Materials for Clean Energy Production and CO2 Reduction

Gou-Chung Chi

Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University

OutlineOutline1.Current Status of Taiwan’s Energy & CO2

Emissions Situation

2.Materials for Energy and the Environment

3.Highlights of Clean Energy R&D in Taiwan

4.Future Prospects

General Information of TaiwanGeneral Information of Taiwan Area ： 36,000 km2

Population ： 22.61 millions GDP ： US$ 355.583 billion GDP per capita ： US$ 15,223 Exports ： US$ 178.320 billion Imports ： US$ 169.225 billion Taiwan’s industries rank globally

#1 provider of chip foundry services, with 70% of the market worth $9.1 billion

#1 provider of notebook PCs, with 72% of the market worth $24 billion

Reference ： Ministry of Economic Affairs 2007 (2006 data)

Ⅰ. Current Status of Taiwan’s Energy & CO2

Emissions Situation

INER

Comparison of Energy StructureComparison of Energy StructureTaiwanTaiwan

JapanJapan GermanyGermany

Reference : 1.Energieversorgung für Deutschland 20062.INER, BOE Data, Taiwan 3.APEC Energy Database

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Taiwan Korea Japan Germany OECD World

Taiwan-World

ranking %

CO2 Emission

(Mt of CO2)261.28 448.91 1214.19 813.48 12910 27136 20 0.96%

Population

(millions)22.89 48.29 127.76 82.46 1172 6432 - 0.36%

GDP per capita

(2005 US$)15223.76 16443.76 35671.58 33864.68 29895.39 6947.81 - -

CO2 Emission

per capita

(t CO2 per capita)

11.41 9.30 9.50 9.87 11.02 4.22 15 -

CO2 per GDP

(kg CO2 per 2005

US$)

0.75 0.57 0.27 0.29 0.37 0.61 - -

CO2 per GDP PPP

(kg CO2 per 2005

US$)

0.40 0.42 0.31 0.33 0.60 0.44 - -

CO2 per TPES

(t CO2 per toe)2.47 2.10 2.29 2.36 2.33 2.37 30 -

Comparison of CO2 Emission indicators

Reference : 1.IEA key world energy Statistics 20072.IMF Data and Statistics

The Challenges of COThe Challenges of CO2 2 reduction in Taiwanreduction in Taiwan Climate Change

The CO2 emission ranking of Taiwan is 20th.

Energy and Industry Structure The trend of energy supply is unfavorable for reducing

CO2 emission due to the “nuclear-free home land” policy.

The dependence on foreign energy supply is very high (98%).

100%

Renewable /New energy

100%

Coal(+ Methane hydrate)

(+ CO2 Capture and sequestration)

IGCC+CO2 capture and sequestrationMethane hydrate

Marine energy park (Wind + Solar + Biomass)Deep sea water utilization (OTEC+ Cooling)BiofuelGeothermal100% renewable energy in offshore island

(No IGCC+CO2 capture and sequestration currently)

Development of Energy Technology with Low CO2 Emission

Taiwan’s Advantages in Developing Renewable and Hydrogen Energy Technology

Ample renewable energy resources

Strong manufacturing capabilities for cost-down production of hydrogen energy equipment

Strong commitments to renewable and hydrogen energy R&D

2.3~18.984~7873~25Ocean-thermal Gradients

>5.7>236>7.5Geothermal Energy

20Bio-energy (bio-waste+bio-ethanol+bio-diesel)

1.3~13.456~56012~120Solar Energy

0.7~6.728~2803~30Wind Power

Percentage of Primary Energy

(%)

Energy Capacity

(PJ/y)

Estimated Capacity

(GW)

Energy Type

Energy/Environment Technology Device/Process Advanced materials

CO2 capture and sequestration Gas adsorption Nanosized high temperature Ca/Mg

based sorbent

Hydrogen production & storageLight absorption,Gas adsorption/desorption

Photocatalytic splitting of water to generate hydrogen via quantum dot solar cells

Hydrogen storage using metal organic framework (MOF) with high surface area

Fuel cells Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)

Electrochemical reaction

Improved ceramic components for SOFC

Electrocatalysts New electrolyte

Photovoltaic solar cell Efficient solar harvesting

Ⅲ- semiconductor with multiple Ⅴjunctions

Silicon quantum dot

Biomass Cellulose ethanol

Pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and ethanol recovery

Development of genetically engineered bacteria and yeast

Growth of marine plants

Wind power Land-base & off-shore Marine energy park

Blades, wind turbine, generators, transformers, power distributors

Advanced composite materials for blades of improved strength-mass ratio

ⅡⅡ. Materials for Energy and the Environment. Materials for Energy and the Environment

Primary Energy

Electricity

SIGCC

MOCVD

MOF

Hydrolysis Fermentation Genetic Engineering

Nanosized Ceramic PowderAtmospheric Plasma Spray

Core Technology System Application

Solar Energy

Fossil Fuel

< 100W System

Transportation

Hydrogen Production/

Storage

High EfficiencySolar Cell

Quantum DotSolar Cell

CommunitykW~GWSystem

3C

Building Materials

Hydrogen Storage System

for FCV

kW~GWSystem

kW System

Bio Energy

Application of Clean Energy and Environmental TechnologyApplication of Clean Energy and Environmental Technology

Water Splitting

SOFC

Biothanol

PECVDThin FilmSolar Cell

Solar Water SplittingSolar Water Splitting2007-2009 2010-2012 2013-2014 2015 – 2020

2 USD/kg 20 USD/kgN/ACOST

15%10%5%Chemical conversion

process efficiency :EC

Multiple junctionsa-Si / pc-Si thin film PEC device

Single-junction pc-silicon thin film PEC device

C-silicon bulk

PEC devicePhotochemical: PEC

1. Pt Size < 10nm2. Pt Density 3. Macroporous surface4. Surface oxidation (SiO2)5. Higher shottkey barrier (Solar Cell

structure)

Voc

Isc

Efficiency

Solar Water Splitting Voc > 1.23 eVSyntheses of Pt nanoparticles

by physical or wet chemical methods

Si thin film electrode

Commercialization at cost of 0.2 USD/Kg H2

ⅢⅢ. . Highlights of Clean Energy R&D in TaiwanHighlights of Clean Energy R&D in Taiwan

0 200 400 600 80010001200-0.50.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.5

Hy

dro

ge

n a

ds

orp

tio

n (

wt%

)

Pressure (psig)

IRMOF-8 IRMOF-8 Pt/AC

Current Status of MOF Research for Hydrogen Storage•MOF (metal organic framework) has large pore volume, high specific surface area and a network of pore channels with well-defined hydrogen occupation sites ;and is promising for hydrogen storage.

•Bridge-building enhances hydrogen adsorption through spillover.

•The maximum hydrogen adsorption capacity at room temperature and 6.9 MPa can reach 4.7 wt%.

3-D network of pore channel SEM image of MOF cubic crystals

Bridge-building reducing energy barrier for spillover

Comparison of hydrogen uptake for MOFs with and without bridge-building.

Hydrogen storage cartridge for bridged-MOFs

Development of Advanced Ceramic Components of SOFC

I-V-P performance of porous nickel metal supported YSZ/Ni-LSGM-LSC

Atmospheric plasma spraying system

0 400 800 1200 16000 .2

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1

1 .2

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100

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Vol

tage

(V

)

Pow

er Den

sity (mW

/cm2)

I (m A /cm 2 )

Y S Z N i-L S G M -L S C F C ell(O 2= H 2= 300cc /m in )

~ 4 33 W a tt/cm 2 (8 0 5 C )

~ 2 74 W a tt/cm 2 (7 5 0 C )

~ 1 66 W a tt/cm 2 (7 0 0 C )

LSCF(20~40m)

LSGM(45~65m)

NanostructuredYSZ+Ni Anode

(15~25m)

Ni Substrate(1.0~1.2mm)

Nano YSZ (8~20nm)and Ni(20~40nm)

LSGM

Ni Substrate

SEM cross sectional view of porous nickel metal supported YSZ/Ni-LSGM-LSCF

Plasma sprayed SOFC MEA

0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.00.00

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I-V Power-voltage

Voltage(V)

Cu

rre

nt(A

)

Voc=2.72VIsc=0.1675APmax=0.384WEff.=31.08%FF=0.84

Active Area=0.163cm2

CR ratio = 72

0.0

0.1

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Po

we

r(W)

Ohmic Ohmic

n-GaAs ContactAR coating

The efficiency of self-designed solar cell The efficiency of self-designed solar cell has achieved 31% in 2006. has achieved 31% in 2006.

Ⅲ- Solar Cell Technology DevelopmentⅤⅢ- Solar Cell Technology DevelopmentⅤ

Layer structure Self-designed triple junction solar cell

Cell Pattern

Wafer diced into cells and expanded on the blue tape

5.8 cm

Self-designed - solar cell has an Ⅲ Ⅴefficiency of 31% under 72 suns.

14

Tested by INER

Designed by INER

Cellulosic Ethanol

Ferment-able

Sugars

Pre-treatment Process

Enzyme ProcessCelluloseCellulosic

Biomass

Fermen-tation

Process

Cellulosic Ethanol Development

PROCESS

FEEDSTOCK

TARGET

rice strawbagasse

miscanthusalgae

2005 2006 2007 2009Lab scale

Bench scale (400g/batch)

Mini-scale plant(10kg/batch)

Pilot plant(1 tons/day)

Year

A Conceptual Marine Energy ParkLand accretion along the seashore to create a new energy industry zone

Off-shore anti-typhoon design wind turbines with new blade materials of improved strength-mass ratio and with lighter components

High-concentration photovoltaic (HCPV) power-generation systems at park and solar energy panels with new thin-film materials mounted at wind turbine monopole

Connecting innovative design of wind turbines foundations to form an underwater pasture for algae, fishes, or shellfishes(see next page)

Cellulose-to-ethanol transformation plants using feedstock from on-site algae and electricity from on-site green power

A Conceptual Underwater Pasture Combined with Wind and Solar Power Applications

Large size algae cultivationusing high strength fiber cordage

Thin-filmsolar panels

High density polyethylene (HDPE)cultivation net cage

1. Taiwan is willing to share responsibility in addressing

the problem of global climate change under the

principle of fairness and justice.

2. Using advanced materials and clean energy

technologies to ensure Taiwan’s energy security and

to reduce the impact on the environment.

3. Any GHG emission reduction approach should

consider the global competitiveness of Taiwan’s

industries.

Reference ： Conclusion from Executive Yuan Energy Policy and S&T Development Steering Committee

Ⅳ. Future Prospects

Long-term Target of CO2 Reduction-Reduce to 2005 Level

Mid-term Target Long-term Target GDP

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2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

CO2 Emission (M tons)

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16000

GDP (100million US$)

1.Mid-term target plus high share of SIGCC & renewables2.Reduce to 2005 level

Thank You for Your Attention