
vLg;G> Kf;jhap> ];jhap> MNuhfp> mtNuhfp> rQ;rhhp> kfhpzp
vd;Dk; yl;rzq;fs; cs;sd. rq;fPj rk;g;ujha gpujHrpzpapy; rpy
uhfq;fSf;F jhdj;jpw;fhd ];tujhsf; Fwpg;Gfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jQ;rhT+H ru];tjp k`}ypYs;s E}yfj;jpy; 18k; E}w;whz;bd;
fhyj;jpYs;s Xiyr;Rtbfsp;y; 2jhaq;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jhaq;fspYs;s gy mk;rq;fs; ,f;fhyj;jpy;
ghlg;gLk; jhdj;Jld; xj;Jg;Nghfpd;wJ. ,j;jhaq;fs; tha;g;ghl;L
kw;Wk; ,irf;fUtpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F Vw;wthW tifg;gLj;jpAk;
cs;sJ. tha;g;ghl;bw;fhd jhaq;fs; fhj;jpuje;jp my;yJ fhj;jpuNkyp
2 jw;fhyj;jpy; jhdk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
60
vd;Wk; thj;jpaq;fSf;fhd je;jp [_[thhpjd vd;Wk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,tw;wpy; fhj;uje;jp ];tuq;fNshLk;> gyxypfNshLk;; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ
,jw;F Maj;jk;> vLg;G> Kf;jhap> cj;f;u` Nghd;w gphpTfSk;
cs;sd.
fhj;uje;jpapy; ];tuq;fs; kl;LNk ];tujhsf;Fwpg;NghL
fhzg;gLfpwJ. jQ;ir ru];tjp k`hypy; cs;s E}yfj;jpy;
ehl;luhfj;jpw;fhd jhak; Xiyr;Rtbapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ ,j;jhaq;fNs
gpw;fhyj;jpy; jhdj;jpw;F Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jJ vdyhk;. ,e;j
Xiyr;Rtbapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sijg;Nghd;W ];tuq;fs; ;̀u];tkhfTk;>
jPh;f;fkhfTk;> [z;il ];tuq;fisg; Nghd;Wk;> M`j> g;uj;jpah`j
ghzpapYk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; xNu khjphpahd ]Q;rhuq;fisg;
ghLtJ Nghd;wit jw;fhyj;jpy; jhdk; ghLtJ Nghd;W
ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W jkJ E}ypy; (gf;.43-44) KidtH
M.B. Ntjty;yp tpsf;FfpwhH.
3.1.7 rq;fPjRjh (3.1.7 rq;fPjRjh (3.1.7 rq;fPjRjh (3.1.7 rq;fPjRjh (1614161416141614----1628)1628)1628)1628)
Ntq;flkfpahy; vOjg;gl;l rJh;jz;bgpufhrpif vDk;
fpue;jNk uhfMyhgidapd; tsh;r;rpf;F kpf Kf;fpakhd fhyk;
vDk; Fwpg;Gf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; uFehj ehaf; vDk;
kd;duhy; vOjg;gl;l rq;fPjRjh vDk; E}Ny uhf Myhgidapd;
gy;NtW fl;lq;fis tpthpj;Js;s Kjy; E}yhFk;. mth; tpthpj;Js;s
midj;JNk jw;fhy tsh;r;rpf;Fg; nghUe;JkhW cs;sJ vd;gJ
Fwpg;gpljf;fJ. rq;fPjRjhtpy; uhf Myhg;jpiag; gw;wp ,U
,lq;fspy; tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU ,lj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s tpsf;fk;
rq;fPjuj;jpdhfuj;jpy; $wpAs;sijg; Nghd;Nw mike;Js;sJ. kw;NwhH
,lj;jpy; uhfmj;ahaj;jpy; Myhg;jp vDk; ngahpy; cs;sJ. ,J
jw;fhy uhfMyhgidf;F nghUe;Jk; tifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
%d;whtJ mj;ahaj;jpy; uhfMyhgidapd; ehd;F fl;lq;fisAk;
tpsf;fkhff; $wpAs;shh;. xU uhfj;ij tp];jhukhf Myhgid
nra;tij Myhg;jpfh vd;W $wyhk;. ,it ,UgphpTfshFk; xd;W
uhf G+Ht> kw;Wk; &gf G+Ht. ,t;tpuz;bYk; uhfg+h;t Myhg;jpfh
61
vd;gJ g;uge;jq;fisg; Nghd;W ghLtJ> ghLk; mikg;gpy; ehd;F
];jhdq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vd;gJ ,tH fUj;jhFk;.
“Myhg;jph;Nu] j;tpjhr uhfg+h;thr rh&gf g+h;tpfhrMyhg;jph;Nu] j;tpjhr uhfg+h;thr rh&gf g+h;tpfhrMyhg;jph;Nu] j;tpjhr uhfg+h;thr rh&gf g+h;tpfhrMyhg;jph;Nu] j;tpjhr uhfg+h;thr rh&gf g+h;tpfhr Mj;ahd; gpue;jhdd Ngf;Ñpa uhf Myhg;jph; gNtj;Mj;ahd; gpue;jhdd Ngf;Ñpa uhf Myhg;jph; gNtj;Mj;ahd; gpue;jhdd Ngf;Ñpa uhf Myhg;jph; gNtj;Mj;ahd; gpue;jhdd Ngf;Ñpa uhf Myhg;jph; gNtj;
];jhd rJ]; ];jhNaj`];jhd rJ]; ];jhNaj`];jhd rJ]; ];jhNaj`];jhd rJ]; ];jhNaj`” P-16
Muk;gj;jpy; ];jhap ];tuj;jpw;fhd tpsf;fk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
];jhap ];tuk; vd;why; uhfj;jpd; ];t&gj;ij ntspg;gLj;jf;$baJ.
“ahj;u ];tu uhf epNt~dk;r;ahj;u ];tu uhf epNt~dk;r;ahj;u ];tu uhf epNt~dk;r;ahj;u ];tu uhf epNt~dk;r; ahj; ];jha];tuk;jk; epflz;b re;j`ahj; ];jha];tuk;jk; epflz;b re;j`ahj; ];jha];tuk;jk; epflz;b re;j`ahj; ];jha];tuk;jk; epflz;b re;j`” ((((289289289289----302)302)302)302)
,jidaLj;J uhf Myhg;jpapd; ehd;F ];jhdq;fisAk;
ghLk; tpjj;jpid tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
Kjy; ];t];jhdk;Kjy; ];t];jhdk;Kjy; ];t];jhdk;Kjy; ];t];jhdk;
];jhap ];tuj;jpypUe;J VW thpirapy; ehd;F ];tuq;fs;
mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,jw;F j;tpah;j;j vd;W ngahpl;Ls;shh;. ];jhap
];tuj;jpypUe;J %d;W ];tuk; tiu kPz;Lk;kPz;Lk; ghl Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW ghLtij Kfr;rhy vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,e;j
Kiwiaf; fhw;Wf; fUtpfis thrpf;Fk; fiyQh;fs; mjpfkhf
gad;gLj;Jthh;fs; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
,uz;lhtJ ];t];jhdk;,uz;lhtJ ];t];jhdk;,uz;lhtJ ];t];jhdk;,uz;lhtJ ];t];jhdk;
,uz;lhtJ ];t];jhdj;jpy; ehd;fhtJ ];tuj;ijr; Nrh;f;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpAs;shh;.
%d;whtJ ];t];jhdk;%d;whtJ ];t];jhdk;%d;whtJ ];t];jhdk;%d;whtJ ];t];jhdk;
];jhap ];tuj;jpypUe;J vl;lhtJ ];tuj;jpw;F j;tpFz
];tuk; vd;W ngahpl;Ls;shh;. j;tpFz ];tuj;jpw;F kj;agh[h
my;yJ mh;j;j];jpl vd;W ngahpl;Ls;shh; ,e;j ghzpapy;
];tuq;fis ghLk; nghOJ fkfq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW
vl;L];tuq;fis ghb Kbf;Fk; jUthapy; ];jhap];tuj;jpy;
Kbg;gij %d;whtJ ];t];jhdj;jpy; tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
62
ehd;fhtJ ];t];jhdk;ehd;fhtJ ];t];jhdk;ehd;fhtJ ];t];jhdk;ehd;fhtJ ];t];jhdk;
xU ];jhapYs;s vl;L];tuq;fspYk; fkfq;fNshL ghb
];jhap];tuj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L Kbg;gNj ehd;fhtJ ];t];jhdkhFk;.
xU uhfj;ijg; ghLtjw;F [Pt];tuq;fisAk; mofhd
];tugpuNahfq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp uhfj;jpd; ghtj;ij ntspg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
E}ypd; ,uz;lhtJ mj;ahaj;jpy; “u[]hkhd;a yÑzk;”
vDk; jiyg;gpy; Myhgidapd; gy fl;lq;fisf; $wpAs;sJ
ngUk;ghYk; jw;fhy Kiwf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf cs;sJ. NkYk;
Myhgidapd; MW fl;lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. mit gpd;
tUkhW: MÑpg;jpfh> uhfth;j;jpdp> tpjhhp> ];jhap> th;j;jpdp> epah]
vd;gjhFk;.
1. MÑpg;jpfh:MÑpg;jpfh:MÑpg;jpfh:MÑpg;jpfh: ,JNt uhfMyhgidapd; Kjy; cWg;ghFk;
uhfj;jpd; rhiaahdJ ,q;F ntspg;gLk; ,jid Maj;j
vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
2. uhfth;j;jpdp:uhfth;j;jpdp:uhfth;j;jpdp:uhfth;j;jpdp: Myhgidapd; ,uz;lhtJ cWg;ghFk;
MÑpg;jpfhitj; njhlh;e;J uhfj;jpd; tsh;r;rpia ,q;Fjhd;
fhzyhk; uhfj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis ntspf;nfhzh;tNj
uhfth;j;jpdpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,g;gFjpia vLg;G vd;W
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. rpyh; ,jidf; fuzj;NjhL xg;gpl;Ls;sdh;.
,g;gFjp ehd;F cl;gphpTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mit gpujk>
j;tpjpa> j;hpjPa> rJh;j;j MFk;. ];jhap];tuj;jpd; %yk;
me;je;j gFjpfspy; uhfghtj;ij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j
ehd;F gFjpfisAk; vLg;G vd;Nw Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. xt;nthd;wpd;
KbitAk; Kf;jhap my;yJ tpjhhp vd;W $Wfpwhh;.
3. tpjhhp:tpjhhp:tpjhhp:tpjhhp: tpjhhpahdJ uhfth;j;jpdpia ,UgphpTfshfg; gphpf;fpd;wJ.
,jidAk; vLg;G Kf;jhap vd;W miof;fpd;whh; mjhtJ
vLg;gpd; filg;gFjp vd;W tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
4. ];jhap];jhap];jhap];jhap:::: ,J uhf Myhgidapd; ehd;fhtJ cWg;ghFk; ,jpy;
];jhap];tuj;jpy; uhfk; ghl Muk;gkhfpwJ. kj;a];jhap
~l;[j;jpy; Muk;gpg;gNj KiwahdJ vd;fpwhh;. mjd;gpd;
uhfj;jpd; uQ;rf gpuNahfq;fisg; ghb kPz;Lk; ];jhap
];tuj;jpNy Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Nj Nghd;W uhfj;jpd; kw;w
63
];tuq;fspYk;; ghlNtz;Lk; Kjypy; MNuh`z fpukj;jpYk;
mjd;gpd; mtNuh`z fpukj;jpYk; ghb kj;a];jhap
~l;[j;jpy; Kbf;f Ntz;Lk; ,J Nghd;W ];jhap ];tuj;jpy;
];Q;rhuk; nra;tij tpsk;gfhyj;jpYk; kj;akfhyj;jpYk;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt KiwahdJ vd;W $wpAs;shh;.
5. th;j;jpdp:th;j;jpdp:th;j;jpdp:th;j;jpdp: jhdk; ghLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ghzpapy;
ghLtjw;F th;j;jdp vd;W ngahpl;Ls;shh; ,jidg; nghJthf
kfhpzp vd;Wk; miog;gH.
6. epah]:epah]:epah]:epah]: ,J MwhtJ mq;fkhFk; ,JNt uhfk; ghb Kbf;Fk;
gFjpahFk;. ,jid Kf;jhap vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;.
uhf Myhgidapd; gy;NtW fl;lq;fis mjidg;ghLk;
KiwNahL jkJ E}ypy; tpsf;fpAs;shh; (gf;. 15-19).
,e;j fpue;jj;jpypUe;J jhdk; vd;gJ 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
Kd;gFjpapy; ed;F gpugykha; ,Ue;jjw;fhd Fwpg;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
jhdq;fspd; Ke;ijaepiy jhaq;fs; vd;w Fwpg;G mwpa KbfpwJ.
gy Xiyr;Rtbfspy; jhaq;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
rq;fPjRjhtpw;F Kd; gy;ytpapd; Njhw;wj;ijg; ghh;f;Fk;
nghOJ &gf Myhg;jpapd; xU tifahd ghQ;rdpapy; ,Ue;J
te;jJ vdyhk;. &gf Myhg;jp vd;gJ xU jhsf; fl;Lg;ghl;by;
ghlg;gl;L tUfpwJ vd;w Fwpg;G rq;fPj uj;dhfuj;jpYk;> rq;fPj
uh[htpYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gy;ytp ghb fy;gdh];tuk; ghbKbg;gJ vd;gJ uhfk; jhdk;
gy;ytpapd; filrp fl;lkhFk;. kNdhjh;k ,irapy; uhfk;-jhdk;-
gy;ytp vd;gJ kpfTk; fbdkhd xd;whFk;. gy;ytp ghLtjpy;
rq;fPjtpj;thd;fs; jq;fsJ KOj;jpwikiaAk;> Nghl;bfspy; jdf;F
vjpuhfg; Nghl;bapLk; fiyQh;fisj; Njhy;tpailar; nra;tjpYk;
fhl;Lth;. ,J Nghd;w epfo;r;rpfs; nghpa muz;kidfspYk;>
[kPd;jhh;fspd; ,y;yq;fspYk; eilngWk;. ,j;jUzj;jpy; rq;fPj
tpj;thd;fspd; ,irQhdj;ijAk;> ghLk;jpwikiaAk; fz;lwpa KbAk;.
uFehjh ehaf;fh; jkJ E}ypd; &gfMyhg;jp vd;why; gpuge;jk;
ghlf;$ba uhfKk; jhsKk; MFk;. &gfMyhg;jpapd; ,Utiffshf
gpujp fpU`zpfh> ghQ;rdp vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
64
“ rh&gfyhg;jpuj gpuge;j uhNfd rkd;tpjhahrh&gfyhg;jpuj gpuge;j uhNfd rkd;tpjhahrh&gfyhg;jpuj gpuge;j uhNfd rkd;tpjhahrh&gfyhg;jpuj gpuge;j uhNfd rkd;tpjhah rhr j;tpNjhf;j g;ujkhJ aj;u gpujpfU`d;ahj;ahgpjhjj;ahrhr j;tpNjhf;j g;ujkhJ aj;u gpujpfU`d;ahj;ahgpjhjj;ahrhr j;tpNjhf;j g;ujkhJ aj;u gpujpfU`d;ahj;ahgpjhjj;ahrhr j;tpNjhf;j g;ujkhJ aj;u gpujpfU`d;ahj;ahgpjhjj;ah rh ghQ;rdp rhj;u gNtj; j;tpjPa jj;jpuhjpkhk; rk;g;uj kpuhahk;rh ghQ;rdp rhj;u gNtj; j;tpjPa jj;jpuhjpkhk; rk;g;uj kpuhahk;rh ghQ;rdp rhj;u gNtj; j;tpjPa jj;jpuhjpkhk; rk;g;uj kpuhahk;rh ghQ;rdp rhj;u gNtj; j;tpjPa jj;jpuhjpkhk; rk;g;uj kpuhahk;;”
,tw;wpy; ghQ;rdpia ,Utiffshf gphpj;Js;shh;. 1. ];jha
ghQ;rdp 2. &gfghQ;rdp. rq;fPjuj;dhfuj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpNa g;ujpf;U`d
ghQ;rdpiaAk; jk; E}ypy; tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
gpuge;jj;jpypUe;J rpy gFjpfis vLj;J mjd;
rhfpj;aj;ijAk; mijg; ghLk; fhymsitAk; NtWgl;l tpjj;jpy;
ghLk;Kiwia ];jha ghQ;rdp vd;W $Wfpwhh;.
“];jha];J ghQ;rdp Nfhr;aNj];jha];J ghQ;rdp Nfhr;aNj];jha];J ghQ;rdp Nfhr;aNj];jha];J ghQ;rdp Nfhr;aNj mj uhfh];a aj;uhtaNth tpNr~hj;mj uhfh];a aj;uhtaNth tpNr~hj;mj uhfh];a aj;uhtaNth tpNr~hj;mj uhfh];a aj;uhtaNth tpNr~hj; g;uge;j rk;ge;jgj g;ukhd mNddg;uge;j rk;ge;jgj g;ukhd mNddg;uge;j rk;ge;jgj g;ukhd mNddg;uge;j rk;ge;jgj g;ukhd mNdd
tpNjh [Pajnat rkatpNjh [Pajnat rkatpNjh [Pajnat rkatpNjh [Pajnat rka” (P.274)
gpuge;jk; KOtijAk; mjd; rhfpaj;NjhL fhygpukhzj;NjhL
NtWgl;l tpjj;jpy; ghLtJ &gf ghQ;rdp MFk;.
“ Njidt khNdd jjh gijr; rhd;aNjidt khNdd jjh gijr; rhd;aNjidt khNdd jjh gijr; rhd;aNjidt khNdd jjh gijr; rhd;a jhd;aj &gfh ke;j;u ]h;tk;jhd;aj &gfh ke;j;u ]h;tk;jhd;aj &gfh ke;j;u ]h;tk;jhd;aj &gfh ke;j;u ]h;tk;” (P.274)
rq;fPjRjhtpw;Fg; gpd; gy;ytp ghLtjpy; gy rq;fPj
tpw;gd;dh;fs; Njh;r;rp ngw;Wg; gy;ytp ghLtijg; ngUikahf
epidj;jdh;. me;j mstpw;F gy;ytpahdJ rpwe;j ,lj;ijg;
ngw;wJ vdyhk;. ,uz;lhk; Js[h[p (1763-1787) kd;ddpd; mit
,ir tpw;gd;duhf ,Ue;j gr;rpkphpak; Mjpag;gah (1763-1787)
gy;ytp ghLtjw;Ff; ifahs Ntz;ba rpy Kiwfis tFj;J>
gy;ytpiag; ghLtjpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhh;.
,f;Fwpg;ghdJ Kk;%h;j;jpfspy; xUtuhd rpahkrh];jphpapd;
FUthd rq;fPj];thkpfs; (1781–90) Mjpag;ghthy; ghlg;gl;l
gy;ytpiaf; Nfl;Lj; jd; rPlh;fSld; gfph;e;J nfhz;ljhff;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rpahkrh];jphp rugee;jd vd;w Gjpa jhsj;jpy; xU
gy;ytpia ,aw;wp jQ;ir muritapy; nghg;yp Nfrta;ahTld;
Nghl;bapy; ghb ntw;wp ngw;Ws;shh;. nghg;yp Nfrta;ah ghba
gy;ytpahdJ rpk;kee;jd jhsj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
65
mNjNghd;W gy ,ir tpw;gd;dh;fs; kNdhjh;k ,irapy;
Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhd gy;ytp ghLtjpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdh;. (c.k;)
=rpahkrh];jphp> gy;ytp Nfhgya;ah; (ruNgh[p kd;dd; mitapy;
muritf; fiyQh;) gy;ytp Jiu];thkp ma;ah (1782–1816) Nghd;w
gy ,irNkijfs; gy;ytp ,aw;WtjpYk;> ghLtjpYk; rpwe;J
tpsq;fpdh;. NkYk; gy gy;ytp ,irf;fiyQh;fs; gy;ytpiag;
gw;wpa nra;jpfis gy E}y;fspd; %ykhf vOjp ntspapl;ldh;.
,e;E}y;fspy; gy;ytpapd; tiffisAk;> gy;ytp ghLk; Kiwfs;
Nghd;wtw;iwAk; vOjpAs;sdh;. ,JNghd;w E}y;fs; 20Mk;
E}w;whz;by; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}y;fs; %d;W mj;ahaq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; gy;ytpiag; gw;wpa nra;jpfis ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ
vd;W KidtH M.B.Ntjty;yp jkJ E}ypy; (gf;.55-67) tpsf;fpAs;shH.
3.1.83.1.83.1.83.1.8.... rq;fPjrhuhk;Ujk;rq;fPjrhuhk;Ujk;rq;fPjrhuhk;Ujk;rq;fPjrhuhk;Ujk; (1728(1728(1728(1728 ---- 1736)1736)1736)1736)
Js[h[pahy; vOjg;gl;l ,e;E}ypd; gjpdhd;fhtJ mj;ahakhd
gpufPh;z mj;ahaj;jpy; uhf Myhgidiag; gw;wp tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
,th; rq;fPj uj;dhfuj;ij jOtp> nra;jpfisj; jkJ nrhe;j
eilapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,jpy; jdpahff; Fwpg;gpLtjw;nfd;W
VJkpy;iy.
3.1.3.1.3.1.3.1.9.9.9.9. rq;fPj nfsKjprq;fPj nfsKjprq;fPj nfsKjprq;fPj nfsKjp (C 1900 AD)
KidtH M.B. Ntjty;yp uhfk; jhdk; gy;ytp vDk; jkJ
E}ypy;> ,e;E}y; KOikahf fpilf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; ,e;E}ypd;
rpy gf;fq;fs; uhfMyhgid> jhdj;ij ghLk; Kiwia tpsf;Fk;
gFjpfis KidtH ,.gp. ru];tjpapd; Ma;Ntlhd ‘A study on
thayas and chittathanas’ gpd;dpizg;gpy; je;Js;shH. NguhrphpaH
gp.rhk;g%Hj;jp ‘gy;ytp ];tu fy;gty;yp’ vDk; E}Yf;F vOjpAs;s
mzpe;Jiuapy; rq;fPjnfsKjp jpUitahW Rg;ukz;ama;ah;
mth;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH (g.24). rk];fpUj
nkhopapy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;s ];Nyhfq;fSf;F nghUs; njYq;F
nkhopapy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. uhf Myhgidapd; yÑzk; vd;w
jiyg;gpd; fPo; Myhgid ghLk;Kiwia tpsf;Fkplj;J:
66
‘Arabhya madhyama sthayam tarakam tantu sancharet’ - 8
‘Tataschmadhyame mandre sthayam sancharya vaipunaha!
Asirtya madhyama sthayim yorago giyate budhaih’ (g. 25)
uhf Myhgidia kj;ak ];jhapapy; Muk;gpj;J mLj;j
]Q;rhuj;ij jhu];jhapapy; ghlNtz;Lk;. kPz;Lk; kj;a];jhapapy;
]Q;rhuj;ijg; ghb ke;j;u];jhapapy; ghl Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gpd;
kj;a];jhapapy; uhfj;jpd; %h;r;ridfisg; ghb uhfghtk; nflhky;
%d;W fhyq;fshd tpsk;g> kj;a> Jhpj fhyq;fspy; thpirahfg;
ghl Ntz;Lk;. uhfMyhgidia %d;W fhyq;fspy; ghLtij
Ragā alapana Kaletu tri kalikaranam chayat’
vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
jw;NghJ ghbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; jhdj;ijg; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijf;
$Wk; Kjy; E}y; rq;fPjnfsKjpahFk; vd;W MrphpaH tpsf;FfpwhH.
,e;E}y; rk];fpUjj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;L ,Ue;jhYk; mjw;fhd nghUs;
njYq;F nkhopapy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}yhrphpah; jhdj;ij
“j`d” vd;Wk;> ghLk; Kiwia “j`dyÑzK” vd;w jiyg;gpd;
fPo; tpsf;fpAs;shh;. cjhuzkhf ehl;iluhfj;jpw;Fj; jhdk;
ghLk;NghJ rQ;rhuq;fs; ke;j;u ];jhapapy; mfhukhf ghb gpd;
kj;a];jhap> jhu];;jhap vd;W xUKiwNahL kj;akfhyj;jpy;
ghlNtz;Lk;. “Mde;j” vd;w nrhy;Ny jhdk; ghLtjw;F
cgNahfpf;fNtz;Lk;. ,r;nrhy;yhdJ <];tudpd; xU ngauhFk;.
NkYk; jhdk; ghLk; NghJ mjw;fhd %Hr;ridfis gad;gLj;jp
uhfghtk; njhpAk;gb ];tu];jhdq;fis gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W
$wpAs;shH. ,jid tpsf;Fk; Kfkhf
“ ehluhehluhehluhehluhfk; rkhu;gpa ke;j;u];jhNd j ijtjr>fk; rkhu;gpa ke;j;u];jhNd j ijtjr>fk; rkhu;gpa ke;j;u];jhNd j ijtjr>fk; rkhu;gpa ke;j;u];jhNd j ijtjr> kj;aNk jhuNfirt ];jhak;gpajhfpukk;kj;aNk jhuNfirt ];jhak;gpajhfpukk;kj;aNk jhuNfirt ];jhak;gpajhfpukk;kj;aNk jhuNfirt ];jhak;gpajhfpukk; ]Q;rhu;a kj;akh~;t fhy];a fhuif ]jj]Q;rhu;a kj;akh~;t fhy];a fhuif ]jj]Q;rhu;a kj;akh~;t fhy];a fhuif ]jj]Q;rhu;a kj;akh~;t fhy];a fhuif ]jj mde;jj;t kjpr];a ehNkhr;rhu;a Gdj;;gd`mde;jj;t kjpr];a ehNkhr;rhu;a Gdj;;gd`mde;jj;t kjpr];a ehNkhr;rhu;a Gdj;;gd`mde;jj;t kjpr];a ehNkhr;rhu;a Gdj;;gd`”
(rq;fPj nfsKjp 14(rq;fPj nfsKjp 14(rq;fPj nfsKjp 14(rq;fPj nfsKjp 14----16)16)16)16)
vd;w ];Nyhfj;jpd; %yk; njhpT nra;fpwhh; vd;W tpsf;fpAs;shH.
67
3.3.3.3.1111....10101010. rq;fPj rj;rk. rq;fPj rj;rk. rq;fPj rj;rk. rq;fPj rj;rk;g;ujha jPgPif;g;ujha jPgPif;g;ujha jPgPif;g;ujha jPgPif (1913 AD)
,e;E}yhrphpaH S.V. muq;frhkp ma;aq;fhH. ,tH rpl;iljhdq;;fs;
vd;w tpsf;fj;ij jhdg;gufuzj;jpy; tpsf;fpAs;shH. cjhuzkhf
ehl> nfsis uhfq;fspy; rpl;il jhdq;fSf;fhd ];tujhsf;
Fwpg;Gf;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. “,j;jhdq;fs; jpUNtq;flj;J
ma;aq;fhu; mtu;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jhd ];tug;uNahfq;fs;
kj;a];jhap ~l;[j;jpy; Kbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tu;jhd; Kjd;Kjypy;
rpWrpW ];tu gpuNahfq;fSf;F rpl;il vd;w nrhy;iyj; jk; E}ypy;
gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;” vd;W E}yhrphpaH $wpAs;shH.
3.3.3.3.1111....11.11.11.11. rq;fPjRjhk;G+jprq;fPjRjhk;G+jprq;fPjRjhk;G+jprq;fPjRjhk;G+jp (1929 AD)
,e;E}y; K.V. =epth] ma;aq;fhuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ ,e;E}y;.
,tH jhk; jhdq;fSf;F “rpl;iljhdk;” 3 vd;w nrhy;iy
gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;. ,tUk; fduhfq;fSf;F jhd];tu gpuNahfq;fisf;
$wpAs;shu;. ,tuhy; vOjg;gl;l Mjprq;fPjuj;dhtsp E}ypy; jhdk;
gw;wp $wg;gl;Ls;s nra;jpfisNa ,e;E}ypy; $wpAs;shu;. cjhuzkhf
nfsis uhfj;jpy;
1. ]>>>> upup] – ]epgkg – upup]up] – ep> >>>> ]”
2. upup] – ep]upup] – ]epgup] – ]epg – kg – ep]up up k
gep];”
3. upup]] – ]epg – up]]epg – kgep] – upkgepg – ]epg –
up]]epg – kup]]epg – k;u;p];u;p];u;p kg;e;pg; – ];u;k;u;pu;p]; –
];epggupup] – ep]ep..... ]
vd;W rpl;il jhdj;ij mikj;jspj;Js;shH.
3.3.3.3.1111....11112.2.2.2. gy;ytp uj;dkhyhgy;ytp uj;dkhyhgy;ytp uj;dkhyhgy;ytp uj;dkhyh
jpz;zpa ntq;fl;uhka;auhy; vOjg;gl;lJ vd;W $wg;gl;lhYk;
gy;ytpfs; ];tu jhsf; Fwpg;NghL ntspte;j Kjy; E}y; ,JNt
MFk;. ,th; jk; E}ypy; 35 jhsq;fspy; mike;Js;s gy;ytpfSk;>
3 rpW rpW ];tu gpuNahfq;fs;
68
ehd;F eilapy; mike;j gy;ytpfSk; Fwpg;ghf jp];u> fz;l>
kp];u> rq;fPh;z jhsq;fspYk;> rugee;jd jhsj;jpy; xU gy;ytpAkhf
ntspapl;Ls;shh;. NkYk; ,g;gy;ytpfis %d;W fhyq;fspYk;
jp];ueilapYk; ghLtjw;fhd ];tujhsf; Fwpg;Gf;fisAk;> rugee;jd
jhsj;jpw;fhd gy;ytpia ,uz;L fhyq;fspy; ghLtjw;fhd ];tu
jhsf;Fwpg;igAk; je;Js;shH. gy;ytpia eputy; nra;Ak; nghOJ
rhfpj;aj;jpaq;fs; jhsj;jpy; ,Ue;J khwf;$lhJ vd;W uhfk; jhdk;
gy;ytp vDk; jkJ E}ypy; (g.69-70)4 tpsf;fpAs;shH.
3.2.3.2.3.2.3.2. jkpo; E}y;fs;jkpo; E}y;fs;jkpo; E}y;fs;jkpo; E}y;fs;
3.3.3.3.2222....1.1.1.1. rpyg;gjpfhurpyg;gjpfhurpyg;gjpfhurpyg;gjpfhuk;k;k;k;
,sq;Nfhtbfshy; ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; vOjg;gl;l E}Ny
rpyg;gjpfhukhFk;. muq;Nfw;Wfhijapy;>
“ahahahahOOOOk;k;k;k; FFFFoYk; rPUk; kplWk;oYk; rPUk; kplWk;oYk; rPUk; kplWk;oYk; rPUk; kplWk;” (muq;. mb 26)
vd;w rpyg;gjpfhu muq;Nfw;W fhijapd; ghlybf;F tpsf;fk; jUk;
mbahHf;F ey;yhH Msj;jpia ,t;thW tpthpf;fpd;whH.
“kfuj;jpd; xw;why;kfuj;jpd; xw;why;kfuj;jpd; xw;why;kfuj;jpd; xw;why; RRRRUjp tpuUjp tpuUjp tpuUjp tpuTk;Tk;Tk;Tk; gfUk; Fwpy;neby; ghhpj;JgfUk; Fwpy;neby; ghhpj;JgfUk; Fwpy;neby; ghhpj;JgfUk; Fwpy;neby; ghhpj;J – epfhpyhj;epfhpyhj;epfhpyhj;epfhpyhj; njd;dh njdhntd;W ghLtNuy; Msj;jpnjd;dh njdhntd;W ghLtNuy; Msj;jpnjd;dh njdhntd;W ghLtNuy; Msj;jpnjd;dh njdhntd;W ghLtNuy; Msj;jp kd;dh ,r;nrhy;ypd; tifkd;dh ,r;nrhy;ypd; tifkd;dh ,r;nrhy;ypd; tifkd;dh ,r;nrhy;ypd; tif”
(rpyg;. g.104)
,t;thW ghLkplj;J mjhtJ ehjj;jpid njhopw; nra;Akplj;J
Fw;nwOj;jhYk;> nel;nlOj;jhYk; nra;ag;gLk; ,it mr;Rghuiz
vd;W ngaH ngWk;.
mr;Rf;F vOtmr;Rf;F vOtmr;Rf;F vOtmr;Rf;F vOtha; Fw;nwOj;ha; Fw;nwOj;ha; Fw;nwOj;ha; Fw;nwOj;JJJJ ghuizf;F vOtha; nel;ghuizf;F vOtha; nel;ghuizf;F vOtha; nel;ghuizf;F vOtha; nel;nlOj;JnlOj;JnlOj;JnlOj;J
mr;R jhsj;Jld; epfOk;. ghuiz $j;Jld; epfOk;. NkYk;
Msj;jp %d;W tifg;gLk;. mit fhl;lhsj;jp> epwthsj;jp>
gz;zhsj;jp vd;gjhFk;. ,jdpy; fhl;lhsj;jp mr;Rld; epfOk;>
epwthsj;jp epwk; Fiyahky; ghuizAld; epfOk;. gz;zhsj;jp
gz;izNa Kjd;ikahff; fUjpitf;fg;gLk; (mb ey;. rpyg;.>
g.104) 4 KidtH M.B. Ntjty;yp.
69
“,irNahd; tf;fphpj;,irNahd; tf;fphpj;,irNahd; tf;fphpj;,irNahd; tf;fphpj; jpl;lj;ij czHe;jhjpl;lj;ij czHe;jhjpl;lj;ij czHe;jhjpl;lj;ij czHe;jhq;Fq;Fq;Fq;F”
(muq;. mb 41)
vd;Dk; ghlybf;F gjTiu $Wk; ciufhz; “,irg;Gytd;
Msj;jp itj;j gz;zPHikia KjYk; KiwikAk;> KbTk;>
epiwTk;> FiwAk;> fpoikAk;> typTk;> nkypTk; rkDk;
tiuaiwAk;> ePHikAk; vd;Dk; gjpndhU ghFghl;bdhYk; mwpe;J
mtd; jhs epiyapy; va;jitj;j epwk; jd; ftpapdplj;Nj
Njhd;witf;f ty;ytdha;” (rpyg;. g.63) vd;W $Wtjpdpd;W
jw;fhy ,uhf MyhgidNa ciufhuH fhyj;jpy; Msj;jp
vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk;> ,jw;F tiffs;> gad;gLk; vOj;Jf;fs;>
ftdpf;f Ntz;ba newpKiwfs; Nghd;wit ,Ue;jd vd;gJ
Nkw;$wpAs;s tpsf;fq;fshy; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
3.3.3.3.2222....2222.... gQ;rkuGgQ;rkuGgQ;rkuGgQ;rkuG
Nriw mwptdhuhy; vOjg;gl;l ,e;E}ypy; ngUk;gphpT rpW
gphpT vd;w ,U tiffspy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; ,ir>
thr;rpak;> epUj;jk;> mtpeak;> jhsk; vDk; Ie;J ngUk; gphpTfSk;
mtw;Ws; gy cl;gphpTfSk; mlq;fpAs;sd. ,e;E}Yf;F
Ie;Jnjhif vd;w ngaUKz;L. ,e;E}ypy; aho;> kuG> jhs kuG>
fz;lkuG> $j;JkuG> tq;fpa kuG vd Ie;J gFjpfs; cs;sd
,tw;wpy fz;lkuG vd;Dk; gFjp ,irauq;fpy; ghLgth;f;F cjTk;
gy nra;jpfs; cs;sd. ghly; tiffs;> gz; tiffs;>
,uhfMyhgid Kiw Kjypad ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
Msj;jp vd;gJ uhf Myhgid ,J gjpndhU ghFghbid
cilaJ ,q;F uhfk; ghLjy; Msj;jp vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
njhd;ik kuGilaJ. ,yf;fz mikg;G rpwe;jJ. ,d;W tiu
toptopahf tsh;e;J tUtJ vd;W $wpAs;shh;. ,dp fz;l kugpy;
fhzg;gLk; Msj;jp ,yf;fzk;> Msj;jp tif> Msj;jp ghLk;
Kiwia gw;wp gQ;rkugpd; tpsf;fj;ijf; fhz;Nghk;.
70
fz;lkugpy; Msj;jpapay;fz;lkugpy; Msj;jpapay;fz;lkugpy; Msj;jpapay;fz;lkugpy; Msj;jpapay;
Msj;jpf;F vOj;J tiffs;Msj;jpf;F vOj;J tiffs;Msj;jpf;F vOj;J tiffs;Msj;jpf;F vOj;J tiffs;
“Fd;whf; Fwpiye;Jk; Nfhlh nebiye;JFd;whf; Fwpiye;Jk; Nfhlh nebiye;JFd;whf; Fwpiye;Jk; Nfhlh nebiye;JFd;whf; Fwpiye;Jk; Nfhlh nebiye;J epd;whh;e;j ke;efuk; jt;nthLepd;whh;e;j ke;efuk; jt;nthLepd;whh;e;j ke;efuk; jt;nthLepd;whh;e;j ke;efuk; jt;nthL – ed;whfed;whfed;whfed;whf ePsj;jhy; vl;Lk; eePsj;jhy; vl;Lk; eePsj;jhy; vl;Lk; eePsj;jhy; vl;Lk; epjhdj;jhy; epd;wpaq;fpjhdj;jhy; epd;wpaq;fpjhdj;jhy; epd;wpaq;fpjhdj;jhy; epd;wpaq;f Msj;jpahnkd;wwpMsj;jpahnkd;wwpMsj;jpahnkd;wwpMsj;jpahnkd;wwp”
(g. kuG nr.44)
,e;E}ypy; fz;l kugpy; Itif g+jq;fspdhy; Md ,r;
rhPuj;jpy; capnuOj;J> nka;naOj;Jf;fshy; gpwf;Fk; ,t;Nthir
kdpj cWg;GfSs; xd;whd kplw;why; njhopw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;W
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. rhPuj;jpy; vOk; xiria kplw;why; njhopw;gLj;jp
ghLtJ Msj;jp vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J nrhw;fs; ,y;yhj
,iria tphpthf;fg;gLk; Kiwiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,k;Kiwf;F
Msj;jp> Myhgid vd;W ngah;.
Msj;jp ,yf;fzk;Msj;jp ,yf;fzk;Msj;jp ,yf;fzk;Msj;jp ,yf;fzk;
“kfuj;jpd;kfuj;jpd;kfuj;jpd;kfuj;jpd; ndhw;whw; RUjptpuTk;ndhw;whw; RUjptpuTk;ndhw;whw; RUjptpuTk;ndhw;whw; RUjptpuTk; gfhpw; Fwpndbyhw; ghHj;Jgfhpw; Fwpndbyhw; ghHj;Jgfhpw; Fwpndbyhw; ghHj;Jgfhpw; Fwpndbyhw; ghHj;J – epfhpy;epfhpy;epfhpy;epfhpy;yhjyhjyhjyhj njd;dh njdhnnjd;dh njdhnnjd;dh njdhnnjd;dh njdhntd;W ghLtNuyhsj;jptd;W ghLtNuyhsj;jptd;W ghLtNuyhsj;jptd;W ghLtNuyhsj;jp kd;dhtpr; nrhy;ykd;dhtpr; nrhy;ykd;dhtpr; nrhy;ykd;dhtpr; nrhy;ypd;tifpd;tifpd;tifpd;tif”
(f. kuG – 15tJ ntz;gh> g.161)
mr;Rf; nfOtha;mr;Rf; nfOtha;mr;Rf; nfOtha;mr;Rf; nfOtha; : m> ,> c> v> x Mfpa Fw;nwOj;Jf;fs;
,tw;iwg; gw;Wf;Nfhlhf epd;W mfhuj;NjhLk;> jhdj;NjhLk;
epfo;j;JtJ MFk;.
ghuizf; nfOtha;ghuizf; nfOtha;ghuizf; nfOtha;ghuizf; nfOtha;: M> <> C> V> X Mfpa nel;nlOj;Jfs;
,tw;iwg; gw;Wf; Nfhlhff; nfhz;L tprhykhf msTglhj
xirAld; epfo;j;JtJ. ,J $j;Jld; epfOk;. Msj;jp nra;Akplj;J
njd;dh njd;dhntd;W ghlg;gLk;. ,t;tifr; nrhw;fNs mirr;
nrhw;fshFk;. ,t;tif nrhw;fNs ,f;fhyj;jpy; jhdh> jdh> jhdh
vd;W jphpe;J gz;fSf;Fhpa fl;lisr; nrhw;fshfTk; re;jf;Fopg;G
mikg;gjw;Fhpa nrhw;fshfTk; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd.
71
gz;ePh;ikgz;ePh;ikgz;ePh;ikgz;ePh;ik
Msj;jp nra;Ak; nghOJ xt;nthU uhfj;jpw;Fk; gz;ePh;ik
$wg;gl;ls;sJ. (ghLtjw;fhdKiw) mit gjpndhU tifg;gLk;
Kjy;> Kiw> KbT> epiw> Fiw> typT> nkypT> rkd;> tiuaiw>
ePh;ik> fpoik Mfpait ,it KiwNa fpu`k;> mk;rk;> gFj;tk;>
epah]k;> my;gj;tk;> jhuk;> kj;akk;> ke;j;uk;> tpd;ahrk; vd;W
tlnkhop E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nkw;$wpa gjpndhUtif
,yf;fzq;fs; midj;Jk; uhf Myhgdk; vd;W nrhy;yf; $ba
epwthsj;jpf;Nf nghUe;Jk; vdf; nfhs;syhk;. ,uhf tlnkhop
E}y;fspy; Myhgidf;Fhpa mq;fq;fshf MÑpg;jpfh> ];jhgdk;
vd;w ,uz;L tifNa $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
MÑpg;jpfh vd;gJ Kd;Diu Nghd;wJ jkpopirap;y; ,J
Maj;jk; vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ];jhgdk; vd;gJ epiy epWj;Jjy;
g+h;j;jp nra;jy; vdg; nghUs;gLk;. gQ;rkugpy; %d;W tif
Msj;jpfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit fhl;lhsj;jp> epwthsj;jp>
gz;zhsj;jp MFk; ,tw;Ws; epwthsj;jp vd;gJ ,uhfMyhgidiaf;
Fwpf;fpwJ.
,tw;Ws; fhl;lhsj;jp vd;gJ jhdj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
“Fd;whf; Fwpiye;Jk; Nfhlh nebiye;Jk;Fd;whf; Fwpiye;Jk; Nfhlh nebiye;Jk;Fd;whf; Fwpiye;Jk; Nfhlh nebiye;Jk;Fd;whf; Fwpiye;Jk; Nfhlh nebiye;Jk; epd;whu;e;j ke;efuk; xt;nthUepd;whu;e;j ke;efuk; xt;nthUepd;whu;e;j ke;efuk; xt;nthUepd;whu;e;j ke;efuk; xt;nthU – ed;whf.ed;whf.ed;whf.ed;whf. ePsj;jhy; vl;L epjhdj;jhePsj;jhy; vl;L epjhdj;jhePsj;jhy; vl;L epjhdj;jhePsj;jhy; vl;L epjhdj;jhy; epd;wpaq;fy; epd;wpaq;fy; epd;wpaq;fy; epd;wpaq;f Msj;jpahnkd;wwpMsj;jpahnkd;wwpMsj;jpahnkd;wwpMsj;jpahnkd;wwp”
“ePsj;jhy; VOk; epjhdj;jhy; epd;wpaq;f.ePsj;jhy; VOk; epjhdj;jhy; epd;wpaq;f.ePsj;jhy; VOk; epjhdj;jhy; epd;wpaq;f.ePsj;jhy; VOk; epjhdj;jhy; epd;wpaq;f. Msj;jp ahnkd;wwpMsj;jp ahnkd;wwpMsj;jp ahnkd;wwpMsj;jp ahnkd;wwp”
(rpy. 3.26 mbahu;f;F)
“Fd;whf; Fwpiye;Jk;…” vdj; njhlq;Fk; nra;Aspy; k> e> j
vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;fisg; gythW $l;b xypj;J euk;Gj; jhdq;fis
(];tu ];jhdq;fs;) ,izj;Jg; ghLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpd;wJ.
ePsj;jhy; VOk; epjhdj;jhy; epd;W ,aq;fr; nra;jNy MFk; VO
Ruj;jhdj;jpy; j> d> k; vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;fis kdjpNy epjhdj;jhy;
epidj;J xypj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;. ,t;thW epjhdj;jhy;
72
Ruj;jhdq;fis kdjpy; epWj;jpf; nfhz;L ghLjNy jhdk; ghLjy;
MFk;. ,J ,ir tbt tiffspy; xU rpwg;gha; Nghw;wpg; gapyw;
Fhpa mhpa tifahFk;. ,uhfk;> jhdk;> gy;ytp vd;w tifapy;
,irauq;fpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ,ir cU tiffspy; jhdk; xU
cah;e;j ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wJ vd;W $wpAs;shh; (gf;. 212-213).
3.3.3.3.2222....3333.... fUzhkpHj rhfukfUzhkpHj rhfukfUzhkpHj rhfukfUzhkpHj rhfuk;;;; 1917191719171917
,e;E}y; Mgpufhk; gz;bjuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}ypy; ,uhfk;
ghLjy; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs;>
“tpshpg;gz;tpshpg;gz;tpshpg;gz;tpshpg;gz; gz;zpdhH ghzHgz;zpdhH ghzHgz;zpdhH ghzHgz;zpdhH ghzH”
(rpyg;. fhdy; thp ciu> g.29)
“EisaH tpshp nehb jUe;jEisaH tpshp nehb jUe;jEisaH tpshp nehb jUe;jEisaH tpshp nehb jUe;jPk;ghiyPk;ghiyPk;ghiyPk;ghiy”
(rpyg;. fhdy;thp> mUk;gjTiu> g.191)
xt;nthU ahopYk; xt;nthU [hjpg; gz;Zk; gy
urq;fSf;Nfw;w tpjkha; nra;J ghlg;gl;lnjd;W njhpfpwJ.
G+Htfhyj;jpy; jkpo;kf;fs; ,uhfq;fs; ghLk;nghOJ jhsj;ij
mDrhpj;Nj ghbdhHfnsd;Wk;> jw;fhyj;jpy; rq;fPj tpj;thd;fsplk;
,J ,y;iy vd;Wk; Mdhy; ehj];tuf;fhuHfs; ,e;ehs; tiuAk;
jhsj;NjhL thrpj;Jf; nfhz;L tUtij ehk; ghHf;fpNwhk; vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
NkYk; G+h;t jkpo;kf;fs; Msj;jp my;yJ uhf Myhgdk;
nra;tjpy; Njh;e;jth;fshapUe;jhh;fs; vd;Wk; mth;fs; Msj;jp
nra;tjw;Fhpa mNef El;gkhd tpjptiffis mwpe;jpUe;jhh;fnsd;Wk;
Nkw;fhl;ba rpy R+j;jpuq;fspdhy; Fwpg;ghff; fhz;fpNwhk;.
,ijf;nfhz;L G+h;t kf;fs; Msj;jp nra;Ak; Kiw kpf
tphpthapUe;jnjd;Wk; ghl epidj;j gz;zpd; nghUSf;Nfw;w
tifapy; ,uhfq;fs; gd;dpnuz;lhapuk; ,Ue;jdntd;Wk; fhz;fpNwhk;.
NkYk; Rkhh; ,UgJ tU~q;fSf;F Kd;G tiuapYk; xt;nthU
uhfj;ijAk;; vl;L ehs; gj;J ehs; njhlh;e;J ghbdhh;fnsd;Wk;
mjpYk; mjpf tp];jhuk; nra;af;$bath;fsha; ,Ue;jhh;fnsd;Wk;
jkJ E}ypy; (g. 612) $wpAs;shh;. ,f;Fwpg;gpd; %yk; ,uhfk; ghLk;
73
Kiw G+Ht jkpo; kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ vd;gij mwpa
KbfpwJ.
3.3.3.3.2.4.2.4.2.4.2.4. Gjpa ,uhfq;fs;Gjpa ,uhfq;fs;Gjpa ,uhfq;fs;Gjpa ,uhfq;fs;
J.M. jdghz;bad; vOjpAs;s ,e;E}ypDs; ,aYk;> ,irAk;
fye;J ghlyhfg; ghLtij vy;yh ehLfspd; ,irapYk; ehk;
fhzyhk;. Ruq;fisNah> ghly;fisNah ghlhky; ,uhfj;ij kl;Lk;
jdpahfg; ghLk; kuG ek; ghuj ehl;by; kl;Lk; cz;L. ,t;thW
,uhfj;ij kl;Lk; ghLtij ehk; ,uhf Myhgdk; vd;W
nrhy;YfpNwhk;. ,uhfj;ij Myhgdk; nra;tJ ek; ehl;L ,irapd;
jdpr;rpwg;ghFk; vd;W ,jd; jdpr;rpwg;ig ghuhl;bf; $wpAs;shH
(g.85). Xh; ,uhfj;jpd; rPtRuk;> mKjitg;G Kjypait njhpe;J
,iz> fpis> el;Gr;Ruj; njhlh;fis mitfis ,izf;Fk;
Ruq;fNshL Nrh;j;Jg; ghLk; nghOJ me;j ,uhfj;jpd; KOtbtk;
(rhay;) ekf;F fpilf;fpwJ. me;j ,uhfj;jpd; Nghf;Fk; (rQ;rhuk;)
ekf;Fj; njhptjdhy;> me;j ,uhfj;ij ntF vspjpy; Myhgdk;
nra;ayhk; (g. 258) vd;Wk; $wpAs;shH.
];GlKiw];GlKiw];GlKiw];GlKiw
“Xh; ,uhfj;ijg; gFj;J> tiuaWj;J> mjpy; fPjk;> fPh;j;jdk;
KjypaitfSf;fhd ,ir ,aw;w gad;gLk; Kiw ];GlKiw
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Xh; ,uhfj;jpd; nghUj;jKs;s
Ruj;njhlh;fisj; njhpe;J> me;j ,uhfj;jpd; rPtRuk;> mKjitg;G
Kjypaitfis tiuaWf;fTk;> me;j ,uhfj;jpd; Nghf;ifg;
(rQ;rhuk;) Ghpe;J nfhz;L Myhgdk; nra;aTk;> me;j ,uhfj;jpy;
th;zk;> Ru[jp> fPjk;> fPh;j;jdk; Kjypaitfis ,aw;wTk; ,e;j
Kiw kpfTk; gad;gLfpwJ. (,uhfGlKiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;J
,irAyfpw;F mspj;jth; jQ;ir Mgpufhk; gz;bjh; Mthh;. mth;
gy tUlq;fs; Muha;r;rp nra;J> ,irf;F caph;epiy Nghd;w ,e;j
Kiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. fUzhkph;jrhfuk; ,uz;lhtJ E}ypy;
];GlKiwiag; gw;wp mth; tptukhf vOjpAs;shH” (gf;. 272-278)
vd;W ,e;E}ypd; MrphpaH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH ,tH gz;bjhpd; ngaudhthH.
74
Xh; ,uhfj;ijg; GlkpLtjw;F Kjypy; mJ ve;j Nksfh;j;jh
,uhfk;> mjpy; tUk; RuNgjq;fs; vd;d vd;gijf; njhpe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. mJ fpis ,uhfkhdhy; ve;j Nksfh;j;jh ,uhfj;jpy;
mJ gpwe;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gijAk;> mjd; MNuhir (MNuhfzk;)>
mkNuhir (mtNuhfzk;) vit vd;gijAk; njhpe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW njhpe;J nfhz;l gpd;G> vLj;Jf; nfhz;l
,uhfj;jpd; ,iz> fpis> el;Gr; Ruj;njhlh;fis thpirahf vOj
Ntz;Lk;. nkypT ,af;fpd; ,spapypUe;J (ke;j;u];jhap gQ;rkk;)
typT ,af;fpd; ,sptiu (cr;r];jhap gQ;rkk;) cs;s ,iz>
fpis> el;Gr;Ruj; njhlh;fis vOjNtz;Lk;. me;j ,uhfj;jpy; ,sp
(gh) ,y;yhjpUe;jhy; (th;[k;) nkypT ,af;fpd; cioapypUe;J (kh)
typT ,af;fpd; cio tiuapy; cs;s nghUj;jkhd Ruj;njhlh;fis
vOj Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf ekf;F ed;F njhpe;j rf;uthf
,uhfj;jpd; GlKiw nfhLf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ. mjd; ,iz> fpis>
el;Gr;Ruj;njhlh;fs; MNuhir Kiwapy; ,t;thW tUfpd;wd.
gjepr;h> jepr;h;P> jepr;hp;f;h> epr;hp;f;k;h> r;hp;f;h
mkNuhir Kiwapy; ,iz> fpis> el;Gr;Ruj;njhlh;fs;
,t;thW tUfpd;wd.
g;k;f;hp;r;h> k;f;hP;> k;f;hp;r;h> k;f;h;pr;eP> f;hp;r;h
,izr;Ruj;njhlh;fs;> fpisr;Ruj;njhlh;fs;> el;Gr;Ruj;njhlh;fs;
Kjypaitfisj; jdpahfTk; vOjNtz;Lk;. gifr;Ruj; njhlh;fisj;
jtph;f;f Ntz;Lk;. ,izr;Ruj; njhlh;fs; cj;jkg; nghUj;jj;
njhlh;fs; vd;Wk;> nghUj;jj; njhlh;fs; vd;Wk;> fpisr;Ruj;njhlh;fs;
kj;jpkg; nghUj;jj; njhlh;fs; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jj;
njhlh;fspd; ,Wjpr;Ruk; nebyhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf
MNuhirapy; ,izr;Ruj;njhlh; rhpfkgh vd;W te;jhy;> ,Nj
njhlh; mkNuhirapy; tUk; nghOJ gkfhprh vd;W tUk;. Kjy;
njhlhpd; Muk;gRuk; r ,uz;lhtJ njhlhpd; filrpapy; rh vd;W
nebyhf tUfpwJ. ,e;jr; Ruj; njhlh;fis vOjpf; nfhz;L tUk;
nghOJ mitfis ,izf;Fk; Ruq;fisAk; fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ
75
Nghy vOjp tu Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,uhfk; ghLk; Kiwiag; gz;bjH
tpthpj;Js;shH.
3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3. njYqnjYqnjYqnjYq;F E}y;fs;;F E}y;fs;;F E}y;fs;;F E}y;fs;
3.3.3.3.3333.1. fhdgh];fuK.1. fhdgh];fuK.1. fhdgh];fuK.1. fhdgh];fuK
K.V. =dpth] ma;aq;fuhy; 1918Mk; Mz;by; vOjg;gl;l
,e;E}ypy; Myhgid gj;jjpia ‘uhfMyhgdK’ vDk; jiyg;gpd;
fPo; tpsf;fpAs;shh;. uhfMyhgid> MÑpg;jpfh Mfpatw;iwr;
rJh;jz;b gpufhrpifapy; $wg;gl;Ls;s KiwapNyNa jkJ E}ypYk;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. MÑpg;jpfh ghLk;KiwAs; uhfth;j;jdp>
gpujkuhfth;j;jdp> j;tpjPauhfth;j;jdp> j;hpjpa uhfth;j;jdp> rJh;j;j
uhfth;j;jdp vd ehd;F uhfth;j;jdpia ghLk;Kiwia tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
Kjy; uhfth;j;jdp – 20 epkplq;fs;
,uz;lhk; uhfth;j;jdp – 10 epkplq;fs;
%d;whk; uhfth;j;jdp – 5 epkplq;fs;
ehd;fhk; uhfth;j;jdp – 2½ epkplq;fs;
vd;W epkplq;fspd; fzf;Fk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
];jhap];jhap];jhap];jhap
];jhap ghLk; Kiwia “];jhap ]Q;rhu gj;jjp” vd;Wk;
MNuh`z ];jhap ]Q;rhuk;> mtNuh`z ];jhap ]Q;rhuk; vd;W
,U gphpTfshf tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
,e;j gj;jjpahdJ mgd;ahr fpukj;jpd; Xh; mq;fkhFk;.
goq;fhyj;jpy; ,k;Kiwiag; gy ,irty;Yeh;fs; jdpahd Kiw
vd;W $wpAs;sdh;. ,e;j uhf Myhgid yÑzq;fs; vy;yh
uhfq;fSf;Fk; ghl Vw;wJ vd;W $wpAs;shH E}yhrphpaH (gf;.35-36).5
gy;ytp ghLk; KiwahdJ ,U E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;G jhd;
Vw;gl;lJ vd;W K.V. =dpth] ma;aq;fhh; jkJ E}ypy; gy;ytp
vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; $wpAs;shh;. gy;ytpiag; ghLk; jUzj;jpy;
,irf; fiyQh;fspd; jdpj;jpwikahdJ ntspg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;
,t;thW ghLk; nghOJ ];tuq;fspd; Njh~q;fs; epth;j;jp
5 uhfk; jhdk; gy;ytp.
76
nra;ag;gl;L gy;ytpia tpd;ahrk; nra;Ak;nghOJ mfhu>
,fhuq;fis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. gy;ytpapd; rhfpj;akhdJ
,iwtidg; Gfo;e;J ghLk; fPh;j;jidfspypUe;J vLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,t;thW vLf;fg;gLk; rhfpj;a gy;ytpahdJ gy;ytp ghLtjw;F Vw;w
tpjj;jpy; mjw;fhd KiwfNshL ghlg;gl;L tUfpwJ. jw;fhyj;jpy;
r;Uq;fhu ghtj;jpy; mike;j gy;ytpfisAk; ,irf;fiyQh;fs;
Njh;e;njLj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;W $wpAs;shh;.
gy;ytp ghLk; nghOJ ftdpf;f Ntz;ba rpy Kiwfis
tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
1. gy;ytpapd; rhfpj;akhdJ flTis GfOk; tpjj;jpy;
mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpsk;g fhyj;jpy; ghLk; nghOJ
uhfghtk; nflhky; rhfpj;aj;jpy; gjr;NrjNkh> rhfpj;aghtk;
nflhky; ghl Ntz;Lk;.
2. gy;ytpapy; rq;fjpfs; ghLk; nghOJ fPh;j;jidfspy;
ghlf;$ba rq;fjpfisAk; ghlyhk;.
3. gy;ytpf;F ];tuq;fs; ghLk; nghOJ th;z myq;fhu
];tuq;fis uhf ghtk; nflhky; ghlyhk;.
4. nghJthf jhl;L ];tu gpuNahfq;fis rk;G+h;z> tf;u> Njrpa
uhfq;fSf;F gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ. uhfyÑzq;fspy; $wg;gl;L
,Ue;jhy; xopa jhl;L ];tu gpuNahfq;fis gad;gLj;JtJ
jtW.
cjhuzkhf Njhb uhfj;jpy; jhl;L];tu gpuNahfq;fs;
moifj;jUk; fjk> kepj> ephpep - jhpepj - jfhpep Nghd;w
gpuNahfq;fs; uhfghtj;ij ed;F ntspg;gLj;Jk;. g];] - gff -
hpjj - hpepk - fhpj Nghd;w gpuNahfq;fs; Njhb uhfj;jpw;F
Vw;wjy;y vd;W $Wfpwhh;.
NkYk; fy;gdh];tuq;fs; ghLk; NghJ [hjp Ngjj;ij
mbg;gilahf itj;Jg; ghl Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; jhl;L ];tu
gpuNahfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ vd;W $Wfpwhh;. ,t;tplj;jpy;
,iria MZf;Fk;> jhsj;ij (Ku[thj;ak;). ngz;Zf;Fk;
xg;gpLfpwhh;. kdpj tho;f;ifapy; xU Mizg; ngz; Mdts;
77
vt;thW newpg;gLj;jpr; nry;fpwhNsh mJNghd;W ,iriaj; jhsk;
kl;LNk newpg;gLj;jp vLj;Jr; nry;y KbAk; vd;W $Wfpwhh;.
gy;ytpia %d;W fhyj;jpy; ghbdhYk; gy;ytp ghl
Muk;gpj;j nghOJ ,Ue;j fhy mstpNyNa ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vf;fhuzk; nfhz;L mjd; Ntfj;ij mjpfg;gLj;jf;$lhJ vd;W
tpsf;fpAs;shH.
,uhfk; jhdk; gy;ytp vDk; E}ypy; M.B. Ntjty;yp “jhdk;
vd;gijg; gioa rk;ujhag;gb uhfj;ij kj;ak fhyj;jpy; ghLtNj
jhdk; vd;W $Wfpwhh;. itzpfh;fs; mjid uhfj;jpd; kj;ak
fhyk; vd;W $Wtjhf $wpAs;shH. NkYk; jhdk; vd;w nrhy;ypd;
%yk; “njd;dh” vd;w jkpo;r; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J jhd; Njhd;wpaJ
vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
mLj;jgbahf ek;kho;thhpd; jpUtha; nkhopapy; xU ghRuj;jpy;
njd;dh vd;w nrhy;yhdJ ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ ek;kho;thh;
,r;nrhy;iy jpUg;gjp VOkiyahidg; Gfo;e;J ghLtjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;shH. ,jid tpsf;F Kfkhf
“ njd;dh njdh ntd tz;LKwy; jpUNtq;flj;Jnjd;dh njdh ntd tz;LKwy; jpUNtq;flj;Jnjd;dh njdh ntd tz;LKwy; jpUNtq;flj;Jnjd;dh njdh ntd tz;LKwy; jpUNtq;flj;J”
(jpUtha;nkhop - ek;kho;thh;)
,t;thpfs; ,jid ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,JNt ehsiltpy;
jhdk; vd;Wk; mjd;gpd; “Mdk;j ek;j” vd;W khwpAs;sJ. ,J
%k;%h;j;jpfspd; ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk;gbahf mike;Js;sJ vd;Wk;>
jhdk; vd;gJ goq;fhyj;jpy; fl;fh (Kataka) vd;Wk; uhfj;jpd;
yl;rzj;ij KOikahf ntspg;gLj;JtjhFk;” vd;Wk; ,e;E}yhrphpah;
vd;W $Wfpwhh;.
3.3.3.3.3333....3333.... rqrqrqrq;fPjrk;g;ujha gpujh;~pzp;fPjrk;g;ujha gpujh;~pzp;fPjrk;g;ujha gpujh;~pzp;fPjrk;g;ujha gpujh;~pzp
Rg;guhk jPÑpjuhy; vOjg;gl;l ,e;E}ypy; uhfMyhgid ghLk;
Kiwia ‘MyhgdK’ vd;w jiyg;gpd;fPo; tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
uhfyÑzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; uhfj;ijg; ghl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
fPo;f;fhZk; yÑzq;fisf; $wpAs;shh;.
78
1. jPh;f;f ];tuq;fis gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
2. th;[ ];tuq;fis ePf;fp tpl;L ghl Ntz;Lk;.
3. gFj;t ];tuq;fis mbf;fb gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ.
4. my;g];tuq;fis mbf;fb gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ.
5. tf;uuhfkhapd; MNuh`z mtNuh`z Kiwapy;
gpuNahfq;fisg; ghLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
6. tpthjp];tuq;fis jtph;f;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ tpthjp];tu
gpuNahfq;fis fkfq;fSld; ghl Ntz;Lk;.
7. md;a ];tuq;fis mbf;fb gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ.
,th; jkJ E}ypy; MÑpg;jpfhit my;yJ Maj;jk; ,uhf
Myhgidapd; njhlf;fk; vd;Wk;> uhfth;j;jdpia my;yJ vLg;G>
tpjhhp my;yJ Kf;jhap vd;Wk; $wp rJh;jz;b gpufhrpifapy;
$wpAs;sgbNa uhfMyhgid Kiwia jkJ E}ypYk; tpsf;fpAs;shH.
,e;E}ypy; kj;akfhyk; vd;w jiyg;gpy; jhdj;ijg;gw;wpAk;
tpsf;fpAs;shu;. “jhdk;j” > “jdd;d” > “jdk;d” vd;W kj;akfhyj;jpy;
ghLtijAk;> epah]k; gz;Ztij tpsk;g fhyj;jpYk; ghl
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $wpAs;shh;.
Jhpjfhyj;jpy; ghLk; jhdj;ij “ehgpjhd” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
mjw;fhf xypfs; “jhdk;j” ,ij mfhukhfTk;. “k;” fhukhfTk;
ghlNtz;Lk; Kw;fhyj;jpy; ,J Nghd;W jhd; ghlg;gl;lJ vd;W
$Wfpd;whu;. epah]j;ij kj;ak> tpsk;gfhyj;jpy; ghl Ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk; ,e;jg;ghzpapy; ghLtijf; fzk; ghLjy; vd;Wk; $wpAs;shu;.
,J Nghd;W kj;ak> Jhpj fhyj;jpy; ghLtjw;F xNu
khjphpahd yl;rzq;fisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. uhf Myhgidf;F
vt;thW cl;gphpTfs; cs;sNjh? mNjNghd;W jhdk; ghLtjw;Fk;
Maj;jk;> vLg;G> Kf;jhap> ];jhap> MNuh`p> mtNuhfp> ]Q;rhhp>
kfhpzp> Kf;jhap vd;W gy cl;gphpTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tPiz
tpj;thd;fs; ,e;jtif jhdq;fisf; fduhfq;fspy; thrpj;Jj; jk;
jpwikia ntspg;gLj;Jthh;fs;. ,e;jtif jhdq;fs; “fl;fh”
vdg;gLk; vd;W tpsf;fpAs;shH.
79
3.3.3.3.3333....4.4.4.4. rq;fPj];tak; Nghjpdprq;fPj];tak; Nghjpdprq;fPj];tak; Nghjpdprq;fPj];tak; Nghjpdp (Hindu music self instructor, 1892 - AD)
,e;E}yhrpupau; T.M.ntq;fNlrrh];jpup Mthh;. ,th; jkJ E}ypDs;
16 tif jhdq;fisg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,j;jhdq;fis ehl>
nfsis> Mugp> => uPjp nfsis> ehuhaz nfsis Mfpa
uhfq;fspd; %yk; tpsf;fpAs;shu;. Kjypy; jhdq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk;
gytpj uhf]Q;rhuq;fisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. ,ijj;
njhlu;e;J jp];u> rJ];u> fz;lIhjpfspy; ];tugpuNahfq;fis
jhdk; ghLtjw;F Vw;wtifapy; cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
ck;. ehl uhfk;
]khp ]]ep – gepg> ];epg - jp];uk;.
]hpfk – fkhp] – ];epgk – hpfhp] - rJ];uk;
]hPfk – ]hhpfk – kgjheP – ];epghk - fz;lk;
3.3.3.3.3333....5555.... g;ujk mg;ahr G];jfKg;ujk mg;ahr G];jfKg;ujk mg;ahr G];jfKg;ujk mg;ahr G];jfK (1905 AD)
,e;E}y; Rg;guhkjpÑpjuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;ljhFk;. thj;aq;fspy;
thrpg;gjw;F vd;W jdpahf gpuNahfq;fSk;> tha;g;ghl;Lfhuu;fSf;F
vd;W jdpahf gpuNahfq;fSk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. tha;g;g;ghl;by;
ghlf;$ba jhdq;fis “jhdfhdK” vd;w jiyg;gpy; $wpAs;shu;.
jhdj;jpw;F vd;Nw xU gFjpia $wp mg;gFjpapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s
midj;J jhd gpuNahfq;fSk; jhu];jhap ~l;[j;jpy; KbAk; gb
mikj;Js;shH. xt;nthU gFjpapYk; vz;zw;w jhdq;fs;
thpirg;gb ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
3.3.3.3.3333....6.6.6.6. fhNde;J NrfuKfhNde;J NrfuKfhNde;J NrfuKfhNde;J NrfuK (1912 AD)
jr;#h; rpq;fhurhh;AY vd;gtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,e;E}ypDs;
jhdq;fspd; tiffs; ];tujhsf;Fwpg;Gld; ehl> nfsis> Mugp>
tuhsp> => ehuaz nfsis> hPjp nfsis> ]huq;f ehl;il vd;w
VO fd uhfq;fspy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
3.3.3.3.3333....7777. ];tukQ;rup. ];tukQ;rup. ];tukQ;rup. ];tukQ;rup (1932 AD)
,irf;nfd;W Kjd;Kjyhf njYq;fpy; vOjg;gl;l ,e;E}y;
jr;R+H rpq;fhurhh;AYthy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,tH jk; E}ypy;
80
fduhfq;fspy; mike;j jhdj;jpw;fhd ];tu jhsf;Fwpg;Gf;fis
“jhdKY” vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; mspj;Js;shH. Xiyr;Rtbfspy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s jhaq;fNs ,f;fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; jhdq;fSf;F
xj;Js;sJ. 20k; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg;gpd; jhaq;fs; vd;gitNa jhdq;fs;
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ vd;W ,e;E}yhrphpah; $Wfpd;whH.
gy E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s jhdj;jpw;fhd ];tu gpuNahfq;fs;
gapw;rp nra;tjw;F kl;LNk MFk;. Vndd;why; ,f;fhyj;jpy;
tof;fj;jpy; cs;s jhdq;fs; Kd;dh; gy E}y;fspy;
$wg;gl;Ls;stw;wpy; ,Ue;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;Ls;sJ. mjdhy;
jhdk; vd;gJ ];tugpuNahfq;fis kj;akfhyj;jpy; “Mde;j” vd;W
xypfNshL ghLtJ MFk;. ,e;j gof;fkhdJ 20k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J
Njhd;wpaJ vd;W $wyhk;. NkYk; jhdk; gw;wp gy E}y;fspy;
$wg;gl;bUe;jhYk; rq;fPj rHthHj;j rhurq;f;u`K vd;w E}ypy;
jhdk; vd;gJ Maj;jk;> vLg;G Nghd;w gy gFjpfis
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,g;gFjpfshy; jhdj;jpd; moifr; rpwg;ghf
ntspg;gLj;j KbAk; vd;Wk; $WfpwJ. ,g;gFjpfs; gpw;fhyj;jpy;
gytif jhdq;fs; cUthf;Ftjw;F VJthf ,Ue;jJ.
jhdtiffs; fIjhdk;> mRtjhdk;> rf;ujhdk;> tf;ujhdk;> vd gy
tifg;gLk;. kpUfq;fs; gwitfspd; xypia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L gytif jhdq;fs; ,ir mwpQu;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
,t;thW fhy mbg;gilapy; tsh;e;J te;j jhdkhdJ ,d;Wk;
gioa kuig kPwhJ ghLtjpYk;> thrpg;gjpYk; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.
jhdq;fis fh;ehlf ,irapy; kl;Lkpd;wp nky;ypir> jhsthj;af;
fr;Nrhpfs; ehl;baf; fr;Nrhpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; ifahs;fpd;wdh;.
,J jhdj;jpd; tsh;r;rpapy; Kf;fpa fl;lkhFk; vd;W E}yhrphpaH
tpsf;fpAs;shH.
3.3.8 rq;fPj];tu g;u];jhu rhfuK3.3.8 rq;fPj];tu g;u];jhu rhfuK3.3.8 rq;fPj];tu g;u];jhu rhfuK3.3.8 rq;fPj];tu g;u];jhu rhfuK
,e;E}yhrphpah; ehjKdpahthH. ,tH jkJ E}ypDs; gy;ytp
ghLk; Kiwia tpsf;fpAs;shh;. mDNyhkk; vd;gJ jhsj;ij
gpujkfhyj;jpYk; ];tuq;fis> Kjy;> ,uz;L> %d;whk; fhyq;fspy;
81
ghLtJ. tpNyhkk; vd;gJ ];tuq;fis gpujk fhyj;jpYk; jhsj;ij
Kjy;> ,uz;L> %d;whk; fhyj;jpYk; NghLtjhFk; vd;W Mrphpah;
tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
3.4.3.4.3.4.3.4. fd;dlE}y;fs;fd;dlE}y;fs;fd;dlE}y;fs;fd;dlE}y;fs;
3.3.3.3.4444.1.1.1.1.... ,uhf Myhgid,uhf Myhgid,uhf Myhgid,uhf Myhgid jhdkhl;L gy;ytpjhdkhl;L gy;ytpjhdkhl;L gy;ytpjhdkhl;L gy;ytp
,e;E}y; nrd;dNfrta;ahthy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. fd;dl
nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l ,e;E}ypy; uhfMyhgid Kiw RUf;fkhf
jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
uhfMyhgidf; Fwpj;j tpjpKiwfs; gy E}y;fspy;
$wpapUg;gij xj;J ,Ue;jhYk; kfhpzp vd;gJ kNdhjh;k
rq;fPjj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ gphpthd jhdj;ij xj;jJ vd;W NguhrphpaH
gp. rhk;g%h;j;jp kl;LNk $wpAs;shh;.
];jhap gj;jjpia fhdgh];fuK E}y; kw;w E}y;fspdpd;W
khWgl;l tpsf;fj;ijj; jUfpd;wJ. rq;fPjrk;g;ujha gpujh;rzpapy;
$wg;gl;Ls;s uhfth;j;jdp ehd;ifg; Nghd;Nw ,uz;lhk;> %d;whk;
uhfth;j;jdpiag; ghl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $wp fhdgh];fuK> South
Indian Music IV> jhdkhl;Lgy;ytp Mfpa %d;W E}y;fspYk;
Jhpjfhy %h;r;rid gpu];jhuq;fis ghLtjhFk;’ vd;Wk;
tpsf;fpAs;shH (gf;.38-40)6 vd;W KidtH M.B. Ntjty;yp jkJ
E}ypDs; $wpAs;shH.
jhdk;jhdk;jhdk;jhdk;
jhdk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;
“jd;aNj ,jpjhd`jd;aNj ,jpjhd`jd;aNj ,jpjhd`jd;aNj ,jpjhd` ---- Nadtp];lhu;aNj.Nadtp];lhu;aNj.Nadtp];lhu;aNj.Nadtp];lhu;aNj. uhf`~l;jhd`uhf`~l;jhd`uhf`~l;jhd`uhf`~l;jhd` …”
(g. 48)
Fwpg;gpl;l xU uhfj;jpYs;s ];tuj;ijj; Nju;e;njLj;Jf;
nfhz;L mij Maj;jk;> vLg;G> Kf;jhap> vd;w Kiwapd;gb
uhfMyhgidapy; ghLtJ jhdk; MFk;.
6 uhfk; jhdk; gy;ytp.
82
,tH ,Utif jhdq;fidg; gw;wpf; $wpAs;shu;. mit
Rj;jjhdk;> $l;ljhdk; MFk;. rk;G+u;z> mrk;G+u;z> uhfkhdhYk;
mtw;wpYs;s ];tuq;fis tupiraha; xOq;FKiwaha;
uhf];t&gk; ntspg;gLkhW ghLtJ Rj;jjhdk; MFk;. ];tuq;fis
tf;ukhf ghb mjpy; ,U uhfq;fspd; ghtq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW
ghLtJ $l;ljhdk; vd;W $wpAs;shu;.
rpy mwpthsu;fs; Ie;J ];tuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s
uhfq;fisg; ghLtu;. mu;r;rpf> rhkpf> ];tuhe;ju> ,it midj;Jk;
jhdk; vd;W $wpAs;sdhu;. Ie;Jf;F Nkw;gl;l ];tuq;fs; nfhz;l
gpuNahfq;fis – uhf %u;r;rid vd;W $wpAs;shu;. Mdhy; nrd;d
Nfrta;ah jkJ E}ypy; %u;r;rid gpuNahfq;fs; jhdq;fspy;
tUtJ kpf mG+u;tk; vd;W $wpAs;shu;. NkYk; jhdk; vd;gJ VO
];tuq;fSf;Fg; gytpjkhd ];tugpuNahfq;fis mikj;J
uhfghtj;Jld; ghLtjhFk;. jhdk; vt;thW Kw;fhyj;jpy;
ghlg;gl;lJ vd;w KiwiaAk;> Fwpg;ghf fduhfq;fspy; vt;thW
jhdk; ghLtJ> gy;ytp ghLtjw;F Kd; ghlg;gLk; uhfMyhgid>
mjd;%yk; uhfghtk; vt;thW ntspg;gLk; vd;gJk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jhdk; vd;gJ kj;ak fhyj;jpy; ];tugpuNahfq;fisg; ghLtjhFk;.
rpy nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; tpsk;gfhy> Jhpjfhy ];tu
gpuNahfq;fisg; ghLtjhFk; vd;W $wpagpd; jhdk; vd;w nrhy;ypd;
nghUis tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
Kk;%u;j;jpfSk; Xk;fhugpe;JthFk;. vdNt jhdk; vd;gJ
Kk;%u;j;jpfspd; gPIke;jpukhFk;. ,e;j gP[ ke;jpuj;ij
xt;;nthUtUk; ghLtjhy; gy Njtu;fspd;> GU~u;fspd; mUis
ngWfpwhu;fs; vd;gJ IjPfkhFk;. jhdk; vd;w nrhy;ypd;
G+u;tPfkhdJ. njd;dh vd;W njd;dpe;jpa kd;du;fisg; Gfo;e;J
ghz;ba ehl;Lg; Gytu;fshNy Kjypy; ghlg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;Nd
njd;dh vd;w nrhy;yhdJ jhdk; vd;W gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
“jÑpzuhÑ;buhjpgh” vDk; nrhy;Ny gbg;gbahf jhdk; vd;W
kUtpajhf ,e;E}w;Fwpg;Gf; $WfpwJ.
83
,tu; NkYk; gy jhd tifg;ghLfisf; $Wfpwhu;.
mitahtd tf;ujhd> kp];ujhd> khypfhjhd itj;Ajjhd>
fk;gPujhd> rf;ujhd. fPo;fz;l ];Nyhfj;jpd; %yk; rf;ujhdj;ij
tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
“jd;aNj Nad uhjd;aNj Nad uhjd;aNj Nad uhjd;aNj Nad uhfh];Jfh];Jfh];Jfh];J ---- j;thjr];tuuhrp~Pj;thjr];tuuhrp~Pj;thjr];tuuhrp~Pj;thjr];tuuhrp~P rk;g+u;z uf;jpAl;Nfdrk;g+u;z uf;jpAl;Nfdrk;g+u;z uf;jpAl;Nfdrk;g+u;z uf;jpAl;Nfd – rjhdrf;uehkf;rjhdrf;uehkf;rjhdrf;uehkf;rjhdrf;uehkf; rhah%u;r;rd rk;G+u;zrhah%u;r;rd rk;G+u;zrhah%u;r;rd rk;G+u;zrhah%u;r;rd rk;G+u;z – fj;ahj;thjruhfp~Pfj;ahj;thjruhfp~Pfj;ahj;thjruhfp~Pfj;ahj;thjruhfp~P rf;u tj;uhk;aNj uhf]; rf;ujhd ];jhj; kfrf;u tj;uhk;aNj uhf]; rf;ujhd ];jhj; kfrf;u tj;uhk;aNj uhf]; rf;ujhd ];jhj; kfrf;u tj;uhk;aNj uhf]; rf;ujhd ];jhj; kf”
(jhdkhl;L gy;ytp> g.49)
rf;ujhdk; vd;gJ uhfj;jpd; gd;dpuz;L ];tu];jhdq;fisf;
nfhz;L tpupthfg; ghLtJ. mt;thW ghLk; NghJ uhfghtk;
nflhky; ghl Ntz;Lk;. Nfushitr; Nrh;e;j Nfhtpe;jkhuh; vDk;
,irty;Yeh; =jpahfa;ah; Kd;G rf;ujhdj;ij ghbg; ghuhl;ilg;
ngw;wjhff; $wpAs;shh;.
NkYk; jhdj;jpd; rpy tiffs; rq;fPjru;thh;j;jrhu rq;f;u`K
vd;w E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. jhdj;jpy; gy gFjpfs; ,jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. mitahtd Maj;jk;> vLg;G> ];jhap>
cj;f;u`> Kf;jhap. fduhfq;fis ehl;l nfsis> Mugp> tuhsp>
=> ikdu; uhfq;fshd rhyfigutp Kjypa uhfq;fSf;Fj;
jhdj;jpw;fhd ];tujhs Fwpg;Gf;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;
jhdj;jpd; xypfisAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. mit jk;dh> mdk;dhdk;>
jhdk; vd;gdthFk;.
gy;ytpgy;ytpgy;ytpgy;ytp
gy;ytp vd;w nrhy;yhdJ vt;thW Njhd;wpaJ vd;w
nra;jpiag; gy;ytp vd;w jiyg;gpd;fPo; tpthpj;Js;shh;. 13Mk;
E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j gy thf;Nfafhuh;fs; gyh; jkJ
cUg;gbfspd; Kjy; gFjpia gy;ytp vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;.
Fwpg;ghf grtz;zhtpd; trdq;fspy; gy;ytp vd;w nrhy;yhdJ
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNjNghd;W eu`hp jPh;j;jhpd; Njth;
ehkhf;fspYk;> =ghjuhahpd; ghly;fspYk; gy;ytp vd;w nrhy;yhdJ
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
84
gy;ytp ghLfpd;w KiwahdJ =rpahkrh];jp>
=jpahfuh[];thkpfspd; fhyj;jpy; tphpTgLj;jg;gl;lJ.
gy;ytpapy; ftdpf;f Ntz;ba gy Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis
yÑzf;fhuh;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sij tpthpj;Jf; $Wfpwhh; E}yhrphpaH.
gy;ytpapy; fhzg;gLk;; Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fs; gjfh;g;gk;>
yak;> tpd;ahrk; MFk;.
gy;ytp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s rhfpj;aq;fs; ey;y fUj;Jf;fis
czh;j;Jtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(c.k;.)(c.k;.)(c.k;.)(c.k;.) “k`pknjypajukh ePk`pknjypajukh ePk`pknjypajukh ePk`pknjypajukh eP”
“ njhuFzh ,Ltz;bNrthnjhuFzh ,Ltz;bNrthnjhuFzh ,Ltz;bNrthnjhuFzh ,Ltz;bNrth”
fy;gdh];tuk; ghLk;Kiwiaf; $Wk; nghOJ gy
fUj;Jf;fs;. rhk;g%h;j;jpapd; fUj;Jf;fNshL xj;Jg;Nghfpd;wd.
fy;gdh];tuj;ij kpUjq;f [jpf;Nfw;g ghlhky;> uhfghtj;jpw;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Jg;ghl Ntz;Lk;. fy;gdh];tuj;jpd; KbT
];tuk; fpu`];tuj;jpw;F Kd; my;yJ gpd; ];tukhf mikayhk;.
uhfj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd ];tukhfTk; mikayhk;. nghJthf
fy;ghd];tuj;jpd; KbT];tuk; fpu`];tuj;jpd; Ke;ija
];tukhfj;jhd; mikAk;.
uhfkhypifahf ];tuq;fs; ghLq;fhy; ];tuq;fs;. gy;ytp
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s uhfj;jpy; Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW gy;ytpf;Ff;
fy;gdh];tuk; ghLk;KiwiaAk; jkJ E}ypy; tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
3.5.3.5.3.5.3.5. Mq;fpy E}y;fs;Mq;fpy E}y;fs;Mq;fpy E}y;fs;Mq;fpy E}y;fs;
3.3.3.3.5.1.5.1.5.1.5.1. South Indian Music Book - IV
NguhrphpaH gp. rhk;g%h;j;jp jkJE}ypy; uhfk; ghLk;Kiwia
tpsf;Fkplj;J. %d;W Kf;fpakhd fl;lq;fisf; $wpAs;shh;.
mitahtd: 1. MÑpjpg;fh> 2. uhfth;j;jdp> 3. ];jhap my;yJ
kfhpzp vd;gjhFk;. %d;whtJ gphptpy; MNuh`z];jhap>
mtNuh`z ];jhap vd ,U gphpTfis tpsf;fpAs;shh;. uhfk;
ghLtjw;fhd fhy Neuj;ijAk; ,tHjkJ E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
85
MÑpjpg;fh – 5 epkplq;fs;
uhfth;j;jdp – I 10 epkplq;fs;
uhfth;j;jdp – II 10 epkplq;fs;
uhfth;j;jdp – III 7 epkplq;fs;
uhfth;j;jdp – IV 5 epkplq;fs;
];jhap – 8 epkplq;fs;
nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk; ---- 45 epkplq;fs;45 epkplq;fs;45 epkplq;fs;45 epkplq;fs;
kfhpzpia jhdj;jpw;F epfuhff; $wpAs;shh;. uhfk;
ghLtjw;fhd xypfs; jjhpd vd;whYk; ,iwehkhf;fshd rq;fuh>
`hp> uhkh Nghd;wtw;iwAk; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;W $Wfpwhh;. (g.38)7
“He adds that sacred names like Rama, Sankara, and Hari are some
times used. He refers to the fact that Mahavaidyanatha Iyer used to start his
alapana by vocalizing sankara”.
jw;fhy ,uhfKiw ,irapay; mwpQh; rhk;g%h;j;jp
mth;fshy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
NguhrphpaH gp. rhk;g%h;j;jp mth;fs; jhdk; vd;gij
kj;akfhyj;jpd; fPNo Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. jhdk; vd;gJ kj;ak
fhyj;jpy; uhfj;ij tpthpj;Jg; ghLtJ. Mdhy; jhsf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lld;
ghl Ntz;Lk;. xNu khjphpahd eilia gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. jhdk;
thrpf;Fk; NghJ gytpjkhd ];tug; gpuNahfq;fis gy ghzpapy;
ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. epah]k; nra;Ak;NghJ kl;Lk; nkJthf
eiliag; gpd; gw;wp ]Q;rhuq;fis epah]k; nra;aNtz;Lk;. NkYk;
Jhpjfhyj;jpy; ghlg;gLk; jhdj;ijf; fzk; vd;fpwhu;. ,J Nghd;W
,irf;fUtpapy; thrpf;Fk; rkaj;jpy; kj;akfhy> tpsk;gfhy
]Q;rhuq;fSk; tuyhk; vd;Wk; $Wfpwhu;. jhdk; ghLtjw;fhd
xypfisAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. Mde;j> jhdk;d> jhdd;d> kfupzp>
tu;;j;jdp> ,itnay;yhk; ,e;jghzpapy; ghLk; uhfkhFk; vd;W
$Wfpwhu;. ,tH ];tuq;fspd; $l;lj;ij vl;L tiffshfg;
gpupj;Js;shu;. mitahtd>
7 South Indian Music, IV Book.
86
1. khdtjhdk;: kD\ ;ajhdk; vd;W ngaH. ,j;jhd
gpuNahfq;fs; ehd;F ];tu gpuNahfq;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
cjhuzkhf ehd;F mÑufhyKk; ehd;F `;u];t
];tuq;fs; my;yJ ,uz;L jPHf;f ];tuq;fs; my;yJ xU
jPHf;f ];tuk;> ,uz;L `;u];t ];tuq;fs; vd;W
mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,Nj Kiwia khw;wpAk; ghlyhk;. jhd
tiffspy; ,JNt Kjy; jhdkhFk;. ,irf;fiyQHfs;
jhdk; ghLifapy; Kjypy; ,j;jhdj;ij jhd; ghLtH.
Vndd;why; gpw jhdq;fisg; ghLtjw;F ,JNt
toptFf;Fk;.
2. rf;ujhdk;: rf;fuk; Nghy; tl;ltl;lkhf ];tu gpuNahfq;fs;
mike;jpUf;Fk;.
3. m];tjhdk;: m];tk; vd;why; Fjpiu. ,j;jhdj;jpidg;
ghLk;NghJ Vw;gLk; xypahdJ Fjpiu fizg;gJ Nghd;Wk;>
XLtijg; Nghd;Wk; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
4. f[jhdk;: f[ vd;why; ahid. ahidapd; gpspwiyg; Nghd;Wk;> eiliag; Nghd;Wk; xypfis cz;lhf;FtJ.
5. kHf;fljhdk;: kHf;flk; vd;why; Fuq;F. Fuq;Ffspd; cWky; Nghd;W xyp cz;lhf;FtJ.
6. ka+ujhdk;: kA+uk; vd;why; kapy;. kapypd; mfTjiyg; Nghd;W xyp cz;lhf;fpg; ghLtJ.
7. Ff;Fljhdk;: Ff;Flk; vd;why; Nfhop. Nfhop $Tjiyg; Nghd;W xyp cz;lhf;FtJ.
8. kz;̂ fj;jhdk;: kz;̂ fk; vd;why; jtis. kiof;fhyj;jpYk;> ePHj;Njf;fq;fspy; ,Ue;J jtisfs; hPq;fhu xypia
vOg;Gk;. ,t;xypiag; Nghd;W cz;lhf;FtJ.
kz;̂ fjhdk; - nkyl;̂ hpy; eilngWk; ehl;ba ,ir
ehlfq;fs; Fr;Rg;GbapYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w ,t;tirj;jhdk;.
fle;j E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j rhj;jD}h; gQ;Rma;ah;> rq;furptk;
MfpNahH ,t;tif jhdq;fisg; ghLtjpy; ty;yik ngw;wth;.
87
,ijj; njhlh;e;J jhdq;fspd; tpsf;fq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l jhdq;fspy; Kjypuz;ilj;jtpu kw;wtw;wpw;F>
tpyq;Ffs;> gwitfspd; ngau;fisf; nfhz;L ngahplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Vnddpy; ,j;jhdq;fspd; Fzhjpraq;fshdJ ,k;kpUfq;fs;>
gwitfspd; xypfisg; Nghd;;wpUf;Fk;. ,it jtpu NkYk; rpy
jhdq;fisg; gw;wpAk; $wpAs;shu;. mitahtd rf;ujhdk;>
tf;ujhdk;> kp];ujhdk;> khypfhjhdk;> fk;gPujhdk;> tpj;ahjhdk;
vd;gdthFk;. ,jid tpsf;Fk; ];NyhfkhtJ:
rf;urf;urf;urf;uhdr;ra tf;ur;r kpr;ujhdr;r khypfhhdr;ra tf;ur;r kpr;ujhdr;r khypfhhdr;ra tf;ur;r kpr;ujhdr;r khypfhhdr;ra tf;ur;r kpr;ujhdr;r khypfh jhd fk;gPujhdr;r tpj;ahjhd ~~;lh;ugpjhd fk;gPujhdr;r tpj;ahjhd ~~;lh;ugpjhd fk;gPujhdr;r tpj;ahjhd ~~;lh;ugpjhd fk;gPujhdr;r tpj;ahjhd ~~;lh;ugp (S.M.IV)
3.3.3.3.5555....2222.... jhdq;fspd; tpsf;fk;jhdq;fspd; tpsf;fk;jhdq;fspd; tpsf;fk;jhdq;fspd; tpsf;fk;
1. Rj;jjhdk;1. Rj;jjhdk;1. Rj;jjhdk;1. Rj;jjhdk;
];tuq;fis rk;G+HzkhAk;> thpirf;fpukkhAk; ,irg;gJ
Rj;jjhdk; vdg;gLk;. xU uhfj;jpd; rhaiy gpufhrg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;LtJ. ,J MWtifg;gLk;. mitahtd rf;u> tf;u> kp];u>
khypfh> tpj;A+f> fk;gPu.
1. rf;ujhdk;:rf;ujhdk;:rf;ujhdk;:rf;ujhdk;: ];tugpuNahfq;fs; tl;ltl;lkhd Kiwapy;
Jupjfhyj;jpy; ghlg;gLk;.
2. kp];ujhdk;:kp];ujhdk;:kp];ujhdk;:kp];ujhdk;: ];tuq;fspy; gytif eilfis fye;J
ghLtjhFk;.
3. khypfhjhdk;:khypfhjhdk;:khypfhjhdk;:khypfhjhdk;: ,uhfkhypifapd; mbg;gilapy; ghLtjhFk;.
4. fk;gPujhdk;:fk;gPujhdk;:fk;gPujhdk;:fk;gPujhdk;: midj;J ];tuq;fspd; Xir njspthfTk;>
fk;gPukhfTk; xypf;fg; ngWtJ.
5. tf;ujhdk;:tf;ujhdk;:tf;ujhdk;:tf;ujhdk;: ];tuq;fis (gpwo;r;rpahf) tf;ukhfg; ghLjy;.
2. $ljhdk;2. $ljhdk;2. $ljhdk;2. $ljhdk;
$ljhdk; vd;gJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l uhfq;fis
rhayhf;fpf; fhl;LtJ.
,Jtiu jhdj;ijg; gw;wp yÑz fpue;jq;fspYk;> jkpo;
E}y;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; nra;jpfs; njhFj;jspf;fg;gl;lJ.
88
3.3.3.3.5555....3333.... jhdjhdjhdjhdj;ijj;ijj;ijj;ij ];tujhsf; Fwpg;Gld;];tujhsf; Fwpg;Gld;];tujhsf; Fwpg;Gld;];tujhsf; Fwpg;Gld; je;Js;sje;Js;sje;Js;sje;Js;s E}y;fE}y;fE}y;fE}y;fshtd:shtd:shtd:shtd:
rq;fPj rh;thh;j;j rhurq;f;u`k; - tPiz uhkhD[h (1885AD);
rq;fPj ];tak; Nghjpdp - T.M. ntq;fNlr rh];j;jphp (1892AD)
g;ujk mg;ah] G];jfh - Rg;uhk jPl;rpjh; (1905 AD)
fhnde;J Nrfuk; - jr;#h; rpq;fhurhh;AY (1912 AD)
rq;fPj~l;rk;g;ujha jPgpfh - S.V.muq;frhkp Iaq;fhh; (1913 AD)
rq;fPj #lk;G+jp - K.V. =epthr Iaq;fhh; (1929 AD)
rq;fPj uj;dhtsp - K.V. =epthr Iaq;fhh; (1977)
];tu kQ;rup – jr;#h;rpq;furhh;AY (1932 AD)
NguhrphpaH gp. rhk;g%h;j;jp jkJ E}ypy; gy;ytpapd;
mikg;igAk;> ghLk; KiwiaAk;> gy;ytpapd; tiffisAk;
$wpAs;shh;.
gy;ytpapd; mikg;igg; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ gy;ytpia
,uz;lhf gphpg;gNj gjfh;g;gk; my;yJ mWjp MFk;. ,JNt
gy;ytpiag; G+h;thq;fk;> cj;uhq;fk; vdg; gphpf;fpd;wJ. gy;ytpapd;
rhfpj;aj;ij nghWj;J ,it mikAk;. NkYk; gy;ytpapy;
tuf;$ba vLg;G> gjfh;g;gk;> Kf;jha;g;G ,it%d;Wf;Fk; cs;s
njhlh;igAk; tpthpj;Js;shh;. gy;ytp mike;Js;s mikg;igg;
nghWj;J mjid nrsffhy gy;ytp> kj;akfhy gy;ytp>
eilg;gy;ytp vd tifg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. gy;ytp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s
rhfpj;aj;ijg; nghWj;J gf;jpu]g; gy;ytp> r;Uq;fhu u]g; gy;ytp>
];tuhÑu gy;ytp vd ,jid tifg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
eputy;eputy;eputy;eputy;
eputy; vd;gJ kNdhjh;k rq;fPjj;jpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd
mq;fkhFk;. nghpa ePz;l Neuf; fr;Nrhpfspy; eputy; Kf;fpa
,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ. eputyhdJ ,irepfo;r;rpapy;> ghLgthpd;
,irQhdk;> jpwik> Mw;wiy ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. NkYk; eputiyg;
ghLfpd;w uhfj;jpd; KOikahd moifAk;> ghtj;ijAk;
fhl;LfpwJ. gy;ytp my;yJ fpUjpfSf;F Vw;g eputy; ghLk; Kiw
khLgLfpwJ. mt;thW ghLk; NghJ cUg;gb mike;Js;s
89
jhsj;jpw;Nfw;g eputy; ghlg;gLk;. ,t;thW uhf jhsj;NjhL
ghlg;gLk; eputypd; %yk; uhfghtKk;> jhsj;jpd; EZf;fq;fSk;
FWfpa fhyj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ.
mJkl;Lky;yhJ fr;Nrhp Nfl;Fk; rigNahh;f;F uhfj;jpYs;s ];tu
gpuNahfq;fs; ntt;NtW ];jhapapy; ghlg;gLk; ];tu ]Q;rhuq;fs;>
fiyQdpd; ,ir Qhdk;> jhs Qhdk; Kjypatw;iw urpf;f
tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ. ,irf;fiyQDf;F me;j rkaj;jpy; Njhd;Wk;
fw;gid tsj;ijAk; fhzyhk;. eputyhdJ gyfhyq;fspy;
ghlg;gLfpwJ. 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,ilf;fhyj;jpypUe;J. uhfk;>
jhdk;> gy;ytp> ghLk;nghOJ ifahsg;gl;lJ. cUg;gbapy; tUk;
XhpU thpfis kPz;Lk;kPz;Lk; ghbajhy; eputy; Njhd;wpajhff;
$wg;gLfpwJ. kNdhjh;k rq;fPjk; cr;rfl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy;
fiyQHfs; jkJ jpwikfis [kPd;jhh;fs;> murh;fs;> rigNahh;
MfpNahHfs; Kd; gytpj tpj;jpahrkhd Kiwfisf; ifahz;L
jq;fs; jdpj;jd;ikiaAk;> jpwikiaAk; ntspg;gLj;jpdh;. NkYk;
,t;tpj;jpahrq;fisf; fpUjp> fPh;j;jidfspYk; GFj;jpdh;. ekJ
,ir Kd;Ndhbfshd =jpahfuh[h;> =;rpahkrh];jphp ,th;fsJ
fhyf;fl;lj;jpNyNa gy;ytp eputy; Nghd;wit fr;Nrhpfspy; ,lk;
ngw;wpUe;jd. nghg;gpypNfrta;ahTld; ele;j gy;ytp Nghl;bapd;
%yk; eputy; ghLtJ Njhd;w fhuzkhapUe;jJ. %k;%h;j;jpfspd;
fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Dk;> gpd;Dk; ~l;fhy Nfhtpe;jkhuh; vDk;
thf;Nfafhuh; gy;ytpia MWfhyj;jpy; ghbajhf jpahfuh[hpd;
tho;f;if rhpjj;jpy; Fwpg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ.
eputyhdJ gy;ytp mike;Js;s fUj;jpid tpsf;FtJ.
eputy; ghLk; nghOJ gy;ytpapy; ,lk; ngwf;$ba xypfs;
gy;ytpapd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUg;gijg; Nghd;Nw mike;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. gy;ytpapd; fUj;jpy; ve;j xU khw;wKk; Vw;glf;$lhJ.
eputy; ghLtjpy; rpwe;j rpy [hk;gthd;fs; ,Ue;Js;sdh;
Krpwp Rg;ukz;a ma;ah;> mhpaf;Fb uhkhD[ ma;aq;fhh;> ilfh;
tujhr;rhhp> koitRg;guhkghftjh;> Fk;gNfhz uh[khzpf;fk;gps;is
90
jw;fhyj;jpy; jQ;rht+h; T.M.jpahfuh[d;> Nryk; Njrpfd;> nrk;kq;Fb
rPdpthr ma;aq;fhh; KjypNahh; cyfg;Gfo; ngw;Nwhh; Mthh;.
eputy;eputy;eputy;eputy;----rq;fjp NtWghLfs;rq;fjp NtWghLfs;rq;fjp NtWghLfs;rq;fjp NtWghLfs;
eputy; vd;why; epuTjy;> gug;Gjy; vd;W nghUs;. ,dpa
,irNahL> uhfghtk; khwhky; nrhy;ypd; xypfisf; nfhz;L
jhsj;jpw;Fs; ghLtjhFk;. gy;ytp my;yJ fpUjpfspd; rq;fjpfisg;
ghba gpd; mNj ,lj;jpy; gy fw;gidfSlDk; ghLtjhFk;. eputy;
ghlg;gLk; MtHj;jdj;jpy; mbg;gil ,iraikg;G mg;gbNaapUf;Fk;.
gpd;dH rpwpJ rpwpjhf ,iraikg;gpYk; khWghLfs; nra;J
fhz;gpf;fg;ngWk;. mit rq;fjpapd; ghjpapypUe;Njh my;yJ
Muk;gj;jpypUe;Njh my;yJ Kbf;Fk; ,lj;jpNyh Kiwahf
NrHf;fg;gLk;. rq;fjpapd; mbg;gil nkl;lhdJ rpwpJ rpwpjhf
moFgLj;jg;gl;L ghlg;gLk;. ,JNt eputy; vd;wiof;fg; ngWfpwJ.
eputyhdJ tpsk;gfhyk;> kj;jpak fhyj;jpy; ghlg;gLk;
rq;fjpfs; tpsk;g kj;a Jhpj Mfpa %d;W fhyq;fspYk; ghlg;gLk;.
Kbthf mbg;gil nkl;lhdJ XhpUKiw ghlg;gl;L Kbf;fg;ngWk;.
rq;fjpfspd; moif fpUjpfspy; GFj;jpa ngUik
jpahfuh[iuNar; rhUk;. thh;j;ijfSf;Nfw;w ,iria xNu mstpy;
GFj;jpath; ,tNu. rq;fjp vDk; mzpapypUe;Nj eputy; vDk;
ghLKiw Njhd;wpaJ vdyhk;. rq;fjp Kiwg;gb fw;Wf;nfhz;L
ghlg;gLtjhy; fy;gpj rq;fPjj;ijAk;> eputy; fw;gidahfg;
ghlg;gLtjhy; kNdhjh;k rq;fPjj;ijAk; rhUk;. rq;fjpahdJ
gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk; vd fpUjpapd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk;
tUk;. mf;fpUjp mike;Js;s uhf ghtj;ijAk; rhfpj;a
ghtj;ijAk; epiwthf ntspg;gLj;Jk;. Mdhy; kNdhjh;k ,irapy;
tUk; eputy; ,irf;fiyQdpd; jpwikf;Nfw;g ,ay;ghf ghlg;gLk;.
eputy; Ie;J fjpfspYk; ghlg;gLk;. rq;fjpfs; Fwpg;gpl;l
];tu]Q;rhuq;fspy; kl;LNk mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt FUtpd;
%yk; fw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk;. fpUjpfspy; ghLk; NghJ xNukhjphpahd
fhy msT gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; eputy; Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L
91
my;yJ %d;W fhyq;fspYk;> jp];uj;jpYk; ghlg;gLfpwJ.
gy;ytpiaj; njhlh;e;J ghLtNj eputy; MFk;.
eputy;eputy;eputy;eputy; ghLk; KiwghLk; KiwghLk; KiwghLk; Kiw
gy;ytpapd; fUj;J> jhsk;> eil> vLg;G> mWjp Kjypatw;iw
ed;F GhpAk;gb ghba gpd;dH gy;ytp mike;Js;s rhfpj;aj;ij
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s mNj jhsj;jpy;> uhfj;jpd; tpNr~ gpuNahfq;fs;
,lk;ngWk; tiuapy; xt;nthU KiwAk; gy Gjpa ,irapy;
ghlNtz;Lk;.
eputy; ghLk; NghJ gy;ytpapd; rhfpj;a vOj;Jf;fs;>
mjw;nfd eph;zapf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpNyNa mika Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzkhf fu`ug;gphpah uhfj;jpy; mike;j khy; kUfid vdj;
njhlq;Fk; fz;ljphpGiljhsj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,g;gy;ytpapy;
“khy;” vDk; nrhy; %d;W khj;jpiuAk;> “kUfid” vDk; nrhy;
MW khj;jpiuapYk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fhy msit
vf;fhuzj;jpdhYk; ghLk;nghOJ khw;wf;$lhJ.
eputypd; gphpTfs;eputypd; gphpTfs;eputypd; gphpTfs;eputypd; gphpTfs;
1. eputy;
2. j;hpfhyk;
3. jp];ufjp my;yJ jp];ueil
1. Kjypy; gy;ytpapd; rhfpj;ak; ve;j jhsj;jpy;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjh me;j jhsj;jpy; ,uz;L> %d;W Kiw
ghbag; gpd; uhfghtk; jJk;Gk;gb kj;jpk fhyj;jpYk;> Jhpj
fhyj;jpYk; ghlNtz;Lk;.
2. mLj;jgbahf ,ir mikf;fg;gl;l rkfhyj;jpNyNa
ghlNtz;Lk;.
3. filrpahf kj;jpk fhyj;jpy; ghb Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
eputypy; rhfpj;ak;eputypy; rhfpj;ak;eputypy; rhfpj;ak;eputypy; rhfpj;ak;
eputypy; ghba thpfNs kPz;Lk;> kPz;Lk; tUk;. mt;thpfs;
ey;y fUj;Jf;fNshL> vy;NyhuhYk; vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l epiyapy;>
92
#o;epiyf;Nfw;wthW mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. eputy;
fhygpukhzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rhfpj;aq;fs; kj;ak fhyj;jpNyh> Jhpjfhyj;jpNyh> ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.
nrd;w E}w;whz;Lfspy; rpy ,irthzh;fshy; fpUjpfspy;
eputYf;F mt;tsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gltpy;iy ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;
vd;d vd;gJ njhpatpy;iy.
mf;fhyj;jpy; ngUk;ghyhd thf;NfNafhuh;fspd; jha;nkhop
jkpohf ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fs; ghLk; njYq;F nkhopg; ghly;fspy;
Nghjpa msT rhfpj;a ghtk; fpilg;gjpy;iy. rpyjiyKiwfSf;F
Kd; fiyQh;fs; eputy; nra;tjw;Fj; njYq;F nkhop fpUjpapy;
mjw;fhd rhpahd ,lj;ijj; Njh;e;njLf;ftpy;iy. ruzj;jpy;
VNjDk; ,Uthpfis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L ghLk;nghOJ mjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd nghUs;> #o;epiy Kjypad mike;jpUf;ftpy;iy.
cjhuzkhf jpahfa;aH ,aw;wpa fhk;Ngh[p uhf “kh[hdfp” vdj;
njhlq;Fk; f;Ujpapy; thdp khlyF NfhgfpQ;rpfz;l.
“uhkePrkhd nktU” – fu`ug;hpah vd;w fpUjpapd; ruzj;jpy;
“gYFgYFyFd;Nl nyhYF khl;yhL NrhjUyF” ,t;thpfspy;
NrhjUyF vd;Dk; gjkhdJ mh;j;jkw;W cs;sJ. ,jidj;
jpUk;g jpUk;g ghLk;nghOJ ,ir moFk; Vw;glhJ. vdNt
eputYf;fhd mHj;jKs;s thpfisj; Njh;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Nj
fpUjpapd; gy;ytpf;fhd ,U thpfspy; eputy; ghbdhy; kpfg;
nghUj;jkhdjhfTk;> mUikahfTk; ,Uf;Fk; ,jid “nfhz;L -
$l;Lg; nghUs; nfhs;Sjy;” vDk; Kiwapy; nfhs;syhk;.
cjhuzkhf>
“ vtU>vtU>vtU>vtU> rkhdnktU>rkhdnktU>rkhdnktU>rkhdnktU> ePrkhdnktU>ePrkhdnktU>ePrkhdnktU>ePrkhdnktU> uhkePuhkePuhkePuhkePrkhd nktUrkhd nktUrkhd nktUrkhd nktU” Nghd;wit
jw;fhyj;jpy; mjPj ,lq;fspy; eputy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
,JNghd;W ];tuk; ghLifapy; vLg;G kpf nghUj;jkhdjhfTk;
tpd;ah]k; nra;tjw;F Vw;wjhfTk; mikfpd;wJ.
93
eputYf;fhd thh;j;ijfisj; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; nghOJ
#o;epiyf;Nfw;wthW ftdj;Jld; Njh;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
eputypd; jw;fhyepiyeputypd; jw;fhyepiyeputypd; jw;fhyepiyeputypd; jw;fhyepiy
,uhf Myhgid ghLk;nghOJ jhskpd;wpg; ghlg;gLfpwJ.
fy;gdh ];tuk; ghLk; nghOJ ];turQ;rhuq;fs; kl;LNk
ifahsg;gLfpwJ. rhfpj;jpaj;jpw;F ,lk; ,y;iy. Mdhy; eputy;
ghLk;nghOJ uhfghtk; rhfpj;aghtk; nflhky;> jhsk; khwhky;
ghlNtz;Lk; fh;ehlf ,irapy; fhzg;glf; $ba midj;J ,ir
EZf;fq;fisAk; eputy; ghLk; nghOJ ,irfiyQd; ];Ujp>
];tu];jhdk;> jhsk;> yaghtk;> uhfghtk;> rhfpj;aghtk;>
ghLk;Kiw> ghlypd; nghUs; Kjypad nflhky; ghlNtz;Lk;.
eputy; ghLtjw;F ,irapy; ey;y QhdKk;> ey;y Njh;r;rpAk;
ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; eputy; vd;gJ kNdhjh;k ,irapd;
jd;ikfs; OKikiaAk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vdyhk;.
eputy;eputy;eputy;eputy; ---- tpUj;jk; ghLk; KiwtpUj;jk; ghLk; KiwtpUj;jk; ghLk; KiwtpUj;jk; ghLk; Kiw
tpUj;jk;8> eputy; ,uz;Lk; ghLk; Kiwapy; nghJthdjhf
,Ue;jhYk;> tpUj;jkhfg; ghLk; nghOJ uhfk; mjpfkhfg; ghlg;gLk;
Njitahd ,lq;fspy; thh;j;ijfis itj;Jg; ghLth;. Mdhy;
eputy; xU jhsf;fl;Lg;ghNlhL ve;je;j ,lq;fspy; thh;j;ijfSk;
vOj;Jk; tuNtz;LNkh mtw;iw mNj ,lj;jpy; khw;whky; ghl
Ntz;Lk;.
tpUj;jk; ghLk;nghOJ nfhz;L $l;L Kiwia ifahs
Ntz;Lk;. ey;y jpwikAk; mwpTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fUj;Jfs;
#o;epiyf;Nfw;wthW mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. Gfo;ngw;w gpd;dzpg;
ghlfHfshd S.G.fpl;lg;gh K.B.Re;juhk;ghs; ,UtUk; tpUj;jk;
ghLtjpy; ifj;Njh;e;jth;fs; Mthh;.
fr;Nrhpapd; gpw;gFjpapy; rpy jkpo; cUg;gbfs;
ghlg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;TUg;gbfs; fh;ehlf ,irapy; ifahsg;gLk;
uhfq;fspNy ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifahd cUg;gbfspy;
8 jhsmikg;G ,y;yhJ uhfMyhgidNahL ghLk; Xh; ,ir tif.
94
,ireaq;fSk;> ,yf;fpaeaq;fSk; ghuhl;Lk; tifapy;
mike;jpUf;Fk;.
cjhuzkhf kJiu=dpth]d; ,aw;wpa> “fUiz nja;tNk”
- rpe;Jigutp uhfg;ghlypy; “cidad;wp NtW ahNuh ve;jha;” vd;w
thpiaf; $wyhk;. ,t;thpfisg; ghLk;nghOJ ghLgtUk;
Nfl;gtUkhf ,UtUk; nefpOk; tifapy; mikAk;.
Kw;fhyj;jpy; eputy; vd;gJ gy;ytpapy; kl;LNk ghlg;gl;L
te;jJ. jw;fhyj;jpy; eputy; ghLtjhdJ urpfh;fshy; nghpJk;
tpUk;g gLfpwJ. Mdhy; fpUjp> fPh;j;jidfspy; rpy ghly;fspy;
gy;ytp thpfSk;> nrhw;fSk; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLtjhy; eputy;
ghLtjpy; rpukk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jidj; jtpHj;j kw;wtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
fy;gdh];tuk;fy;gdh];tuk;fy;gdh];tuk;fy;gdh];tuk;
,irf;fiyQh;fshy; fpUjp fPh;j;jidfs; ghbagpd;
fw;gidahf ghlg;gLk; ];tuq;fSf;F fw;gid ];tuk; vd;W ngah;.
12Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j Fk;guhzh vd;gth; jkJ rq;fPjuh[h
vd;w E}ypy; Ugf Myhg;jpapd; xU tifahd gpujp fpu`zpfhit
ghLk; NghJ ];tuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sjhff; Fwpg;G
fhzg;gLfpwJ. goq;fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l ,irtbtq;fspy;
xd;whd gpuge;jq;fspYk; ];tuq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;
];tuq;fs; ghLtij xh; mq;fkhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j
];tuq;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rpl;il];tuq;fs;9 vDk; xh; mikg;igg;
ngw;W ,irtbtq;fshd fpUjpfs;> th;zq;fs;> uhfkhypiffspy;
,lk; ngw;Wg; ghlg;gl;L te;jd. ,jd;%yk; ,irf;fiyQh;fs;
Cf;ftpf;fg;gl;L> ftug;gl;L jkJ jpwikfis fw;gidahf
];tuq;fs; ghLk;tjd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdh;. ,JNt
fw;gid ];tuk; ghLtjw;F topNfhypw;W.
,t;topahf ,irf;fiyQh;fs; ];tugpuNahfq;fis mikj;J
gy;NtW Kiwfspy; ];tuq;fis ,izj;Jk; gphpj;Jg; ghlj;
9 rpWrpW ];tu gpuNahfq;fs;
95
njhlq;fpdh;. ,jidj; jhsj;NjhL ,izj;Jg; ghl Muk;gpj;jdh;.
jhsj;NjhLk;> yaj;NjhLk; ];tuq;fis mikj;Jg; ghLk;nghOJ
uhfghtKk; ntspg;gl;lJ. Nfl;gjw;F ,dpikahfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
mjd;gpd; ];tugpuNahfq;fis itj;Jf; fw;gid ];tuq;fisg; ghl
gy Kiwfisf; ifahz;ldh;.
01. ];tugpuNahfq;fs; uhfj;jpd; fpu` mk;r epahr [Pt];tuq;fis
itj;J mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
02. ];tugpuNahfq;fs;> [z;il> jhl;L> M`j> gpuj;ah`j
Kiwfspy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
03. ];tuq;fis gy;NtW gphpTfspy; mikj;J xd;Wld; xd;W
,izj;Jg; ghlg;gl;lJ.
04. jp];u> rJ];u> fz;l> kp];u> rq;fPh;z [hjpfspd;
mbg;gilapy; ];tuq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
05. Nfhg;Gr;rajp> ];NuhNjhtfajp vDk; ajp tiffspYk;
];tuq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
06. rh;tyFtpy; ghLgl;l ];tuq;fspy; `;u];t ];tuq;fNs
mlq;fpapUe;jJ.
fy;ghd];tuq;fs; ghLk; nghOJ filgpbf;f Ntz;baitfy;ghd];tuq;fs; ghLk; nghOJ filgpbf;f Ntz;baitfy;ghd];tuq;fs; ghLk; nghOJ filgpbf;f Ntz;baitfy;ghd];tuq;fs; ghLk; nghOJ filgpbf;f Ntz;bait
fy;gdh ];tuk; ghLk;Kiwiag; gw;wp NguhrphpaH gp.rhk;g%h;j;jp
Fwpg;gpLgit:
1. fy;gdh];tuk; ghl Muk;gpf;Fk; nghOJ ½ Mth;j;jdj;jpy;
Muk;gpj;J mjd;gpd; Kiwahf xd;W> ,uz;L> ehd;F vd
Kiwahf Mth;j;jdj;ij $l;bf; nfhz;Nl NghfNtz;Lk;.
2. fy;gdh];tuq;fs; fjp> [hjp Ngjq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. fy;gdh ghlf;$ba Mth;j;jdq;fspd; mstpy; ghlypd;
my;yJ gy;ytpapd; rhfpj;aj;jpd; gpd;gFjpapy; my;yJ
Kjd;ik gFjpapy; ghlyhk;.
4. fy;gdh ];tuk; ghb Kbf;Fk; nghOJ kFl ];tuk; mikj;J
ghb Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
96
5. fy;gdh ];tuq;fs; uhfkhypifahfTk; ghlyhk;.
6. fy;gdh ];tuq;fis uhfkhypifahf ghLk; nghOJ Kbf;Fk;
jWthapy; tpNyhkfpukj;jpy; ];tuq;fisg; ghb gy;ytp
mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpy; ,Wjpahfg; ghb Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
7. jhskhypfh gy;ytpahdJ mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s jhsj;jpy;
,Ue;J khWgl;l gy;NtW jhsq;fspy; mikj;J ghLtJ
MFk;. jpUnthw;wpA+h; jpahfa;ah; ,JNghd;w gy;ytpfis
(jhskhypfh) jkJ fr;Nrhpfspy; ghLtij tof;fkhff;
nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
ghLk; ghlypd; fpu`];tuj;jpd; Kd;dH ];tuk; my;yJ
gpd;dH ];tuj;jpy; fy;ghd];tuq;fs; Kba Ntz;Lk; my;yJ Kbg;G
];tukhdJ ghly; Muk;gpf;Fk; ];tuj;jpy; ,ize;j my;yJ
nghUj;jkhd ];tukhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
01. jw;fhyj;jpy; fy;ghd];tuk; ghLk; Kiwfs;:
01. Kjy;fhyk;
02. ,uz;lhk;fhyk;
03. jp];ufjp
04. ];jhdhde;ju gpu];jhuk;
05. Fiwg;G
06. rh;tyFKiw
07. kFl];tuk;
08. uhfkhypif
fy;gdh];tuk; eputy; ghb Kbj;jTld; ghlg;gLfpwJ. ];tuk;
ghLk; nghOJ ¼, ½, ¾, 1, 2, 2½ vd rpwpJ rpwpjhf Mth;j;jdq;fis
$l;bf;nfhz;L ];tugpuNahfq;fs; gy tiffspy; moFgLj;jpg;
ghLthh;fs;.
fy;gdh ];tuq;fisg; ghLk;nghOJ gf;fthj;akhf thrpf;fg;gLk;
taypd; ,irfiyQh;fs; rpy Ntisfspy; ghlg;gl;l ];tuj;ijNa
kPz;Lk; taypdpy; thrpg;ghh;. Kbtpy; gy Mth;j;jdq;fs; cs;s
];tuq;fisg; ghba gpd; taypd; thrpg;gth; mNj Mth;j;jd
fzf;fpy; jkJ kNdhjh;kj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp thrpg;ghh;.
97
uhfk;> jhdk;> gy;ytp ehd;F fisfspy; cs;s gy;ytp ghLk;
nghOJ eputy; ghb Kbj;jTld; gy;ytpia xU fis jhsj;jpy;
my;yJ ,uz;L fis jhsj;jpy; ];tuk; ghLtH.
];jhdhe;ju gpu];jhuk;];jhdhe;ju gpu];jhuk;];jhdhe;ju gpu];jhuk;];jhdhe;ju gpu];jhuk;
ghlypy; tUk; rpy nrhw;fs; ];tuq;fis Nghd;Nwh my;yJ
mjd; xypiag; Nghd;Nwh mike;jpUf;Fk; ,jw;F ];jhdhe;ju
gpu];jhuk; vd;W ngah;.
“khy; kUfid epide;jpLkdNk” vDk; gy;ytpapy; khy;
kUfid ghbaTld; epide;jpLepide;jpLepide;jpLepide;jpL vDkplj;jpw;F ];tuKk; kdNkkdNkkdNkkdNk
rhfpj;ak; ghbagpd; jpdNkjpdNkjpdNkjpdNk vDkplj;jpw;F ];tuKk;];tuKk;];tuKk;];tuKk; fzNk
rhfpj;ak; ghbagpd; jpdNkjpdNkjpdNkjpdNk vDkplj;jpw;F ];tuKk];tuKk];tuKk];tuKk; Kbtpy; cjtpacjtpacjtpacjtpa
vDk; ,lj;jpy; rhfpj;ak; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ.
Fiwg;GFiwg;GFiwg;GFiwg;G
,irf;fiyQh;fs; kj;akfhyj;jpy; gy Mth;j;jdq;fspy;
];tuq;fis ghb Kbf;Fk; Ntisapy; 1, ½, ¼ vd;w Mth;j;jdq;fspy;
];tuq;fisf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ghLk; Kiwf;Ff; Fiwg;G vd;W
ngah;. Kbtpy; rpWgj;jpiag; Nghd;W ];tuq;fs; ghlg;gl;L uhfj;jpd;
fpu`];tuj;jpNyh mjw;F nghUj;jkhd ];tuj;jpNyh ghb
Kbf;fg;ngWk;. ,ijj; njhlh;e;J ]h;tyF Kiwapy; `;U\ ;t
];tuq;fs; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.
Nfhh;it my;yJ kFlk;Nfhh;it my;yJ kFlk;Nfhh;it my;yJ kFlk;Nfhh;it my;yJ kFlk;
fy;gdh ];tuk; ghLk;nghOJ Fiwg;igj; njhlh;e;J
ghlg;gLtJ Nfhh;itahFk;. kFlk; vd;why; fPhplk; vd;W nghUs;
];tuq;fs; VNjDk; xU fzf;F Kiwapy; mikf;fg;gl;L mjid
%d;W Kiw ];tuk; ghb xU KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtJ
kFl];tuf;Nfhh;it vdg;gLk;. kpUjq;fj;jpy; ifahsg;gLk;
[jpfspd; fzf;FfNshL ,ize;J ,it mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
mjdhy; ,jid Nfhh;it vd;W jkpopy; miof;fpd;wdH.
ngUk;ghYk; kFl];tu mikg;G rpwpa mstpNyNa ghlg;gLk;
98
gy;ytpfSf;F kl;LNk nghpa mstpy; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. kFl];tu
mikg;G vJthf ,Ue;jhYk; Ie;J mÑuq;fshd jjPq;fpz Njhk;
vd;w mikg;gpNyNa Kbf;fg;ngWk;.
f;hp;];epj - hp];epjg - ];epjgk (m)
fkgjg - kgjepj - gjep];ep
jjPq;fpz njhk;> jj;jPq;fpz njhk; jj;jPq;fpz njhk;
jj;jPk;fpz njhk; jj;jPk;fpz njhk; jh vd;wikAk;.
,ijj; njhlh;e;J jdp MtHj;jdk; ,Uf;Fk;. kpUjq;fk;>
fQ;rpuh> flk; Nghd;w jhsf;fUtpfis thrpf;Fk; fiyQh;fs;
midtUk; ,ize;J thrpg;gH. jhsf;fUtpfisf; ifahSk;
fiyQh;fspd; kNdhjh;kkhdJ ntspg;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;ghf
mikAk;.
uhfkhypif fy;gdh ];tuq;fs;uhfkhypif fy;gdh ];tuq;fs;uhfkhypif fy;gdh ];tuq;fs;uhfkhypif fy;gdh ];tuq;fs;
fy;gdh];tuq;fs; ghLtjpy; ,Wjpahf gy uhfq;fshy;
mikf;fg;gl;l uhfkhypifahf ];tuq;fisg; ghLtJ ,g;ngauhy;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. rpy rkaq;fspy; ,e;j ];tuq;fs; tpNyhk
fpukq;fspYk; ghlg;gLfpd;wd. fpu`Ngj KiwapYk; ghLtJ
cz;L. ,irf;fiyQh;fs; ,uhf Myhgid> ];tuk; ghLjy;
,uz;bYk; ghbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; uhfj;jpd; VNjDk; xU ];tuj;ij
Mjhu~l;[khf itj;Jf; nfhz;L ghLk; NghJ NtnwhU uhfk;
fpilf;Fk;.
,J Nghd;w ghzpapy; fhyQ;nrd;w rq;fPjfyhepjp
G.N.ghyRg;ukzpad;> M.L.tre;jFkhhp Nghd;Nwhh; ,e;j EZf;fj;ijf;
ifahz;Nl urpfh;fis fth;e;jdh;. cjhuzkhf G.N.B. mth;fs;
uhfk; jhdk; gy;ytp ghLk; nghOJ ngsspuhfj;jpy;
rpk;Nke;jpukj;aKk; rq;fuhguzk; ghLk; nghOJ rz;Kfg;gphpahTk;>
fkh];uhfj;jpy; igutp uhfj;ijAk; fpu`Ngjk; nra;J ghbAs;shh;.
,J Nghd;w ghzpiaj; jw;fhyj;jpy; Dr.ghyKuspfpU~;zh>
jpU.T.N.Nr~NfhghyDk;> thj;a fiyQh;fSk; ifahz;Ls;sdH.
,t;thW ghLtjhy; fiyQh;fspd; jpwikAk; ,irapy; mth;fs;
99
ngw;Ws;s QhdKk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,irf;fr;Nrhpapd; Muk;gj;jpy;
ghlg;gLk; jhdth;zq;fSf;Fk; ,JNghd;W fw;gid ];tuq;fs;
my;yJ uhfkhypifapd; ];tuq;fs; ghLtJ vd;gJ jw;fhy
tof;fj;jpYs;sJ.
3.63.63.63.6.... KbTiuKbTiuKbTiuKbTiu
,Jtiu kNdhjh;k ,irapy; cl;gphpTfshd uhfMyhgid>
jhdk;> gy;ytp> eputy;> ];tuk; ghLjy; Mfpad gw;wpa
nra;jpfisg; gy y~zfpue;jq;fspd; %y%k; gy jkpo; E}y;fspd;
%y%k; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l nra;jpfspd; top fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. mJ
kl;Lkpd;wp ,g;gphpTfspd; goq;fhyj; Njhw;wKk; jw;fhy tsh;r;rp
gw;wpAk; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd;%yk; xt;nthU
fhyfl;lj;jpYk;> kNdhjh;kh;j;jpd; cl;gphpTfs; vt;thW tsh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd
vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ. ekJ Kd;Ndhbfs; gyh; ifahz;Ls;s
Kiwfis mwpe;J nfhs;sTk; mijg; gpd;gw;wTk; jw;fhyj;jpy;
ekJ ghLKiwf;F ,jid vt;thW gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gjw;Fk;
,it cjtpaha; mike;Js;sd vd;gij mwpa ,it nghpJk;
Jiz epw;fpd;wd.
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 4444
gpw ,ir Kiwfspy; kNdhjh;kk;
100
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 4444
gpw ,ir Kiwfspy; fw;gidapd; gq;F
,Jtiu kNdhjh;;kj;jpd; cl;gphpTfshd ,uhf Myhgid>
jhdk;> gy;ytp> eputy;> fy;gdh];tuk; Mfpait gw;wp
yÑzfpue;jq;fspy; jug;gl;Ls;s nra;jpfs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
,dp kw;w ,ir tiffshd g[id> `hpfij> ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir>
Mfpatw;wpy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;F vd;d vd;gijf; fhzyhk;.
Kjypy; g[id Kiwapy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;F vd;d vd;gijg;
gw;wpf; fhzyhk;.
4.4.4.4.1111. ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir. ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir. ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir. ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir
ehl;Lg;Gw ghly;fs;> ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; tho;NthL
gpz;zpg;gpize;Js;sd. kdpjdpd; gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;Gtiu cs;s
epfo;TfNs ehl;Lg;Gw ghlypd; nghUshfpd;wd. ehl;Lg;Gwghly;fs;
ngUk;ghYk; fhL fodpfspYk;> tay;fspYk;> njhopy; nra;Ak;
,lq;fspYk; gpwf;fpd;wd. Vw;wk; ,iwf;Fk; NghJk;> fisnaLf;Fk;
NghJk;> fjph; mWf;Fk; NghJk;> cOk;nghOJk; fisg;Gj;
njhpahky; ,Uf;f ghly;fs; ghlg;gLfpd;wd. ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd;
tho;f;if jhyhl;Lg; ghlypy; njhlq;fp> tpisahl;L> fhjy;
ghly;fspy; tsh;e;J> jpUkzg;ghlypy; epiwnta;jp> xg;ghhpg;
ghlypd; Kbtilfpd;wJ. ,d;g Jd;gq;fis gw;wp kf;fNs
ghLtjhy; ,jid kf;fs; ,yf;fpak; vd;Wk; $Wth;. ehl;Lg;Gw
ghly;fs; New;W njhlq;fpait my;y Mapukhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F
Kd;Ng kdpjd; Ngrj;njhlq;fpa ehsd;Nw ehl;Lg;Gw ghly;fSk;
Kfpo;j;jd vd;W $Wk; KidtH R. rf;jpNty; ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay;
Ma;T vDk; jkJ E}ypy;> mth;fs; #oy; mbg;gilapy;
,g;ghly;fis vl;lhf tFj;J cl;gphpTfisAk; je;Js;shH (g.28).
1. jhyhl;Lg;ghly; - (Foe;ij)
2. Foe;ijg;ghly; - rpWth; ghly;
3. fhjy; ghly;
101
4. njhopy;ghly; - Ntshz;ik> Ntshz;ikapy;yhj njhopy; ghly;
5. nfhz;lhl;lg;ghly; - mfg;ghly; (FLk;gk;) Gwg;ghly; (r%fk;)
6. gf;jpg;ghly;-,aw;if topg;ghl;Lg; ghly;> rpWnja;t> ngUe;nja;t
ghly;
7. xg;ghhpg; ghly;
8. gd;kyh;g; ghly;
fh;ehlf uhfq;fspd; mikg;gpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; ehl;Lg;Gw
,irapy; nkl;Lf;fs; midj;Jk; mbj;J thrpf;Fk; Kiwapy;
mike;jpUf;Fk;. Nfl;l khj;jpuj;jpy; ek;ik fth;e;jpOf;Fk;
jd;ikiaf; nfhz;litahFk;. ehl;Lg;Gw nkl;Lf;fs; rpy fh;ehlf
,irapd; uhfq;fspy;; mike;jpUf;Fk;. FwtQ;rpfspy; fhzg;gLk;
Fwk; vDk; nkl;lhdJ FwpQ;rp uhfj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
,k;nkl;Lf;fs; kq;fsfukhd epfo;r;rpfspYk;> jpUkzq;fspYk;
ghlg;gLk;. ,dp ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapy; ,lk; ngWk; nkl;Lf;fisf;
fhzyhk;.
4.4.4.4.1111.1. Mde;jf;fspg;G.1. Mde;jf;fspg;G.1. Mde;jf;fspg;G.1. Mde;jf;fspg;G
rpj;jHfs; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Js;sNyhirkpf;f xU tif
,irg;ghly;fs; Mde;jkha;g; ghLtjw;Fhpa ahg;gpdpy; mike;Js;sit
Mde;jf;fspg;G ghly;fs; ts;shyhH> jhAkhdtH Nghd;NwhH
,k;nkl;Lf;fspy; ghly;fs; ,aw;wpAs;sdH (ts;syhH ghly;fspy;
ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir g.102).1
Mde;jf;fspg;G nkl;by; mike;jpUf;Fk; midj;J ghly;fSNk
ehjehkfphpah uhfj;jpy; ghlg;gLk;. ,e;j uhfk; 15tJ Nkskhfpa
khah khst nfsis uhfj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;Ls;sJ.
4.4.4.4.1111.2..2..2..2. jhyhl;Lg; ghljhyhl;Lg; ghljhyhl;Lg; ghljhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs;y;fs;y;fs;y;fs;
ehl;Lg;Gw ,iriar; NrHe;j xUtifahd nkl;L. jha;ik
czHtpd; ntspg;ghNl jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fshFk;.
,t;tifahd nkl;Lf;fs; ePyhk;ghp uhfj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; rq;fPj Kk;%h;j;jpfshd
1 KidtH mhpksk; gj;kdhgd;.
102
=jpahfuh[h;> =Kj;J];thkpjPÑpjh;> =rpahkrh];jphp kw;Wk; kfhuh[h
];thjp jpUehs; Nghd;w gyh; jkJ ghly;fspy; ,t;tifahd
nkl;bidg; gpd;gw;wpAs;sdh;. ngUk;ghyhd jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs;
Mde;jigutp> aJFyfhk;Ngh[p uhfj;jpYk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
4.4.4.4.1111.3..3..3..3. kFbnkl;LkFbnkl;LkFbnkl;LkFbnkl;L
kFb vd;why; ghk;ghl;bapd; CJfUtp. %bitj;j nghUisf;
fz;Lgpbj;J vLg;gjw;F Nkhb vd;W ngaH. ghk;ig Mlitg;gjw;F
,f;fUtpapy; thrpf;Fk; nkl;Nl kFb nkl;lhFk;.2 (jkpopirf;
fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> njhFjp-3> g.3)
,k;nkl;lhdJ Gd;dhftuhsp uhfj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
mike;jpUf;Fk;. Xlg;ghly;fSk; ,e;j uhfj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
mike;jpUf;Fk; ,t;tifg; ghly;fspd; Muk;gj;jpYk; KbtpYk;
nkJthfTk; ghlypd; ,ilapy; NtfkhfTk; nkl;L
mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
4.4.4.4.1111.4..4..4..4. rpe;Jrpe;Jrpe;Jrpe;J
rpe;J vd;gJ ehl;Lg;Gw ,irg;ghly; tifiar; NrHe;jJ.
jhsf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fr; rpwg;ghf nghUe;Jk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
nehz;br;rpe;J> fhtbrpe;J> RUs; nehz;br;rpe;J> tz;br;rpe;J>
topeilr;rpe;J> fhtbr;rpe;J vd tifg;ghLfs; cz;L. ,t;tif
nkl;Lfs; Gd;dhftuhsp uhfj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
jpUkzfhyq;fspy; ghlg;gLk; nkl;Lf;fs; ire;jtp vDk; uhfj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
4.4.4.4.1111.5..5..5..5. yhtzpyhtzpyhtzpyhtzp
kuhl;ba ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir tifNa yhtzpahFk;.
jw;fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpd; ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapy; ,Nj nkl;by;
ghly;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fhkNjtdpd; fijiaNa yhtzpg; ghly;fspy; ghLnghUshf
mikj;Jg; ghLfpd;wdH. ,jd; nkl;L ehl;;Lg;Gw ,irf;Fk;
2 tP.g.fh. Re;juk;.
103
nrt;tpirf;Fk; ,ilNa ghykha; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ruNgh[p
kd;dH fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J jkpo;ehL KOtJk; ghlg;gl;l nkl;lhFk;.
(jkpopir njhd;ikAk;> ngUikAk;> njhFjp-2> g.354).3
,k;nkl;Lf;fs; rhNthp> Mde;jigutp> Njhb> ehjehkf;hpah>
aJFyfhk;Ngh[p> Mfphp> ge;Jtuhsp> uhfq;fspy; mike;jpUf;Fk;
yhtzp ,UthpfisAilaJ. Gjph; Nghd;W mike;jpUf;Fk;. rpy
uhfkhypif yhtzpfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapy; ifahsg;gLk; ,uhfq;fs;ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapy; ifahsg;gLk; ,uhfq;fs;ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapy; ifahsg;gLk; ,uhfq;fs;ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapy; ifahsg;gLk; ,uhfq;fs;> jhsq;> jhsq;> jhsq;> jhsq;fs;fs;fs;fs;
Gd;dftuhsp> ehjehkf;hpah> Mde;jigutp> ire;jtp> FwpQ;rp>
et;Nuh[;> ePyhk;ghp> `hpfhk;Ngh[p Mfpad.
jhsq;fs;jhsq;fs;jhsq;fs;jhsq;fs;
Mjp> kpr;u rhG> fz;l rhG> jp];u rhG> &gfk; Nghd;w
jhsq;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapd; nkl;Lf;fs; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,jpy;
jp];ufjp kpfTk; gpugykhd jhskhFk;.
jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs;jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs;jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs;jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs;
Kw;fhyj;jpy; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy vd
Ie;J tifahf epyq;fis gphpj;jpUe;jdh;. me;je;j epyq;fspy;
tpisAk;> nghUl;fis gz;lkhw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; nghOJ fyhr;rhuk;
Kjypatw;iwAk; ghpkhwpf; nfhz;ldh;. ,k;khjphpahd rkaq;fspy;
thzpgk; epkpj;jkhf jiytpia gphpe;J nrd;w jiytid epide;J
ghLk; jiytpapd; fw;gidahdJ kpf Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jJ
vdyhk;. xUGwk; Nrhfk; fye;j ghly;fSk;> kWGwk; kfpo;r;rp
epuk;gpa ghly;fs; vd gytifahd ghly;fs; Njhd;wpd.
cjhuzkhf fhjyidg; gphpe;j fhjyp nghpa gyhg;gok; fdpe;jhy;
mjd; Rik jhshky; fPNo tpOe;J rpjWk;> mg;nghOJ mayhh;
te;J mjidf; fth;e;J nry;th;. mijg;Nghy; mtsJ fhjNyh
kpfg; nghpJ mJ kpFe;jjhy; mtsJ rpw;Waph; jhq;fhJ mts;
3 jkpo;g;gy;fiyf;fof ntspaPL.
104
,we;Jtplf;$Lk;. Mifahy; Njhop jiytdplk; nrd;W jiytpia
kpf tpiutpy; kze;J nfhs;SkhW $Wfpwhs;.
tay;ntspapy; ehw;Wfis vLf;Fk; ngz;zhdts; jdJ
iff; Foe;ijia mq;Fs;s xU kuj;jpy; njhl;by;fl;b mjpy;
cwq;fitf;fpwhs;. mr;rkak; Foe;ij cwq;Ftjw;fhd ghliy
jdJ fw;gidahy; ghLfpd;whs;. ,it jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs;
cUthff; fhuzkhd #o;epiyfshFk;.
jha;ik czh;tpd; ntspg;ghlhfNt jhyhl;Lg;ghly; kyh;fpd;wJ.
jhy; + Ml;L = jhyhl;L. jhy; vd;why; ehf;F vd;Wk; ehit
Ml;bg; ghLtjhy; jhyhl;L vdg; nghUs;gLk;. jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fis
fUthff; nfhz;L vOe;j ,ilf;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; jhuhl;L
vd;Wk;> jkpo; gpuge;jq;fs; “jhNyNyh” vd;wpjidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
gpuge;jq;fs; topahf jkpo;nkhopapy; ,iwtDf;F jhyhl;Lg;
ghbath; nghpaho;thh; Mthh;. nghpaho;thh; fz;zidj; njhl;bypl;L;
“khzpf;fq;fl;b tapuk; ,ilf;fl;b jhNyNyh” (1-3-1) vdj;
jhyhl;Lfpd;whh;. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;
“FotpkUq;fpDk; fpotjhFk;FotpkUq;fpDk; fpotjhFk;FotpkUq;fpDk; fpotjhFk;FotpkUq;fpDk; fpotjhFk; fz;gil fz;zpa ffz;gil fz;zpa ffz;gil fz;zpa ffz;gil fz;zpa fz;gil epiyAk;z;gil epiyAk;z;gil epiyAk;z;gil epiyAk;”
(Gwk; - 82)
vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wfpd;whh;.
“tiuaop thyUtp th jhyhl;ltiuaop thyUtp th jhyhl;ltiuaop thyUtp th jhyhl;ltiuaop thyUtp th jhyhl;l”
(6-52)
rq;f ,yf;fpakhd ghpghlypy; jhyhl;l vd;w nrhy;yhl;rp
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
“khrpg;gpiwNah eP itfhrpkhq;fdpNahkhrpg;gpiwNah eP itfhrpkhq;fdpNahkhrpg;gpiwNah eP itfhrpkhq;fdpNahkhrpg;gpiwNah eP itfhrpkhq;fdpNah Njrg; gpiwNah ePnjtpl;lhjkhq;fdpNahNjrg; gpiwNah ePnjtpl;lhjkhq;fdpNahNjrg; gpiwNah ePnjtpl;lhjkhq;fdpNahNjrg; gpiwNah ePnjtpl;lhjkhq;fdpNah”
vd;W tUzpf;fpwhs;. jha;jhd; ngw;w Foe;ijia njhl;bypl;L
Ml;Lfpd;whs;> jhyhl;Lk; nghOJ mts; cs;sj;jpNy Mapuk;
fw;gidfs;. mf;fw;gidfs; vy;yhk; jhyhl;Lg;ghly;fspd; top
ntsptUfpd;wd. jha;khkd; thq;fpte;j ghYhl;Lk; rq;fpid jha;
jdJ jhyhl;Lg; ghlypy;
105
“filf;F filghh;j;Jf;filf;F filghh;j;Jf;filf;F filghh;j;Jf;filf;F filghh;j;Jf; fy;ypioj;jfy;ypioj;jfy;ypioj;jfy;ypioj;j rq;nfLj;Jr;rq;nfLj;Jr;rq;nfLj;Jr;rq;nfLj;Jr; Rj;jpr; rpfg;gpioj;Jr;Rj;jpr; rpfg;gpioj;Jr;Rj;jpr; rpfg;gpioj;Jr;Rj;jpr; rpfg;gpioj;Jr;
J}Uf;Nf gr;iritj;JJ}Uf;Nf gr;iritj;JJ}Uf;Nf gr;iritj;JJ}Uf;Nf gr;iritj;J tha;f;F tapuk; itj;Jtha;f;F tapuk; itj;Jtha;f;F tapuk; itj;Jtha;f;F tapuk; itj;J thq;fp te;jhh; jha;khkd;thq;fp te;jhh; jha;khkd;thq;fp te;jhh; jha;khkd;thq;fp te;jhh; jha;khkd;” 4444
jhyhl;L jha;f;Fhpa ,yf;fpakhifahy; mjpy; jha;khkdpd;
rpwg;Gk; mth;fspd; rPh;thpirapd; rpwg;Gk; rpwg;ghf nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
nghJthf ngz;fs; midtUk; jha;tPl;L ngUik Ngrpf;
nfhs;tjpNyNa ngUik milfpwhh;fs;. Foe;ijapd; jha;khkDila
nry;tnropg;igAk; kfdpd; fy;tpawpitAk; xUNru ,izj;Jg;
ghh;f;Fk; jd;ikAs;sk; mjid ghl;lhf tbf;fpd;wJ.
“ nts;spahy; nra;j Vl;by;nts;spahy; nra;j Vl;by;nts;spahy; nra;j Vl;by;nts;spahy; nra;j Vl;by; itu vOj;jhzp nfhz;nlOjitu vOj;jhzp nfhz;nlOjitu vOj;jhzp nfhz;nlOjitu vOj;jhzp nfhz;nlOj gs;spapy; Nrh;f;f khkd;gs;spapy; Nrh;f;f khkd;gs;spapy; Nrh;f;f khkd;gs;spapy; Nrh;f;f khkd; ghpTld; te;jpLthHghpTld; te;jpLthHghpTld; te;jpLthHghpTld; te;jpLthH”
(gf;.46)
,t;thW jhyhl;Lg; ghly;> Foe;ij tsh;e;J gs;spf;Fr;
nry;Yk; gUtk; Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; ghLk; jha;khh;fspd; ghly;fs;
mike;Js;sd. Foe;ijg;gw;wpAk;> Foe;ijfs; gad;gLj;Jk; rq;F>
VL> vOj;jhzp Kjypait jk; fw;gidahy; nkU$l;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
Foe;ijgFoe;ijgFoe;ijgFoe;ijg; ghly;fs;; ghly;fs;; ghly;fs;; ghly;fs;
Foe;ijg; ghly;fis ,Utifahfg; gphpg;gh;. xd;W
Foe;ijfNsg; ghLtJ. kw;nwhd;W Foe;ijfSf;fhf kw;wth;fs;
ghLtJ. ngw;wj; jha; tsh;j;jj; jha;> je;ij> cld;gpwe;j jkf;if>
ghl;b KjypNahh; ghLth;. NkYk; Mz; Foe;ijfs; ghLk; ghly;>
ngz; Foe;ijfs; ghLk; ghly;> ,UtUk; Nrh;e;J ghLk; ghly;
vdTk; ,jidg; ghFgLj;jpAs;sdH. Foe;ij ghly;fs;
,g;nghUis gw;wpjhd; ,Uf;Fk; vd;W $wKbahJ. ,aw;if
nghUl;fSk; nraw;if nghUl;fSk;> tpisahl;Lk; Ntbf;ifAk;>
Foe;ijg; ghly;fspd; ghlw;nghUshfpd;wd. ,jpy; Foe;ijfspd;
fw;gidj; jpwik ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.
4 ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;T> gf;. 46.
106
“ ehg;gapw;rpg; ghly;ehg;gapw;rpg; ghly;ehg;gapw;rpg; ghly;ehg;gapw;rpg; ghly; Ntbf;ifg; ghly;fs;Ntbf;ifg; ghly;fs;Ntbf;ifg; ghly;fs;Ntbf;ifg; ghly;fs; vz;Zg;gapw;rpg; ghly;vz;Zg;gapw;rpg; ghly;vz;Zg;gapw;rpg; ghly;vz;Zg;gapw;rpg; ghly; tpdh tpil ghly;fs;tpdh tpil ghly;fs;tpdh tpil ghly;fs;tpdh tpil ghly;fs; mwpT tsh;r;rp ghly;mwpT tsh;r;rp ghly;mwpT tsh;r;rp ghly;mwpT tsh;r;rp ghly; tpisahl;Lg; ghly;tpisahl;Lg; ghly;tpisahl;Lg; ghly;tpisahl;Lg; ghly; kpUfq;fis gw;wpa ghly;kpUfq;fis gw;wpa ghly;kpUfq;fis gw;wpa ghly;kpUfq;fis gw;wpa ghly; ePjpg;ghly;fs;ePjpg;ghly;fs;ePjpg;ghly;fs;ePjpg;ghly;fs; gf;jpg;ghly;fs;gf;jpg;ghly;fs;gf;jpg;ghly;fs;gf;jpg;ghly;fs; tpohf;fisg; gw;wpa ghly;tpohf;fisg; gw;wpa ghly;tpohf;fisg; gw;wpa ghly;tpohf;fisg; gw;wpa ghly;” 5
(gf;. 46-60)
vd Foe;ijfspd; ghly;fis NkYk; gy tifg;gLj;jp ehl;Lg;Gw
,ay; Ma;T vDk; E}ypy; je;Js;shH.
tpisahl;Lg; ghly;tpisahl;Lg; ghly;tpisahl;Lg; ghly;tpisahl;Lg; ghly;
Foe;ijfs; gs;spr; nrd;W jpUk;gpa gpd; khiy Ntisapy;
gy tpisahl;Lf;fis tpisahLtH. mt;tpisahl;Lf;fs; jk;
fy;tpNahLk;> tho;f;ifNahLk; xd;wpajhfNt mike;jpUf;Fk;.
,sk;tajpy; tpisahl;Lg; Nghf;fpy; fw;Wf;nfhz;l epfo;Tfs; jk;
tho;f;ifapy; vd;Wk; kwf;f Kbahjit vd;gij fPo;f;fhZk; ghly;
thpfs; cWjp nra;fpd;wd.
“ rLFL kapiyNy nuz;lhNdrLFL kapiyNy nuz;lhNdrLFL kapiyNy nuz;lhNdrLFL kapiyNy nuz;lhNd jtwptpOe;J fpol;lhNdjtwptpOe;J fpol;lhNdjtwptpOe;J fpol;lhNdjtwptpOe;J fpol;lhNd
J}f;fp tpl;lJ ,stl;lk;J}f;fp tpl;lJ ,stl;lk;J}f;fp tpl;lJ ,stl;lk;J}f;fp tpl;lJ ,stl;lk; ,stl;lk; ,stl;lk;,stl;lk; ,stl;lk;,stl;lk; ,stl;lk;,stl;lk; ,stl;lk;” 6
(gf;.48)
vz;Zg;gapw;rpgvz;Zg;gapw;rpgvz;Zg;gapw;rpgvz;Zg;gapw;rpg; ghly;; ghly;; ghly;; ghly;
“xU Flk; jz;zpnkhz;L xNu g+ g+j;jjhk;xU Flk; jz;zpnkhz;L xNu g+ g+j;jjhk;xU Flk; jz;zpnkhz;L xNu g+ g+j;jjhk;xU Flk; jz;zpnkhz;L xNu g+ g+j;jjhk; ,uz;L Flk; jz;zpnkhz;L ,uz;Nl g+ g+j;jjhk;,uz;L Flk; jz;zpnkhz;L ,uz;Nl g+ g+j;jjhk;,uz;L Flk; jz;zpnkhz;L ,uz;Nl g+ g+j;jjhk;,uz;L Flk; jz;zpnkhz;L ,uz;Nl g+ g+j;jjhk;” 7
,g;ghly; %yk; xd;W ,uz;L Kjy; gj;J tiuAs;s
vz;fis fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;gb ,g;ghly; ,aw;wpaspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(gf;.48)
5 ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;T. 6 NkyJ. 7 NkyJ.
107
tpdh tpil ghly;fs;tpdh tpil ghly;fs;tpdh tpil ghly;fs;tpdh tpil ghly;fs;
,t;tifg; ghly;fspy; ,U FOtpdH ,lk;ngWfpd;wdH. xU
FOtpdH tpdhf;fisj; njhLg;gJk;> kw;nwhU FOtpdH tpil
$Wtijg; Nghd;Wk; ,g;ghly; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
Njd; Njd;Njd; Njd;Njd; Njd;Njd; Njd; vd;dhj;Njd;vd;dhj;Njd;vd;dhj;Njd;vd;dhj;Njd;
nfhk;Gj; Njd;nfhk;Gj; Njd;nfhk;Gj; Njd;nfhk;Gj; Njd; vd;dhf; nfhk;Gvd;dhf; nfhk;Gvd;dhf; nfhk;Gvd;dhf; nfhk;G
khd; nfhk;Gkhd; nfhk;Gkhd; nfhk;Gkhd; nfhk;G vd;dh khd;vd;dh khd;vd;dh khd;vd;dh khd;
fhl;L khd;fhl;L khd;fhl;L khd;fhl;L khd; vd;dhf; fhLvd;dhf; fhLvd;dhf; fhLvd;dhf; fhL
Mw;fhLMw;fhLMw;fhLMw;fhL vd;dh MWvd;dh MWvd;dh MWvd;dh MW
ghyhWghyhWghyhWghyhW vd;dhg; ghy;vd;dhg; ghy;vd;dhg; ghy;vd;dhg; ghy;
fs;spg; ghy;fs;spg; ghy;fs;spg; ghy;fs;spg; ghy; vd;dhf; fs;spvd;dhf; fs;spvd;dhf; fs;spvd;dhf; fs;sp
viyf;fs;spviyf;fs;spviyf;fs;spviyf;fs;sp vd;dh ,iyvd;dh ,iyvd;dh ,iyvd;dh ,iy
thio ,iythio ,iythio ,iythio ,iy vd;d thiovd;d thiovd;d thiovd;d thio
fy;thiofy;thiofy;thiofy;thio vd;dhf;fy;vd;dhf;fy;vd;dhf;fy;vd;dhf;fy;
jpz;Lf;fy;;jpz;Lf;fy;;jpz;Lf;fy;;jpz;Lf;fy;;8888 (gf;.48)(gf;.48)(gf;.48)(gf;.48)
,jd;%yk; tpdhf;fisj; njhLg;gjw;Fk; tpilfis $Wk; nghOJ
fw;gidAld; $Wtjw;Fk; toptFf;fpd;wJ.
fhjy; ghly;fhjy; ghly;fhjy; ghly;fhjy; ghly;
mfj;jpd; fz; kiwe;Jk; Gwj;jpd; fz; Gyg;gl;Lk;
nka;g;ghLfshy; jhf;fg; ngWk; typa rf;jpNa fhjy;. fhjy;
ghly;fis ,Utifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;. xd;W fhjyh;fs; ghLtJ.
kw;nwhd;W fhjyh;fs; my;yhjth;fs; njhopy; nra;Ak; nghOJ
fhjy; ghl;Lf;fisg; ghLtJ. jdJ fhjypia tUzpj;J Njh;
ghh;f;f tUk;gb MirAld; fhjyd; miog;gjhf fPo;tUk; ghly;
mikfpd;wJ.
Mz;Mz;Mz;Mz;
“md;d eilaofpmd;d eilaofpmd;d eilaofpmd;d eilaofp myq;fhucilaofpmyq;fhucilaofpmyq;fhucilaofpmyq;fhucilaofp gpd;dy; eilaofpgpd;dy; eilaofpgpd;dy; eilaofpgpd;dy; eilaofp tz;z cUtofptz;z cUtofptz;z cUtofptz;z cUtofp Gwg;glk;kh NjUghh;f;fGwg;glk;kh NjUghh;f;fGwg;glk;kh NjUghh;f;fGwg;glk;kh NjUghh;f;f” 9 (gf;.51)(gf;.51)(gf;.51)(gf;.51)
8 ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;T. 9 NkyJ.
108
ngz;ngz;ngz;ngz;
“kjdtbtofhkjdtbtofhkjdtbtofhkjdtbtofh khNkhfr; nrhy;yofhkhNkhfr; nrhy;yofhkhNkhfr; nrhy;yofhkhNkhfr; nrhy;yofh vd;Mivd;Mivd;Mivd;Mir kr;rhNdr kr;rhNdr kr;rhNdr kr;rhNd tukhl;Nld; NjUghh;f;ftukhl;Nld; NjUghh;f;ftukhl;Nld; NjUghh;f;ftukhl;Nld; NjUghh;f;f” (gf;.51)(gf;.51)(gf;.51)(gf;.51)
vd;W ghLfpwhs;. ,g;ghly; thpfspy;>
njhopy; ghly;fs;njhopy; ghly;fs;njhopy; ghly;fs;njhopy; ghly;fs;
,aw;ifiaj; jdf;F rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;
nraNy goq;fhyj;jpy; njhopy; vdf; fUjg;gl;lJ. njhopy;ghly;fs;
vd;gJ jhk; nra;Ak; njhopypd; RikAk;> ciog;gpd; fisg;Gk;
njhpahky; ,Uf;fg; ghlg;gl;litahFk;. ,t;tifg; ghly;fspy;
mj;njhopy;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fisj;jtpu NtWgy fUj;Jf;fSk;
fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wJ. njhopy; ghly;fspd; tiffshf Vw;wk;
,iwj;jy;> glNfhl;Ljy;> kPd; gpbj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwf; $wyhk;
(gf;.52).10
Vw;wg; ghlVw;wg; ghlVw;wg; ghlVw;wg; ghl;L;L;L;L
Vw;wk; ,iwf;Fk; NghJ ghLk; ghly;fis Vw;wg;ghl;L vd;gh;.
Vw;wk; ,iwf;fr; nry;Yk; Neuk; itfiw nghOjhFk;> ,iyfs;
kPJk;> Gy;ypd; kPJk;> gdpj;Jspfs; Kj;JKj;jha; tPo;e;J
fplf;fpd;wd. ehl;Lg;Gw ghtyd; mf;fhl;rpia jdJ Vw;wg;ghlypy;
,t;thW tbf;fpd;whd;.
“%q;fpy;%q;fpy;%q;fpy;%q;fpy; ,iyNkNy J}q;Fk;gdp ePNu,iyNkNy J}q;Fk;gdp ePNu,iyNkNy J}q;Fk;gdp ePNu,iyNkNy J}q;Fk;gdp ePNu J}q;Fk; gdpePiuJ}q;Fk; gdpePiuJ}q;Fk; gdpePiuJ}q;Fk; gdpePiu ---- thq;Fk; fjpNuhNdthq;Fk; fjpNuhNdthq;Fk; fjpNuhNdthq;Fk; fjpNuhNd
Nfhit ,iyNkNy nfhs;Sk; gdpePNuNfhit ,iyNkNy nfhs;Sk; gdpePNuNfhit ,iyNkNy nfhs;Sk; gdpePNuNfhit ,iyNkNy nfhs;Sk; gdpePNu ghit ,iyNkNy glUk; gdpePNughit ,iyNkNy glUk; gdpePNughit ,iyNkNy glUk; gdpePNughit ,iyNkNy glUk; gdpePNu thio ,iyNkNy glUk; gdpePNuthio ,iyNkNy glUk; gdpePNuthio ,iyNkNy glUk; gdpePNuthio ,iyNkNy glUk; gdpePNu” 11
(gf;.53)
,t;thwhfg; ghl;L ePz;L nfhz;Nl NghFk;.
10 ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;T. 11 NkyJ.
109
glFf;fhud; ghl;LglFf;fhud; ghl;LglFf;fhud; ghl;LglFf;fhud; ghl;L
ejpapNy glF kpje;J nry;fpwJ. glNfhl;bAk; fhjypAk;
glfpy; nry;fpd;wdh; mtd; cs;sj;jpy; ,d;gk; nghq;fp topfpwJ.
glNfhl;b ,irf;f Muk;gpf;fpwhd;.
“kz;id ek;gpkz;id ek;gpkz;id ek;gpkz;id ek;gp ---- VNyNyhVNyNyhVNyNyhVNyNyh kuk; ,Uf;f Iyrhkuk; ,Uf;f Iyrhkuk; ,Uf;f Iyrhkuk; ,Uf;f Iyrh
kuj;ij ek;gp VNyNyhkuj;ij ek;gp VNyNyhkuj;ij ek;gp VNyNyhkuj;ij ek;gp VNyNyh fpis ,Uf;f Iyrhfpis ,Uf;f Iyrhfpis ,Uf;f Iyrhfpis ,Uf;f Iyrh fpisia ek;gp VNyNyhfpisia ek;gp VNyNyhfpisia ek;gp VNyNyhfpisia ek;gp VNyNyh Nfhy; ,Uf;f IyrhNfhy; ,Uf;f IyrhNfhy; ,Uf;f IyrhNfhy; ,Uf;f Iyrh Nfhiy ek;gp VNyNyhNfhiy ek;gp VNyNyhNfhiy ek;gp VNyNyhNfhiy ek;gp VNyNyh ,iyap,iyap,iyap,iyapUf;f IyrhUf;f IyrhUf;f IyrhUf;f Iyrh ,iyia ek;gp VNyNyh,iyia ek;gp VNyNyh,iyia ek;gp VNyNyh,iyia ek;gp VNyNyh G+tpUf;f IyrhG+tpUf;f IyrhG+tpUf;f IyrhG+tpUf;f Iyrh g+it ek;gpg+it ek;gpg+it ek;gpg+it ek;gp – VNyNyhVNyNyhVNyNyhVNyNyh gpQ;rpUf;f IyrhgpQ;rpUf;f IyrhgpQ;rpUf;f IyrhgpQ;rpUf;f Iyrh gpQ;ir ek;gp VNyNyhgpQ;ir ek;gp VNyNyhgpQ;ir ek;gp VNyNyhgpQ;ir ek;gp VNyNyh fhapUf;f IyrhfhapUf;f IyrhfhapUf;f IyrhfhapUf;f Iyrh fhia ek;gp VNyNyhfhia ek;gp VNyNyhfhia ek;gp VNyNyhfhia ek;gp VNyNyh gokpUf;f IyrhgokpUf;f IyrhgokpUf;f IyrhgokpUf;f Iyrh goj;ij ek;gp VNyNyhgoj;ij ek;gp VNyNyhgoj;ij ek;gp VNyNyhgoj;ij ek;gp VNyNyh ePapUf;f IyrhePapUf;f IyrhePapUf;f IyrhePapUf;f Iyrh cd;id ek;gp VNyNyhcd;id ek;gp VNyNyhcd;id ek;gp VNyNyhcd;id ek;gp VNyNyh ehdpUf;Nfd; IyrhehdpUf;Nfd; IyrhehdpUf;Nfd; IyrhehdpUf;Nfd; Iyrh” 12
(gf;. 53-54)
mLj;jf; fiuia nrd;W milAk;tiu ,g;ghly; njhlUk;.
,jpy; ,tHfsJ fw;gidj; jpwDk; gue;J tphpAk;.
kPdth;ghly;kPdth;ghly;kPdth;ghly;kPdth;ghly;
kPdth;fs; ,utpy; nrd;W flypy; kPd; gpbf;Fk; NghJ
el;rj;jpuq;fs; jhk; mth;fSf;F tpsf;fhFk;. gue;jflNy
mth;fSf;F gapw;rpaspf;Fk; gs;spf;$lk;. miyNa mth;fsJ
Njhoh;fs;> NkfNk Mil> GaNy CQ;ry;> gdp%l;lNk NghHit>
fhAk; ntapNy $iu> fl;LkuNk tPL> kPd; tiyNa mhpr;Rtb>
gpbf;Fk; kPd;fNs tho;Tf;Fhpa nghUl;fs;> ntz;kzNy
gQ;Rnkj;ij> KOepyNt fz;zhb vd;W tho;fpd;w jq;fsJ
tho;f;ifia mofpa ghlyha; ,t;tpjk; tbf;fpd;wdH.
12 ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;T.
110
“tpb nts;stpb nts;stpb nts;stpb nts;sp ek; tpsf;Fp ek; tpsf;Fp ek; tpsf;Fp ek; tpsf;F – IyrhIyrhIyrhIyrh tphp flNy gs;spf;$lk;tphp flNy gs;spf;$lk;tphp flNy gs;spf;$lk;tphp flNy gs;spf;$lk; ---- IyrhIyrhIyrhIyrh gdp%l;lk; cly;NghHitgdp%l;lk; cly;NghHitgdp%l;lk; cly;NghHitgdp%l;lk; cly;NghHit – IyrhIyrhIyrhIyrh fhAk; utpr;RlH $iufhAk; utpr;RlH $iufhAk; utpr;RlH $iufhAk; utpr;RlH $iu – IyrhIyrhIyrhIyrh fl;Lkuk; thOk; tPLfl;Lkuk; thOk; tPLfl;Lkuk; thOk; tPLfl;Lkuk; thOk; tPL – IyrhIyrhIyrhIyrh kpd;dy; tiy mhpr;Rtbkpd;dy; tiy mhpr;Rtbkpd;dy; tiy mhpr;Rtbkpd;dy; tiy mhpr;Rtb – IyrhIyrhIyrhIyrh gpbf;Fk; kPd;fs; ek;nghUl;fs;gpbf;Fk; kPd;fs; ek;nghUl;fs;gpbf;Fk; kPd;fs; ek;nghUl;fs;gpbf;Fk; kPd;fs; ek;nghUl;fs; ---- IyrhIyrhIyrhIyrh kpd;dy; ,bfhZk; $j;Jkpd;dy; ,bfhZk; $j;Jkpd;dy; ,bfhZk; $j;Jkpd;dy; ,bfhZk; $j;J ---- IyrhIyrhIyrhIyrh ntz;kzNy gQ;Rnkj;ijntz;kzNy gQ;Rnkj;ijntz;kzNy gQ;Rnkj;ijntz;kzNy gQ;Rnkj;ij – IyrhIyrhIyrhIyrh KO epyhjhd; fz;zhbKO epyhjhd; fz;zhbKO epyhjhd; fz;zhbKO epyhjhd; fz;zhb – IyrhIyrhIyrhIyrh %r;rlf;fp ePe;jy; Nahfk;%r;rlf;fp ePe;jy; Nahfk;%r;rlf;fp ePe;jy; Nahfk;%r;rlf;fp ePe;jy; Nahfk; ---- IyrhIyrhIyrhIyrh njhOk; jiytd; ngUthdk;njhOk; jiytd; ngUthdk;njhOk; jiytd; ngUthdk;njhOk; jiytd; ngUthdk; ---- IyrhIyrhIyrhIyrh njhz;L njhopyhsH ehq;fs;njhz;L njhopyhsH ehq;fs;njhz;L njhopyhsH ehq;fs;njhz;L njhopyhsH ehq;fs; ---- IyrhIyrhIyrhIyrh” 13
(gf;. 54-55)
kPdtuJ tho;f;ifiaNa glk; gpbj;Jf;fhl;Lk; ,g;ghlypy;
fliy vt;thW vy;yhk; jkJ tho;f;ifAlDk;> jkJ njhopYlDk;
njhlh;Gg;gLj;jpAs;sdH vd;gijf; fhzyhk;.
nfhz;lhl;lg; ghly;fs;nfhz;lhl;lg; ghly;fs;nfhz;lhl;lg; ghly;fs;nfhz;lhl;lg; ghly;fs;
kdpjd; jd; kfpo;r;rpapid MbAk; ghbAk; gyNuhL
nfhz;lhLfpd;whd;. kdpjdpd; fbd ciog;gpw;F gpd; kdpjDila
kdkhdJ Mly; ghly;fspy; <Lgl tpiotJ ,aw;ifahFk;. gyh;
,ize;J MLk; Fk;kp> Nfhyhl;lg; ghly;fSk;> ngUk;ghYk; FLk;g
ciwtpdNu gq;F nfhs;Sk; g+g;Gr;rlq;F> jpUkzg; ghpfhrk;>
eYq;F> CQ;ry;> tisfhg;G> ghly;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gy;NtW
r%ff; fUj;Jf;fis cs;slf;fp jq;fs; fw;gid tsj;Jldhd
ghliyj; je;Js;sdH.
cjhuzkhf
“My;Nghy; jioj;J mUFNghy; Nt&d;wpMy;Nghy; jioj;J mUFNghy; Nt&d;wpMy;Nghy; jioj;J mUFNghy; Nt&d;wpMy;Nghy; jioj;J mUFNghy; Nt&d;wp eyKld; ve;ehSk;eyKld; ve;ehSk;eyKld; ve;ehSk;eyKld; ve;ehSk; QhdKld; tho;e;jpLtPh;QhdKld; tho;e;jpLtPh;QhdKld; tho;e;jpLtPh;QhdKld; tho;e;jpLtPh;” 14
(gf;. 56)
13 ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;T. 14 NkyJ.
111
xxxxg;gg;gg;gg;ghhhhhpg;ghly;fs;hpg;ghly;fs;hpg;ghly;fs;hpg;ghly;fs;
,we;jth; tPl;by; ghlg;gLk; ghly;fNs xg;ghhpg;ghly; vd;gh;
,we;jth;fspd; ,og;ig vz;zp ,we;jth;fisAk; jk;ikAk; xg;gpl;L
ghLtJ xg;ghhpahFk;. ,we;jthpd; ngUikia mtuJ
Fzeyd;fis> gpwuhy; mtH Nghw;wg;gl;l Kiwia ghLnghUsha;
nfhz;L ghLtH. xUtUila kdf;Fiwia kw;wth;fsplk; $wpdhy;
kdg;ghuk; FiwAk; vd;gJ ,ay;ghFk;. xg;ghhp mjd; ntspg;ghL
vdyhk;. RUq;f$wpd; ngz;fspd; Nrhf czh;r;rpfs; midj;Jk;
xg;ghhpg; ghly;fspy; gpujpgypg;gij fhzyhk;.
,t;thW ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapy; gytif ghly;fs;
fhzg;gl;lhYk; ghly;fs; xt;nthd;wpYk; fiyQdpd; fw;gidNa
ngUk; gq;F tFf;fpwJ vd;gijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapy;ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapy;ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapy;ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;FkNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;FkNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;FkNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;F
ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir vd;w NghJk;> md;idj; jd; Foe;ijiaj;
jhyhl;l jhNyNyh vd;w thHj;ijiag; gad;gLj;jp fw;gidahf
tpUj;jk; ghLtijg; Nghd;W ghb jdJ Foe;ijiaj; J}q;f
itg;gijAk;> Vw;wg;ghl;bYk; Xlg;ghl;bYk; M X vd;w neby;
vOj;Jf;fisNa VNyNyh vd;W Xfhu KbT je;Njh ,uhfkhf
,Oj;Jg; ghLtH. ,itfs; vOjg;gl;litay;y. khwhf ghLgtuJ
fw;gid tsj;ij xj;jJ. Fuy;tsk; nfhz;ltHfs; ,f;fhuzk;
fUjpNa kpfg; gpugyk; MtJk; cz;L.
4.4.4.4.2222.... g[idg[idg[idg[id gj;jjgj;jjgj;jjgj;jjpppp
,iwtopg;ghl;bw;F vj;jidNah topfs; ,Ue;Js;sd
mtw;wpy; g[id KiwAk; xd;whFk;. ,jidf; $l;bir topghL
vd;;W $Wth;. $l;bir topghl;by; rputzk;> fPh;j;jdk; (ettpj
gf;jpfspd; gphpTfs;) vd;w ,e;j ,uz;L tpj gf;jpAk; Kf;fpakhFk;
,t;topghl;by; ghLgth;fis ghftjh;fs; vd;W miog;gH.
ghftjh;fs; FOtpduhf ,Ue;J $l;bir topghL nra;tNjhL
gpwiuAk; mjpy; <Lgl nra;fpd;wh;. gyh; $bte;J ghb
topgLk;nghOJ kd xUikg;ghL Vw;gLfpwJ.
112
4.4.4.4.2222.1.1.1.1.... Njhw;wk;Njhw;wk;Njhw;wk;Njhw;wk;
g[id Kiw vg;NghJ cz;lhdJ vd;W jpl;l tl;lkhf $w
,ayhJ. Mdhy;> ,J guk;giu guk;giuahf Njhd;wpAs;s xU
Gdpjkhd topghl;L KiwahFk;. jw;NghJ njd;ehl;by; tof;fj;jpy;
,Uf;Fk; g[id Kiw “jÑpz rk;g;ujha g[idKiw” vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,k;Kiw Me;jpuhtpy; ,Ue;J jkpofj;jpw;F
gutpajhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jid Kjd;Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;
=rj;FU];thkpfs;15 (g.61) MthHfs;.
4.4.4.4.2222.2..2..2..2. mikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;G
g[id gj;jjpapy; ghlf;$ba ghly;fspy; tpNr~
]Q;rhuq;fNsh El;gkhd rq;fjpfNsh fpilahJ ve;j
,irf;fUtpfisAk; nfhz;L ,irj;Jg; ghlyhk;. ,e;jg;ghly;fs;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l ];jhapfSf;Fs; cl;gl;bUf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy.
,irazpfSk; ,lk;ngWtjpy;iy. ,iw ehk n[gj;jpw;F gpd;
g[id ahdJ Gz;lhPfj;Jld; Jtf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Gz;lhPfk; vd;gJ
g[id FOtpd; jiytuhapUg;gth; ,iwtdpd; ngaiuf; $w
mjw;F gpujptrdk; vd;w gjpiyf; $w midtUk; xNu ];Ujpapy;
$WtJ
Gz;lhPfk;Gz;lhPfk;Gz;lhPfk;Gz;lhPfk; gpujptrdk;gpujptrdk;gpujptrdk;gpujptrdk;
[hdfP fhe;j];kuzk; [a[auhk
ek ghh;tjPgNj `u`uk`hNjt
rj;FU k`uh[;[P n[a;
vd;gJ fs Ma;tpd;16 top Nrfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Gz;lhPfj;jpw;Fgpd; ehkhtsp ghlg;gLfpwJ. “`hpehuhaz
`hpehuhaz” vd;w ehkhtspia ghLk;nghOJ ghlg;gLk; uhfj;jpd;
kj;a];jhapy; Muk;gpj;J xt;nthU ];tukhf epd;W ghb Nky;
];jhap> fPo;];jhap vDk; Kiwapy; uhfj;jpd; ghtk; nflhky;
ghLfpd;wdh;. ,ij njhlh;e;J ];Nyhfq;fs; ghlg;gLfpd;wd ,e;j
15 jkpopir njhd;ikAk; ngUikAk;> njhFjp-1. 16 Nfhtpe;jGuk; (29> 30.04.10> 1.5.10).
113
];Nyhfq;fs; vy;yhf; flTspd; NghpYk; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.
,Uthpfspy; ghLk; nghOJ xt;nthU ];tu];jhdj;jpYk; epd;W
ghb gpd; `hh;Nkhdpaj;jpy; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mLj;jLj;j thpfs;
ghbaTld; njhlh;e;J `hh;Nkhdpaj;jpy; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F
,ilapy; rpW rpW ];turQ;rhuq;fSk;> uhfg;gpuNahfq;fSk; ghlTk;>
thrpf;fTk; gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW jhu];jhaptiur; nrd;W kPz;Lk;
mtNuh`d fpukj;jpy; Muk;gpj;j ,lj;jpw;F te;J Kbf;fpd;wdh;.
,t;thW ghLifapy; uhfMyhgid nra;Ak; nghOJk; filgpbf;f
$ba midj;J $WfisAk; xj;Js;sijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
NghNje;jpu ];thkpfspd; Nghpy; cs;s ];Nyhfk; xd;iw
tpUj;j tbtpy; `pe;Njhs uhfj;jpy; ghbag; gpd; njhlh;e;J
gj;uhr;ry uhkjh]hpd; fpUjp ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. gpd; xU rpwpa uhf
MyhgidAld; KbfpwJ. ,ijj; njhlh;e;J kpUjq;ffhuUk; Nlhyf;
thrpg;gtUk; jdpMth;j;jdk; thrpj;J Kbf;fpd;wdh;.
kw;nwhU epfo;tpy; “te;Njfdr;ahk” vd;w ];NyhfkhdJ
fy;ahz tre;j uhfj;jpy; tpUj;j tbtpy; ghlg;gl;lJ. ghLk;nghOJ
uhfj;jpd; tpNr~g;gpuNahfq;fisAk; midj;J yÑzq;fisAk;
gpd;gw;wp ghLfpd;wdh;. mNj Nghd;W ];Nyhfq;fspd; thh;j;ijfs;
eputy; Kiwapy; ghlg;gl;lgpd; `hh;Nkhdpaj;jpy; mNj Kiwapy;
thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. jhsf; fl;Lg;ghl;NlhL ,it ghlg;gLfpd;wd.
ehkhtehkhtehkhtehkhtspspspsp
g[idapy; Kjypy; ,lk;ngWk; ,irtbtk; ehkhtsp. ,iw
ehkq;fis thpirg;gLj;JtNj ehkhtsp MFk; (ehkk; + Mtsp).
=uhkh;Nghpy;=uhkh;Nghpy;=uhkh;Nghpy;=uhkh;Nghpy;
= uhk uhkuhk; r;Uq;fhu uhkuhk;
rPjhgp uhkuhk; gl;lhgp uhkuhk;
Nfhjhz;l uhkuhk; jruj uhkuhk;
nfsry;a uhkuhk; Mde;j uhkuhk;
114
=fpU~;zh;Nghpy;=fpU~;zh;Nghpy;=fpU~;zh;Nghpy;=fpU~;zh;Nghpy;
N` khjt N` kJ#jdh
N` kJ#jdh N` kdNkh`dh
N` kdNkh`d N` aJ ee;jd
N` aJ ee;jd N` uhjh [Ptdh
,e;j ehkhtspapy; =uhkDila> =fpU~;zUila gy
ngaHfis ghftjh;fs; jkJ fw;gidjpwj;jhy; jhq;fshfNt
,izj;Jg; ghLfpd;wdh; ,it ahuhYk; ,aw;wg;gl;ljhfj;
njhpatpy;iy. Kbtpy; ‘uhkuhk; uhkuhk;’ vd;w nrhy;yhdJ
xUtuhy; nrhy;yg;gl;L FOtpdh; midtuhYk; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ.
ghLk;KiwahdJ. xt;nthU ];tu];jhdkhf Nky; ];jhapapy;
nrd;W mq;F %d;W fhyq;fspy; ghlg;gl;L kPz;Lk; kj;a];jhapapy;
te;J Kjy;fhyj;jpy; epWj;jp rpwpa mstpy; xU ,uhf Myhgid
ghb Kbf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; gy nkhop thf;Nfafhuh;fspd; f;Ujp
fPh;j;jidfisg; ghLtjw;F Kd; me;je;j uhfj;jpy; rpW
,uhfMyhgid nra;ag;gl;L mJNt `hh;Nkhdpaj;jpYk;
thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fpUjp> fPh;j;jidfisg; ghb Kbj;jgpd; Nlhyf;>
kpUjq;fk; thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,tHfSk; jq;fsJ fw;gidia
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
4.4.4.4.2222.3..3..3..3. mgq;fk;mgq;fk;mgq;fk;mgq;fk;
mgq;fk; vd;why; (m + gq;fk;) gq;fk; ,y;yhjJ> Fiwtpy;yhjJ
vd;W nghUs;gLk;. Fiwtpy;yhjJ vd;whNy epiwTilaJ vd;W
nghUs;. mgq;fk; vd;gJ kuhl;ba ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapy; ,lk;ngWk;
,ir tifahFk;.
mgq;fq;fs; ghLk; NghJ mjpy; cs;s thh;j;ijfSf;F Vw;g
ghftjNuh my;yJ mf;FOtpdhpy; cs;s xUtNuh> gyNuh vOe;J
rig Kd; eldk; MLfpd;wdh;. ,e;eldj;jpy; rhfpj;jpaj;jpw;F Vw;g
mgpeapf;fpd;wdH (Kf ghtKk;> if fhy; mirTfisAk; fhl;b
MLfpd;wdH). cjhuzkhf “ghj N]Tdp” vd;w mgq;fj;jpy;
eP vj;jid Nrhjidfs; nfhLj;jhYk; Nfhgpah;fSld;
115
kfpo;e;jpUf;fpwha;. vd;Dk; nghUs;gl mike;Js;s mgq;fj;jpd;
nghUSf;Nfw;wthW ghftjh;fs; mgpeapf;Fk; nghOJ ghftjh;fspd;
fw;gid ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; Fk;kp> Nfhyl;lk; Nghd;w eld
ehl;baq;fisAk; ,g;ghlYf;F MLfpd;wdh;.
4.4.4.4.2222.4..4..4..4. mmmm\\\\ ;; ;;lgjplgjplgjplgjp
m\ ;l + gjp m\ ;l vd;why; vl;L> gjp vd;W gj;jp vd;W
nghUs;. vl;Lr; ruzq;fisf; nfhz;l ghly;. n[aNjtuhy;
,aw;wg;gl;l fPjNfhtpe;jk; vDk; njhFg;gpy; ,lk;ngWk; ,g;ghlYf;F
m\ ;lgjp vd;W ngaH.
“yypj ytq;f yjh ghprPyd’ vd;w m~;lgjpapy; uhij
fpU~;zUf;fhf khiyNtisapy; fhj;jpUg;gij khiyapy;
ghlf;$ba tre;jhuhfj;jpYk;> “Nkf];ahkh” vd;w m~;lgjpia
kiof;fhy fhh;Nkfk; ,Uz;L tUfpwJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;f
mkph;jth;~pzp uhfj;jpYk; ghLfpd;wdh;. ,JNghd;W #o;epiyf;Nfw;w
uhfq;fis ifahs;tjpy; ghftjh;fspd; fw;gid Kf;fpa ,lk;
tfpf;fpwJ. NkYk; mg;ghly;fis eldj;jpw;F ghLk;nghOJ eputy;
Kiwapy; xt;nthU ];tu];jhdj;jpYk; epd;W gy rq;fjpfspYk;
ghLfpd;wdh;.
4.4.4.4.2222.5..5..5..5. g;uge;jk;g;uge;jk;g;uge;jk;g;uge;jk;
g;uge;jk; vd;why; jdpj;j mikg;GfisAk;> mq;fq;fisAk;
cila ,ir cUg;gb vd;W nghUs;gLk;. mjhtJ ,iwtDf;F
gf;jpAld; rkHg;gzk; nra;fpd;w Kiw vd;W nghUs;.
Nfhgpfh fPjk; vd;w gpuge;jkhdJ g[id Kiwapy;
eLehafkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Nfhgpfh];jphPfs; gfthid mila
mtNd mUs;Ghpa Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fj;Jld; Gy;yhq;Foiy
thrpf;fpd;wdh;. Gy;yhq;Foypd; thrpg;igf; Nfl;L gfthd; te;J
tpisahLfpd;whh;. mr;rkak; gfthNd jd;Dld; te;J
tpisahLtij epidj;J Nfhgpiffs; fh;tk; milfpd;wdh;.
mth;fspd; vz;zj;ij mwpe;j gfthd; mq;fpUe;J kiwfpd;whh;.
Vkhw;wkile;j Nfhgpiffs; gfthid Ntz;b gpuhj;jid nra;a
116
kPz;Lk; gfthd; mth;fSld; tpisahl tUtJ Nfhgpfh fPjkhFk;.
,jd;gpd; uhrf;fPhPil> kj;jpOj;jy;> Nfhyhl;lk;> Fk;kp
Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhd ghly;fisg; ghb mgpeak; nra;fpd;wdH. njhlHe;J
rpj;jh;fs; ghly;fisg; ghLtJ tof;fkhFk;. ,e;epfo;r;rpapy;
mgpeaj;Jg; ghLk;nghOJ ghftjh;fspd; fw;gid jpwDk;
KOikahf ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;thW g[id rk;gpujhaj;jpy; kNdhjh;kkhdJ uhfq;fis
Myhgid nra;Ak;nghOJk;> tpUj;jq;fisg; ghLk;nghOJk;
uhfj;jpd; midj;J $WfSk; ntspg;gLkhW #o;epiyf;Nfw;g
uhfq;fis ifahStjpYk;> eputy; Kiwapy; rq;fjpfNshL
ghly;fis> ehkhtspfis ghLk; nghOJk;> jdpMth;j;jdkhf
jhsthj;jpa fiyQh;fs; thrpf;Fk; nghOJk;> ghly;fSf;Nfw;g
ghftjHfs; eldk; MLk;nghOJk; KOikahd fw;gidf;
ifahsg;gLtijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
4.4.4.4.2222.6.6.6.6.... fsMa;tpfsMa;tpfsMa;tpfsMa;tpy; mwpe;jity; mwpe;jity; mwpe;jity; mwpe;jit
tpUj;jq;fs;> ];Nyhfq;fs;> ghLk; NghJ gy thh;j;ijfis
mjd; nghUs; khwhky; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; fw;gid
ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. gy thf;Nfafhuh;fs; ,aw;wpAs;s xNu uhfj;jpy;
mike;j ghly;fs; my;yJ xNu khjphpahd nghUisf; nfhz;l
ghly;fisg; ghLk; NghJ cjhuzkhf mgq;fk;> juq;fk;> m~;lgjp>
g[d;> jpahfuh[h;> gj;uhry uhkjh]h; ghly;fs; ghlg;gLk; nghOJ
ghly;fspd; mh;j;j ghtKk;> gf;jpAk; jhd; Kf;fpakhFk;. rq;fjpfs;
Njitapy;iy. ,ijj; njhlh;e;J ghbaijf; Nfl;L thj;aq;fspy;
thrpf;Fk; NghJ ghLgth;f;F mLj;J ghlg;Nghtijg; gw;wp
rpe;jpf;fTk;> %r;Rtpl;L nfhs;tjw;Fk; jk;ik tpr;uhe;jp nra;J
nfhs;tjw;Fk; (Relax) Neuk; fpilf;Fk; ghb Kbf;Fk; NghJ
MNuh`zj;jpy; ghb Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,irf;fr;Nrhpfspy; gf;fthj;akhf taypd; thrpf;fg;gLtjw;F
Kd; `hh;Nkhdpak;> Nlhyf; thrpf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. Vndd;why;
Kw;fhyj;jpy; xypngUf;fp trjp ,y;iy. fiyQh; ghLtij Nfl;L
117
fUtpfspy; thrpf;Fk; NghJ ghLgth; jkJ jpwikia fw;gidia
ntspg;gLj;j trjpahf mikAk;.
kpUjq;fk;> fQ;rpuh> flk; Nghd;w jhsthj;a fUtp thrpg;Nghh;
ghlfh;f;F ,ilQ;ry; ,y;yhky; thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jhsthj;ak;
thrpg;NghUk; yaQhdj;NjhL ,ir QhdKk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW ghlfh;> ,irf;fUtp thrpg;Nghh;> jhsf;fUtp thrpg;Nghh; v
xU $l;lkhf Nrh;e;J fr;Nrhp nra;jijNa ghzp (style) vd;W
$WtH. ,jdhy; jkJ epiw Fiwfis fye;J Ngrp rhp nra;J
nfhs;s tha;g;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
rk;g;ujhakhf g[id nra;Ak; NghJ Mr;rhh;ahh; ];Nyhfq;fs;>
tpUj;jq;fisg; ghLk; NghJ ,uhfj;jpd; ghtk; Myhgid
KiwapNyNa ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. g[idapy; ghlg;gLk; ghly;fis
fz;lk;> kp];uk;> rJ];uk;> fz;lk; vd;W yaj;ij khw;wpg; ghLtjhy;
XH moF cs;sJ. Mdhy; rhfpj;a Ngjk; Vw;glhj tifapy; ,it
ghlg;ngWk;. ehkhtspfs;> nrhe;j rhfpj;ak;> j;ahd ];Nyhfq;fs;
Nghd;wit ghlg;gLk; ,lj;jpw;Nfw;g ve;j nkhopapYk; ghlyhk;. ve;j
xU cUg;gbia ghbdhYk; jhsj;NjhL kl;Lky;yhJ rhfpj;aj;jpd;
mHj;jk; nflhky;> mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ntspg;gLk;gb ifahs
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Kiwapy;jhd; ghl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;lhak; g[id
Kiwf;F ,y;iy.
4.4.4.4.3333.... fjhfhyl;Nrgk;fjhfhyl;Nrgk;fjhfhyl;Nrgk;fjhfhyl;Nrgk;
fhyl;Nrgk; vd;why; Neuk; Nghf;Fjy;> nghOij Nghf;Fjy;
vd;gJ nghUs;. ,irapy; fhyl;Nrgk; vd;why; mjhtJ
Guhzq;fis fij topahff; $WtJ fjh vd;why; - fij vd;W
nghUs;gLk;. fhyl;Nrgk; ey;y fijfisf; Nfl;L nghOijg;
Nghf;Fjy; vd;gjhFk;. fij `hpiag; gw;wpajhapd; `hpfjh
fhyl;Nrgk; vd;gH. fjhfhyl;Nrgk; vd;Wk; ]j;fjh fhyl;Nrgk;
vd;Wk; gytpjkhf toq;FtJ tof;fk;. ,f;fiy fw;Wf;
nfhs;gth;fSf;F FUgf;jp kpfmtrpak;. gy nkhopfs; njhpe;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. rq;fPjQhdk;> cr;rhpg;G> Qhgfrf;jp> fy;gdhrf;jp Nghd;wit
mtrpak;. ,ir cUg;gbfs;> jkpo;> rk];fpUjk;> kuhj;jp> njYq;F>
118
fd;dlk; Mfpa nkhopfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. fh;ehlf ,ir>
nky;ypir> ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; uhfq;fs; nkl;Lf;fs;
Nghd;witfisAk; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. NfhghyfpU~;zghujp>
tu$h; Nfhghyghftjh;> jQ;rht+h; fpU~;zghftjh;> c.ru];tjpgha;>
tp[auhftrhhpahh;> gd;dpgha;> khq;Fb rpjk;gughftjh;> jQ;rht+h;
eluh[ghftjh;> `hpNfrey;Yhh; Kj;ijahghftjh;> jpUitahW
mz;zhrhkpghftjh; MfpNahh; gpugykhdth;fs;. ,irf;fr;NrhpAld;
$ba kj rk;ge;jkhd fijfis $WtjhFk;. ghLk; ghly;fspd;
KOnghUisAk; tphpthf $Wtjhy; tuyhw;W rk;ge;jkhd Ez;zwpT
,jw;F kpf mtrpak;. ehl;baj;jpd; $Wfs;> jj;Jthh;j;jq;fs;>
Mq;fpyj;jpYk; jkpopYk; ,irr;nrhw;nghopT my;yJ ,irg;Ng&iu
toq;f mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. fjhfhyl;Nrgk; vd;why; fijAld;
,iriaAk;> fh;ehlf ,irapy; ,lk; ngWk; gy;NtW ,irf;$Wfs;>
eifr;Ritia gy gf;f ,irf;fUtpfNshL ,izj;Jf; $w
Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; jj;Jtq;fs; cgfijfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.
`hpfij vd;gJ gz;lhpg+hpYs;s ghz;Luq;ftpl;lyh; kPJ gf;jp
nfhz;l kuhl;ba Njrj;jpypUe;j Jf;fhuhk;> QhNd];tuh;>
rkh;j;jgf;juhkjh]; Nghd;w `hp gf;jh;fshy; ghlg; ngw;w
`hpfPh;j;jd; vd;gjpd; tsh;r;rpNa MFk;. `hpf;fijapy; $wg;gLk;
fijfs; ghftjk;> uhkhazk;> kfhghujk; Nghd;w ,jpfhr
Guhzq;fspypUe;J $wg;gLk;. epfo;r;rpia epfo;j;Jgth; gQ;rfr;rk;
(Mz;) kuGrhh;e;j Glit (ngz;) mzpe;jpUg;gH. ,ize;J
ghLtjw;F ,Uth; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> xUth; ifapy; rpg;yhf;fl;il
my;yJ [hy;uhTk;> kw;nwhUth; jk;GuhTk; nfhz;bUg;gH.
gf;fthj;jpa fUtpfshf taypd;> kpUjq;fk;> `hh;Nkhdpak; Nghd;w
,irf;fUtpfisf; gad;gLj;JtH. `hpf;fijapy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba
,ir tiffs; rhfp> jpz;b> mgq;fk;> MQ;rdhfPjk;> kj;jNfhfpyk;>
fl;fh> Mhpah> fdhf;rhp> ghh;rp ];ef;;juh> rhNy> \hypdp> cg[hjp>
khypdp> t]e;jjpyfh> flht;> Nghthlh> t]e;jjpyfh Nghd;w
re;jtpUj;jq;fs; Mfpait ,lk;ngWk;.
119
4.4.4.4.3333.1..1..1..1. ep&gzk;ep&gzk;ep&gzk;ep&gzk; 17ep&gzk; vd;why; xU fijia tpthpf;Fk; nra;As; vd;W
nghUs;gLk;. nghJthf fjhfhyl;Nrgk; Ie;J kzp Neuk;
epfoj;jg;ngWk;;.
fUlfh;tgq;fk;> JUtrhpj;jpuk;> tj;ryhfy;ahzk;> tp];thkpj;uh;ahf
]k;uÑzk;> jpnusgjpkhd ]k;uf;Ñzk;> Uf;khq;fjrhpj;jpuk;>
f[nfshp tpujk;> &f;kpzp fy;ahzk;> rPjh fy;ahzk;
nyÑ;kzrf;jp> gpu`;yhjgf;jp tp[ak;> jpahfuh[ rhpj;jpuk;>
ts;spjpUkzk;> ee;jdhh; rhpj;jpuk;> kuhj;jpapy; m`pk`pcgf;ahd
mk;ghP~; cghf;ahdk; Nghd;wit fhyl;Nrgj;jpw;fhd fijfshFk;.
ep&gzkhf Kjypy; tpthpf;fg;gLk;. ,jDs; gQ;rgjp> g;ujkghjh>
g+h;tgPbfh> jpy;yhdh> jdpMth;j;jdk;> fij> ep&gzk;> kq;fsk;
Nghd;w gy gFjpfs; epfo;j;jg;gLk;. kzpg;uths eilapy; jkpo;>
njYq;F> tlnkhop Kjypa nkhopfis gpuhkzh; NgRk; eilapy;
NgRtH. `pe;J];jhdp> fh;ehlf ,ir uhfq;fs; ehl;Lg;Gw
,irnkl;Lf;fs; Mfpait ,jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fijapd;
ep&gzq;fs; ahTk; kuhj;jpa nkhopapy; cs;s juq;fpzp vd;Dk;
E}y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ghly;fisNag; ghlNtz;Lk; vd;gJ rk;gpujhak;.
4.4.4.4.3333.2..2..2..2. `hpf;fij epfo;j;Jk; tpjk;`hpf;fij epfo;j;Jk; tpjk;`hpf;fij epfo;j;Jk; tpjk;`hpf;fij epfo;j;Jk; tpjk;
,f;fiyia Muk;gfhyj;jpy; Ez;fiyfis tsh;f;Fk;
murh;fs;> ts;sy;fs;> [kPd;jhh;fs; Nghd;Nwhh;fs; Mjhpj;J te;jdh;.
Nfhtpy;fs;> klq;fspy; epfo;r;rp Kbe;j gpd; fiyQh;fs;
nfsutpf;fg;gl;ldh;. ,e;j KiwahdJ gpw;fhyj;jpy; rghf;fspYk;>
muR epWtdq;fspYk; epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ. kpa+rpf; mfhlkp> jkpo;ehL
,ay;> ,ir> ehlf kd;wk;> ,e;jpad; igd; Mh;l;];> jkpopirr;rq;fk;
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ,J ,d;wsTk; eilngWfpd;wJ. Muhk;gfhyj;jpy;
`hpf;fijia ghftjh;fs; epd;W nfhz;L khiy mzpe;J> ifapy;
rpg;shfl;il kw;Wk; jhsq;fis itj;Jg; ghLth;. mtUf;Fg;
17 Dic. – South Indian Music, Vol. III.
120
gpd;dhy; epd;W nfhz;L cld; ghLgth;fs; ];UjpAk; ifj;jhsKk;
itj;Jf; nfhz;L ghLth;.
Mdhy; jw;fhyj;jpy; ,irf;fr;Nrhpfisg; Nghd;Nw ghftjh;fs;
mkh;e;J nfhz;L ghLfpwhh;fs;. gf;fthj;jpaq;fshf,f; kpUjq;fk;>
taypd;> `hh;Nkhdpak; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fiyahdJ FUFyKiw
gy epWtdq;fs; %yKk; fw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jDs;
fiyQh; jhk; $wg;NghFk; fijiag; gw;wpa KOikahd njspT
ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. `hpfij epfo;j;Jifapy; ,ilapilNa kw;w
thf;Nfafhuh;fspd; ghly;fisg; ghb Nkw;Nfhs; fhz;gpg;gH. xU
fUj;ij typAWj;JifapYk; ,Nj fUj;ijf; $Wk; fpUjp>
fPh;j;jdq;fs;> ghly;fs;> g[idfs; Nghd;tw;iw ghbf; fhz;gpg;gH.
mr;rkak; mg;ghly;fis uhfk; ghbg; gpd;dH ghLtJk;> rpy
ghly;fSf;F fw;gid ];tuq;fs; ghb ghHitahsHfis
cw;rhfg;gLj;JtJk; cz;L. ,r;rkaq;fNs mf;fiyQhpd;
kNdhjHkj;ij> fw;gid tsj;ij ntspg;gLj;jf$ba rkaq;fshFk;.
`hpfijf;F goq;fhy $j;JfNs MjhukhFk;. rj;rk;g;ujhakhd
tp~aq;fis gy Guhzq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L elj;jg;gLtJ
MFk;. ,jd; top fij epfo;j;JgtH jk; jpwikia ntspg;gLj;Jk;
epfo;r;rpahFk;. ,e;epfo;r;rpia epfo;j;Jgth;f;F ey;yFuy;tsk;>
Nky;];jhapy; ghlf;$ba jpwik> ey;y fw;gid tsk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. gy nkhopfs; njhpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. `hpNfr ey;Y}h;
Kj;ijah ghftjh;jhd; Kjd;Kjypy; `hpfijapy; cgep~j;jpd;
rhuhk;rj;ij nfhz;L te;j ngUikf;Fhpath; MthH.
“kuGtopapy; kuhl;ba Njrj;jpy; eilngWk; `hpfijfspy;
ghLk; cUg;gbfSf;F uhf Myhgid> fw;gid ];tuk; ghLk; tof;fk;
fpilahJ. ,J jw;fhyj;jpy; njd;dpe;jpa fiyQHfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l
KiwahFk;” vd;W `hpfij fiyQH jpU.uhkre;jpuNfh];thkp
$WfpwhH.18
18 NeHfhzy; - jpU. uhkr;re;jpuNfh];thkp.
121
4.4.4.4.4444.... ghftghftghftghftj Nks ehlfk;j Nks ehlfk;j Nks ehlfk;j Nks ehlfk;
19ghftjk; + Nksk;. ghftjh;fs; vd;gth;fs; gfthd;
fpU~;zdpd; gf;jh;fs;. Nksk; vd;gJ $l;lk;> FO. fpU\ ;z
gf;jHfspd; FOthy; ebf;fg;gl;l ehl;ba ehlfk; ghftjNksk;
vdg;gl;lJ. fpU~;z gf;jh;fshfpa ghftjh;fs; fpU~;zidg;
gw;wpa Guhzf;fijfis ehlfkhf ebj;jdH. 16k; E}w;whz;by;
jQ;iria Mz;l kd;dh;f;F Ml;rp nkhop njYq;F vdNt
,th;fsJ Mjutpy; ele;j ,e;j ghftj Nks ehlfq;fs;
njYq;fpy; ,aw;wg;gl;ld. jQ;iria Mz;lrfrpkd;dh; fhyj;jpy;
gy;yf;fp Nrthgpuge;jk; ehlfk; Gfo; ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ. ,jw;F
Kd; jpUQhd rk;ge;jh; fhye;njhl;L rjph; vd;Dk; ehl;bak;
njd;dfj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ. ehl;baj;jpw;fhd ebg;G nghUs;
itztg; Guhzq;fspypUe;J vLj;J mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ehlfk;
nkyl;̂ h;> #ykq;fsk;> rhypakq;fsk; Kjypa Ch;fspy; rpwg;G
ngw;W jQ;ir khtl;lj;jpy; gy Ch;fspy; ebf;fg;gl;ld. Ntw;W}iur;
Nrh;e;j njYq;F gpuhkzh;fs; ebj;Jf; fhl;Ltjpy; gpwhpDk; kpf;f
<LghL fhl;bdhh;fs;. ,th;fs; Kiwahf ,irf;fiyapYk;>
ehl;baf;fiyapYk; Njh;r;rp ngw;Wg; gpd; ehlfkhbdhh;fs;
Mlth;fNs ngz;Ntlk; g+z;L MLthh;fs;.
1. Nfhlq;fp te;J Mbg;ghb eifr;Ritj; jJk;g fijia mwpKfk; nra;thH.
2. thj;jpaf; fiyQh;fs; xd;whf Njhd;wpf; flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghLthh;fs;. ,jw;F ngah; Njhla kq;fsk;.
3. gpd;dh; fzgjp Kf%b mzpe;J te;J MLtH. ,t;tpUtUf;Fk; g+i[ nra;ag;gLk;.
ghly;fs; rPhpa nrt;tpa ,irapy; mike;jpUf;Fk; xt;nthU
fijkhe;jUk; Nkilf;F tUk; NghJ jk;ik mwpKfg;gLj;Jk;
topapy; ghly; ghbf;nfhz;L Kjypy; jpiuf;Fg; gpd; ,Ue;Jk; gpd;
ntspNa te;Jk; ghLthh;fs; ,jw;F gpuNtrj;jU vd;W ngah;.
kj;jsk; taypd;> Gy;yhq;Foy;> jhsk; Kjypa fUtpfis
gad;gLj;Jthh;fs;. fPh;j;jidfSk; eld[jpfSk; ,jpy; ,lk;ngWk;.
19 jkpopirf; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; %d;whk; njhFjp.
122
4.4.4.4.4444.1..1..1..1. kNdhkNdhkNdhkNdhjHkj;jpd; gq;FjHkj;jpd; gq;FjHkj;jpd; gq;FjHkj;jpd; gq;F
fiyQH jhk; $wg;NghFk; my;yJ elj;jtpUf;Fk;
ehlfj;ijg; gw;wpa KOikahd njspT ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghftjNks ehlfj;jpy; ghlg;gLk; midj;J thf;Nfaf;fhuHfspd;
fpUjp> fPHj;jdq;fs;> ghly;fis Nkw;Nfhs; fhz;gpf;Fk; nghOJk;>
xU fUj;ij typAWj;JifapYk; fiyQHfspd; kNdhjHkk;
ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> cUg;gbfisg; ghLk;nghOJ rpW uhf
Myhgid> rpWrpW ];tu gpuNahfq;fis ghLtjpYk; fiyQHfspd;
kNdhjHkkhdJ ntspg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.
4.4.4.4.5555.... `pe;J];jhdp ,ir`pe;J];jhdp ,ir`pe;J];jhdp ,ir`pe;J];jhdp ,ir
14Mk; E}w;whz;by; tl ,e;jpah ,];yhkpa kd;dh;fspd;
Mjpf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jNghJ ngh;rpah> mNugpah Nghd;w ehLfspd;
,irkuGfs; ,e;jpa ,irapy; GFj;jg;gl;ld. 13Mk; E}w;whz;L
tiu ,e;jpah KOtJk; xNu ,ir kuG jhd; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ
vd;Wk; 14Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy;jhd; Kjd; Kjypy; fh;ehlf
,ir> ,e;J];jhdp ,ir vd;w ,U gphpTfis gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. `hpghyh; vd;gth; rq;fPj Rjhfuk; vDk; E}iy
,aw;wpAs;s `hpghyH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
16Mk; E}w;whz;bw;F gpwF gytpjkhd ,ir Kiwfs;
muritapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 1900k; Mz;by; gz;bl;
tp~;Zehuhaz ghj;fz;Nl `pe;J];jhdpa ,irf;F ey;ynjhU
tbtk; je;jhh;.
mkPh;F];U vd;gth; nly;ypia murhz;l myhTjPd; fpy;[p
vd;gthpd; muz;kid ,irg;GytH> ghurPf ,irapy; rpy
mk;rq;fis GFj;jp gy Gjpa fyg;G ,irtbtq;fis
cz;lhf;fpdhh;. njd;dpe;jpa ,irNkijahd Nfhghyehaf;
vd;gtUld; ,th; ,irapy; Nghl;bapl;L ntd;Ws;shh;. ,e;J];jhdp
,iria tifg;gLj;jpatUs; mkPh;F];UTf;Fk; Kf;fpa gq;Fz;L.
,th; jhd; jNgyh> rpjhh; Nghd;w ,irf; fUtpfis cUthf;fpath;
,tUila rPlUk; mf;ghpd; mitg;ghlfUkhd jhd;Nrd; vd;gth;
123
,e;J];jhdp ,uhfq;fisg; ghb gpugyg;gLj;jpath; vd;W tuyhW
$Wfpd;wJ.
,j;jid rpwg;G tha;e;j ,e;J];jhdp ,irapd;
,irtbtq;fis fiy ,irtbtq;fs;> nky;ypir tbtq;fs; vd
,Utifg;gLj;jyhk;. j;Ugj;> fpahy;> juhdh> Jk;hp Nghd;wit fiy
,irtbq;fs;> ]thd;> irj;jp> fry;> g[d;> jg;gh Mfpait
nky;ypir tbtq;fs;.
,e;J];jhdp ,ir KiwapYk; kNdhjh;k ,irahdJ
ifahsg;ngw;Ws;sijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy;
fr;Nrhp KOtJNk fiyQdpd; kNdhjh;kj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L mike;Js;sNj me;j ,ir Kiwapd; rpwg;G vd;W
$wyhk;.
fpahy; ,irtbtj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; ];jhap> me;j;uh
vd;w ,UgphpTfs; cs;sd. Kjypy; ];jhapia tpsk;gfhyj;jpy;
ghLth;. ,J ,uhf ghtj;NjhL> xt;nthU ];tu];jhdj;jpYk;
epWj;jp ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd;gpd; kj;jpkfhyj;jpy; me;j;uh
ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd;gpd; fpahypd; ,uz;lhtJ gFjpahf
];jhapia Jhpjfhyj;jpYk;> me;juhit Kjy;> ,uz;L> %d;W
Mfpa fhyq;fspYk; ghLtH. ,itaidj;jpYk; fiyQdpd;
kNdhjh;kj;jpw;Nf Kjyplk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fr;Nrhpfspy;
me;je;j fhyNeuq;fspy; ghlf;$ba uhfq;fis kl;LNk ghLth;. xU
fr;Nrhpapy; Kjd;ik uhfj;ijg; ghb Kbj;jgpd;> Jiz uhfj;ij
Jhpj yaj;jpy; ghLfpd;wdh;. `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; rhfpj;aq;fs;
gf;jpapd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUf;fhJ. GutyHfisg; gw;wpAk;>
mth;fsJ tpufjhgq;fs;> rKjhaf;fUj;Jf;fs;> ,aw;if tHzid
Mfpa VNjDk; xU fijia $Wjy; Nghd;W mike;jpUf;Fk;.
jhsq;fspy; mjPj vLg;GfspNyNa ghly;fs; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ek;
,iriag; Nghd;W rk> mdhfj vLg;gpy; ghly;fs; mike;jpUg;gJ
mhpJ. jpUgj; vDk; ,ircUg;gbahdJ Nfhtpy; ,irf;F
epfuhdJ. ekJ ,irapYs;s Njthuk;> jpUg;Gfo; ghRuq;fisg;
Nghd;wJ. g[d; ,ilg;gl;l tifiar; Nrh;e;jJ. gf;jpRitAld;
124
$baJ. ,th;fs; jk; fr;Nrhpapy; juhdh vdg;gLk; jpy;yhdhitg;
ghLk;nghOJ fpahiyg; ghLtijg; NghyNt ];jhap> me;j;uh
gFjpfis tpsk;gpj; Jhpj fhyq;fspy; ghLfpd;wdh;.
uhfk; ghLk; nghOJ jdd jdd> jd> Nyhk; Nghd;w
mHj;jkw;w nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. fpahypd; ];jhapahdJ
ehk; ghLk; gy;ytpiag; Nghd;W jhsf;fl;Lg;ghl;NlhL
ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. judhtpd; gy;ytpia njd;dpe;jpa ,irapy;
kNdhjHkj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; gy;ytpiag; Nghd;Nw ghLfpd;wdh;.
Mdhy; rhfpj;aq;fs; mh;j;jkw;w nrhw;fspNy mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
jhdk; ghLtij ‘jhd;’ vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;. ,jidAk; Kjypy;
tpsk;gfhyj;jpy; Muk;gpj;J Jhpj fhyj;jpy; ghLth;. Jhpj fhyj;jpy;
ghlg;gLk; jhd; Nghy; jhd; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fpahy;>
juhdh Nghd;wtw;iw Jhpjfhyj;jy; ghLk; nghOJ ek; ,irapy;>
fpUjp> fPh;j;jid> gy;ytpfspy; ghLk; eputiyg; Nghd;W
mike;Js;sJ.
KidtH kNdhukh \Hkh ‘Music India’ vDk; jkJ E}ypy;>
kp];u jhdk;> /gPul; jhdk;> #l;̀ p jhdk;> [hg;Nu`p jhdk;> `y;fp
jhdk;> [pl;fphp jhdk;> [k;[Nkfp jhdk;> fkf;fp jhdk; vd
vl;Ltifj; jhdq;fis $wpAs;shh;. vy;yh fiyQh;fSk; uhfk;
ghLkplj;J ,e;j vl;Ltifj; jhdq;fisAk; mth;fisAk;
mwpahky; gad;gLj;Jtjhf ,e;E}yhrphpah; $Wfpd;whh; (g.281).
4.4.4.4.5.1.5.1.5.1.5.1. `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd;`pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd;`pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd;`pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;Fgq;Fgq;Fgq;F
Kjypy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk; xU ghlyhdJ rpW rpW uhf
MyhgidNahLk;> ghlypd; thpfis ghbAk; njd;dpe;jpa ,irapy;
eputiyg; Nghd;W xt;nthU ];tuj;jpYkhf epd;W ghlg;gLfpd;wJ.
,ilapilNa ];tu gpuNahfq;fs; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Nj Nghd;W
Nky; ];jhapYk; gpuNahfq;fs; ghb gy;ytp ghlg;gLfpd;wJ.
,Wjpapy; ,g;gpuNahfq;fis mfhuj;jpy; kj;ak> Jhpj fhyj;jpy;
ghb gy;ytp ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. njd;dpe;jpa ,irapy; fw;gid ];tuk;
ghLtijg; Nghd;W ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,ilapilNa rpW rpW
125
uhf Myhgid ghLtJ njd;dpe;jpa ,irapy; jhdj;ij
xj;Js;sJ.
njd;dpe;jpa ,iriag; NghyNt ,uhfk; ghLjy;> eputy;
nra;jy;> fw;gid ];tuk; ghLjy;> jhdk; ghLjy; Nghd;wit
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ghLKiwapy; rpy NtWghLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; kNdhjh;khdJ
njd;dpe;jpa ,irNghd;W jdpj;jdpahf epfohJ ghly; KOtJk;
njhlh;G gLj;jpNa epfo;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd;
cl;gphpTfshd uhf Myhgid jhdk;> eputy;> fw;gid];tuk;
Mfpad ,irf;fiyQh;fshy; ifahsg;gLfpd;wJ.
4.4.4.4.6666. KbTiu. KbTiu. KbTiu. KbTiu
gpw ,irKiwfshd `pe;J];jhdp ,ir> ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapYk;
fw;gid ,irapd; gq;Fg; gw;wp Ma;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ehl;Lg;Gw
,irapy; ,irr;fiyQh;fs; ghLk; ghly; #o;epiyf;Nfw;wthW jhk;
fz;zpy; fz;l fhl;rpfisAk;> jk; mDgtq;fisAk;> jd; kdjpy;
Njhd;Wk; fw;gidf; Nfw;wthW nkl;likj;JghLifapy; fw;gidahdJ
ntspg;gLfpwJ.
`pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; njd;dpe;jpa ,irapy; ghLtJ
Nghd;W uhfk;> jhdk; eputy;> fw;gid ];tuk; vd jdpj;jdpahf
ghlhky; xU ghliyg; ghLk;NghJ ,t;tidj;J $WfSk; %d;W
fhyq;fspy; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. jhsj;jpw;F
mjpf Kf;aj;tkpd;wp uhfghtk; ntspg;gLk; tifapy; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ.
fiytbtq;fshd g[id gj;jjp> `hpfij> ghftjNks ehlfq;fs;
Mfpa epfo;Tfspy; kNdhjh;k ,irahdJ KO epfo;TfspYk; ,lk;
ngWfpd;wJ.
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 5555
jw;fhy ,ir muq;Ffspy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;F
126
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 5555
jw;fhy ,irauq;Ffspy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;F
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rq;ffhy ,irauq;F ,irf;fiy>
Mlw;fiy> Xtpaf;fiy> rpw;gf;fiy> fl;llf;fiy> ,yf;fpaf;fiy>
ehlff;fiy Mfpa Ez;fiyfisf; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; Vuhskhff;
fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd. fiyfs; khe;jH kdj;jpw;F ,d;gj;ijAk;>
kdepiwitAk; mspf;fpd;wd. mf;fiyfisf; fz;zhy; fz;Lk;>
fhjpdhy; Nfl;Lk;> kdj;jpdhy; czHe;Jk; kfpoyhk;. gz;ila
fhyj;jpy; ,irf;fiyQHfs; ,Ue;J te;Js;sdH vd;Wk;>
,irepfo;r;rpfs; ele;J te;Js;sd vd;gJk; rq;ffhyg; ghly;fs;
top mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
gz;ilj; jkpoH kplw;why; fUtpfshy; ,irj;Jk;> ,irf;ff;
Nfl;Lk; ,irg;gaid EfHe;jikf;Fr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
rhd;Wfs; gy cz;L. ,irf;fUtpiaf; nfhz;Nl Fbgpwg;ig
Rl;Lk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; thpfshtd:
“Jbad; ghzd; giwad; flk;gndd;WJbad; ghzd; giwad; flk;gndd;WJbad; ghzd; giwad; flk;gndd;WJbad; ghzd; giwad; flk;gndd;W ,e;ehd; fy;yJ,e;ehd; fy;yJ,e;ehd; fy;yJ,e;ehd; fy;yJ FbAkpFbAkpFbAkpFbAkpy;iyy;iyy;iyy;iy”
(Gw. 335: 7-8)
,irf;fiyQUs; Mltd; ghzd; vd;Wk;> ngz; ghbdp>
ghz;kfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;ngw;wdH. eldf; fiyQUs; MltH>
$j;jH> nghUeH vd;Wk; ngz;bH $j;jH> tpwypaH vd;Wk;
miof;fg;ngw;wdH. ghlYk;> MlYkhfpa Ez;fiyj; Jiwapy;
MltUk;> kfspUk; xj;j rpwg;gpduhfNt tpsq;fpdH.
itiag; ngUf;nfLj;J XLk; fhl;rpapd; moiff; fhzte;j
kf;fs; Ngrpf; nfhz;l nkhopfs;> xUtUf;nfhUtH Nfl;f
Kbahky;> mq;Nf ,irf; fUtpfspd; xyp Xq;fp epd;w moif
ghpghly; ,t;thW $Wfpd;wJ.
“xj;j Fxj;j Fxj;j Fxj;j Foypndhypnaooypndhypnaooypndhypnaooypndhypnao KotpkpKotpkpKotpkpKotpkpo;o;o;o; kj;jhp jkj;jhp jkj;jhp jkj;jhp jlhhplhhplhhplhhp jz;Zik kFspjz;Zik kFspjz;Zik kFspjz;Zik kFsp xj;jse;J rPHJ}f;fpxj;jse;J rPHJ}f;fpxj;jse;J rPHJ}f;fpxj;jse;J rPHJ}f;fp nahUtH gpw;glhHnahUtH gpw;glhHnahUtH gpw;glhHnahUtH gpw;glhH epj;jepj;jepj;jepj;je; jpfo Nehpiw Kd;ifahy;e; jpfo Nehpiw Kd;ifahy;e; jpfo Nehpiw Kd;ifahy;e; jpfo Nehpiw Kd;ifahy; mj;jfthp itausj;jy;mj;jfthp itausj;jy;mj;jfthp itausj;jy;mj;jfthp itausj;jy; fhz;kpd;fhz;kpd;fhz;kpd;fhz;kpd;”
(ghp 12. 40-44)
127
jk;Ks; xUtUf;nfhUtH ,bj;Jf;nfhs;shky; eldkhLjypy;>
xj;J tpsq;Fk; Mly; kfspH> nghUe;jpa tq;fpaj;jpdpd;Wk;
,irnao> KoT> kj;jhp> jlhhp> jz;Zik> kFsp vd;Dk; jhsf;
fUtpfspypUe;J vOk; jhsj;ij mse;J jkJ Nehpa ,iwahfpa
Kd;ifahy; jhsj;ij mse;jduhk;. ,e;epfo;r;rp jw;fhyj;jpy;
epfOk; jhsthj;a fr;Nrhpia xj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. gujk; ehl;ba
rh];jpuj;jpy; ‘mtdj;jFjg;gk;’ vd;W ,j;jhs thj;a fr;Nrhpia
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpy; jq;FNthH thDyfj;jpy; ciwjiyf;$l
tpUk;g khl;lhHfs; vd;w Fwpg;igj; jUk; nrt;Ntisg; gw;wpa
ghpghly;>
“xU jxU jxU jxU jpwk; ghzHpwk; ghzHpwk; ghzHpwk; ghzH ahopd; jPq;Fuy;ahopd; jPq;Fuy;ahopd; jPq;Fuy;ahopd; jPq;Fuy; vovovovo xU jpwk; ghzH tz;bd; ,kpH ,ir voxU jpwk; ghzH tz;bd; ,kpH ,ir voxU jpwk; ghzH tz;bd; ,kpH ,ir voxU jpwk; ghzH tz;bd; ,kpH ,ir vo xU jpwk;xU jpwk;xU jpwk;xU jpwk; fz; MH Foypd; fiuG vofz; MH Foypd; fiuG vofz; MH Foypd; fiuG vofz; MH Foypd; fiuG vo xU jpwk; gz; MH Jk;gp kwe;J ,ir CjxU jpwk; gz; MH Jk;gp kwe;J ,ir CjxU jpwk; gz; MH Jk;gp kwe;J ,ir CjxU jpwk; gz; MH Jk;gp kwe;J ,ir Cj xU jpwk; kz; MH Kotpd; ,ixU jpwk; kz; MH Kotpd; ,ixU jpwk; kz; MH Kotpd; ,ixU jpwk; kz; MH Kotpd; ,ir vor vor vor vo xU jpwk; mz;zy; neLtij mUtp ePHj;jJk;gxU jpwk; mz;zy; neLtij mUtp ePHj;jJk;gxU jpwk; mz;zy; neLtij mUtp ePHj;jJk;gxU jpwk; mz;zy; neLtij mUtp ePHj;jJk;g xU jpwk; ghly; ey; tpwypaH xy;FgxU jpwk; ghly; ey; tpwypaH xy;FgxU jpwk; ghly; ey; tpwypaH xy;FgxU jpwk; ghly; ey; tpwypaH xy;Fg xU jpwk; thil CH tapy; G+xU jpwk; thil CH tapy; G+xU jpwk; thil CH tapy; G+xU jpwk; thil CH tapy; G+q;nfhb Elq;fq;nfhb Elq;fq;nfhb Elq;fq;nfhb Elq;f xU jpwk; ghbdp KuYk; ghiy mk;Fuypd;xU jpwk; ghbdp KuYk; ghiy mk;Fuypd;xU jpwk; ghbdp KuYk; ghiy mk;Fuypd;xU jpwk; ghbdp KuYk; ghiy mk;Fuypd; ePL fpspHePL fpspHePL fpspHePL fpspH fpoik epiw Fiw Njhd;wfpoik epiw Fiw Njhd;wfpoik epiw Fiw Njhd;wfpoik epiw Fiw Njhd;w xU jpwk; ML rPHxU jpwk; ML rPHxU jpwk; ML rPHxU jpwk; ML rPH kQ;ikQ;ikQ;ikQ;iQ mhpf;Fuy;Q mhpf;Fuy;Q mhpf;Fuy;Q mhpf;Fuy; Njhd;wNjhd;wNjhd;wNjhd;w khWkhWw;wd NgkhWkhWw;wd NgkhWkhWw;wd NgkhWkhWw;wd Nghd; khnwjpH Nfhly;hd; khnwjpH Nfhly;hd; khnwjpH Nfhly;hd; khnwjpH Nfhly; khwl;lhd;khwl;lhd;khwl;lhd;khwl;lhd; Fd;wk; cilj;JFd;wk; cilj;JFd;wk; cilj;JFd;wk; cilj;J”
(gh. 17)
,jpy; xU ,irg;nghopT epfo;tJ vg;gbapUf;FNkh mt;tifapyhd
tHzidj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,aw;ifia ikag;gLj;jpf; $wpAs;sNghJk;>
ele;j xU epfo;it ,aw;ifNahL xg;Gikg;gLj;jpf; fhl;bAs;sikahy;
rq;ffhyj;jpNyNa ,j;jifa fr;Nrhp vdg;gLk; xU ,irg; nghopT
ele;Js;sJ. ,jpy; kNdhjHkk; ifahsg;gltpy;iy.
rpyg;gjprpyg;gjprpyg;gjprpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;fhuj;jpy;fhuj;jpy;fhuj;jpy; ,irauq;F,irauq;F,irauq;F,irauq;F
CHtrpapd; topte;j khjtp vd;w ehl;bakhLk; ngz; Ie;J
tajpypUe;J Vohz;Lfs; $j;jpd; ,yf;fzq;fis ed;F
fw;Wj;NjHe;J Kjd;Kjyhf ehlf muq;fpy; jdJ ehl;baj;ij
128
muq;Nfw;wpdhs; vd;W muq;Nfw;Wf;fhijapy; (rpyg;gjpfhuk; 1 : 12)
,sq;Nfhtbfs; $wpAs;shH. ehl;baj;jpw;Fhpa midj;J
,yf;fzq;fSk;> tpjpKiwfSk;> fuzq;fSk;> mgpeaKk; KOikahf
,g;gFjpapy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. eldg;gFjpf;F kl;Lkd;wp ,irg;gFjpiag;
gw;wpAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
muq;Nfw;Wf;fhijapy; rpyg;gjpfhug; ghly; thpfspy; ,irNahd;>
jz;ZikNahd;> FoNyhd;> ,ir MrphpaH vd;W eld muq;fpy;
ghl;birf;Fk; gf;fthj;jpaf; fiyQHfs; xt;nthUtUf;Fkha;
mikj;Jj; je;Js;s ,yf;fzk; xd;Nw NghJkhdJ fhg;gpafhyr;
#oiy tpsf;Fjw;F.
rq;ffhyj;jpw;F gpd;G jkpofj;ij fsg;gpuh; ifg;gw;wp
Mz;lhh;fs;. jkpoh;nkhopAk;> jkpoh; rkaq;fSk;> fiyfSk;
mbikg;gl;ld. ,e;epiyapy; rkzKk;> ngsj;jKk; jkpofj;jpy;
GFe;J tsh;e;jd. fp.gp.Mwhk;> Vohk; E}w;whz;by; Gj;jrkak;
nry;thf;fpoe;Jtpl;lJ. ehTf;furh;> Qhdrk;ge;jh; Kjypa
ehad;khh;fSk; ngha;ifahh;> G+jj;jhh;> nghpaho;thh;> ehr;rpahh;>
ek;kho;thh; Nghd;w gd;dpU Mo;thh;fSk; gf;jp ghly;fisg;
gz;NzhL ghb rkaKk; jkpOk; tsuj; Jiz nra;jdh;.
fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo;ehl;by; irtrkag;
nghpath;fshd ehad;khh;fSk;> itztrkag; nghpath;fshd
Mo;thh;fSk; Njhd;wp gf;jpg; ghly;fisg; ghb Ch;Cuhfr; nrd;W
jk;jk; rkaq;fis gug;gp te;jdh;. ehad;khh;fs; ehy;tUk;>
Mo;thh;fspy; gyUk; ,irNahL ghly;fs; ghb Nfhapy; NjhWk;
,iwtid topgl;ldh;. Mo;thh;fSk; ehad;khh;fSk; gf;jpia
Nghw;wp mjw;F ,irthd Mly;> ghly; Kjyhd fiyfisg;
ghuhl;bdhh;fs;. ,ijj; njhlh;e;J Nrhoh;fspd; Ml;rpAk; irt
E}y;fSk; Njhd;wpaJ.
fp.gp. gj;jhk; E}w;whz;bw;F gpwF jkpo;ehl;by; nry;thf;Fg;
ngw;w Nrhoh; Ml;rp jkpo; ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;F ngUe;Jizahf
,Ue;jJ. mg;NghJ Ml;rpGhpe;j Nrhomurh;fs; rpyh; ,yf;fpak;
fw;wwpe;jth;fshfTk; gilg;gtHfshfTk; ,Ue;jhh;fs;. Nfhapy;fspy;
129
Kiwahf Njthug; ghly;fisg; ghLtjw;fhf ,irapy; Njh;e;j
gf;jh;fis mkHj;jp mth;fSf;F jf;f khdpaq;fis toq;fpdhh;fs;.
jQ;irapy; ,uhruhrNrhod; fl;ba nghpaNfhtpy;> fq;if
nfhz;l NrhoGuf; Nfhtpy;fspy; fUT+h; Njth; ghba jpUtpirg;gh
kw;Wk; Nre;jdhh; ghba jpUg;gy;yhz;L Mfpait topghl;Lf;F
chpadthf ,irAld; ,d;Wk; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
,d;Wk; jkpopir> Njthu ,ir vd;w ngahpy;
,irf;fr;Nrhpfs; ,ir muq;FfspYk;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp
epfo;r;rpfspYk; eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. Nfhtpy;fspy; eilngWk;
G+irfspYk; gQ;rGuhzk; ghLjy;> gy;yhz;L ghLjy; Nghd;w
rlq;Ffspy; ,t;TUg;gbfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
11Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nrho murd; FNyhj;Jq;fdplk;
mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jth; Nrf;fpohh;. Nrf;fpohuhy; nghpaGuhzk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ. rPtfrpe;jhkzpapd; Mrphpah; tsh;j;j tpUj;jg;ghit
vspaeilf;F chpajhf;fp fhl;bath; Nrf;fpohh;. ,e;j fhyj;jpy; gy
Guhzq;fSk; cgep~j;JfSk; cUthapw;W. tlnkhopapypUe;J gy
Guhzq;fisAk; jkpopy; khw;wp mikf;f Muk;gpj;jhh;fs;.
12Mk; E}w;whz;by; [aNjth; vl;Lr; ruzq;fs; nfhz;l
m~;lgjp ghly;fs; mlq;fpa fPjNfhtpe;jk; gpugykhdJ.
fp.gp.12> 13> 14Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Njitf;Nfw;g rhj;jpuq;fs;
mjpfk; ,aw;wg;gl;ld. 15Mk; E}w;whz;by; jpUtz;zhkiyapy;
Njhd;wpa mUzhfphpehjh; 16>000 jpUg;Gfo; ghly;fis
,aw;wpaspj;Js;shH. ,th; re;jq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; 35> 175> 108
jhsq;fspYk; 52 mG+h;t jhsq;fspYk; ghbAs;shh;. 15Mk;
E}w;whz;by; jhsg;ghf;fk; thf;Nfaf;fhuHfspd; gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
md;dkhr;rhHahH ,aw;wpa fPHj;jidfNs gpw;fhyj;jpy; fpUjp vDk;
,ir tbtk; cUthtjw;F mbj;jskhf mike;jJ. ,tUila
kuig gpd;gw;wp te;jth;fs; =Gue;jujhrh;> uhkjhrh;> =jpahfuh[h;
Nghd;wth;fs; MtH.
130
16Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;jth; Gue;jujhrh;. ,th; rq;fPjgpjhkfh;
vd Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;. ,th; jha;nkhopahd fd;dlj;jpy; gy
fPh;j;jidfis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
16> 17Mk; E}w;whz;L jQ;iria Mz;l ehaf;fh;
topj;Njhd;wypy; Gfo; ngw;wth;fshfTk; fPh;j;jp kpf;ftuhfTk;
tpsq;fpath; ,uFehjehaf;fh; Mthh;. ,th; fh;ehlf ,irapy; rpwe;j
epGzuhfTk; njYq;F nkhopfspy; Gyik ngw;wtuhfTk;> tPiz
thrpg;gjpy; ty;ytuhfTk; jpfo;e;jhh;. 24 nkl;Lf;fs; cs;s tPizahdJ
,th; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpajhy; ,jw;F uFehj Nks tPiz vd;W
ngah; toq;fg; ngw;wJ. Nfhtpe;jjPl;rpjhpd; Ntz;LNfhSq;fpzq;fp
,th; ‘rq;fPjRjh’ vd;w E}iy vOjpdhh;. ,thpd; muritapy;
gz;bjh;fs;> ,irg;Gyth;fs;> thf;Nfafhuh;fs;> itzpfh;fs;>
rh`pj;aj;jpy; Gyik ngw;wth;fs; MfpNahh; ,Ue;jdh;.
,jd;%yk; muz;kidapy; ,ir tsh;g;gjw;fhf ru];tjp
k`hy;> rq;fPjk`hy; kw;Wk; ehlfr; rhiyfis mikj;jdh;. muR
jh;ghh;fspYk; rq;fPjk`hy;fspYk;> ,irepfo;r;rpfs;> eld epfo;r;rpfs;>
ehlfq;fs;> thj;jpa ,ir> ,irg; Nghl;bfs; Mfpait eilngw;wd.
,Nj rkak; 15Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapYk;> 16> 17
E}w;whz;LfspYk; tho;e;j jkpo; %th;fSk; Njhd;wp fPh;j;jidfis
,aw;wp ,ir tsh;r;rpf;F jk; gq;if mspj;jdh;.
18Mk; E}w;whz;by; gpw;gFjpapy; Kk;%h;j;jpfSk; cjakhdhh;fs;.
=jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;> =Kj;J];thkpjPl;rpjh;> = rpahkrh];jphpfs;
Nghd;wth;fs; Njhd;wp gy ,ir tbtq;fis mikj;J ,ir
tsh;r;rpf;Fj; jk; gq;if mspj;jhh;fs;.
,t;thW kd;dh;fs; fhye;njhl;Nl ,irahdJ gy ghpkhzj;jpy;
Nfhtpy;fspYk;> muz;kidfspYk; klq;fspYk; ,ir epfo;r;rpahf
ele;J te;Js;sJ. ,JNt gpw;fhyj;jpy; fr;Nrhp vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
5.1.5.1.5.1.5.1. fr;Nrfr;Nrfr;Nrfr;Nrhpapd; Njhw;wk;hpapd; Njhw;wk;hpapd; Njhw;wk;hpapd; Njhw;wk;
fr;Nrhp vd;gJ cUJ nkhopapypUe;J te;j nrhy;. ,J tl
,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;jjhFk;. tl ,e;jpahtpy; eilngw;w ,ir
fr;Nrhpfs; %yk; ,e;j thh;j;ijahdJ njd;dpe;jpahtpw;F te;jjhFk;.
131
mf;fhyj;jpy; tpj;Jthd;fs; kNdhjh;kj;jpw;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLj;J ghb te;jdh;. ,jpy; rh`pj;akhdJ ehL kw;Wk; muriu
ikag;gLj;jp ,Ue;jJ. kNdhjh;k rq;fPjj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;Nl ,irepfo;r;rpfis tpj;Jthd;fs; jq;fsJ rk];jhdj;jpYk;
kw;Wk; gy ,lq;fspYk; toq;fp te;jhh;fs;. kNdhjh;k rq;fPjj;jpw;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;Fk; tifapy; gy;ytpNa ngUk;ghYk; fr;Nrhpapy;
ghlg;gl;L te;jJ> NkYk; ,jpy; xU gphpthd ,uhf Myhgid
kl;LNk kzpf;fzf;fpy; my;yJ ehs; fzf;fpy; ghba epfo;TfSk;
cz;L.
= jpahfuh[h ];thkpfspd; fPh;j;jidfs; g[idfspy;
mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. gpwF = jpahfuh[hpd; rPlh;fs; ,ij
fw;W fr;NrhpfspYk; ghl Muk;gpj;jhh;fs;. ,e;j fpUjpfspy;
kNdhjh;kj;jpw;fhd midj;J KiwfSk; ifahsg;gl;ld.
jw;fhy ,ir muq;Fjw;fhy ,ir muq;Fjw;fhy ,ir muq;Fjw;fhy ,ir muq;F
18> 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; jhd; jw;fhyj;jpa ‘Nkil
fr;Nrhp’ vd;gJ Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. 19k; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j
mhpaf;Fb uhkhD[ Iaq;fhh; vd;gth; fr;Nrhp Kiwia
xOq;Fg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,th; G+r;rp =epth] Ia;aq;fhhpd; rPlh; Mthh;.
gy kzpNeuk; eilngw;w ,irepfo;r;rpia FWfpa Neuj;jpw;Fs;
uhfk;> ];tuk; ,itfSld; mjpf cUg;gbfisg; ghl Ntz;Lk;
vd;w KiwNahL epuy;gLj;jpatH mhpaf;Fb uhkhD[ Iaq;fhh;.
Kk;%h;j;jpfspd; cUg;gbfSf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Jg;
ghb te;jhh;. NkYk; jpUg;ghit ghly;fis Nkilf;F nfhz;L
te;jtUk; mhpaf;Fb uhkhD[ Ia;aq;fhh; Mthh;. gpd;G
fr;Nrhpfspy; jdpMth;j;jdj;jpd; gpd; jkpo; cUg;gbfisg; ghl
Muk;gpj;jhh;. ,e;j jkpo; cUg;gbfshdJ ,th;fs; fhyj;jpy;
‘Jf;flh’ vd;w ngahpy; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
mhpaf;Fb mth;fshy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l ghzpia ,tuJ rkfhy
tpj;Jthd;fshfpa nrk;ig itj;jpaehjghftjh;> G.N.ghyRg;gpukzpak;>
nrk;kq;Fb =epth]Ia;aq;fhh;> k`huh[Guk; tp];tehja;ah;
132
Nghd;wth;fs; gpd;gw;wp te;jhh;fs;. jw;fhyj;jpy; ,e;j ghzpNa
tof;fpy; epiy epd;W tpl;lJ.
5.5.5.5.2222.... fr;Nrhp ghLk;Kiwfr;Nrhp ghLk;Kiwfr;Nrhp ghLk;Kiwfr;Nrhp ghLk;Kiw
NguhrphpaH gp. rhk;g%h;j;jp mth;fs; fr;Nrhp ghLk; Kiwia
‘The Teaching of Music’ vd;w E}ypy; ehd;F gphpthf gphpj;Jf;
$wpAs;shh;.
Kjy; gFjpKjy; gFjpKjy; gFjpKjy; gFjp
1. jhd th;zk;
m. Mjpjhsk;
M. mljhsk; (fz;l [hjp> rJ];u[hjp)
,. kpr;u[hjp [k;ig jhsk;
<. fz;l [hjp jpUGil jhsk;
2. th;zj;ij njhlh;e;J fzgjp> ru];tjp fPh;j;jidfis
ghLtJ.
3. kj;jpak fhy fpUjpfspy; nghJthf me;jufhe;jhuk; kw;Wk;
jhu];jhapy; rQ;rhuq;fis nfhz;l uhfq;fspy; fPh;j;jidfis>
ghly;fis ghLtJ MFk;.
,uz;lhtJ gFjp,uz;lhtJ gFjp,uz;lhtJ gFjp,uz;lhtJ gFjp
4. nrsf;f fhy fpUjpfs; ghLtJ mtw;wpy; gpujp kj;jpak
,uhfq;fspy; mike;j fPh;j;jidfs; ghLtJ MFk;.
5. kj;ak fhy fpUjpfs; ghb mjpy;> kpUjq;f jdp Mth;j;jdk;
tpLtJ.
%d;whtJ gFjp%d;whtJ gFjp%d;whtJ gFjp%d;whtJ gFjp
6. gy;ytp ghLjy;
ehd;fhtJ gFjpehd;fhtJ gFjpehd;fhtJ gFjpehd;fhtJ gFjp
7. ,uhfkhypif> gjk;> [htsp kw;Wk; jpy;yhdh cUg;gbfis
ghLtJ.
8. fpuhkpa kw;Wk; ehl;Lg;gw;Wilag; ghly;fis ghLtJ.
133
9. filrpahf kq;fsk; kw;Wk; kj;akhtjp ,uhfj;jpy; rpwpa
MyhgidAld; Kbg;gJ vd;gJ mhpaf;Fbapd; mikg;G
Kiw.
Mdhy; jw;fhy fr;Nrhp mikg;G ,jpypUe;J rw;W
tpj;jpahrkhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
fr;Nrhp mikg;Gfr;Nrhp mikg;Gfr;Nrhp mikg;Gfr;Nrhp mikg;G
Kjypy; tpehafiu Jjpf;Fk; xU ghly; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ.
,ij xU fis Mjpjhsj;jpNyh my;yJ &gfj;jpNyh ghLth;. ,J
ngUk;ghYk; ehl;il> `k;rj;tdp Nghd;w uhfq;fspy;
mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,ij tpWtpWntd;W ghb> rpy Ntisfspy; ,jpy;
fy;gdh ];tuq;fisAk; ghLtH.
,uz;lhtjhf gpujhdkhf ghLtjw;F Kd; tuf;$ba Jiz
uhfk; ghlg;gLk;. ,jpy; xU fPh;j;jdj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;L uhfk;
XusT tp];jhukhf ghb gpd;G fPh;j;jdj;ij ghLth;. ,e;j
fPh;j;jdj;jpy; eputy; nra;J ];tuk; ghLtJk; cz;L.
mLj;J g;ujhd uhfj;jpw;Fhpa fPh;j;jdk; ghlg;gLk;. ,jpy;
Kk;%h;j;jpfspd; ghly;fNsh kw;w nkhopg; ghly;fNsh
ghlg;gLfpd;wd. ,J ngUk;ghYk; tpsk;gfhy fPh;j;jdq;fshfNt
,Uf;Fk;. ,UgJ epkplk; my;yJ miukzp Neuk; $l uhfk;
ghLtH. rh`pj;aq;fs; Njh;e;njLj;J eputy; nra;ag;gLk;. gpwF
eputy; Kbj;J fw;gid ];tuk; ghlg;gLk;. ,jpy; fw;gid ];tuk;
ghb Fiwg;G nra;J Nkhuh my;yJ kFlk; itj;Jg; ghb Kbg;gH.
gpd;dH jd; MtHj;jdk; tplg;gLk;. ngUk;ghYk; jdpMth;j;jdj;jpw;F
15 Kjy; 20 epkplq;fs; xJf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jdpMth;j;jdj;jpy;
%d;W Mth;j;jdk; eilia thrpj;j gpd; xU Nfhh;itia
thrpg;ghh;. ,ijNghd;W kw;wth;fSk; jdpj;jdpahf thrpg;gh;. gpd;G
jp];uk;> fz;lk; Nghd;w eilfisj; jq;fsJ jpwikf;Nfw;g
thrpj;J kPz;Lk; rJ];u eilia thrpg;ghh;fs;. midtUk; Kbtpy;
,ize;J thrpg;ghh;fs;. ,jpy; Nkhuh itf;fg;gLk;. NkhuhTf;F gpd;G
xU Nfhh;it thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j Nfhh;it %d;W Kiw
,irj;jgpd; ghlfh; vq;Nf ];tuk; ghb rh`pj;aj;ij Kbj;jhNuh
134
me;j ,lj;jpypUe;J rh`pj;aj;ij kPz;Lk; vLj;J ghb fpUjpia
epiwT nra;thh;.
,uz;lhk; gFjpapy; tpUj;jk;> gjk;> [htsp> uhkfkhypif
mgq;fk;> g[d;> jpy;yhdh> kq;fsk; Nghd;wit ghlg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpUj;jk; gy uhfq;fspy; jq;fsJ kNdhjh;kj;jpw;F Vw;wthW
uQ;rfkhd uhfq;fspy; ghlg;gLfpd;wd. ,JNt ,d;iwa
fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; eilngWk; fr;Nrhpapd; mikg;G KiwahFk;.
5.3.5.3.5.3.5.3. fr;Nrhpfspy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;Ffr;Nrhpfspy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;Ffr;Nrhpfspy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;Ffr;Nrhpfspy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;F
jw;fhyj;jpy; Nkil fr;NrhpfSf;F Neuk; Fiwthf
,Ug;gjhy; xU uhfj;jpw;F xU kzp Neuk; my;yJ miukzp Neuk;
vd;W xJf;fg;gl;lhy; fpUjpfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwe;JtpLk;.
mjdhy; jw;fhyj;jpy; uhfk; ghLtjw;fhd topfs; khw;wp
mikf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. uhfk; ghLk; jpwikia tpUj;jk;
%ykhfTk; fhl;l KbAk; vd ep&gpj;jdH. xU tpUj;jk; ghLk;
nghOJ mjw;F Vw;w gy uhfq;fis mjpy; ,izj;J uhf
ghtj;ij xU Jsp $l Fiwf;fhky; ghLthh;fs;. uhf ghtj;Jld;
rh`pj;aghtk; NrUk; nghOJ Nfl;gjw;F ey;y czh;Tk;> epiwTk;
Vw;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW kNdhjh;kkhdJ1 fhyk; fUjp Fiwthd
Neuj;jpy; ghbdhYk; mjd; kuGj; jd;ik khwhky; ek; ,irf;
fiyQh;fs; ifahz;L tUfpd;wdh; vd;gJ cz;ik.
5.45.45.45.4.... fr;Nrhpapd; tiffs;fr;Nrhpapd; tiffs;fr;Nrhpapd; tiffs;fr;Nrhpapd; tiffs;
fh;ehlf rq;fPjj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Nkil ,ir
epfo;r;rpfis ,uz;L tifahf gphpf;fyhk;.
1. nghJthd fr;Nrhp
2. fUj;J mbg;gilapyhd fr;Nrhp
5.5.5.5.4.1.4.1.4.1.4.1. nghJthd fr;Nrhpfs;nghJthd fr;Nrhpfs;nghJthd fr;Nrhpfs;nghJthd fr;Nrhpfs;
nghJthd fr;Nrhpfspy; midj;J thf;Nfafhuhpd; ghly;fSk;
,lk; ngWk;. nghJthd ,ir epfo;r;rpfspy; fUtp ,irepfo;r;rpia
1 Ma;thsh; fUj;J.
135
tpl tha;g;ghl;L epfo;r;rpf;Fjhd; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Vndd;why; ghly; thpfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLj;J ghlfd; mij czh;e;J Ghpe;J ghLtjhy;
Nfl;gth;fSf;Fk; mJ uQ;rkhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;epfo;tpYk;
kNdhjh;kj;jpw;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cz;L. ngUk;ghYk;
Nfhtpy;fspYk;> rghf;fspYk; ,e;epfo;r;rp eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.
,jpy; gy nkhopg; ghly;fs; ghlg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;epfo;r;rpapy; fpUjp
fPh;j;jdj;ij kl;Lky;yhJ uhfk;> jhdk;> gy;ytpAk; ghb
tUfpd;wdh;. tha;g;ghl;L ,ir epfo;r;rpf;F gf;fthj;jpakhf
kpUjq;fk;;> flk;> fQ;rpuh Nkhh;rpq; Nghd;w jhs ,irf;fUtpfs;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,t;tpir epfo;tpy; ,UghyUk; ,lk;ngWtJz;L.
,irf;fUtpfs; epfo;tpy; [yjuq;fk;> Nfhl;Lthj;ak;>
ehj];tuk;> Gy;yhq;Foy;> taypd;> tPiz Nky;ehl;L
,irf;fUtpfshd Nkz;bypd;> rhf;]Nghd; Nghd;w fUtpfs;
Kf;fpakhditahFk;. ,e;j ,irepfo;r;rpfs; midj;Jk; %d;W
kzpNeuk; my;yJ %d;wiu kzp Neuk; eilngWfpwJ. thj;af;
fr;NrhpapYk; tha;g;ghl;Lf; fr;Nrhp Nghd;W midj;J cUg;gbfSNk
ifahsg;gLfpd;wJ. jw;fhy fr;Nrhpfspy; gpugykhfhj gy
thf;Nfafhuh;fspd; ,ircUg;gbfisAk; fiyQh;fs; fr;Nrhpapy;
thrpg;gjhy; gy thf;Nfafhuh;fspd; rhfpj;jpaq;fs; njhpa
tUtjw;F ey;y tha;g;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf lhf;lh;
vk;.ghyKuspfpU~;zh> ,yhy;Fb n[auhkd;> T.N. Nr~Nfhghyd;>
flY}h; vk;.Rg;ukz;ak;> taypd; fiyQh;> R. FkNu~; Nghd;wtHfsJ
ghly;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. NkYk;> jpUf;Fws;> jhAkhdtH> jpU%yH
jpUke;jpug; ghly;fs;> ghujpahH> ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs; Mfpatw;iw
fiyQh;fNs nkl;likj;J fr;Nrhpfspy; ,lk;ngwr; nra;fpd;wdH.
5.4.2.5.4.2.5.4.2.5.4.2. fUj;fUj;fUj;fUj;JJJJ mbg;gilapyhd fr;Nrhpmbg;gilapyhd fr;Nrhpmbg;gilapyhd fr;Nrhpmbg;gilapyhd fr;Nrhp
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapypUe;J jhd; fUj;J
mbg;gilapyhd fr;Nrhpfs; epiwa eilngw Muk;gpj;jJ vdyhk;.
Kk;%h;j;jpfspd; fpUjpfs;> Fwpg;gpl;l xU flTspd; Nky; kl;Lk;
136
cs;s ghly;fs; my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU uhfj;ij mbg;gilahf
nfhz;Ls;s fr;Nrhp> etuhj;jphp kN`hj;rtk;> khh;fop kN`hj;rtk;
vd;W fUj;Jf;fspd; mbg;gilapyhd fr;Nrhpfs; eilngw;W
tUfpd;wd.
cyfpYs;s rq;fPj urpfh;fs; cs;s ,lj;jpy; vy;yhk;
,t;thW ,ir epfo;r;rpfs; eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. rq;fPjk;
Nt&d;wpAs;s njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kl;Lky;yhJ Nky; ehLfspYk;
cs;s ,e;jpah;fs; kl;Lkd;wp> may;ehl;ltUk; ,t;tpiria
tpUk;gpAk;> urpj;Jk; elj;jpAk; tUfpd;wdh;.
Kk;%h;j;jpfspy; xUtuhd =jpahfuh[Rthkpfs; 2Muhjidapd;
NghJ ehk; mtUf;F mQ;ryp nrYj;Jk; tz;zk; mtuJ gQ;ruj;d
fPh;j;jidfSk; kw;w cUg;gbfSk; ,d;Wk; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
= Kj;J];thkpjPl;rpjh;> =rpahkrh];jphp Nghd;wth;fspd; tpohTk;
fhdhQ;rypahfTk;> rghepfo;r;rpahfTk; eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ.
=uhketkp jpdj;jd;W =uhkh; Nghpy; vOjg;gl;l midj;J
thf;Nfafhuh;fspd; cUg;gbfSk; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. Kj;J];thkp
jPl;rpjhpd; rkhjp gPlkhd vl;lag;Guj;jpy; Kj;J];thkp jPl;rpjhpd;
tpoh eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ.
,ijg;NghyNt rpahkrh];jphp mth;fs; G+i[ nra;J te;j 3gq;fhU fhkhl;rpmk;kd; Nfhtpypy; ,d;Wk; rpahkrh];jphpapd; rq;fPj
cw;rtk; eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ.
Gue;jujhrh; epidTehspy; ,thpd; ghly;fshfpa Njth;
ehkhf;fis ghb mtUf;F mQ;ryp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. mijNghy;
jkpo; %th;fspd; ghly;fs; jkpofj;jpy; cs;s midj;J
Nfhtpy;fspYk; kw;Wk; rghf;fspYk; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
md;dkhr;rhhpapd; ,irtpoh jpUg;gjp Njt];jhdj;jpy; ngUk;
tpNr~khf eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. ,jpy; md;dkhr;rhhpahH ,aw;wpa
gy cUg;gbfs; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.
NkYk; Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl Rg;ga;ahpd; ghly;fs; midj;Jk;
fpU~;zd; Nfhtpy; vDk; Chpy; tpohtpy; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. 2 jpUitahw;wpy; eilngWfpd;wJ.
3 jQ;rhT+hpy; cs;sJ.
137
,ijNghy ghgehrk; rptd; mth;fspd; ghly;fis jdptpohthf
vLj;J ,ir fiyQh;fshy; rpwg;ghf ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
jpUg;ge;JUj;jpapy; =ehuhazjPh;j;jhpd; cw;rtk; eilngw;W
tUfpd;wJ. ,jpy; ehuhazjPh;j;jhpd; juq;fq;fs; ghlg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd. rjhrptg;uk;Nke;jpuhpd; cw;rtk; f&hpid mLj;Js;s
ne&h; vDk; Chpy; mtuJ ]khjpapd; Kd;ghf eilngw;W
tUfpd;wJ. rptfq;ifapYk; ,t;tpoh eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ.
,uhkypq;fRthkpfspd; jpUtUl;gh tlY}hpYk;> jkpofj;jpd;
midj;J ,lq;fspYk; eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. MWgil tPLfspYk;
KUfd; Nky; ,aw;wg;gl;l vy;yh ghly;fSk; jpUg;GfOk;
fr;Nrhpahf ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
jpUth&h; Kk;%h;j;jpfspd; gpwg;gplk; vd;gjhy; fhQ;rp
nghpath;fspd; Kaw;rpahy; mq;F mth;fs; gpwe;j tPLfs;
GJg;gpf;fg;gl;L mt;tPLfspy; Kk;%h;j;jpfspd; n[ae;jp tpohf;fs;
eilngWfpd;wd.
jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; ];thjp jpUehs; mth;fspd; epidT
mQ;rypahf ];thjp jpUehs; rq;fPj cw;rtk; eilngw;W tUfpwJ.
NkYk; etuhj;jphp fhyq;fspy; midj;J Nfhapy;fspYk;> rghf;fspYk;
ru];tjp fPh;j;jidfs; ghlg;gLfpd;wd. khh;fop kN`hj;rtk; vDk;
,irepfo;r;rp nrd;idapy; eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. ,jpy; Vuhskhd
fiyQh;fs; gq;Nfw;W ,ir epfo;r;rpfis elj;jp tUfpd;wdH.
Nfhak;Gj;J}hpYs;s uh[yl;Rkp igd; Mh;l];-,y; uhf
mbg;gilapyhd fr;Nrhp> jdpg;gl;l thf;Nfaf;fhuh;fs Fwpj;Js;s
fr;Nrhpfs;> mG+h;t uhfq;fis kl;Lk; nfhz;Ls;s fr;Nrhp ,t;thW
fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gy epfo;r;rpfs; eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.
5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5. fiyQh;fspd; gilg;ghw;wy;fiyQh;fspd; gilg;ghw;wy;fiyQh;fspd; gilg;ghw;wy;fiyQh;fspd; gilg;ghw;wy;
fUtpapir fr;Nrhpfspy; gy GJikfis fiyQh;fs; ifahz;L
tUfpd;wdh;. tPizf;fr;Nrhpf;Fk;> taypd; gf;fthj;akhfTk;>
ehj];tuf; fr;Nrhpapy; Gy;yhq;Foy; Nrh;e;J Kjd;ik thj;akhfTk;
thrpf;fpd;wdh;. ,U taypd; fNz\ ;> FkNu\ ; ,th;fsJ fr;Nrhpapy;
138
gf;fthj;akhf kpUjq;fk;> fQ;rpuh> flj;Jld; Nkiy ehl;L
jhsf;fUtpahd Drums thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. jpU. Nkh`d;itj;ah
ghl> jpU. uhN[~; itj;ah tPizAld; kpUjq;fk;> jtpy;> fplhh;>
Key board> Nkiy ehl;L Drums setk; ,izj;J fr;Nrhp
eilngWfpwJ. ,JNghd;w fr;Nrhpfspy; kNdhjh;k ,irAld;> gy
fUtpfis ];UjpNahL xd;WNrh;j;J thrpg;gjpYk; fiyQh;fspd;
fw;gidAk; jpwikAk; ntspg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ Ma;thsh; fUj;jhFk;.
Mq;fpy Gj;jhz;ilnahl;b gpwf;Fk; tUlk; vy;yh
eyd;fisAk; ju Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; fr;Nrhp
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. nrd;idapy; kpA+rpf; mfhlkpapy; 2012 k; tUlk;
Kjy;ehs; ,uT 6-12 kzp tiu. 12 uhrpfis ikakhf itj;J
uhrpfspd; Nghpy; thf;Nfafhuh;fs; ,aw;wpa Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;>
jpUg;ghit> jpUntk;ghit> Kk;%h;j;jpfs; fpUjpfs; %th;
fPh;j;jidfs; vd ghly;fis Njh;T nra;J ghb GJik
gilj;Js;sdh;. ,g;ghLKiwahdJ fiyQh;fspd; kNdhjh;kj;jpw;F
kl;Lkd;wp gilg;ghw;wYf;Fk; rthyhf mike;Js;sJ. (nra;jp: 2012
khh;fop kN`hj;rtk;)
`pe;J];jhdp kw;Wk; fh;ehlf ,ir ,ize;J xNu Nkilapy;
ghLtij [_fy; ge;jp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wdH. mNjNghd;W
jkpofj;jpd; ghuk;ghpa eldkhd gujKk; xbrh ghuk;ghpa eldkhd
xb]pAk; ,ize;J xNu Nkilapy; epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ. ,JTk;
eldf;fiyQh;fspd; fw;gidf;Fk;> gilg;ghw;wYf;Fk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
mike;Js;sJ. (nra;jp: ehjePuh[dk; etk;. 2010)
5.6.5.6.5.6.5.6. KbTiuKbTiuKbTiuKbTiu
,irf;fr;Nrhp kw;Wk; eldf;fr;Nrhp rq;fg;ghly;fspNyNa
tHzidahff; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wJ. kd;dH fhyq;fspy; XusT
tsHr;rpAw;w epiyapy; kNdhjHkj;jpw;F Kf;fpakspj;J Nghl;bfspy;
ntd;w epfo;Tfis mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. gpd;dH kzpf;fzf;fhf
epfo;e;j ,g;nghopTfs; 3 kzp Neu mstpy; Fiwf;fg;gl;L
mhpaf;Fb mtHfshy; newpKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ehsiltpy; mtru
139
cyfpy; 1½ kzpj;Jspaha; khwpg;Nghdjhy; mjw;Fhpa tifapy;
khw;wq;fs; nfhz;L te;Js;s NghJk; kNdhjHk ,irf;Fhpa
gFjpfs; vy;NyhuhYk; ,d;wsTk; tuNtw;fg;gLtJ ek; ,irKiwapd;
jdpr;rpwg;G vdyhk;.
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 6666
kNdhjh;kj;ijg;
gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiwfs;
140
,ay;,ay;,ay;,ay; ---- 6666
kNdhjh;kj;ij gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiwfs;
kNdhjh;kj;ij vt;thW fw;gpg;gJ> Nfl;gjd;%yk; vt;thW
gapw;rp nra;tJ> gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiwfs; Mfpadg; gw;wp ,t;tpaypy;
tphpthf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,irNkijfs; ghbAs;s> thrpj;Js;s
uhfMyhgid> jhdk;> eputy;> fw;gid];tuk; Nghd;wtw;wpd;
xypehlhf;fs;> FWe;jfLfs;> ,izajsq;fs;%yk; gjpT nra;J
fiyQHfs; thrpj;Js;s Kiwfs;> ifahz;Ls;s EZf;fq;fisg;
gw;wpAk; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
6.1.6.1.6.1.6.1. FUFyg;gapw;rpFUFyg;gapw;rpFUFyg;gapw;rpFUFyg;gapw;rp
,uhfMyhgdk; vd;gJ fhjhy; Nfl;Lf;Nfl;Lf; fw;Wf; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba xd;W. ,uhfq;fspd; Nghf;F (rQ;rhuk;)> Ruj;njhlh;fs;>
MNuhfzk;> mtNuhfzk;> El;gkhd gpbfs;> El;gRUjpfs; nfhz;l
tisT FioTfs;> fkfq;fs;> gpUf;fhf;fs; ,itfs; vy;yhk;
rPlh;fSf;F Nfl;Lf;Nfl;Lf; fpilf;Fk; nrtpr; nry;tkhFk;.
Kd;dhspy; ,uhfq;fis Myhgdk; nra;tjw;F ,irkhzth;fs;
FUFy Kiwapy; gy Mz;Lfs; gapd;wdh;. FU vt;thW
,uhfq;fis tphpthf> fw;gidj;jpwDld; Myhgdk; nra;fpwhh;
vd;gij khzth;fs; jq;fs; FU epfo;j;Jk; ,irepfo;r;rpfspy;
Nfl;Lj; njhpe;J nfhz;ldh;. ,t;thW jhd; ,uhfMyhgdk; nra;a
Ntz;Lk; vd;W FU mf;fhyj;jpy; khzth;fSf;Fr; nrhy;ypf;
nfhLg;gjpy;iy. ehsiltpy; ,e;j mtru cyfpy; jd;id
Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;> gl;lk; ngw;W caHtilaTk; epWtdj;jpy;
NrHe;J gapYfpd;w XH mikg;G cUthdJ.
uhfk; ghlf; fw;Wf; nfhLf;ifapy; MÑpg;jpfh> uhfth;j;jdp>
tpjhhp> ];jhap> kfhpzp vd Kiwg;gb fw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ
cjhuzkhf xU uhfj;jpw;F xU thuk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Kjy;
ehspy; uhfj;jpd; ~l;[j;jpypUe;J gQ;rkk; tiuf;Fk; ,ilNa gy
tifahd ];tu gpuNahfq;fisg; ghl itg;gJ kWehs;
141
gQ;rkj;jpypUe;J jhu];jhap ~l;[k; tiuapyhd ];tuq;fspy; gy
gpuNahfq;fis jk; fw;gid %yk; gilg;gJ. mLj;j fl;lkhf xU
KO ];jhapf;Fk; Jhpjfhy ]q;rhuq;fis ghLtJ mjd;gpd;
fPo;];jhap gQ;rkj;jpypUe;J Nky;];jhap gQ;rkk; tiu ];tu
]Q;rhuq;fis rTf;f fhy> kj;ak fhyj;jpy; ghLtjw;Fg; gapw;rp
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjd; gpd; Nkw;$wg;gl;l> uhf Myhgidapd;
cl;gphpTfspd;gb gapw;rp nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
6.2. epWtdq;fsp6.2. epWtdq;fsp6.2. epWtdq;fsp6.2. epWtdq;fspyyyy; kNdhjh;k; kNdhjh;k; kNdhjh;k; kNdhjh;k rq;fPjg;gapw;rprq;fPjg;gapw;rprq;fPjg;gapw;rprq;fPjg;gapw;rp
jw;nghOJ gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> ,irf;fy;Y}hpfs; Nghd;w
fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; Mrphpah;fs; Neubahf khzth;fSf;F ,ir
fw;Wj; jUfpwhh;fs;. ,irj;Jiwf;nfd ghljpl;lq;fs; tFf;fg;gl;L
khzth;fSf;F ,ir fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,uhfq;fis Myhgdk;
nra;tjw;F khzth;fs; Mrphpah;fsplk; gapw;rp ngWtNjhL $l>
gpugy ,ir tpw;gd;dh;fs; ghbAs;s ,uhfMyhgdq;fs>; xypg;gjpT
nra;ag;gl;l xypehlhf;fs;> ,irj;jl;Lfs; Kjypaitfisf; Nfl;Lk;
fw;Wf; nfhs;Sfpwhh;fs;.
fy;Y}hpapy; ,iria fw;Fk; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ,sq;fiy>
KJfiy gapYk; khzth;fspd; Njh;Tf;F kNdhjh;kj;jpw;nfd;W
jdpj; NjHTj;jhs; cz;L.
fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; xU ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; ,irahdJ
fw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. khzth;fs; XhpU tUlq;fspy; ,uhf
Myhgid> ];tuk;> gy;ytp> eputy;> ghl Ntz;ba R+o;epiyapy;
fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfspy; khw;wk; Njit. Nfs;tp Qhdj;jpw;fhf
fhj;jpUf;f KbahJ.
fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; khzth;fs; Muk;g thpirfs; Kjy;
kNdhjh;k cl;gphpTfs; tiu> %d;W tUlq;fs;> Ie;J> VO
tUlq;fSf;Fs; Mrphpah;fsplkpUe;J fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,f;fhyf;
fl;lj;jpy; Kjy;> ,uz;lhk; gUtj;jpy; th;zq;fs; fw;Wf;
nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. %d;W ehd;F th;zq;fis fw;Wf; nfhz;l gpd;
vspikahd uhfj;jpy; mike;j th;zq;fis jhkhfNt ];tu
Rj;jj;NjhL fw;Wf; nfhs;s KaYfpd;whh;. ,jd; %yk; xt;nthU
142
uhfj;jpw;FKs;s ];tu ];jhdq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
mjd;gpd; ,uz;lhk; fhyj;jpy; ghlTk; gapw;rp nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
%d;whk;> ehd;fhk; gUtj; Njh;Tfspy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; cl;gphpTfs;
fw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. fw;Wf;nfhz;l th;zq;fspy; cs;s
gpuNahfq;fspypUe;J fw;gid ];tuk;> uhf Myhgid ghlg;
gapw;rpAk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf Nkhfd uhfj;jpy;
mike;j “epd;DNfhhp” vd;Dk; th;zj;jpYs;s
“]hpfhp]hp]ɺ
j ” “fgfhp]hp” fjgfhP> “fjgj fgfhp]hp”
gj];jjgf jgh” ‘ffggjg” “j];j];h;P]h” “h;Pf;];hh;pjh];
ghj ];hpf;hpf;hp
Nghd;w gpuNahfq;fis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b fw;gid ];tuk; ghlf;
fw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; gpd; ];jhapapd; mbg;gilapy; uhf
Myhgid nra;aTk; “jjhpd” xypfs; vq;nfq;F gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;
vd;gJk; fw;Wj;jug;gLfpwJ.
,Nj Kiwia fw;Wf; nfhz;l th;zq;fs; mike;j
uhfq;fspy; fw;gid ];tuk; ghl Myhgid nra;a Mrphpah;fspd;
top fhl;Ljypd; gb gapw;rp nra;fpd;wdh;. ];tuf; Nfhh;itfis
Nrh;j;J jhdk; ghlTk; fw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. eputy;ghl gapw;rp
nra;Ak; nghOJ uhf ghtk;> rhfpj;a ghtj;JlDk;> jhsq;fis
ifahSk; fiyiaAk; Mrphpahpd; Nkw;ghh;itapy; gapw;rp
nra;aNtz;Lk;.
vt;thW xhpU th;zq;fis fw;Wf; nfhz;lgpd; jhkhfNt kw;w
th;zq;fis fw;Wf; nfhs;s KaYfpd;wdNuh mNjNghd;W ehd;F>
Ie;J uhfq;fis Myhgid nra;a fw;Wf;nfhz;lgpd; vspikahd
uhfq;fis ];tu gpuNahfq;fis Nrh;j;J jjhpd xypfis
gad;gLj;jp ghLtjw;F gapw;rp nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
khzth;fSf;F ,iria fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; NghJ ];Ujpia
khw;wf;$lhJ. khzth;fis ke;j;u gQ;rkk; Kjy; jhu];jhap
gQ;rkk; tiu ghl gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kjyhz;bNyNa
kNdhjHkk; fw;Wf;nfhz;L ghLtJ kpfr; rpukkhdJ. khztHf;F
Ghpe;J nfhs;s fhy mtfhrk; Njit.
143
vdNt epWtdq;fspy; vOjp itj;J kdg;ghlk; nra;J ghlr;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. fkfq;fis ghbf;fhz;gpj;J XusT ,jpy; gapw;rp
te;jgpd; Nfs;tp Qhdj;ijAk; ,izj;Jg; ghl KaYfpd;wdH.
“uhfMyhgid jhdk;> eputy;> ];tuk; ghLjy; vd;gJ
xUKiwf;F Nky; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ghbg; gofpa gpd; mJ
kNdhjh;kk; MfhJ” 1 vd;W KidtH S.A.K. JHfh mth;fs;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. Mdhy; kNdhjh;k cl;gphpTfis kPz;Lk;> kPz;Lk;
gapw;rp nra;jhy; kl;LNk Njh;tpNyh> epfo;r;rpapNyh ghlKbAk;.
th;zk;> fpUjp> fPh;j;jidfis rq;fjpfis khw;whky; ghl Ntz;Lk;.
Mdhy; uhf Myhgid> jhdk; eputy;> fw;gid];tuq;fis ghbg;
gapw;rp vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk;> Njh;tpy; / epfo;r;rpfspy; / Nghl;bfspy;>
fr;Nrhpfspy; ghLk;NghNjh / thrpf;Fk; Neuj;jpNyh Kiwkhwhky;>
ghlhky; ghLk; Neuj;jpy; kdjpy; Njhd;wpaijNag; ghl KbAk;.
6.2.6.2.6.2.6.2.1111.... ,irg; Nghl;bfs;,irg; Nghl;bfs;,irg; Nghl;bfs;,irg; Nghl;bfs;
,ir Nghl;bfSf;nfd;W nry;Yk; NghJ mq;F fhy msT
eph;zak; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. fhyj;ij kdjpw;nfhz;L> uhfk; ghLjy;>
eputy;> ];tuk; ghLjy; Mfpatw;iw fUj;jpy; nfhz;L Kd;dNk
gapw;rp nra;J nfhz;L jhd; Nghl;bfspy; fye;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
Nghl;bfspy; Ie;J> gj;J epkplq;fs;> gjpide;J epkplq;fs;. ½ kzp
Neuk; vd;W fhy eph;zak; nra;jpUg;gh;. Nghl;bf;nfd;W gyKiwg;
gapw;rp nra;Ak; NghJ ey;y mDgtk; fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,jpy;
kNdhjh;kg; gapw;rpahdJ Kd;$l;bNa epfo;fpd;wJ.
,ir Nghl;bfSf;F 15 epkplq;fs; epHzapj;jpUe;jhy; gj;J
epkplq;fs; kNdhjHkj;jpw;Fk; Ie;J epkplq;fs; ghLk; ghlYf;Fk; vd
gphpf;f Ntz;Lk;. kNdhjHk ,irf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l gj;J
epkplq;fspy; Ie;J epkplq;fs; uhf Myhgidf;Fk;> ,uz;L
epkplq;fs; eputy;> %d;W epkplq;fs; fy;gdh ];tuk; ghLtjw;Fk;
gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,k;Kiwapy; uhf Myhgidapy;
mjpfkhd tpsk;gfhy gpuNahfq;fis ghlhJ> \l;rj;jpypUe;J
1 Neh;fhzy; 16.4.2011
144
gQ;rkk; tiu> gQ;rkj;jpypUe;J jhu];jhap \l;rk; tiu kj;akfhy
gpuNahfq;fis ghlg; gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kbtpy; jhu];jhap
gpuNahfq;fisg; ghl gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
eputyhdJ xd;wpuz;L MtHj;jdq;fs; nrsf;ffhyj;jpYk;>
mjd;gpd; kj;ak fhyj;jpYk; ghlf; fw;Wf;nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fw;gid ];tuq;fs; ghLtjw;F fw;Wf;nfhLf;ifapy; fhy;>
miu> xU MtHj;jdj;jpy; Kjy; fhyKk;> mjd; gpd; ,uz;lhk;
fhyk;> rpW NfhHitNahL ghlTk; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,ir Nghl;bfSf;nfd;W fw;gpf;ifapy; epHzapj;jpUf;Fk; fhy
mstpy; 75% gFjp kNdhjHkj;jpw;Fk;> 25% fy;gpjj;jpw;Fk; ifahz;lhy;
Nghl;bfspy; ntw;wp epr;rak;. Nghl;bfspy; eLtHfs; fy;gpj
,iriatpl kNdhjHkj;jpw;Nf mjpf kjpg;ngz; mspg;gH.
6.2.6.2.6.2.6.2.2222.... xU kzp Neuf;xU kzp Neuf;xU kzp Neuf;xU kzp Neuf; fr;Nrhpfr;Nrhpfr;Nrhpfr;Nrhp
fr;Nrhp nra;Ak; ,lk;> fr;Nrhp Nfl;Nghh; ahH Nghd;wtw;iw
mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mjw;Nfw;g fr;Nrhpfspy; ghLtjw;fhd
cUg;gbfis Njh;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. fr;Nrhpapd; Kd; gFjpapy;
ghlf;$ba cUg;gbfs;> gpw;gFjpapy; ghlf;$ba cUg;gbfs; vd
gphpf;Fk; NghJ ,jpy; uhfk;> eputy;> ];tuk; ghLtjw;F gjpide;J
Kjy; ,UgJ epkplq;fs; NghJkhdJ. gf;fthj;afhuh;fs; mDrhpg;Gk;
,irf;Nfl;Nghh; MjuTk;> ,irf;fiyQdpd; fw;gidia ntspg;gLj;j
xU tha;g;ghfTk; ,e;epfo;T mikAk;.
,irf;fiyQH jkJ kNdhjHkj;ij jkJ gapw;rpapd; NghNj
epHzapj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. uhf Myhgid Jiz uhfk;>
Kjd;ik uhfk; vd ,uz;Lk; ,jpy; ifahsg;gLfpd;wJ.
,f;fr;Nrhpapy;>
1. Kjypy; jhd tHzk; ghl Ntz;Lk;.
2. tpWtpWg;ghd uhfj;jpy; mike;j fPHj;jidiag; ghl Ntz;Lk;.
3. cghq;f> gh\hq;f uhfg;gphpTfspy; VNjDk; xU uhfj;jpw;F
uhfr; rhay; KOikAk; ntspg;gLk;gb Myhgid nra;J>
fPHj;jidiag; ghl Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F kj;ak fhyj;jpy;
fw;gid ];tuq;fisg; ghl Ntz;Lk;. kNdhjHkkhdJ
145
Kd;dNk gapw;rp nra;jpUe;jhYk;> ghLk; Neuj;jpy;
fiyQDf;F kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; fw;gidapd;gb khw;wq;fisr;
nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
4. [duQ;rfkhdg; ghliyg; ghl Ntz;Lk;.
5. Kjd;ik uhfj;ij ed;F tp];jhukhf Myhgid nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. Myhgid MÑpg;jpfhitj; njhlHe;J> ehd;F
];t];jhdq;fisAk; Kiwahfg; ghl Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F ePz;l
ehs; gapw;rpAk;> Mrphpahpd; topfhl;LjYk; kpfkpf mtrpak;.
,ijj; njhlHe;J mjpfr; rq;fjpfs; nfhz;l ,uz;L fis
my;yJ xU fis fpUjp my;yJ fPHj;jidia ed;F njspthfg;
ghl Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; eputYf;fhd thpfisj; NjHe;njLj;J
mjw;nfd tFj;j newpKiwfNshLg; ghl Ntz;Lk;.
fw;gid ];tuq;fs;> Kjy; fhyj;jpy; rpy MtHj;jdq;fisAk;>
,uz;lhk; fhyj;jpy; rpy MtHj;jdq;fisAk; ghb Kbtpy; Fiwg;G>
NfhHit Nghd;w Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fisAk; njspthfg; GhpAk;gb
ghb Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;epfo;T KOtJk; ,UgJ epkplq;fspypUe;J 25
epkplq;fSf;Fj; jahH nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Ie;J epkplq;fs;
jhs thj;jpak; thrpg;NghH fw;gidia ntspg;gLj;Jk; jdp
MtHj;jdj;jpw;F tpl Ntz;Lk;.
fw;gid ];tuq;fis MtHj;jd fzf;Ffspy;
vOjpg;ghlg;gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. uhf Myhgidiag; ghl
kj;a];jhap \l;[j;jpypUe;J Muk;gpj;J jhu];jhap \l;[j;jpy;
]Q;rhuk; nra;J kj;a];jhap> fPo;];jhap vd;W ghLtjw;Fg; gapw;rp
mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf
fy;ahzp uhf Myhgidf;Ffy;ahzp uhf Myhgidf;Ffy;ahzp uhf Myhgidf;Ffy;ahzp uhf Myhgidf;F
fkgkfhhP - fhP]h - ]hPfkh> fkgh - ghkfhhP - fkgkfhhP]h
- ]h]ɺ ɺ
epjh - ɺ
ep]hpfh ɺ ɺ
jep]hpfh - fhp]ɺ ɺ
epjh - gjep]hPfhhp -
fkgh - gh - gh - gjgkfkgjgkh - gjeP - jeP gjeP - fhk gjeP
];h - ];h];h - ];epjh - jep];h;pf;h - f;hh;p jep];h;pf;k;g;hk;f;hh;p - f;h;p];h.
146
kj;akfhyk;kj;akfhyk;kj;akfhyk;kj;akfhyk;
];hepjgjep];h - gjepjgkgjep];h - h;p];epj gkgjep];h -
eph;pf;h;p];epjep];h - ep];hjeP - gjep];h - gjepjgk fkgjep];h -
hpfkgjep];h.
[z;il ];tu gpuNahfq;fs;[z;il ];tu gpuNahfq;fs;[z;il ];tu gpuNahfq;fs;[z;il ];tu gpuNahfq;fs;
]hphpffkh> fkkggjh> ghj gjeP];h
jhl;L ];tug;gpuNahfq;fs;jhl;L ];tug;gpuNahfq;fs;jhl;L ];tug;gpuNahfq;fs;jhl;L ];tug;gpuNahfq;fs;
eph;pf;h;p> ep];h;p];> jep];ep> gjepj gkgjep];h
];epjep];h> ];epepjgkh> jjgkh> jkhfhhP> gjepjkfhhP> gjepj
gepj gkfhhP - fkgkfhhp - ephpfkjeph;P ];hepj> jf;hpepj> jf;hp];hepj>
fepjgkfhhP - fhp]h ]hɺ ɺ
epj > ɺ ɺ
jeP > hP> ]h vd;W vOjpf;nfhLj;J
,jid gyKiw ghlg; gapw;rp nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,uhf Myhgid gj;jjpia ed;F gapw;rpr; nra;j gpd;
fr;Nrhpapd; NghJ xU rpytw;iw khw;wk; nra;Jk; ghlyhk;.
,ijj; njhlHe;J tpUj;jj;Jld; $ba uhfkhypif> Njthuk;>
jpt;agpuge;jk; Nghd;w gf;jpg; ghly;fisAk;> tpWtpWg;ghd ,uhfj;jpy;
mike;j jpy;yhdhitNah ghb Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xU kzp Neuf; fr;Nrhpfspy; khztHfNsh> ghlfHfNsh
Kjd; Kjypy; ghLk; NghJ MrphpaHfspd; topfhl;Ljypd;gb
fw;Wf;nfhz;L gapw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;L> %d;W epfo;r;rpfspy;
ghb gofpag;gpd; xt;nthU epfo;Tk; xt;nthU mDgtj;ijj; jUk;.
mjd;gpd; jhkhf fr;Nrhpf;F jahH nra;a Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
,J rkak; khztHfs;> fiyQHfs; mDgtj;ijAk;
kNdhjHkj;Jld; fw;Wf;nfhs;tH. ,JNt ,uz;L kzpNeu> %d;W
kzp Neuf; fr;Nrhpf;F mbg;gilahf mikAk;. ,j;Jld;
muq;Ffspy;> rghf;fspy; eilngWk; gy fr;Nrhpfis Nehpy; nrd;W
Nfl;gjhYk;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rpfspy; eilngWk; jukhd
fr;NrhpfisAk;> FWe;jfLfs; %ykhf fr;Nrhpfisf; Nfl;gjhYk;
jpwikia tsHj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
147
6.2.6.2.6.2.6.2.3333.... KO Neuf;fr;NrhpKO Neuf;fr;NrhpKO Neuf;fr;NrhpKO Neuf;fr;Nrhp (2 – 3 ½ hours)
,irf;fiyQh;fs; Gfo; ngw;wth;fshfNt ,Ug;gh;. ,jpy;
,irf;fiyQh;fs; kNdhjh;k ,irf;F ve;jtpj xj;jpifAk; ghh;f;fhky;
epfo;r;rpapd; NghJ me;j Neuj;jpy; jkJ gilg;ghw;wiyAk;>
jpwikiaAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ghLth;.
,JNghd;w epfo;r;rpfspy; ghlfh;> gf;fthj;afhuh;fSk; Nghl;b
Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L jkJ fw;gidj; jpwikia ntspg;gLj;Jth;. ,e;j
,irf;fiyQh;fs; gy tUlq;fSf;F Nky; FUFythrk; nra;J
jkJ jpwikia tsh;j;J nfhz;ltHfshapUg;gH.
vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf khzth;fNsh> ,irf;fiyQh;fNsh
gpwtpapNyNa my;yJ guk;giu guk;giuahf ,irf; FLk;gj;ij
Nrh;e;jth;fshf ,Ug;gpd; ,JNghd;w jpwikfs; ,aw;ifahfNt
mth;fsplk; fz;lwpayhk;. cjhuzkhf xUtd; Foe;ij gUtj;jpy;
jhd; Nfl;l xU fijiaNah> nraiyNah ghtidNahL $Wk;
NghJ mj;Jld; jdJ fw;gidiaAk; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ
Foe;ijapd; fw;gidjpwid tsh;f;Fk;. Foe;ijapd; fw;gid jpwd;
tsutsu mjd; Gj;jp$h;ik milfpwJ. (ghyFkhud; Foe;ij
tsh;g;G> Md;kPf kyh;> 23.7.11 jpdfud;). mNj Nghd;W ,sk;
tajpNyNa xU ghliyf; Nfl;L ghLk; jpwik nfhz;lth; tsu>
tsu jhNk mj;jpwikia tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh; ,j; jpwik
kNdhjh;k ,irapYk; ntspg;gLfpwJ.
kNdhjh;kj;ijg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s Kjypy; mjw;fhd
Kiwfisg; gw;wp xU FUtplk; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gpd;
ed;F gapw;rp nra;tjd; %yKk;> gy ,ir Nkijfs; ghbAs;s
,irj;jl;Lf;fs;> xyp ehlhf;fs;> FWe;jfLfs; %yKk; Neubahf
thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> muq;Ffspy; eilngWk; fr;Nrhpfisf;
Nfl;Lk; tsh;j;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
6.3.6.3.6.3.6.3. fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; Kiwfw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; Kiwfw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; Kiwfw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; Kiw
fw;Wf; nfhs;gtUf;Fk;> fw;W nfhLg;gth;f;Fk; ];tu Qhdk;
vd;gJ kpfkpf mtrpakhFk;. vd;gij ehjgpuk;kk; = jpahfaa;ah;
‘];tu tpJY2 [Ptd;Kf;Jyep’ vd;W $wpAs;shh; (g.22).
2 fpUjp-uhf]Pjhu] – Me;Njhspf – Njrhjp.
148
“,e;jpa ,irapy; ve;jtpjkhd mZFKiwAk; tpQ;Qhd
mbg;gilapy; fpilahJ. ,irapy; ey;y Qhdk;> Ez;zwpT ngw
Ntz;Lnkd;why; ,d;W tiu filgpbf;ff;$ba kuG khwhjghzpAk;>
ey;y ,irAk;> ,irf;fiyQh;fNshLk; $l;L Nru Ntz;Lk;” vd;W
KidtH uhjh ntq;flhryk; A rational approach to Manodharma
Sangeetham vDk; jkJ E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
,iria fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; rkaj;jpy; ,uz;L tp~aq;fspy;
mf;fiw vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
1. xd;W fw;W nfhLf;Fk; Mrphpah; ];tu Qhdj;jpy; jhs
Qhdj;jpy; jdf;F ve;j msT gapw;rp cs;sJ vd;gij
mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. kw;nwhd;W fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; khzth;fSf;F> ,ir
EZf;fq;fis vt;thW GFj;JtJ? vd;gijg; gw;wpajhFk;.
,t;tpuz;bYk; ed;F gapw;rp ngw;Nwhh; ey;y Mrhd; Mthh;3
(g.25) vd;W MrphpaH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; MrphpaUf;F khzth; ghLk;nghOJ mth;
nra;Ak; gpioia Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;> mij rhpahd Kiwapy; fw;Wf;
nfhLf;fTk; njhpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jw;fhyj;jpy; xypehlhf;fs;> FWe;jfLfs;> fzpdp
Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; ,iria fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tha;g;G ,Ue;jhYk;
,ir rk;ge;jkhd midj;J $WfisAk; FUFyj;jpy; fw;Wf;
nfhz;L ntspapy; tUtJ vd;gJk; rhj;jpakpy;iy. etPd fUtpfs;
%yk; fw;Wf; nfhz;L ,iria KOikahfTk; fw;W nfhs;s
KbahJ. FUFyj;jpy; ,iria kl;Lkd;wp> tho;f;ifapy; vt;thW
rpwg;ghf tho Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; gy xOf;fq;fisAk; fw;Wf;
nfhs;s rPlh;fSf;F xU tha;g;G ,Ue;jJ.
cjhuzkhf FUFyj;jpy; gy tUlq;fs; jq;fp> FU fw;Wf;
nfhLf;Fk; rkaj;jpNyh my;yJ mth; gapw;rp nra;Ak; NghNjh
fr;Nrhpapd;NghNjh $h;e;J ftdpj;J nfhs;sf;$ba tha;g;G ,Ue;jJ.
3 Rational approach to Manodharama Sangeetham.
149
khzth; jtwhfg; ghLtijAk; jtw;iw Rl;bfhl;bagpd;
mijrhpahf ghLtijAk; tpj;jpahrg;gLj;jp fhl;Lk; jpwik
MrphpaUf;F Njit. cjhuzkhf rq;fuhguz uhfj;jpy; ‘fh kh jh
gh’ vd;w ]Q;rhuj;ij ghLifapy; ‘jjhpd’ vd;w xypapy; hp vd;gJ
ijtjj;jpy; tpo Ntz;Lk; vd;gij fw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,r;rkaj;jpy; khztUf;F ,uz;bw;FKs;s NtWghl;il mwpAk;
jpwikiaAk; tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. rhjhuz khzth;fSf;Fk;
uhfghtk; nflhky; rpWrpW ]Q;rhuq;fSld;; uhfr; rhaYld; uhf
Myhgidia ghlg; gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
6.3.1.6.3.1.6.3.1.6.3.1. MyhgidMyhgidMyhgidMyhgid
1. Myhgidia fw;gpg;gjw;F Kd; fw;gid ];tuk; ghl
fw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghlf;$ba ,ir cUg;gbfspd;
jhsj;jpw;Nfw;g ½> 1> 1½> 2> 3 vd Mth;j;jdq;fis $l;bf;
nfhz;L ghlg;gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. fpUjp> fPh;j;jid> th;zq;fs;
fw;gpg;gJ Nghy; fw;gpj;jhy; khzth;fSf;F jhdhf ntt;NtW
uhfq;fSf;F Myhgid> eputy;> fw;gid];tuk;> nra;a Kaw;rp
nra;th;. mt;thW KaYk; NghJ Gjpa cj;jpfis ifahs;th;.
,jd; topahf khzth;fspd; gilg;ghw;wiy ntspf;nfhzu KbAk;.
2. ghl Ntz;ba uhfj;jpw;fhd ];tuf; Nfhh;itfis
MNuhfz mtNuhfz Kiwapy; vOjpf; nfhLj;Njh my;yJ
khzth;fis ,aw;Wk;gb nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. Kjypy; 10 Kjy; 15
];tuf; Nfhh;itfis ghlf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jgpd; Myhgid
ghLtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jjhpd> jjhpd;ddh> Nehk; Nghd;w
nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Myhgid nra;a ed;Fg; gapw;rp mspf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
rpW rpW ];tuf;Nfhh;itfis ghlg;ghl> Myhgid nra;a
khzth;fSf;F jd;dk;gpf;if Vw;gLfpwJ. mNjhL kl;Lky;yhJ
,Nj Kiwia xt;nthU uhfj;jpYk; gad;gLj;jp ghLtjw;F gapw;rp
nra;th;.
150
jw;fhyj;jpy; ‘kNdhjh;kj;ij tsh;g;gJ vg;gb? uhfk; ghLtJ
vg;gb? ‘uhfyÑzq;fs;’ Nghd;w E}y;fs; cs;sd. uhfk; ghLtjw;fhd
Kiwfs;> filgpbf;f Ntz;baitfs; ,irf;fiyQh;fs; Mfpadg;
gw;wp Nkw;fz;l E}y;fspy; Fwpg;Gfs; ,Ue;jhYk; ,ir
epfo;r;rpfspy; ghlg;gl;l mofpa gpuNahfq;fis ve;j xU
E}y;fspYk; ntspaplKbahJ. ,JNghd;w EZf;fq;fis
khzth;fs; ,ir epfo;r;rpfis Nehpy; fhz;gjd;%yk; my;yJ
Nfl;gjd; %yNk fw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. cjhuzkhf fy;ahzp
uhfj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; kj;a];jhap fhe;jhuj;jpy;
gpuNahfq;fis ghb uhfj;ij Muk;gpj;jhy; uhfj;jpd; rhay;
jj;&gkhf njhptjw;F tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ. hp~gj;jpy; KbAk;
gpuNahfq;fistpl fhe;jhuj;jpy; KbAk; gpuNahfq;fNs
cj;jkkhFk;. ,NjNghd;W ge;Jtuhsp> G+h;tpfy;ahzp uhfq;fis
ghHf;Fk;nghOJ kj;a];jhap fhe;jhuj;jpy; kj;a ];jhap gQ;rkj;jpy;
nry;Yk; gpuNahfq;fisNag; ghl Ntz;Lk;. ,J Nghd;w gy
EZf;fq;fis gapw;rpapd; %yKk; fr;Nrhpfis Nfl;gjd;%yKk;>
,ir fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; Mrphpah;fs; %yKk;jhd; fw;Wf;nfhs;s
KbAk;. gpuNahfq;fis ghLtjw;F> vq;nfy;yhk; fhh;itfs;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;> vq;F ‘jjhpd’ vd;w xypfis gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk; Nghd;wtw;iw nray;Kiwapd; topahfj;jhd; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s
KbAk;.
1. fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; khzth;fSf;F Kjypy; uhfj;jpd; rhay;
ntspg;gLk; gpuNahfq;fis ghbf; fhz;gpj;J me;j uhfj;jpd;
];t&gj;ij khzth;fspd; kdjpy; epWj;j Ntz;Lk;.
2. ,e;j uhfk; njhlh;ghd fpUjp my;yJ fPh;j;jidiaNah gy
rq;fjpfNshL fw;Wj; ju Ntz;Lk;.
3. uhfk; ghLtjw;fhd rpy ]Q;rhhpfisg; ghb> Fwpg;G vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sr; nra;jy;. ,JNghd;w cjtpfSld; uhfk;
ghLtjw;fhd xypfshd “jjhpd” it gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwiaf;
fw;Wf; nfhLj;jhy;> khzth;fs; ijhpakhf jpwikNahL uhfk;
ghLth;.
151
4. uhf Myhgidiaf; fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; Mrphpah; ed;F jpwik
ngw;w khzth;fSf;F ghLk; jpwikia rpwpJ rpwpjhf
tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gpd; jhkhfNt ghLtjw;F fw;Wf;
nfhLg;gNjhL kl;Lky;yhJ> jkJ fw;gidahy; ghlr; nra;jy;.
mr;rkak; cw;WNehf;Fjy; %ykhf jtWfis jpUj;jpAk;>
ghuhl;l Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; ghuhl;bAk; khzth;fis
Cf;fg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. uhfMyhgid vd;gJ ghlfuhy;
cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;LNk jtpu cly; ciog;ghYk;> kddk;
nra;tjhYk; mj;jpwik tsh;f;fg;glf;$lhJ.
5. uhfMyhgidia fw;Wf; nfhLf;ifapy; khztDf;F rpwpJ
rpwpjhf mjd; EZf;fq;fisAk; midj;J $WfisAk; fw;W
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gpd; tpkhdk; vt;thW Kjypy;
nkJthf efh;e;J xL ghijapy; NtfnkLj;J tpz;zpy;
gwf;fpd;wNjh mJNghy; khzth;fSk; MyhgidKiwfisf;
fw;Wf; nfhz;lgpd; Rje;jpukhfg; ghl Ntz;Lk;. uhfMyhgid
cly; ciog;ghy; nra;af;$bajy;y. kddk; nra;jYk;
$lhJ. ,k;Kiwia ifahSk; MrphpaNd ey;MrhdhFk;
vd;W uhjh ntq;flhryk; A rational approach to Manodharma
Sangeetham (g.41) vDk; jkJ E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
uhf Myhgiduhf Myhgiduhf Myhgiduhf Myhgid
“FUFythrk; %yk; ,iria fw;Fk; nghOJ Muk;g ghl
thpirfshd ];tuthpirfs; fw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. Nfs;tp
Qhd %ykhfNt fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; my;yJ FUf;fs;
rhjfk; nra;Ak; nghONjh> fr;Nrhpfs; nra;Ak; nghOJ $lNt
,Ue;J mth; ghLk; uhfq;fis Nfl;L nfhz;Nljhd; uhfk; ghlf;
fw;Wf; nfhz;ldh;. FUFythrj;jpy; Kjd;Kjypy; fw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gLk;
ghlk; th;zk;. th;zj;jpYk; rhfpj;ak; kl;Lk; fw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
th;zj;jpYk; rhfpj;ak; ghltuhj ,lq;fs; kl;LNk ];tuf;Nfhh;itfis
ghbf; fhz;gpg;gh;. th;zNk fPh;j;jid tbtpy; ghlg;gl;lJ. Kjy;
fhyk;> ,uz;lhk; fhyk; vd;W fhyq;fs; mbg;gilapy; fw;Wf;
nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. th;zmikg;gpy; ,Ue;J jhd; eputy;
152
Njhd;wpaJ. gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk; vd ve;j ,lj;jpy;
ghbdhYk; yatpj;ahrk; tuf;$lhJ. eputy; nra;tjw;Nfw;wthW rhfpj;ak;
FiwthfTk;> ghLtjw;F nrsfh;akhfTk; mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
th;zk;> fPh;j;jid> fpUjpfs; ghLtjw;F nkhopg;Gyik (gh~h
Qhdk;) rhfpaj;jpw;F nghUs; njhpe;j gpd;Nd ghlg;gl;lJ” vd;W
jpUkjp. mk;G[k; Ntjhe;jk;4 $Wfpd;whH.
“tha;g;ghl;by; uhfk; ghLNthh; thj;aq;fspy; thrpj;Js;s uhf
Myhgidapy; ,lk; ngWk; mjpNtfkhd gpuNahfq;fisf; ghLtJ
,ayhj fhhpakhFk;. uhfk; ghLk; NghJ xt;nthU ];tujhdj;ijAk;
ed;F epWj;jp njspthf ghl Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf rz;Kfgphpah
uhfj;jpy; vj;jid tifahd ep\hj gpuNahfq;fisg; ghlyhk;
vd;gij ep&gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J Nghd;W ghLtjw;F uhfj;jpd;
MNuh`z> mtNuh`z ehd;F fhyq;fspy; ];tukhf ghba gpd;
ehd;fhk; fhyj;jpy; mfhuj;jpy; ghl Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW ghLifapy;
gapw;rpahsUf;F kNdhjh;k ghLk; jpwikahdJ ntspg;gl tha;g;G
Vw;gLfpwJ. ,Nj Kiwapy; xt;nthU uhfj;jpYk; ghl Kaw;rpAk;
gapw;rpAk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;” vd;W jpUkjp.rk;ghfy;$uh (tha;g;ghl;L
,irf;fiyQH) $Wfpwhh;.
• “uhfMyhgid ghLtjw;F Muk;g ghlthpirfis ];tu
];jhdk; khwhky; Fuiy ed;F nkU$l;Lk; tifapy; mfhu
rhjfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gapw;rpapdhy; FuyhdJ
vy;yhtpjkhd ];tuf; - Nfhh;itfs;> fkfq;fis ghLtjw;F
Vw;wtifapy; mikAk;” .
• “fw;gpf;Fk; Neuj;jpy; fPh;j;jidfspd; rhay; tUk;gb
ehj];tuk; ghzpapy; gapw;rp mspg;ghh;. khzth;fs; ghly;fis
Nfl;l khj;jpuj;jpy; ];tug;gLj;j gapw;rp mspf;Fk; NghJ ey;y
];tuQhdk;> jhsQhdk; Vw;gLk;. ];tuf; Nfhh;itfis
jhq;fNs cUthf;fp ghLtjw;F gapw;rp ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F
yaQhdk; kpfkpf mtrpak;” vd;W A.K.C. eluhrd;5 mtHfs;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
4 tha;g;ghl;L ,irf;fiyQH> jpUr;rp.
5 fpshhpndl; ,irf;fiyQH.
153
• fhiuf;Fb M.S.kzp mth;fs; “,ir cUg;gbfis gapw;Wtpf;Fk;
NghJ ghlg;ghl ];tug;gLj;j gapw;rp mspg;ghh;. ehj];tuj;jpy;
Myhgidia Nfl;f Nfl;f ey;y ];tuQhdKk;> ghLk;
jpwikAk; ntspg;gLk;.
• xU khztd; FU ghLtij Nfl;Lk;> mth;fsJ fr;Nrhp
kl;Lkd;wp> kw;w ,irNkijfspd; fr;Nrhpfis Nfl;gjd;%yk;
jdJ jpwikia tsh;j;J nfhs;fpwhh;. Muk;g gapw;rpfisg;
Kbj;jgpd; kNdhjh;k ,iriag; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhd;. Kjypy;
FUthy; uhfk; ghlf;$ba EZf;fq;fs; fw;Wj;jug;gLfpwJ.
uhfj;jpw;F [Ptidj; juf;$ba [Pt];tuj;ij kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
ghLk; NghJ uhfj;jpd; rhay; ntspg;gl tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ.
NkYk; uhfj;jpd; yÑzj;ij ed;F mwpe;j gpd; ghLtJ
,d;Dk; nkUNfw;wpaJ Nghy; mikAk;” vd;W $WfpwhH.
“Kw;fhyj;jpy; gyh; FbapUf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F eLtpy; Nfhapy;
xd;W mike;jpUf;Fk;. mq;F jpdg;gb jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp>
cr;rpf;fhyk;> re;jpNtis> ,uT rhkg;G+i[ jpUkQ;rdk;> Gwg;ghL
Nghd;w epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;. mg;nghOJ xt;nthU Ntisf;Fk;
mf;fhyj;jpw;Fhpa uhfk; ehj];tuj;jpy; thrpf;fg;gLk;. xt;nthU
Ntisf;Nfw;wthW uhfthrpg;gpy; tpj;jpahrk; tUk; uhfj;jpy;
kl;Lkd;wp jhsk; thrpg;Gk; NtWgLk;. thrpf;Fk; ghzpapypUe;J
rptd; Nfhapyh? ngUkhs; Nfhapyh? vd;gijf; $w KbAk;.
,r;R+o;epiyapy; tho;e;j kf;fs; ,iriag; gw;wp mwpahj NghJk;
,d;d> ,d;d uhfq;fs; vd;W milahsk; fhl;Lk; Nfs;tp Qhdj;ij
ngw;wpUe;jdh;. ,t;thW Nfhtpy;fspy; ehj];tuj;jpd; gq;fhdJ
kf;fSf;F ,irapd; Nky; Xh; Mh;tj;ij cz;L gz;z ngUk;gq;F
tfpj;jJ vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
uhfMyhgidiaf; Nfl;L Nfl;L ];tuq;fis Nrh;j;J jhdk;
ghLk; jpwikia tsh;j;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jhdj;ij yaj;NjhL
gapw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
khzth;fs; jkJ ,ir mwpit ];tug;gLj;JTk;>
];tug;gLj;jg;gl;l rhfpj;aq;fis ghh;j;J fw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;>
154
fw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;Fk; gofpf; nfhs;tjhy; ];tuQhdKk;>
jhsQhdKk; ed;F tpUj;jp milAk;. FUf;fs; kw;w
khzth;fSf;F fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ mij ftdpj;J ];tug;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; ey;y Qhgfrf;jpAk;> uhf QhdKk; ngUFk;. gy
,irNkijfs; ghbAs;s xypehlhf;fs;> FWe;jfLfis Nfl;f
Ntz;Lk;. gyUila ghzpfisf; Nfl;L jkf;nfd xU ghzpia
tFj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;” vd;W jpU. gj;kehgd; (tha;g;ghl;L
,irf;fiyQH) $WfpwhH.
“xU Fwpg;gpl;l uhfj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;L mjd; MNuh`z>
mtNuh`zj;jpy;> fbdkhd gpuNahfq;fis myq;fhuq;fisg;
Nghd;W ,aw;wp %d;W fhyq;fspy; ghb gofpagpd; mfhuj;jpy; ghl
Ntz;Lk;. ekf;F njhpe;j fpUjp> fPh;j;jidfis kpUjq;fj;Jld;
ghbg; goFifapy; nrhw;fl;L ];tuq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s
tha;g;Gk;> jhsj;jpy; ey;ygpbg;Gk; tUk;” vd;W J. ntq;fl;uhkd;
mtHfs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
jhdk;jhdk;jhdk;jhdk;
tPizf;FhpaNj jhdk;. tPizapy; nkl;Lf;fSk;> gy
je;jpfSk; ,Ug;gjhy; jhdk; thrpg;gjw;F trjpahf cs;sJ.
Mdhy; 6‘But the human voice is capable of singing the best Tanam and violin
has rich potential for playing Taanam’ (p.54). taypdpy; jhd thrpg;gpw;F
jhdtpy;> ];tu thrpg;gpw;F ];tutpy; vd;W thrpg;gpd; %yNk
tpj;jpahrj;ij ntspf;fhl;l KbfpwJ. gy taypd; ,irNkijfs;
,ij rhjpj;J fhl;bapUf;fpwhh;fs;. There is infact a separate style of
bowing with the name taanavil (jhdtpy;) in the violin and there have been
maestros who have worked wonders in playing taanam in this instrument
(pg.56-57).7
jhdj;ij gapw;rp nra;ifapy; kpUjq;fj;Jld; ghb gapw;rp
vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nfus khepyj;jpy; etuhj;hp tpohf;fspd; NghJ
6 A Rational Approach to Manodharma Sangeetham. 7 NkyJ.
155
eilngWk; fr;Nrhpfspy; ,d;Wk; Muk;gj;jpy; kpUjq;fj;Jld; jhdk;
ghLtij tof;fkhf nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs;.
‘Prof. Sambamoorthy has written about chakra taanam it would involve
phrases of circular motion and the late Tiger varadachariyar was an expert in it’
(p.56).
jhdk; ghLtjw;F ngz;fspd; Fuy; mt;tsT
nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;fhJ. Vnddpy; ngz;fspd; Fuy;
nky;ypajhfTk; jhdk; ghLtjw;fhd fzKk; mike;jpUf;fhJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Ntjk; nrhy;Ytjw;F ngz;fis Cf;Ftpf;fkhl;lhh;fs;.
Vndd;why; Ntjk; nrhy;Ytjw;F %r;irf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpAk; ed;F
mOj;jkhf nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ,Nj mOj;jk; jhd; jhdk;
ghLifapYk; Njitg;gLk;. ,t;thW ghLifapy; ngz;zpd;
fUg;igAk;> kw;w nkypjhd cWg;GfSk; ghjpf;fg;gLk; vd;W uhjh
ntq;flhryk; jkJ E}ypy; $wpAs;shH.
jhdj;ij ‘fzk;’ vd;Wk; mwpQHfshy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid
‘cy;yhyghl;L’ vd;Wk; miog;gH. jhdj;ij fbdkhf nra;af;$ba
Nahfhrdj;jpw;F xg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehjkhdJ mbtapw;Wg; gFjpapy;
%r;ir mlf;fp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,ij ngz;fs; nra;tJ
kpff;fbdk;. ,jdhNyNa ngz;fshy; jhdk; ghLtJ fbdk; vd;W
fzk; fpU\;za;ahpd; tho;f;iff;Fwpg;G E}ypy; c.Nt. rhkpehija;aH
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH (g.56).
Mdhy; jw;fhyj;jpy; Mz; ,irf;fiyQh;fisg; Nghd;Nw
ngz; ,irf;fiyQh;fs; fr;Nrhpfspy; kpf mofhf jhdk; ghb
rigNahiuAk; kfpor; nra;fpd;wdH. mf;fhyj;jpy; muritfspYk;>
[kPd;jhh;fspd; ,y;yq;fspYk; eilngWk; Nghl;bfspy; Kjd;Kjypy;
jhdk; ghlg;gl;lJ. ,JNt ehsiltpy; fr;Nrhpfspy; jhdth;zk;
ghlf; fhuzkhapw;W. NguhrphpaH gp. rhk;g%Hj;jpapd; $w;Wg;gb
“There was a time where palace vidwans started the concert with Taanam
singing in their presentation in royal courts. This was one reason why the
varnams which later became the first item in concerts were called tanavarnams”
(p.57)8 jkJ E}ypy; tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
8 A Rational Approach to Manodharma Sangeetham.
156
“tPizapy; gpUfhf;fs; thrpg;gJ fbdk;. Mdhy; midj;J
fkfq;fisAk; thrpf;fyhk;. yaj;NjhL jhdk; thrpf;fyhk;.
ehj];tuk;> Gy;yhq;Foy;> tha;g;ghl;by; ];tuf;Nfhh;itfs;>
gpUfhf;fs; tpiuthf thrpf;f/ghlKbAk;. tPizapy; rhj;jpakpy;iy.
jhdj;jpd; gy tiffisg; ghbg; gapw;rp nra;Ak; NghJ
gapw;rpahshpd; kNdhjh;kk; ed;F tsUk;. fw;gid ];tuq;fis
rh;tyFtpy; ghLtJ jhd;rhp. jhdk; ghLtjw;F tpthjp Nksq;fs;
,lk;juhJ. uf;jpuhfq;fs;> fduhfq;fspy; jhdk; ghLtjw;F
Vw;wuhfk;.
tpthjpNksk; (ck;) Kfhhp> espdfhe;jp
uf;jp uhfq;fshd Nkh`dk;> r`hdh> `k;]j;tdp etc.
uhfk; ghLk; NghJ fpUjp> fPh;j;jidf;Fk;> gy;ytpf;Fk; fpUjp>
fPh;j;jidfs;. fpUjp> fPh;j;jidfs; (2fis) mjpf rq;fjpfs;
nfhz;lit) (gy;ytp mjd; vLg;ig nghWj;J ntt;NtW mikg;gpy;
ghl Ntz;Lk;).
tPizapy; jhdq;fis Nfl;Lg; ghl Ntz;Lk;. gy;ytpf;nfd;W
ghlg;gl;Ls;s / thrpj;Js;s uhf Myhgidapy; xU uhfj;jpw;fhd
midj;J yÑzq;fSk; ntspg;gLk; (ck;) [Pt> mk;r> epah]
];tuq;fs;> ];tu gpuNahfq;fs;. fpUjp> fPh;;j;jidg; ghlg;gl;Ls;s
Myhgidapy; fPh;j;jidapd; rhay; mjpfk; tUk;.
jhdk; ghLk; NghJ / thrpg;gpd; NghJ fiyQhpd; KOj;jpwik
ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; gy ghzpfs; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ.
jpiuapir ghly;fs;> nky;ypirg; ghly;fis khw;wpg; ghl KbahJ.
Mdhy; fh;ehlf ,irapy; khw;wpg; ghLk; trjp cs;sJ.
cjhuzkhf rq;fuhguz uhf Myhgidia jhdj;ij Nfl;l
khztd; my;yJ ,irf; fiyQd; jhd; Nfl;lgbNa ghl Ntz;ba
mtrpakpy;iy. ghLtjpy; jdf;nfhU ghzpia tFj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk;NghJ fiyQdpd; fw;gidahdJ ntspg;gLfpd;wJ” vd;W
jpUkjp. mk;G[k; Ntjhe;jk; $WfpwhH.
157
gy;ytpgy;ytpgy;ytpgy;ytp
NguhrphpaH gp. rhk;g%Hj;jp “The legendary kanchipuram nayana pillai
used to borrow sahityam from thirupuzals for his verbose and complicated
pallavis lot of pallavis have since appeared on the scence, many of them lyric
borrowed from thiruppuzals”. (Rational Approach to Manodharma
Sangeetham, p.69) vd;W E}yhrphpah; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
eputy;eputy;eputy;eputy;
eputy; vd;why; “ehl;baj;jpy; ]Q;rhhp ghtKk;> ,irapy;
eputYk; xd;W” vd;W yhy;Fb n[auhkd; mth;fs; $wpAs;shH
vd;W uhjh ntq;flhryk; (Rational Approach to Manodharma
Sangeetham, P.64) vDk; jkJ E}ypy; $wpAs;shH.
cjhuzkhf k`p~h]Pukh;j;jdp’ vd;w xU nrhy;Yf;F
ehl;baj;jpy; ghliyg; ghLgth; gyKiw mNjr; nrhy;iy my;yJ
thpfisg; ghLthh;. eldkhLgth; mr;nrhy;Yf;F mgpeaj;jpd;
topahf k`p~h]_ud; Njhd;wpajpypUe;J mtdJ nfhLikfs;>
,Wjpapy; ,iwtdplk; NrUfpd;w tiu mgpeapj;Jf; fhz;gpg;gh;.
mNjNghd;W ‘rptjD]_dptphpNr rkaK’ vd;w thpfSf;F rPjh
fy;ahzk; KOtijAk; mgpeaj;jpd; topahf nra;J fhl;Lth;.
,ij eputYf;F rkkhf $wpAs;shh;. ,g;ghly; thpfis gyKiw
ghLk; NghJ ghLgthpd; fw;gidAk; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.
eputy; nra;tjw;F Kd; eputy; nra;Ak; thpfspd; nghUis
mwpe;J eputy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. eputyhdJ uhfMyhgid>
rhfpj;aj;NjhL> jhsj;NjhL ghLtJ Nghd;W ,Uf;Fk;.
rq;fPj uj;dhfuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; &gf Myhg;jp vDk;
nrhy;yhdJ jw;fhyj;jpy; eilKiwapy; cs;s eputYf;F xg;ghFk;.
Mdhy; ,r;nrhy; kpf goikahdJ vd;Wk; ‘epuT’ vd;gJ njYq;F
nkhopr;nrhy;> epuT vd;why; thh;j;ijfis epuTjy; vd;W
Me;jpuhtpy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. eputy; ghLtjw;F Kd; eputy;
nra;af;$ba thpfSf;fhd nghUis ed;F mwpe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
158
fpUjp> fPh;j;jidf;nfd;Wk; gy;ytpf;nfd;Wk; jdpj;jdpahf
eputy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. gy;ytpia jhsj;NjhL fw;Wf;
nfhLg;gjw;FKd; yaj;jpy; nrhy; fw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
yaj;jpy; nrhy;iy ed;F gof;fg;gLj;jpagpd; jhd; gy;ytp fw;Wf;
nfhLf;fg;gLk;.
eputypd; NghJ Fiwe;j rhfpj;aKk;> ];tuk; ghLk; NghJ
jPh;f;fkhd ];tuq;fSk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,JNghd;W
ghLtJ kpf moiff; nfhLf;Fk; KiwahFk;.
eputypd; NghJ uhfghtj;Jld; rhfpaj;ijg; ghl Ntz;Lk;.
jhsk; kpfTk; Kf;fpak;. fbdkhd vLg;Gfshd ml> [k;ig Nghd;w
jhsq;fis ifahSk; NghJ ,irf;fiyQdpd; KOj;jpwikAk;
ntspg;gLfpwJ. Gy;yhq;Foypy; uhfk;> jhdk;> eputy;> ];tuk; Nghd;w
midj;J $WfSNk ed;F ifahsKbAk;. vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf
FUFy thrkhfNth> epWtdq;fs; %ykhf fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ
Mrphpah;fs; G+uzkhf fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; NghJ ,irapd; midj;J
$WfisAk; ed;F fw;W nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.
“eputypd; NghJ jhsj;jpw;Fk; rhfpj;aj;jpw;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Nfl;gth;fSf;Fk;> gf;fthj;ak; thrpg;gth;f;Fk;
ed;F GhpAk;gb ghl Ntz;Lk;. fw;gid ];tuk; ghLk; NghJ
fzf;FfSf;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fhky; yaj;NjhLk;>
uhfghtj;NjhLk; ghl Ntz;Lk;” vd;W J. ntq;fl;uhkd; mtHfs;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
fw;gid];tuk; ghlf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;fw;gid];tuk; ghlf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;fw;gid];tuk; ghlf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;fw;gid];tuk; ghlf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;
,e;jpahtpy; ghuk;ghpak;kpf;f Nfhtpy;fspy; xt;nthU Mz;Lk;
gy jpUtpohf;fs; eilngWtJ tof;fk;. mr;rkak; gf;jh;fs; jhk;
tzq;Fk; nja;tq;fSf;F xt;nthU ehSk; xt;nthU tpjkhd
myq;fhuq;fs; nra;J Muhjid nra;J kfpo;fpwhh;fs;. cjhuzkhf
Kj;Jf;fshy; nra;ag;gLk; myq;fhuk; (Kj;jq;fp Nrit) itu
eiffshy; nra;ag;gLk;> (itu mq;fp Nrit) G+f;fshy; nra;ag;gLk;
myq;fhuk; (G+g;ghthil) mJ kl;Lky;yhJ ,iwtid ehd;F
tPjpfspYk; Ch;tykhff; nfhz;L nry;y fUlthfdk;> rpk;kthfdk;>
159
Nr~thfdk; vd gy thfdq;fspy; itj;J moFg; ghh;f;fpwhd;.
,tw;iwnay;yhk; ,t;Tyif gilj;J> fhj;J tUfpd;w
,iwtDf;F mgpN~fk;> Muhjid nra;a Mirg;gLfpd;whd;.
,ijg; Nghd;W ,ir urpfh;fs; kNdhjh;k ,iria tpthpj;J
ghLtij ,iwj;njhz;bw;F ,izahff; $Wfpd;whh; Mrphpah;.
,ir urpfh;fs; uhfj;jpd; KO];t&gkNk ,iwtd;.
fiyQDf;F Xh; me;j];ij nfhLg;gNj uhfk; ghLtjhy; jhd;.
uhfj;NjhL mNj uhfj;jpy; mike;j fpUjpia ghLk; nghOJk;>
mjpy; rpy ];tu gpuNahfq;fis ghLfpd;whd;. ‘The kriti in a raga is
like an idol of a god head. It is logically feasible that devotee of music
presentation of the raga conveyed through one more mode and it was in the
medium of swaras’9 (A rational approach to manodhrama sangeetham p.42)
vd;W $wpAs;shh;. Xh; ,irf;fiyQd; %d;W topfspy; uhfj;ij
ghLfpd;whd;.
1. jjhpd vd;w xypfspd; %ykhf uhfj;ij ghLtJ.
2. fpUjp my;yJ fPh;j;jidfspd; rhfpj;aij mNj uhfj;jpd;
%ykhf ghLtJ.
3. Myhgid> fpUjp ghba uhfj;jpNy fw;gidahf ];tuq;fisg;
ghLk; NghJ
,iwgf;jh;fs; jpUtpohf;fhyq;fspy; ,iwtDf;F mj;Jiz
Nritfis nra;tjpy; vt;tsT Mde;jk; milfpwhh;fNsh
mj;jid Mde;jj;ij ,ir urpfd; Myhgid nra;J fpUjpiag;
ghb mjw;F fw;gid ];tuk; ghLk; NghJ milfpwhd;.
uhfk; ghLtJ vd;gJ kNdhjh;kj;jpy; xU jdpg;gFjp Mdhy;
fw;gid ];tuk; ghLtJ vd;gJ fpUjpNahLk;> jhsj;NjhLk;
njhlh;GilajhFk;. ,irf;fiyQd; vj;jidNah Mth;j;jdq;fspy;
fw;gid ];tuq;fs; ghlyhk;. Mdhy; xt;nthU Mth;j;jdj;jpd;
KbtpYk; rhpahd jhsj;NjhL> fpUjpapy; vLf;f Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy;
vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Kiwapy; ghLtJ vd;gJ ,irf;fiyQDf;F
xU Kf;fpakhd nghWg;ghFk;.
9 KidtH uhjh ntq;flhryk;.
160
fw;gid ];tuq;fs; ghLtJ vd;w KiwahdJ ,ircyfpy;
,uz;L %d;W jiyKiwapdUf;F Kd;G jhd; Vw;gl;lJ vdyhk;.
jw;fhyj;jpy; fw;gid ];tuq;fs; ghLtJ vd;gJ ,d;Wk;
,ircyfpy; tho;e;J tUk; ,irNkijfshd G.N. ghyRg;ukzpad;
lhf;lh; M. ghyKuspfpU~;zh> yhy;Fb G. n[auhkd; (taypd;
,irf;fiyQh;) ,tHfisNar; rhUk;. ,th;fis njhlh;e;J
,k;Kiwf;F typik Nrh;j;jth;fs; T.R. Rg;ukz;ak; kJiu
T.N. Nr~Nfhghyd; Mthh;. ,f;fiyQh;fs; fw;gid ];tuk;
ghLtjpy; rhjidg; gilj;Js;sdh; vdyhk;. ];tuq;fs; ghLk; NghJ
uhfghtKk;> yaj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ghlg;gLk; fw;gid ];tuq;fSk;
fiyQh;fspd; mwpT Kjph;r;rpiaAk;> mth;fsJ jpwikiaAk;
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. fw;gid ];tuq;fs; ghLtjpYk; xU GJikia
GFj;jpAs;sdh; vd;why; kpifahfhJ.
kNdhjh;k gphptpy; uhf MyhgidahdJ jdpg;gphpthFk;.
Mdhy; fw;gid];tuk; vd;gJ ghLk; fpUjpAlDk;> jhsj;JlDk;
,ize;J tUk;. jhsf;fl;Lg;ghL uhfMyhgidf;F fpilahJ.
10‘A musician can sing a hundred avartams of swarams brilliantly but he
would not be given full marks if he does not arrive or land at a designated place
in a kriti. This correct and even spectacular arrival is an additional
responsibility in swara kalpana” (P.43).
jw;fhyj;jpy; ,isajiyKiwapdh;fsplk; ];tu fy;gid
gapw;rpia Kjypy; Mjpjhsj;jpy; MNuh`z> mtNuh`zj;ijg;
ghl itj;J gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. (8 mÑuq;fs;)
]usp thpirfs; - ] hp f k g j ep ];
]; ep j g k f hp ]
]usp thpirfs; - ]hpfkgjep]; ];epjgkfhp]
]hpfk]hpfk ]hpfkgjep];
]hp]hp]hpfk (8)
]hpf]hpf]hp (8)
10 Rational Approach to Manodharma Sangeetham.
161
,NjNghd;W> [z;il ];tu> jhl;L ];tu> myq;fhuq;fspYs;s
];tu gpuNahfq;fis Nghy; mikj;J ghlg; gapw;rp mspf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW Muk;g ghlq;fspd; %yk; fw;gid ];tuq;fs;
ghba gpd; fzf;Ffspd; mbg;gilapy; ];tuq;fisg; ghlf; fw;Wf;
nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. “];tug; nghUj;jk;” vd;gJ kpfTk;
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. fw;gid ];tuq;fspd; jw;fhy tsh;r;rp
nghUj;jk; MFk;.11 ‘This poruttam is a welcome addition of recent origin in
the realm of Kalpana swaras’. (Pg. 48)
“fw;gid ];tuq;fs; ghLtjpYk; gy ghzpfs;; ,Ue;J
te;Js;sd. ];tuk; ghb rhfpj;ak; vLg;gJ MNuh`z Kiwapy;
jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nfhh;itfis “f;hP];jpj> hp;];hepjg” vd;Nw
vy;yh uhfj;jpw;Fk; Kbf;fhky; uhfghtj;Jld; $ba Nfhh;itfis
ghlyhk;. (ck;) igutp f;f;hp;];hepj> epepjghjk> ffhp]hepj Nghd;W
ghl Ntz;Lk;” KidtH S. ky;ypfh (Reader - Veenai) Xa;T rj;FU
rq;fPj tpj;ahyak;> kJiu.
6.6.6.6.4444. kNdhjh;k ,irapy; ,irNkijfspd; rhjidfs;. kNdhjh;k ,irapy; ,irNkijfspd; rhjidfs;. kNdhjh;k ,irapy; ,irNkijfspd; rhjidfs;. kNdhjh;k ,irapy; ,irNkijfspd; rhjidfs;
kNdhjh;kj;jpy; ey;y Qhdk; ,Ue;jhy; mth;fshy; vijAk;
rhjpf;f KbAk;. kNdhjh;kk; vd;gJ xt;nthU fiyQDf;Fk;
NtWgLk; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; cl;gphpTfs; midj;jpYk; Njh;e;jth;fs;
vd;gJ mhpJ. cjhuzkhf fiyQd; tphpthf xU uhfj;ij
Myhgid nra;J uhfj;jpd; midj;J $WfisAk;
ntspg;gLj;jyhk;. Mdhy; fw;gid ];tuk; ghLifapy; mj;Jizj;
jpwikNahL ghl KbahJ my;yJ xU fpUjpia jpUg;jpahf
midj;J rq;fjpfNshLk; ghLtJ rhj;jpaky;y.
cjhuzkhf gpugy ehj];tu tpj;thd; T.N. uh[uj;jpdk; uhfk;
thrpj;jhy; Nfl;Nghh; midtiuAk; kjpkaq;f nra;af;$bath;.
Mdhy; gy rq;fjpfNshL xU fpUjpiaNah> fPh;j;jidiaNah
thrpf;Fk; NghJ Myhgid nra;Ak; NghJ fpilj;j xU epiwT
fpilf;fhJ12 vd;W E}yhrphpaH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. (g.31)
11 Rational Approach to Manodharma Sangeetham, p.48. 12
KidtH uhjh ntq;flhryk;.
162
“The immortal rajapatnam pillai who could mesmerize large audiences
with his captivating alapana in his nagaswaram was never know to have ever
played any great kriti with full justice. Many of our oduvars and other religious
singers. Can bring tears in the listeners with their moving viruthams and
slokams but they just do not know how to sing kalpanaswarams. Some of them
are good even in niraval”. (P.31)
gy xJthHfs;> tpUj;jq;fs;> ];Nyhfq;fis ghLk; NghJ
Nfl;Nghh; kdk; kaq;fp fz;zpy;; ePHtopAk;. Mdhy; mth;fshy;
fw;gidahf];tuk; ghLtJ vd;gJ ,ayhj fhhpak;. ,JNghy;
xt;nthUtUk; Myhgid nra;tjpy;> eputy; ghLtjpy; ];tuk;
ghLtjpy; vd jdpj;jpwik ngw;wtHfshf ,Ug;gH. khzth;fspd;
jpwikia cw;W Nehf;fp mth;fsJ jdpj;jpwikia tsh;g;gJ
Mrphpah;fspd; flikahFk;. Rg;uhkjPÑpjH rq;fPjrk;g;ujhagpujh;~pzp
vDk; jdJ E}ypy; gy uhfq;fspd; ]Q;rhhpfis nfhLj;Js;shH.
,e;j ]Q;rhhpfs; ,ir fw;Fk; khzth;fSf;F kpf gaDs;s
tifapy; mike;Js;sJ.
uhfMyhgidia vt;thW ghLtJ> jjhpd vd;W xypfis
gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw> EZf;fq;fs; Mfpadtw;iw fw;gpj;j gpd;
,r;]Q;rhhpfis ghLtjw;F gapw;rp mspf;fNtz;Lk;. ,r;]Q;rhhpfis
Mrphpah;fspd; Jiz nfhz;L gapw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,k;Kiwapy;
jhd; Me;jpuhtpy; gapw;rp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; jkpo;ehl;by; ,J
FiwthfNt cs;sJ. ,g;gapw;rp Kiwf;F “];tu gy;ytpfs;” vd;W
ngahpl;Ls;sdh;. ,r;]Q;rhhpfis kdk; nra;tJ jtW vd;W
KidtH uhjh ntq;flhryk; $WfpwhH.
“These sancharis are not taken seriously by teachers in Tamil nadu but
these are religiously taught in Andhra Pradesh institutions under the name
‘Swara Pallavis’. Ragas for which the good sanchairs are not available, can be
approached with readymade sancharis created by teacher’s. The students
should not be encouraged to memorise the sancharis as they would do a
geetham. The sanchairs are intended to give a guidance for the musical travel
that raga” (p.32).13
13 Rational Approach to Manodharma Sangeetham.
163
,r;]Q;rhhpfs; uhfj;ij KOikahf ghl top tFf;fpd;wJ.
ajpKiwapy; uhf Myhgidia ghLtJ vd;gJ kpfr; rpwe;j
MyhgidahFk;. Fwpg;ghf NfhGr;rajp> ];NuhNjhtfajp Myhgidf;F
Vw;wjhFk;. kiwe;j ,irNkij mhpaf;Fb uhkhD[ ma;aq;fhh;
,e;j ghzpapy; Myhgid nra;tjpy; jpwik ngw;wth;.
Late ariyakkudi Ramanuja Iyengar Propsgated an easy fashion of
employing this yatis in alapanas. His model of standing (or resting) in Tara
shadjam and build up phrases like”. (p.33)
cjhuzkhf Nky; ];jhap ]Q;rhuq;fs;
];hepjgjep];
];hepjgkgjep];
];hepjgkfkgjep];
,JNghd;w gpuNahfq;fs; ,irf;fUtpfSf;Fk; Vw;wJ.
,k;Kiw rk;G+h;z> th;[> tf;u uhfq;fspy; ghLtjw;F ,lk; jUk;.
,e;jpa ,irapy; fhzg;gLk; midj;J uhfq;fSf;Fk; capH
cs;sJ NghyNt czh;r;rpfSk; cz;L. Nyhrd ftp jdJ
E}yhd uhfjuq;fpzpapy; uhfq;fs; uhfh> uhfpdp> Gj;uuhfq;fs; vd;w
uhf ghFghl;il tpsf;fp $wpAs;shh;. uh[];jhdpy; uhfq;fSf;fhd
Njtijfs; Xtpak; jPl;b itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;Fwpg;G jQ;rhT+h;
ru];tjpk`hypy; cs;s gid xiyr; Rtbfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
21Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,J cz;ikah? ngha;ah? vd;gNj
Nfs;tpf;FwpahFk; vd;W KidtH uhjh ntq;flhryk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
“The belief in India is that ragas are entities with all sensibilities that
happen in human beings. There is a famous raga classification celebrated in
ancient texts like ‘Raga tarangini’ by lochana kavi and that is the raga – ragini
– putra system. This carries the phenomenon of personifying ragas to the
extreme by identifying male, female and off spring ragas”. (P.35)
gy ,ikNkijfs; uhfj;ij tp];jhukhf ghLth;. rpyh;
uhfq;fis jkJ fw;gidapy;; kpfTk; vspjhf mDgtpj;J ghLth;.
epidj;j gpuNahfq;fnsy;yhk; rh;t rhjhuzkhf ghLth;. mjd;gpd;
vj;jifa caHe;j uhfk; ,J vd;W Mr;rhpag;gLth;. ,J Nghd;w
164
rkaj;jpy; uhfq;fSf;F czh;r;rpfs; cz;L vd;gJ ep&gzk;
MfpwJ. ,r;nra;jp %yk; khzth;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jp cwtpdh;fspd;
tPLfSf;F vt;thW nrd;W tUtjpy; kfpo;r;rpNah mNjNghd;W
uhfj;ij tp];jhukhfg; ghl fw;gidiag; gad;gLj;jpdhYk;
kfpo;r;rp tUk; vd;W $wp mth;fsJ fw;gid tsj;ij ngUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
,irNkijfs; uhfMyhgidia %d;W gphpTfshfg; gphpj;Js;sdh;.
1. fpUjp my;yJ fPh;j;jidfSf;F Kd; tof;fk; Nghy; ghLtJ.
2. jhdk;> gy;ytpf;F Kd; ghlg;gLk; tphpthd Myhgid.
3. ];Nyhfq;fs;> tpUj;jq;fSf;F ghLtJ.
%d;whtJ gphptpy; jjhpd xypfisg; gad;gLj;jhky;
];Nyhfq;fs;> tpUj;jq;fSf;fhd thh;j;ijfisg; ghl Ntz;Lk;.
,k;%d;W gphpTfisg; ghbf; fhz;gpj;J mjw;fhd
tpj;jpahrq;fis vLj;Jf;$wp khzth;fSf;F gapw;rp mspf;f
Ntz;baJ Mrphpah;fs; flik.
Nfhtpy;fspYs;s ,irf;fiyQh;fs; ];Nyhfq;fs;>
tpUj;jq;fs; ghb Myhgid nra;tjpy; jpwik ngw;wth;fshf
,Ug;gh;. ];Nyhfq;fs;> tpUj;jq;fs; ghLtjw;fhd uhfq;fis
Njh;e;njLf;f Ntz;baJ Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;.
uhfk; ghLtjpy; rq;fuhguz eura;ah> Njhb rPjhuhka;ah>
ehuaz nfsis Fg;ga;ah; Nghd;w ,irNkijfs; ,Ue;J
te;Js;sdh;. kpf mhpa uhfkhd ehuhaz nfsis uhfj;ij
mf;fhyj;jpy; Fg;ga;ah; gykzp Neuk; ghb rhjid gilj;Js;shh;.
,d;W ,J Nghd;w mhpa uhfj;ijg; ghlKbAkh vd;gJ Nfs;tpf;
Fwpahf cs;sJ.
,jd;%yk; ehuhaz nfsis vd;w uhfNjtijapd; ghpG+h;z
flhÑk; Fg;ga;aUf;F fpilj;Js;sJ vd;W mtuJ
rkfhyj;jth;fspd; tho;j;JfSk; mtUf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sJ vd;why;
,irahdJ vt;tsT GdpjkhdJ> rf;jp tha;e;jJ vd;gJ
njspthfpwJ vd;gJ E}yhrphpaH fUj;jhFk;.
165
Which indicates that art must come to human beings of their own accord
and they don’t come through any coersion or scheme. The raga devata in
kuppayar and a contemporary musician cannot have any command over her.
These instances are indicative of the fact that music is indeed divine and only
the blessed few qualify for its grace” (P.39)
6.6.6.6.5555.... kNdhjh;k ,irapy; ,irNkijfspd; ghzpfs;kNdhjh;k ,irapy; ,irNkijfspd; ghzpfs;kNdhjh;k ,irapy; ,irNkijfspd; ghzpfs;kNdhjh;k ,irapy; ,irNkijfspd; ghzpfs;
,irNkijfs; gyh; tsh;j;J tpl;l ,t;tpirapy; gy
ghzpfs; Njhd;wpaJ. mitahtd> mhpaf;Fb ghzp> nrk;kq;Fb
ghzp> kfhuh[Guk; ghzp> fy;ahz fpU~;zghftjh;> fhiuf;Fb
rNfhjuh;fs; ghzp> G.N.B. ghzp> Myj;J}h; ghzp> kzp ma;ah;ghzp>
ikR+h; ghzp Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. mtHfs; ghLfpd;w
Kiwapy; fhz;gpf;Fk; tpj;ahrq;fis mtHfsJ ghzp (style)ahfNt
khwpg;NghdJ.
nrk;kq;Fb ghzpnrk;kq;Fb ghzpnrk;kq;Fb ghzpnrk;kq;Fb ghzp
,tiu kNdhjh;k rq;fPjj;jpw;F m];jpthuk; mikj;jth;
vdyhk;. uhfk;> jhdk;> gy;ytp Mfpatw;iw epd;W epjhdpj;J
ghlf;$bath;.
kfhuh[Guk; ghzpkfhuh[Guk; ghzpkfhuh[Guk; ghzpkfhuh[Guk; ghzp
uhfk; ghLk; NghJ gytpjkhd ];tu gpuNahfq;fs; (Variety of
swaras in different combinations) ghLk; jpwik ngw;wth;. tpUj;jq;fs;>
];Nyhfq;fs; Mfpad ghLk; NghJ uhfj;jpd; rhuk; KOtijAk;
ntspf;nfhzh;e;J midtiuAk; ,ir nts;sj;jpy; %o;Fk;gb
ghLthh;.
mhpaf;Fb ghzpmhpaf;Fb ghzpmhpaf;Fb ghzpmhpaf;Fb ghzp
,th; fr;Nrhpfspy; midj;J cUg;gbfisAk; tpWtpWg;Gld;
ghLthh;. Fiwe;jJ 25 ,ir cUg;gbfisahtJ ghLk;
jpwikAilath;.
166
GNB ghzpghzpghzpghzp
[z;il ];tu> jhl;L ];tu gpuNahfq;fis ];tuRj;jkhf
gpbj;Jg; ghLthh;. te;jd jhhpzp> rhuq;fjhhpzp> `k;]hde;jp
Nghd;w mhpa uhfq;fis fr;Nrhpfspy; ghb moF nfhLj;jth;.
Kj;ijaKj;ijaKj;ijaKj;ija;ah;ah;ah;ah ghftjh;ghftjh;ghftjh;ghftjh;
,th; jkJ fr;Nrhpfspy; gy mhpa uhfq;fis ifahz;l
NghjpYk; ];tuq;fis ];tuRj;jkhf gpbj;Jg; ghLtjpy; ty;yth;.
kJiukzp ma;ah;kJiukzp ma;ah;kJiukzp ma;ah;kJiukzp ma;ah;
fd;dl nfsis> fhgpehuhazp> gFjhhp Nghd;w uhfq;fSf;Fk;
Myhgid nra;Js;shh;. uhkehlf fPh;j;jidfs; ghRuq;fs;>
jpUg;ghit Nghd;w ,ir tiffis ];tug;gLj;jpa ngUikf;Fhpath;.
fy;ahz fpU~;zghftjh;fy;ahz fpU~;zghftjh;fy;ahz fpU~;zghftjh;fy;ahz fpU~;zghftjh;
,th; rpwe;j tPiztpj;thd; kj;akfhyk;> nrsf;fhyk;
,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l xU fhyj;ij thrpf;Fk; jpwik ngw;wth;.
,tuJ thrpg;gpy; fzKk;> eaKk; ed;F njhpAk;.
2011-12 Mz;Lf;fhd jpdkzpapd; ,irtpoh kyhpDs;
ntspte;j xU fl;LiuapDs; ,iria xU FUtplk; jdpg;gl;l
Kiwapy; gapy;tJ ey;yjh? my;yJ ,irg;gs;spfs;> fy;Y}hpfspy;
NrHe;J fw;gJ ey;yjh? vJ tpUg;gk;?
,irg;gs;spah? FUth? vd;w xU Nfs;tpia
,d;iwa Kd;dzp ,irf;fiyQHfs; gytiu cUthf;fpf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; Mrphpia RFzh tujhr;rhhpahiug; Ngl;b
fz;lNghJ Kd; itj;jdH. mtHfs; mspj;Js;s gjpyhtJ>
“xNu msT ];UjpAk;> ,irQhdKk; cs;s %d;W ehd;F
Ngiu NrHj;J itj;J fw;Wf;nfhLg;gJz;L. kNdhjHkj;ij
ghLk;NghJ xUtUila fw;gid kw;wtUf;Ff; fpilf;fpwJ
vd;whYk;> fpu`pf;f KbahjtUf;F jaf;fk; ,Uf;Fk;. mtHfs;
jdpNa vd;dplk; ghbf;fhl;b jd; Fiwiag; Nghf;fpf; nfhs;tijNa
tpUk;GtH. xNu FUtplk; gapYk;NghJjhd; Fwpg;gpl;l ghzp ed;whf
NtHtpLk;. mOj;jkhf mikAk;” vd;W tpsf;fk; mspj;Js;shH.
167
gs;sp fy;Y}hpfspy; ,ir gapw;Wtpf;Fk; MrphpaHfspd;
kNdhghtk; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk; vd;w Nfs;tpf;F>
“,irg;gs;spapd; juj;Jf;F vd;d FiwT? rhjid gyGhpe;j
NguhrphpaH uhkehjd; mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gapd;wtH.
milahW ,irf;fy;Y}hpAk; b.Nf. Nfhtpe;juht;> rPHfhop
Nfhtpe;juh[d;> RFzh GUN\hj;jkd; Nghd;w jukhd fiyQHfis
cUthf;fpapUf;fpwNj. ,irf;$lq;fshy; ed;ikfs;jhd;. XusT
jaf;fKk;> rw;Wf; Fiwthd kNdhjHkKk; cila khztH $l>
rf NjhoHfspd; Cf;Ftpg;ghy; juk; cau tha;g;G fpl;LfpwJ.
ehKk; rpuj;ijNahL xt;nthU khztDf;Fk; Neuk; xJf;fp
ftdpj;Jg; ghHf;Fk;NghJ mtHfSf;Fk; jdpahff; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
kNdhepiy te;JtpLk;. Mj;khHj;jkhd ciog;Gf;F vd;WNk gyd;
cz;L” vd;fpwhH. (gf;. 50-51)
jpUkjp. mUzh rha;uhk; mtHfs;> ,f;Nfs;tpf;Fg;
gjpyspf;ifapy;>
“jpUkjp. gpUe;jhk;khtplk; [htsp> fpUjpfs; kl;LNk
nrhy;ypj;jUthH. fw;gid rq;fPjj;ij nrhy;ypj;jukhl;lhH. mUfpNyNa
mkHe;jpUg;ghH. ghL vd;ghH. ehd; ghLk;NghJ k;... k;... vd;W vd;id
NkNy ghlr; nrhy;YthNu jtpu ehd; ghlNwd; vd; gpd;dhbNa ghL
vd;W fw;gid rq;fPjj;ij nrhy;ypj; jukhl;lhH. ,Jjhd; mtH
nrhy;ypj;jUk; topKiw. vd; tpjtpjkhd fw;gid rq;fPjj;Jf;F
gpUe;jhk;khtpd; topKiwNa cjtpaJ” vd;W jkJ Ngl;bapy;
$wpAs;shH. (g.64)
NkNy $wg;gl;l ,irf;fiyQHfspd; $w;Wg;gb ,uz;L
KiwANk rpwe;j topKiwjhd;. ,iria fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F
mtuthpd; #o;epiyf;Nfw;g topKiwiaj; NjHe;njLj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;. vijj; NjHe;njLj;jhYk; Mw;wy; epiwe;j
MrphpaHfspd; cjtpapd; JizNahL ,iria <Lghl;Lld;
cioj;J fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
168
6.6.6.6.6666.... KbTiuKbTiuKbTiuKbTiu
,t;tpaypy; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; cl;gphpTfs; vt;thW
fw;Wf;nfhLg;gLfpwJ> mjw;fhd Kiwfs;> gapw;rpfs; Mfpad
Ma;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. kNdhjh;k gapw;rpahdJ FUFyj;jpy;>
epWtdq;fspy;> gFjp Neuj;jpy; vt;thW fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;Wk;
Njh;T Nghl;bfs;> ,ir epfo;;r;rp> KO Neuf;fr;Nrhpfspy; vt;thW
ifahs Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; gw;wpAk; tphpthff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ
NkYk; kNdhjHk ,irapy; ,ir Nkijfspd; rhjidfs;>
ghzpfs;> gapw;rp Kiwfs; Mfpait $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
kNdhjHk ,iria fw;Wf;nfhz;lgpd; tha;g;ghl;L ,ir /
fUtp ,ir Mfpa xypehlhf;fis Nfl;Lj; jkJ fw;gidj;
jpwikia tsHj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;$wg;gl;l gy ghzpfis
Nfl;Fk; jUthapy; xt;nthUthplKk; xt;nthU jpwik NkNyhq;fp
,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. mjd; jdpj;jd;ikia ed;F Ghpe;J nfhz;L
jkf;nfd xU ghzpia tsHj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf
G.N.B., T.N. NÑrNfhghyd; MfpNahiug; Nghy; fw;gid ];tuk;
ghl ey;y ];tu Qhdj;ijAk;> ];tu thpirfis midj;J
uhfq;fspYk; %d;W my;yJ ehd;F fhyq;fspYk; ghlg; gapw;rp
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
uhf Myhgid jhdk;> eputy; gapw;rp nra;ifapy;
,irNkijfs; ghbAs;s gpuNahfq;fisf; Nfl;L> jpUk;g jpUk;gg;
ghLifapy; mNj Nghy; ghlKbAk;. jw;fhyj;jpy; uhf Myhgid>
jhdk;> eputy;> fw;gid ];tuq;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd ];tuf;
Fwpg;GfSld; $ba gy E}y;fs; cs;sd. me;E}y;fisj;
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topAk; gpw ,irKiwAs; kNdhjh;kj;jpd; gq;F gw;wpAk; Kiwahf
Ma;Tfs; nra;J mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kNdhjh;kj;ij fw;gpf;Fk;
Kiw> gapw;rp Kiw Nghd;wit fiyQh;fis Neh;fhzy;
nra;jjpd; %ykhf Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; gpw;fhy
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jdpj;JtKkhd kNdhjh;k ,irapd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; mjd; tsh;r;rp
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ngWtJ ,ir Mh;tyh;fSf;Fk;> Ma;thsh;fSf;Fk; gaDs;s
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1. Kidth; ,.mq;faw;fz;zp gQ;rkuGgQ;rkuGgQ;rkuGgQ;rkuG jpUney;Ntyp> njd;,e;jpah> irt rpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;G fofk;> 154> b.b.Nf.rhiy nrd;id-600018 1903.
2. KidtH ,.mq;faw;fz;zp ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,irf;$Wfs;,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,irf;$Wfs;,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,irf;$Wfs;,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,irf;$Wfs; ,irj;Jiw jkpo;g;gy;fiyf;fofk;> jQ;rhT+H.
3. KidtH mhpksk; gj;kdhgd; jkpopirAk; ,irj;jkpjkpopirAk; ,irj;jkpjkpopirAk; ,irj;jkpjkpopirAk; ,irj;jkpOk;Ok;Ok;Ok;>>>> nrk;nkhop jkpoha;T> kj;jpa epWtdk;>
nrd;id.
4. uht;rhfpg; M. Mgpufhk; gz;bjH fUzhkpHjrhfuk;fUzhkpHjrhfuk;fUzhkpHjrhfuk;fUzhkpHjrhfuk; Published by J. Jetley, For Asian Educational Services C-2/15, SDA, New Delhi – 110 016.
5. lhf;lh; R.rf;jpNty; ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;Tehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;Tehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;Tehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;T kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk; 8/7 rpq;fh;njU ghhpKid> nrd;id-6000108
6. re;jpah eluh[d; gjpg;ghsHgjpg;ghsHgjpg;ghsHgjpg;ghsH kJiuj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp> ,uz;lhk; ghfk;> gjpg;G : brk;gH 2004
7. Kidth; tP.g.fh. Re;juk; jkpopirf;fiyf;fsQ;rpak;>jkpopirf;fiyf;fsQ;rpak;>jkpopirf;fiyf;fsQ;rpak;>jkpopirf;fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> 1>2>3>4 njhFjpfs; ghujpjhrd; gy;fiyf;fofk; gy;fiyg;Ng&h; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp-24 2000.
8. Ntjp. nry;tk; jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk; kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk; 8/7 rpq;fh;njU> ghhpKid>
nrd;id - 600 108.
ii
9. lhf;lh; jh.V. Qhd%h;j;jp ,yf;fpaj;jpwdha;tpay;,yf;fpaj;jpwdha;tpay;,yf;fpaj;jpwdha;tpay;,yf;fpaj;jpwdha;tpay; aho; ntspaPL Ie;jpizg;gjpg;gfk;
279. ghujprhiy> jpUty;ypf;Nfhzp nrd;id - 600 005. 1996
10. J.M.jdghz;bad; Gjpa uhfq;fs;Gjpa uhfq;fs;Gjpa uhfq;fs;Gjpa uhfq;fs; jkpo;gy;fiyf;fof ntspaPL jQ;rht+h; 1985
11. lhf;lh; =ghj gpdhf ghzp Brihaddhuvani Research and Training Centre for music of the world 5, Second Trust Gross Street, Mandavelipakkam Madrass-600028.
12. ghNte;jH ghujpjhrd; ghujpjhrd; ftpghujpjhrd; ftpghujpjhrd; ftpghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;>ijfs;>ijfs;>ijfs;> ghujp gjpg;gfk;> 108> c];khd; rhiy> jpahfuha efH> nrd;id – 17. %d;whk; gjpg;G> 1997
13. Kidth; G+tz;zd; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhWjkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhWjkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhWjkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW jpUney;Ntyp> njd; ,e;jpah> irt rpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;G fofk; 154> b.b.Nf. rhiy> nrd;id - 600 018 1996
14. Kidth; khh;fnul;gh];bd; epfoepfoepfoepfo;fiyfSf;fhd Ma;T;fiyfSf;fhd Ma;T;fiyfSf;fhd Ma;T;fiyfSf;fhd Ma;T KiwapayKiwapayKiwapayKiwapay; ifNaL; ifNaL; ifNaL; ifNaL fiyf;fhtphp Ez;fiyf;fy;Y}hp>
18> ngd;nty;];rhiy> jpUr;rp-1. 2007
15. lhf;lH Nryk; v];. n[anyl;Rkp cyfj;jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;>cyfj;jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;>cyfj;jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;>cyfj;jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> rp.I.b. tshfk;>
jukzp> nrd;id - 600 113. 2000.
iii
16. Dr. Bagyalakshmi Lakshna Grandhas CBH Publications 53C, Vani Cottage,
Kamaraj Nagar, 16, Veturni Madam, Nager coil. 1991.
17. Dr. Biswajit Sinha Dictionary of music and Drama Cambridge University press, 1995
18. Edward Albert History of English Literature (V Ed) Revised by J.A. Stone S.K. Mukarji, Oxford University Faradayhouse, Calcutta -13 1979
19. Dr. Manorama Sharma Music of India S.B. Nangia A.P.H. Publishing Corporation,
5, Ansari Road, Darya Gans, New Delhi – 110002
20. Dr. R.C. Mehta Psychology of Music, Editor: Indian Musicological Society, Bombay & Baroda, Selected Papers, Sangeet Natak Academi, Delhi 1975.
21. Dr. Monmohan Ghosh The Natyasastra Vol-II /Delhi 2006 Satya Bhattachenjee on behalf of Manisha Gran Thalaya Pvt. Ltd.
4/3 B, Bankim Chattejee St., Calcultta – 700 073. India, 1961
22. Ed by Dr. N. Premalata Sharma Brihadessi of Srimatanga Mni Assisted by Anil Bihari beohar Indira Gandhi National Centre For the Arts, New Delhi, and Motial Banarsidas publishers Pvt. Ltd
iv
23. Dr. Premella Gurumoorhty Katha Kalaksepa A Study International Society for the Investigation of ancient civilizations, 102, Mount Road, Guindy, Madras – 600 032. 1994.
24. Dr. N. Premalta Sharma Sarangadeva and his Sangita Ratnagara, Proceedings of the seminar Sangeet Natak Academy Varanasi, 1994.
25. Dr. Raghava R.Menon The Penguin Dictionary of Indian Classical Music Raj Publications Delhi - 110 009. 2003.
26. M.S. Ramaswamy Aiyar Kalakshepam Kalasmrakshnan Sangkam, 5D, Selvam Nagar, Thanjavur – 613 007.
27. Dr. Radha Venkatachalam A Rational Approach to Manodharma Sangeetham Music Education Trust,
12, Plaza Theater Building, Cannaught Place, New Delhi – 110 001. July 2001.
28. Dr. N. Ramanathan Musical Forms in Sangita Ratnakara Pub-Sampradaya Musri Subramanian road, Chennai – 600 004.
1999
29. Dr. R.Satyanarayana Cadurdandi Prakasikai of Venkatamakhi,
Vol. II Makhi Hrdays- A Critical study centre
Indira Gandhi National study For the Arts, New Delhi, Centre and Motital Banarsielass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Delhi. 2006
v
30. Prof. P. Sambamoorthy : South Indian Music Book III, IV, VI Musicologist The Indian Music Publishing House, 14, Sripuram I street, (Near Ajanta Hotel) Royapettai,
Madras - 14. 1994
31. Padma Bhusan Prof. Sambamoorthy : Practical Course in
Karnatic Music Book The Indian Music Publicizing House No.14, Sripuram First Street, Near Ajantha Hotel, Rayapettai Madras-600014
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