mastering tort lawchapter 11 · wrongful death and survival 143 roadmap 143 i. history of wrongful...

Mastering Tort Law

weaver et al mt last pages.indb 1 7/25/16 9:45 AM

Carolina Academic Press Mastering SeriesRussell Weaver, Series Editor

Mastering Administrative LawWilliam R. Andersen

Mastering Adoption Law and PolicyCynthia Hawkins DeBose

Mastering Alternative Dispute ResolutionKelly M. Feeley, James A. Sheehan

Mastering American Indian LawAngelique Wambdi EagleWoman, Stacy L. Leeds

Mastering Appellate Advocacy and Process, Revised PrintingDonna C. Looper, George W. Kuney

Mastering Art LawHerbert Lazerow

Mastering BankruptcyGeorge W. Kuney

Mastering Civil Procedure, Second EditionDavid Charles Hricik

Mastering Constitutional Law, Second EditionJohn C. Knechtle, Christopher J. Roederer

Mastering Contract LawIrma S. Russell, Barbara K. Bucholtz

Mastering Corporate TaxReginald Mombrun, Gail Levin Richmond, Felicia Branch

Mastering Corporations and Other Business Entities, Second EditionLee Harris

Mastering Criminal Law, Second EditionEllen S. Podgor, Peter J. Henning, Neil P. Cohen

Mastering Criminal Procedure, Volume 1: The Investigative Stage, Second Edition

Peter J. Henning, Andrew Taslitz, Margaret L. Paris, Cynthia E. Jones, Ellen S. Podgor

Mastering Criminal Procedure, Volume 2: The Adjudicatory Stage, Second Edition

Peter J. Henning, Andrew Taslitz, Margaret L. Paris, Cynthia E. Jones, Ellen S. Podgor

Mastering Elder Law, Second EditionRalph C. Brashier


Mastering Employment Discrimination LawPaul M. Secunda, Jeffrey M. Hirsch

Mastering EvidenceRonald W. Eades

Mastering Family LawJanet Leach Richards

Mastering Income TaxChristopher M. Pietruszkiewicz, Gail Levin Richmond

Mastering Intellectual PropertyGeorge W. Kuney, Donna C. Looper

Mastering Labor LawPaul M. Secunda, Anne Marie Lofaso, Joseph E. Slater, Jeffrey M. Hirsch

Mastering Legal Analysis and CommunicationDavid T. Ritchie

Mastering Legal Analysis and DraftingGeorge W. Kuney, Donna C. Looper

Mastering Negotiable Instruments (UCC Articles 3 and 4) and Other Payment Systems

Michael D. Floyd

Mastering Partnership TaxationStuart Lazar

Mastering Products LiabilityRonald W. Eades

Mastering Professional Responsibility, Second EditionGrace M. Giesel

Mastering Property Law, Revised PrintingDarryl C. Wilson, Cynthia Hawkins DeBose

Mastering Secured Transactions: UCC Article 9, Second EditionRichard H. Nowka

Mastering Statutory Interpretation, Second EditionLinda D. Jellum

Mastering Tort Law, Second EditionRussell L. Weaver, Edward C. Martin, Andrew R. Klein,

Paul J. Zwier, II, John H. Bauman

Mastering Trademark and Unfair Competition LawLars S. Smith, Llewellyn Joseph Gibbons

Mastering Trusts and EstatesGail Levin Richmond, Don Castleman


Mastering Tort Law

Second Edition

Russell L. WeaverProfessor of Law & Distinguished University Scholar

University of Louisville, Louis D. Brandeis School of Law

Edward C. MartinProfessor of Law

Samford University, Cumberland School of Law

Andrew R. KleinPaul E. Beam Professor of Law &

Chief of Staff for the Office of the Chancellor Indiana University School of Law — Indianapolis

Paul J. Zwier, IIProfessor of Law

Emory University School of Law

John H. Bauman

Professor of Law South Texas College of Law

Carolina Academic Press

Durham, North Carolina


Copyright © 2016Carolina Academic Press, LLC

All Rights Reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Weaver, Russell L., 1952- author.Title: Mastering tort law / Russell L. Weaver [and four others].Description: Second Edition. | Durham, North Carolina : Carolina Academic Press, [2016] | Series: Mastering series | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2016027275 | ISBN 9781611634419 (alk. paper)Subjects: LCSH: Torts--United States. | Liability (Law)--United States. | Damages--United States.Classification: LCC KF1250 .M328 2016 | DDC 346.7303--dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016027275

Carolina Academic Press, LLC700 Kent Street

Durham, North Carolina 27701Telephone (919) 489-7486

Fax (919) 493-5668www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America


To Ben, Kate and Laurence, with love,RLW

To Susan with love, and to all of my current and former Torts students who have made teaching this subject such a joy!

ECM

To Diane, Timothy & Jason, ARK

To my Torts students, and to Marlene with Love. PJZ

To Kathee, and to Mary, Hannah and Clare, JHB


ix

Contents

Table of Cases xixTable of Restatement References xxvSeries Editor’s Foreword xxvii

Chapter 1 · Introduction 3

Chapter 2 · Intentional Interference with Person or Property 5Roadmap 5I. Basic Definition 6

A. Intent and Motive Distinguished 9B. Children and the Mentally Challenged 11C. Transferred Intent 12

II. Interference with the Person 14A. Assault 14B. Battery 16C. False Imprisonment 18D. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress 23

III. Interference with Property 25A. Trespass to Land 26B. Trespass to Chattels 28C. Conversion 29

Checkpoints 30

Chapter 3 · Defenses to Intentional Torts 33Roadmap 33I. Consent 34

A. Express Consent 34B. Implied Consent 35C. Medical Consent Cases: Battery vs. “Informed Consent” 36D. Sporting Events 37E. Summary Outline of Consent 38


x CONTENTS

II. Self- Defense 39III. Defense of Property 40

A. Fresh Pursuit 41B. Abusive Tactics 42

IV. Necessity 42Checkpoints 44

Chapter 4 · Negligence 47Roadmap 47I. Introduction 47II. Duty 48

A. The Reasonably Prudent Person Standard 49B. The Duty Standard for Children 50C. The Duty Standard for Professionals 52D. The Duty Standard for Land Owners and Occupiers 52

III. Breach of Duty 52A. Risk- Utility Balancing Test 52B. Evidence of Custom 54C. Negligence Per Se 55D. Res Ipsa Loquitur 57

Checkpoints 58

Chapter 5 · Cause in Fact 61Roadmap 61I. Introduction: The Essential Link 61II. “But For” Test 62III. Substantial Factor Test 63IV. Allocation of Harms to Causes 64V. Proof of Causation 65VI. Loss of Chance, or “The Doctor Did It” 66VII. Statistical Proof 67Checkpoints 68

Chapter 6 · Proximate Cause 69Roadmap 69I. Introduction: The Issue 69II. Direct Cause Test 70III. Foreseeability as a Limitation on Duty:

The Unforeseeable Plaintiff 72IV. The “Risk Rule” 74


CONTENTS xi

V. The Thin- Skulled Plaintiff: Extent of Harm 76VI. Intervening and Superseding Causes

and the Risk Rule: The Basics 77VII. Within the Risk? Coping with Defendant’s Negligence 78VIII. Within the Risk? Superseding Causes 79Checkpoints 81

Chapter 7 · Multiple Tortfeasors 83Roadmap 83I. Joint and Several Liability 83II. Indeterminate Causation 85III. Indemnity and Contribution 87

A. Indemnity 87B. Contribution 88

Checkpoints 89

Chapter 8 · Compensatory and Punitive Damages 91Roadmap 91I. Pecuniary Damages 92II. Non- Pecuniary Damages 93III. The Movement to Cap Damage Awards 96IV. The Collateral Source Rule 97V. Punitive Damages 97VI. Statutory Reform 103Checkpoints 103

Chapter 9 · Limited Duty 105Roadmap 105I. No Duty to Act (Non- Feasance Versus Mis- Feasance) 106II. Exceptions to the “No- Duty” (Non- Feasance) Rule 108

A. Where Defendant’s Initial Negligence Imperils a Rescuer 108B. Where Defendant Voluntarily Assumes a Duty 109C. Where Some Type of “Special Relationship” Exists

Between the Plaintiff and the Defendant 110III. Public Versus Private Duties 112

A. The “Public Duty” Rule 113B. Voluntarily Assumed Public Duties 114

IV. Contractual Limitations on Duty 115V. Negligent Infliction of Purely Emotional Distress Injuries 115


xii CONTENTS

A. Purely Emotional Distress Injuries Inflicted upon Direct Victims of Tortious Misconduct 115

B. Purely Emotional Distress Injuries Inflicted upon Bystanders 117

Checkpoints 120

Chapter 10 · Premises Liability: Duties of Owners and Occupiers of Land 123

Roadmap 123I. Historical Background 124II. “Conditions” Versus “Activities” on the Land 126III. Common Law Categories of Entrants 127

A. Trespassers 128B. Licensees 128C. Invitees 129

IV. Exceptions to the Common Law Category Classifications 130A. Child Trespassers 131B. “Discovered” Trespassers 132C. Fire- fighters 133D. Social Guests 134E. Recreational Premises 135

V. Modifications to Common Law Category Classifications 136VI. Lessors 138VII. Conclusion 139Checkpoints 140

Chapter 11 · Wrongful Death and Survival 143Roadmap 143I. History of Wrongful Death and Survival 143II. Wrongful Death 146

A. Statutory 146B. Bases of Claims 146C. Proper Party Plaintiff 147D. Recovery of Damages 148E. Distribution of Awards 150

III. Survival 151A. Statutory 151B. Bases of Claims 151C. Proper Party Plaintiffs 152D. Recovery of Damages 152


CONTENTS xiii

E. Distribution of Awards 154Checkpoints 155

Chapter 12 · Defenses to Negligence 157Roadmap 157I. Defenses Based on Plaintiff ’s Conduct 157

A. Common Law Contributory Negligence 1571. The “Last Clear Chance” Doctrine 1582. Assumption of the Risk as a Bar to an

Employer’s Negligence 161B. Comparative Negligence 162C. Common Law Assumption of the Risk 167

1. Express Assumption of the Risk 1682. Implied Assumption of the Risk 170

D. Implied Assumption of the Risk under a Comparative Fault System 1711. “Reasonable” Versus “Unreasonable” Implied

Assumption of the Risk. 1712. “Primary” Versus “Secondary” Implied

Assumption of the Risk. 173II. Non- Conduct Defenses, Limitations, and Immunities:

Statutes of Limitation and Repose 175A. Accrual 175B. Immunities 178

1. Family Immunities 1782. Charitable Immunity 1813. Governmental (Federal, State, and Municipal) Immunity 1814. Federal Immunity 185

Checkpoints 188

Chapter 13 · Vicarious Liability 191Roadmap 191I. Respondeat Superior 193

A. Scope of Employment 1941. The “ Going and Coming” Rule 1952. “Frolics” versus “Detours” 1963. Intentional Torts and the “Dual Purpose” Test 198

B. Punitive Damages 200C. Direct versus Indirect Liability 201

II. In de pen dent Contractors 203


xiv CONTENTS

III. Joint Enterprises and Joint Ventures 206Checkpoints 208

Chapter 14 · Common Law Strict Liability 213Roadmap 213I. Common Law Strict Liability 213

A. Wild Animals and Domestic Animals Known to Be Dangerous 213

B. Livestock 215C. Abnormally Dangerous Activities —

Rylands v. Fletcher 216II. The Restatement and Strict Liability 218

A. Historical Background 218B. Posner and Factor (f) 220

Checkpoints 223

Chapter 15 · Nuisance 225Roadmap 225I. Public Nuisance 226

A. Types of Claims 226B. Bases of Claims 227C. Proper Party Plaintiff 228D. Private Action for Public Nuisance 229

II. Private Nuisance 230A. Types of Claims 230B. Bases of Liability 233C. Substantial Harm 234D. Remedies 235

1. Damages 2352. Injunctions 236

E. Defenses Consistent with Basis of Claim 2381. Intent 2382. Negligence 2393. Strict Liability 2394. Moving to the Nuisance 2405. Self- Help to Abate a Nuisance 241

Checkpoints 242

Chapter 16 · Products Liability 245Roadmap 245


CONTENTS xv

I. Historical Background: Identifying the Policy Issues 246A. Negligence Escapes the Privity Limitation 248B. The Policy Argument for Strict Liability in Tort:

The Escola Concurrence 249C. Breach of Implied Warranty and the Limits of Contract 251

II. Modern Product Liability Begins 252A. Defect: Manufacturing Defect 252B. Defect: Design Defect 253C. Defect: Failure to Warn 258D. Unavoidably Dangerous Products:

Prescription Drugs and Medical Devices 260III. The Cast of Potential Defendants: Who Is a Seller? 261IV. The Economic Loss Limitation 264V. The Plaintiff ’s Conduct 265Checkpoints 267

Chapter 17 · Defamation 269Roadmap 269I. Common Law Definitions 269II. Truth and Other Defenses 274III. The Constitutionalization of Defamation 275Checkpoints 282

Chapter 18 · Invasion of Privacy 285Roadmap 285I. Appropriation 286II. Intrusion on Plaintiff ’s Seclusion or Solitude 288III. Public Disclosure of Private Embarrassing Facts 290IV. False Light 293Checkpoints 295

Chapter 19 · Civil Rights 297Roadmap 297I. Tort Claims for Civil Rights Violations 297II. Basic Common Law Claims 298III. Constitutional and Statutory Claims 302

A. Constitutional Claims 303B. Statutory Claims 305C. Damages 308

Checkpoints 310


xvi CONTENTS

Chapter 20 · Misuse of Legal Pro cess 311Roadmap 311I. Malicious Prosecution (of a Criminal Action) 312

A. Criminal Prosecution Initiated by the Defendant 313B. Lack of “Probable Cause” for the Criminal Prosecution 314C. Common Law Malice by the Defendant 315D. Termination of the Prosecution in Favor of the Accused 317E. Special Damages 317F. Special Defenses to the Tort of Malicious Prosecution 318

II. Malicious Prosecution (of a Civil Action) 319III. Abuse of Pro cess 321

A. Issuance of Some Type of Legal Pro cess 322B. An Ulterior Purpose by the Defendant 322C. Damages 324

IV. Misuse of Legal Pro cess 324Checkpoints 325

Chapter 21 · Misrepresentation 327Roadmap 327I. Basic Ele ments 328

A. False Repre sen ta tion 328B. Material Fact 331C. Scienter 334D. Proper Party Plaintiff When Plaintiff

Was Recipient of Statement 335E. Proper Party Plaintiff When Plaintiff Was a Third Party 336F. Intent to Cause Reliance 337G. Justifiable Reliance 337

II. Damages 338Checkpoints 341

Chapter 22 · Business Torts 343Roadmap 343I. Intentional Interference with a Contract 344

A. General Nature of the Tort 344B. Justification 347C. Interference with Own Contract 348

II. Wrongful Discharge 349III. Intentional Interference with a

Prospective Economic Advantage 350


CONTENTS xvii

A. General Nature of the Claim 350B. Gifts or Inheritance 352C. “At Will” Contracts 353D. Justification 353

IV. Interference with Evidence 354V. Negligent Interference with Business Relationship 354VI. Bad Faith in Insurance Contracts 355VII. Common Law Intellectual Property 358VIII. Unfair Trade and Competition 360

A. “Passing Off” 361B. Copyright 362C. Patent 362D. Right of Publicity 363

Checkpoints 365

Mastering Tort Law Checklist 367

Index 391


xix

Table of Cases

Adams v. Alabama Lime & Stone Corp. 142 So. 424 (1932), 274

Aguehounde v. District of Columbia, 666 A.2d 443 (D.C. 1995), 184

Ainsworth v. Century Supply Co. 693 N.E.2d 510 (Ill. App. Ct. 1998), 287

Alamo Nat’l Bank v. Kraus, 616 S.W.2d 908 (Tex. 1981), 204

Anaya v. Superior Court, 93 Cal. Rptr. 2d 228 (Cal. Ct. App. 2000), 79

Anderson v. Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie. Ry., 179 N.W. 45 (Minn. 1920), 63

Bagley v. Insight Commc’ns Co., 658 N.E.2d 584 (Ind. 1995), 206

Baldwin v. Gartman, 604 So. 2d 347 (Ala. 1992), 127

Banks v. Nordstrom, 787 P.2d 953 (Wash. Ct. App. 1990), 314

Barr v. Matteo, 360 U.S. 564 (1959), 274

Bartnicki v. Vopper, 532 U.S. 514 (2002), 292

Beauharnais v. Illinois, 343 U.S. 250 (1952), 275

Bello v. Random House, Inc., 422 S.W.2d 339 (Mo. 1967), 272

Bennett v. Hymers, 147 A.2d 108 (N.H. 1958), 179

Beresford v. Starsky, 571 N.E.2d 1257 (Ind. 1991), 135

Bird v. Holbrook, 4 Bing. 628, 130 Eng. Rep. 911, 40

Birwood Paper Co. v. Damsky, 229 So. 2d 514 (Ala. 1969), 319

Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the FBI, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), 304–307

BMW v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559 (1996), 99

Bonte v. Bonte, 616 A.2d 464 (N.H. 1992), 179

Borders v. Board of Trustees, VFW Clubs 2875, Inc., 500 S.E. 2d 362 (Ga. App. 1998), 170

Bradley v. Appalachian Power Co., 256 S.E.2d 879 (W. Va. 1979), 162–163

Brauer v. New York Cent. & Hud-son River R.R. Co., 103 A. 166 (1918), 81

Braun v. Armour & Co., 173 N.E. 845 (N.Y. 1939), 270

Brown v. Superior Court, 751 P.2d 470 (Cal. 1988), 260

Burton v. Crowell Publ’g Co., 82 F.2d 154 (2d Cir. 1936), 271


xx TABLE OF CASES

Butterfield v. Forester, 103 Eng. Rep. 926 (K.B. 1809), 157

Byrne v. Boadle, 159 Eng. Rep. 299 (Exch. 1863), 57

Cain v. Hearst Corp., 878 S.W.2d 577 (Tex. 1994), 293

Cambridge Water Co. v. Eastern Counties Leather PLC, 1 All E.R. 53 (H.L. 1994), 223

Canterbury v. Spence, 464 F.2d 772 (D.C. Cir. 1972), 37

Cantrell v. Forest City Publ’g Co., 419 U.S. 245 (1974), 294

Carolina C. & O. Ry. v. Hill, 89 S.E. 902 (Va. 1916), 84

Carter v. Innisfree Hotel, Inc., 661 So. 2d 1174 (Ala. 1995), 290

Chapman v. Craig, 431 N.W.2d 770 (Iowa 1988), 133

Cintrone v. Hertz Truck Leasing, 212 A.2d 769 (N.J. 1965), 263

Colyer v. Richard K. Fox Publ’g Co., 146 N.Y.S. 999 (1914), 287

Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leather-man Tool Group, Inc., 532 U.S. 424 (2001), 100

Cox Broad. Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U.S. 469 (1975), 291, 292

Crown v. John Peter Zenger, [1735] 17 How. St. Tr. 675, 270

Cuffy v. City of New York, 505 N.E.2d 937 (N.Y. 1987), 182

Cullip v. Domann, 972 P.2d 776 (Kan. 1999), 206

Curtis Publ’g Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130 (1967), 278

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharma-ceuticals, Inc., 43 F.3d 1311 (9th Cir. 1995), 67

Davies v. Mann, 152 Eng. Rep. 588 (1842), 158

Delaney v. Towmotor Corp., 339 F.2d 4 (2d Cir. 1964), 263

Derdiarian v. Felix Contracting Corp. 414 N.E.2d 666 (N.Y. 1980), 77

Dietemann v. Time, Inc., 284 F. Supp. 925 (C.D. Cal. 1968), 288

Dillon v. Legg, 441 P.2d 912 (Cal. 1963), 119

Dillon v. Twin State Gas & Elec. Co., 163 A. 111 (N.H. 1932), 64

Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Green-moss Builders, Inc., 472 U.S. 749 (1985), 282

Dzionski v. Babineau, 380 N.E.2d 1295 (Mass. 1978), 119

Eilers v. Coy, 582 F. Supp. 1093 (1984), 36

Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 150 P.2d 436 (Cal. 1944), 249

Farwell v. Keaton, 240 N.W.2d 219 (Mich. 1976), 111

Faul v. Jelco, Inc., 595 P.2d 1035 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1979), 196

Fleming v. Kings Ridge Recreation Park, Inc., 525 N.Y.S.2d 866 (N.Y. App. Div. 1988), 65

Florence v. Goldberg, 375 N.E.2d 763 (N.Y. 1978), 114

The Florida Star v. B.J.F. 491 U.S. 524 (1989), 292

Forster v. Manchester, 189 A.2d 147 (Pa. 1963), 288

Friedman v. Dozorc, 312 N.W.2d 585 (Mich. 1981), 321

Fruit v. Schreiner, 502 P.2d 133 (Alaska 1972), 194


TABLE OF CASES xxi

Galella v. Onassis, 487 F.2d 986 (2d Cir. 1973), 290

Garcia v. Texas Instruments, Inc., 610 S.W.2d 456 (Tex. 1980), 176

Garratt v. Dailey, 279 P. 2d 1091 (Wash. 1955), 10

Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64 (1964), 276, 277

Georgia v. Tennessee Copper Co., 206 U.S. 230 (1907), 237

Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323 (1974), 275, 279

Gladdon v. Greater Cleveland Reg’l Transit Auth., 662 N.E.2d 287 (Ohio 1996), 133

Gorris v. Scott, L.R. 9 Ex. 125 (1874), 55

Green v. Chicago Tribune Co., 675 N.E.2d 249 (Ill. App. Ct. 1996), 291

Greenman v. Yuba Power Prods., 377 P.2d 879 (Cal. 1963), 252

Griffith v. George Transfer & Rigging, Inc., 201 S.E.2d 281 (W. Va. 1973), 194

Guillen v. Smith, 19 Johns. 381 (N.Y. 1822), 221

Hall v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 345 F. Supp. 353 (E.D.N.Y. 1972), 85

Hamberger v. Eastman, 206 A.2d 239 (N.H. 1964), 290

Hambright v. First Baptist Church-Eastwood, 638 So. 2d 865 (Ala. 1994), 134

Harkey v. Abate, 346 N.W.2d 74 (Mich. 1983), 289, 290

Heaven v. Pender, 11 Q.B.D. 503 (1883), 48

Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc., 161 A.2d 69 (N.J. 1960), 252

Herman v. Markham Air Rifle Co., 258 F. 475 (E.D. Mich. 1918), 62

Herskovitz v. Group Health Coop. of Puget Sound, 664 P.2d 474 (Wash. 1983), 66

H.R. Moch Co. v. Rensselaer Water Co., 159 N.E. 896 (N.Y. 1928), 108, 110

Hughes v. Union Pac. R.R., 757 P.2d 1185 (Idaho 1988), 132

Hustler Magazine v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46 (1988), 272, 293

In re Polemis and Furness, Withy & Co., 3 K.B. 560 (C.A. 1921), 71

Indiana Harbor Belt R.R. Co. v. American Cyanamid Co., 916 F.2d 1174 (7th Cir. 1990), 220

Isaacs v. Huntington Memorial Hospital, 695 P.2d 653 (Cal. 1985), 80

Jones v. Hansen, 867 P.2d 303 (Kan. 1994), 138

Katko v. Briney, 183 N.W.2d 657 (Iowa 1971), 41

Kermac v. Compagnie Generale Translantique, 358 U.S. 625 (1959), 125

Knight v. Jewitt. 834 P.2d 696 (Cal. 1992), 171

Kuhn v. Account Control Tech., Inc. 865 F. Supp. 1443 (D. Nev. 1994), 291

Ladd v. Polidoro, 675 N.E.2d 382 (Mass. 1997), 323


xxii TABLE OF CASES

Laird v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 650 N.E. 2d 215 (Ill. App. Ct. 1994), 197

Landmark Commc’ns, Inc. v. Virginia, 435 U.S. 829 (1978), 292

Landrum v. Gonzalez, 629 N.E.2d 710, 715 (Ill. App. Ct. 1994), 38

Law v. Superior Court, 755 P.2d 1135 (Ariz. 1988), 166

Lega Siciliana Social Club v. St. Germaine, 825 A.2d 827 (Conn. App. Ct. 2003), 271

Li v. Yellow Cab Co., 532 P.2d 1226 (Cal. 1975), 172

Lumley v. Gye, 2 El. & Bl. 216, 118 Eng. Rep. 749 (1853), 346

Lundin v. Post Publ’g Co., 104 N.E. 480 (1914), 274

MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co, 111 N.E. 1050 (N.Y. 1916), 248

Madison v. Ducktown Sulphur, Copper & Iron Co., 83 S.W. 658 (1904), 237

Mark v. Seattle Times, 635 P.2d 1081 (Wash. 1981), 289

Marshall v. Nugent, 222 F.2d 604 (1st Cir. 1955), 79

McDaniel v. Atlanta Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 2 S.E.2d 810 (Ga. Ct. App. 1939), 288

McLain v. Boise Cascade Corp., 533 P.2d 343 (Or. 1975), 289

Midler v. Ford Motor Co., 849 F.2d 460 (9th Cir. 1988), 364

Milkovich v. Lorain Journal, 497 U.S. 1 (1990), 275

Miller v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 580 N.W.2d 233 (Wis. 1998), 48

Monitor Patriot Co. v. Roy, 401 U.S. 265 (1971), 278

Mounsey v. Ellard, 297 N.E.2d 43 (Mass. 1979), 138

Murphy v. Steeplechase Amuse-ment Co., 166 N.E. 173 (N.Y. 1929), 171

Nabonzy v. Barnhill, 334 N.E.2d 258 (Ill. App. Ct. 1975), 38

Neiman-Marcus v. Lait, 13 F.R.D. 311 (S.D.N.Y. 1952), 273

Nelson v. Krusen, 678 S.W.2d 918 (Tex. 1984), 177

Nelson v. Miller, 607 P.2d 438 (Kan. 1980), 320

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), 276, 316

Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. ___, 135 S. Ct. 2584, 192 L. Ed. 2d 609 (2015), 150

O’Brien v. Cunard Steamship Co., 28 N.E. 266 (Mass. 1891), 35

O’Brien v. Muskin, 463 A.2d 298 (N.J. 1983), 256

Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438 (1928), 285

Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Miller Steamship Co., [1967] 1 A.C. 617, 75

Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Morts Dock & Engineering Co., Ltd., [1961] A.C. 388, 74

Owens v. Kroger Co., 430 So. 2d 843 (Miss. 1984), 316

Pagelsdorf v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, 284 N.W.2d 55 (Wis. 1979), 139


TABLE OF CASES xxiii

Paine v. Gamble Stores, 279 N.W. 257 (Minn. 1938), 65

Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R., 162 N.E. 99 (N.Y. 1928), 72, 118

Peasley v. Puget Sound Tug & Barge Co., 125 P.2d 681 (Wash. 1942), 316

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Berosini, 895 P.2d 1269 (Nev. 1995), 365

Peterson v. Sorlien, 299 N.W.2d 123 (Minn. 1980), 36

Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v. Hepps, 475 U.S. 767 (1986), 281

Pinkerton Nat’l Detective Agency, Inc. v. Stevens, 132 S.E.2d 119 (Ga. 1963), 288

Ploof v. Putnam, 71 A. 188 (Vt. 1908), 42

Plummer v. Center Psychiatrists, Ltd., 476 S.E.2d 172 (Va. 1996), 199

Poulin v. Colby College, 402 A.2d 846 (Me. 1979), 138

Proxmire v. Hutchinson, 443 U.S. 157 (1979), 281

Roberts v. American Employers Ins. Co., 221 So. 2d 550 (La. Ct. App. 1969), 39

Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, Inc., 403 U.S. 29 (1971), 279

Rowland v. Christian, 443 P.2d 561 (Cal. 1968), 136

Russell v. Thomson Newspapers, Inc., 842 P.2d 896 (Utah 1992), 293

Ryan v. New York Central R.R. Co., 8 Tiffany 210 (N.Y. 1866), 70

Rylands v. Fletcher, (1868) 159 Eng. Rep. 737, 213, 216, 217, 219, 223, 224, 382

Salmeron v. Nava, 694 A.2d 709 (R.I. 1997), 207

Sanders v. Daniel Int’l Corp., 682 S.W.2d 803 (1984), 316

Seely v. White Motor Co., 403 P.2d 145 (Cal. 1965), 264

Shoemake v. Fogel, Ltd., A.T., 826 S.W. 2d 933 (Tex. 1992), 179

Siegler v. Kuhlman, 502 P.2d 1181 (Wash. 1972), 219

Silvia v. Building Inspector of W. Bridgewater, 621 N.E.2d 686 (Mass. App. Ct. 1993), 322

Simon v. San Paolo U.S. Holding Co., Inc., 35 Cal. 4th 1159 (2005), 103

Sinclair v. Okata, 874 F. Supp. 1051 (D. Alaska 1994), 214

Skinner v. Braum’s Ice Cream Store, 890 P.2d 922 (Okla. 1995), 196

Smith v. Daily Mail Publ’g Co., 435 U.S. 829 (1978), 292

Spade v. Lynn & Boston R.R., 168 Mass. 285 (1897), 116

St. Amant v. Thompson, 390 U.S. 64 (1968), 277

St. Joseph Hosp. v. Wolff, 94 S.W.3d 513 (Tex. 2002), 206

State v. Dooley, 26 S.W. 558 (Mo. 1894), 42

State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campell, 538 U.S. 408 (2003), 101

Steinhauser v. Hertz Corp., 421 F.2d 1169 (2d Cir. 1970), 76


xxiv TABLE OF CASES

Summers v. Tice, 199 P.2d 1 (Cal. 1948), 86

Tedla v. Ellman, 19 N.E.2d 987 (N.Y. 1939), 56

Thing v. La Chusa, 771 P.2d 814 (Cal. 1989), 120

Thomas v. Winchester, 6 N.Y. 397 (1852), 246, 247

Thompson v. County of Alameda, 614 P.2d 728 (Cal. 1980), 114

Time, Inc. v. Firestone, 424 U.S. 448 (1976), 280

Time, Inc. v. Hill, 385 U.S. 374 (1967), 294

The Florida Star v. B.J.F., 491 U.S. 524 (1989), 292

The T.J. Hooper, 60 F.2d 737 (2d Cir. 1932), 54

Toogood v. Spyring, [1834] 149 Eng. Rep. 1044, 275

Tunkl v. Regents of the University of California, 383 P.2d 441 (Cal. 1963), 169

Ultramares Corp. v. Touche, 174 N.E. 441 (N.Y. 1931), 336

United States v. Caltex (Philip-pines), Inc., 344 U.S. 149 (1952), 43

United States v. Carroll Towing, Co., 159 F.2d 169 (2d Cir. 1947), 53

Vandermark v. Ford Motor Co., 391 P.2d 168 (Cal 1964), 262

Varnish v. Best Medium Publ’g, 405 F.2d 608 (2d Cir. 1968), 294

Vaughan v. Menlove, 132 Eng. Rep. 490 (C.P. 1837), 49

Vincent v. Lake Erie, 124 N.W. 221 (Minn. 1910), 43

Wagner v. International Ry. Co., 133 N.E. 437 (N.Y. 1921), 109

Watson v. Kentucky & Indiana Bridge & R.R., 126 S.W. 146 (Ky. 1910), 80

Wegner v. Milwaukee Mutual Ins. Co., 479 N.W.2d 38 (Minn. 1991), 44

Williams v. Kuppenheimer Mfg. Co., 412 S.E.2d 897 (N.C. 1992), 315

Winterbottom v. Wright, 10 M. & W. 109, 152 Eng. Rep. 402 (Exch. 1842), 247

Winterstein v. Wilcom, 293 A.2d 821 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1972), 169

Wirtz v. Gillogly, 216 P. 3d 416 (Wash. App. 2009), 170

Wolf v. Ford, 644 A.2d 522 (Md. 1994), 168

Wolston v. Reader’s Digest Ass’n, 443 U.S. 111 (1979), 281

Yania v. Bigan, 155 A.2d 343 (Pa. 1959), 106

Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broad. Co., 433 U.S. 562 (1977), 287


xxv

Table of Restatement References

Restatement (Second) of Agency

Section 217C, 201 Section 220, 204 Section 228, 194 Section 235, 199 Section 237, 198Restatement (First) of Torts Section 314, 106 Section 519, 218, 220 Section 520, 218, 221-222 Section 564, 273Restatement (Second) of Torts Section 65, 39 Section 77, 40 Section 245, 199 Section 313, 118 Section 315, 111 Section 330, comment h, 134 Section 332, 129 Section 339, 131, 132 Section 342, 129 Section 402A, 252 Section 402A, comment f, 262 Section 402A, comment g, 254 Section 402A, comment i, 254 Section 402A, comment j, 259 Section 402A, comment k, 260 Section 402A, comment n, 265 Section 409, 203 Section 411, 205

Section 416, 205 Section 424, 205 Section 427, 204 Section 432, comment d, 65 Section 479, 160 Section 480, 160, 161 Section 506, 214 Section 519, 218, 220 Section 520, 218, 221 Section 520, comment f, 218 Section 559, comment e, 270 Section 577A, 274 Section 652A, 286, 287, 290 Section 652B, 286, 287, 290 Section 652C, 286, 287, 290 Section 652D, 286, 287, 290 Section 652E, 286, 287, 290, 293 Section 655, 314 Section 656, comment b, 319 Section 682, 323 Section 892, 34 Section 895E, 181 Section 909, 201Restatement (Third) of Torts:

Apportionment Of Liability Section 27, 84Restatement (Third) of Torts:

Liability for Physical Harm Section 3, comment d, 53 Section 5, comment c, 56 Section 10, 51


xxvi TABLE OF RESTATEMENT REFERENCES

Section 15, comment e, 57 Section 17, comment b, 58 Section 22, 214Restatement (Third) of Torts:

Products Liability Section 1, comment c, 262 Section 2, 253, 256 Section 2, comment f, 257

Section 2, comment j, 258 Section 2, comment m, 258 Section 2, comment p, 266 Section 5, 263 Section 6, 260 Section 8, 263 Section 17, 266


xxvii

Series Editor’s Foreword

The Carolina Academic Press Mastering Series is designed to provide you with a tool that will enable you to easily and efficiently “master” the sub-stance and content of law school courses. Throughout the series, the focus is on quality writing that makes legal concepts understandable. As a result, the series is designed to be easy to read and is not unduly cluttered with footnotes or cites to secondary sources.

In order to facilitate student mastery of topics, the Mastering Series includes a number of pedagogical features designed to improve learning and retention. At the beginning of each chapter, you will find a “Roadmap” that tells you about the chapter and provides you with a sense of the material that you will cover. A “Checkpoint” at the end of each chapter encourages you to stop and review the key concepts, reiterating what you have learned. Throughout the book, key terms are explained and emphasized. Finally, a “Master Checklist” at the end of each book reinforces what you have learned and helps you identify any areas that need review or further study.

We hope that you will enjoy studying with, and learning from, the Mas-tering Series.

Russell L. Weaver Professor of Law & Distinguished University Scholar University of Louisville, Louis D. Brandeis School of Law


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