material effects of industrialization test

8/2/2019 Material Effects of Industrialization Test

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Material Effects of Industrialization
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The Factory System

Putting out System isinefficient

Machines are large andexpensive

Entrepreneurs are needed

More specialization oftasks

Production becomes moreefficient, scheduled anddisciplined

Example: JosiahWedgewood

Click here for Video
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Working Conditions Workers are reduced to wage earners

(free labor).

Skilled artisans become obsolete.

Seasons are replaced by hours Luddites protest early machines/factories.

Sabot = sabotage


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Early SPREAD of Industrialization

Great Britain Forbid the export of machinery,

techniques or workers

Samuel Slater smuggled himself to

America in 1789 and built textilemachinery from memory of hisapprenticeship.

Continental Europe & North America

Kidnapped, bribed and smuggled workersand information

Got drunks and other second ratespecialists


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Early SPREAD of Industrialization Belgium

Second to industrialize

Made glass and weapons

France Revolution slowed industrialization

Napoleon helped by abolishing internal trade barriers and guilds Specialized in textiles, metallurgy and railroads

Germany Bismarck favored heavy industry

Huge conglomerate businesses like Krupp form

United States Both capital and specialists come from Europe

Specialize in iron, textiles (cotton), steamships and railroads
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Industrial Capitalism

Mass Production Standardization causes falling prices

Interchangeable parts: Eli Whitney (guns)

Subdivision of Labor: Henry Fords conveyor

system (a car every 90 minutes)

Big Business

Joint Stock Companies

Corporation Many investors with limited liability

Banks grow to meet demand


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Monopolies: Unregulated Capitalism

Trusts:

Vertical Monopoly: controls all aspects ofproduction, like Standard Oil that owned the

oil from the well to the pump. Horizontal Monopoly: controls one aspect of

production so all companies that deal withthat aspect must pay their price, like DeBeers

Diamonds

Cartels:

Companies that work together to fix prices

Designed to limit or eliminate competition


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Industrial Society

Benefits: Inexpensive goods

(washing machines,cars, clothing-

underwear) Rising standard of

living (food prices

drop) Population growth

(1000% in N.America)


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Industrial Society Demographic Transition

Shifting patterns of fertility and mortality Fertility drops

Birth control

Cost of raising children is high

More children survive to adulthood

Population growth slows

Demographic stability is achieved (birth

nearly the same as deaths)


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Industrial Society

Urbanization

Industrial nations become predominantlyurban

Sewers improve sanitation

Less disease like TB, cholera and typhus in areaswith sewers

Parks Pollution

Police
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Industrial Society

Migration

Millions to North andSouth America

Different reasons formigration

Political (Germans)

Economic (Irish)

Social (Jews, CatholicBritish)

Italians returned toItaly in large numbers

Over 90% of Chinesereturn to China
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New Social Classes

Slavery ends Slaves could not afford goods being

produced, wage laborers spent money ongoods they made

Middle Class Became larger and more economically and

politically powerful than privileged class

Demands police forces

Working Class

Demands political influence, takes HolyMondays attends fights and baseball


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Industrial Society

Family Men

Gained status as wages increased Enjoyed reading books for leisure

Women Worked less at home Middle class women show class by not working Middle class demand servants Careers limited to semi-professionals, give up work when

married

Children Must work to survive Sensational abuse 1840s Parliamentary laws begin to address abuse

material effects of industrialization test

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