mastering requirements management with use cases module 4:...
TRANSCRIPT
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IBM Software Group
®
Mastering Requirements Management with Use Cases Module 4: Analyze the Problem
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Objectives
Define “problem analysis” and its goal.Describe activities for problem analysis.
Identify the stakeholders.Gain agreement on the problem.Find actors and define system boundaries.Start development of the project Vision.Define a problem statement.Identify constraints on the project.Establish common vocabulary.
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Where Are We in the Requirements Discipline?
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Analyze the Problem: Activities and Artifacts
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Problem Analysis
Is the process of understanding real-world problems, how they relate to stakeholder needs, and proposing solutions to meet those needs.What is the goal of problem analysis?
Gain a better understanding before development begins.Identify root causes.Help find the right solution.• Avoid the “Yes, but…”
Minimize extra work.What is the real
problem?
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Gause & Weinberg, 1989
Definition of a ProblemA problem can be defined as the difference between
things as perceived and things as desired.
(Problem)
perceived desired
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Problem Analysis Steps
Identify stakeholders.Understand the root causes.Gain agreement on the problem definition.Identify constraints on the system or project.Identify and validate the solution against the root causes.Define the solution system boundary.
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Elicit Requirements
Expand stakeholder list for solution.
Problem Analysis Roadmap
Choose the best solution(s) to meet the goals.
Best solution identified
Problem validated/adjusted
Business problem defined Actual problem identifiedand defined
Identify stakeholders for problem. Root cause analysis.
Reassess that the solution idea is the best solution.
Understand the problem in the context of the business goals.
Business Problem
Solution idea or
Opportunity
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Stakeholders: Definitions
Stakeholder An individual who is materially affected by the outcome of the system or the project(s) producing the system.
Stakeholder RepresentativeA stakeholder representative represents one or more stakeholders. They are directly involved in the steering, shaping, and scoping of the project.
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Identify the Stakeholders
Each group of stakeholders needs a representative.Not all stakeholder groups need to be consulted.
Some will provide requirements.• Customers, users, system administrators
Some may not provide requirements.• Shareholders
Who are some of the stakeholders for your projects?
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Describe Stakeholders in the Vision DocumentRegistrarStakeholder
NoneComments/ Concerns
Management reviewer – especially related to functionality and usability of features required by the Registrar staff.
Deliverables
The registrar’s primary responsibility will be maintaining student and professor databases, and opening/closing courses to registration.The registrar’s office will also be required to perform…..
Involvement
The registrar’s primary responsibility will be maintaining student and professor databases, and opening/closing courses to registration.The registrar’s office will also be required to perform ….
Success Criteria
The Registrar is responsible for administering course registration for each school term. This includes supervising administrative and data entry personnel.
Responsibilities
The Registrar is typically a college-educated professional with full computer skills. The Registrar is trained and experienced with the use of the current batch-oriented registration .
TypeUserDescriptionKelly HansenRepresentative
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What Is the Problem Behind the Problem? Fishbone Diagram Techniques
List contributing causes to the identified problem.Keep asking “Why?” (expand each rib).
The perceived business problem.
No Banking at night
Too much waiting
Want Privacy
when banking Customers are dissatisfied
with our service.
Bankin
g in a
irport
s
Want m
ore ba
nking
locati
ons
Queue
s in t
he
branc
hes a
re too
long
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Problem Analysis – Validating a Solution
List the reasons why the solution is the right solution.Keep asking “Why?” (expand each rib).
No Banking at night
Too much waiting
Customers are
dissatisfied with
our service
We need ATMs.
Bankin
g in a
irport
s
Want m
ore ba
nking
locati
ons
Queue
s in t
he
branc
hes a
re too
long
The perceived solution to some
ill-defined problem.
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Ben
efit
Ben
efit
EffortEffort20%20%
80%80%
Focus on Largest Contributors - Pareto’s Law
Rank in order. Use the 80-20 Rule to focus on the top contributing causes to address the greatest portion of the problem.
20% of the effort yields 80% of the
benefit.
20% of the effort yields 80% of the
benefit.
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Understand the Broader Context of the Problem
A lack of understanding the business and its goals increases risk.Does the problem have an organization/process component?Does the team understand the domain in which the problem exists?Does solving the problem present the opportunity to make process improvements?
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Business Modeling and Requirements DisciplinesThe connection between disciplines.
Business Modeling Requirements
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Business Models
Model organization structure and dynamics.Business processesOrganizational structureRoles and responsibilities
Visualize the organization and its processes. Help understand current problems.Identify potential improvements.Derive and validate system requirements needed to support the organization.
ProductsDeliveriesEvents
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Describe the Problem in the Vision Document
User Documentation Specifications
Design Specifications
StakeholderRequests
Vision Document
SupplementarySpecificationUse-Case Model
Problem Definition
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Vision Document
Communicates information between management, marketing, and the project team.Provides initial customer feedback.Fosters general understanding of the product. Establishes scope and priority of high-level stakeholder requests and features.A system-level document that describes the “what” and “why” of the product.
A document that gets “all parties working from the same book.”
Vision
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Vision Document Outline
1. Introduction2. Positioning3. Stakeholder and User Descriptions 4. Product Overview5. Product Features6. Constraints 7. Quality Ranges8. Precedence and Priority9. Other Product Requirements10. Documentation Requirements11. Appendix 1 - Feature Attributes
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Gain Agreement on the Problem Definition
Problem Statement
Vision
The problem of (describe the problem)
affects (the stakeholders affected by the problem)
the impact of which is
(what is the impact of the problem)
a successful solution would
(list some key business benefits of a successful solution)
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Identify Constraints
Economic
Technical
Environmental
System
Political
Feasibility
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Identify the Best Business Solution
Identify a number of solutions for the main contributing problems.
Technical, non-technical, or both.Choose the ones that:
Best solve the root causes.Support the business’ goals.
Gather the requirements to implement the solution.
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Define the Solution System Boundary
MaintenanceCommunications Reports
New System
Other Systems
UsersLegacySystem
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Actors Help Define System Boundaries
PC
System boundary?
ServerPC
PC
PC
Is the client software part of the system or is the client an actor?
Server
User
PC
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Capture a Common Vocabulary
Define terms used in the project.Help prevent misunderstandings.
Glossary
Capture common vocabulary
• Start as soon as possible.
• Continue throughout the project.
RUCS2: Glossary
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Visualize the Glossary With a Domain Model
Trade Customer Trading Acct. Transaction1..2 11..* *
Market transaction TransferLimit Transaction
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Review: Analyze the Problem
1. What are the activities in problem analysis?2. How do you gain agreement on the
problem?3. Who are the stakeholders in your project?4. How can actors be used to help determine
the boundaries of a system?5. Why is it important to establish a glossary?6. What should be included in a problem
statement?