mass space shuttle phases: wikipedia. thank you

8/8/2019 Mass Space Shuttle Phases: Wikipedia. Thank you.

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Mass

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For other uses, seeMass (disambiguation).

Classical mechanics

Newton's Second Law

History of classical mechanics

Timeline of classical

mechanics

[show]Branches

[show]Formulations

[hide]Fundamental

concepts

Space Time Velocity

Speed Mass

Acceleration Gravity

Force Impulse Torque/

Moment/Couple

Momentum Angular

momentum Inertia

Moment of inertia

Reference frame Energy

Kinetic energy Potential

energy Mechanical work Virtual work D'Alembert's

principle

[show]Core topics

[show]Scientists
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vde

Not to be confused withmatter.

This article is about the scientific concept. For the Liturgical Mass, seeMass (liturgy).

Inphysics,mass (fromAncient Greek: ) commonly refers to any of three properties ofmatter, which have been shown experimentally to be equivalent:

Inertial mass, active gravitational massand passive gravitational mass.

Mass must be distinguished from matter in physics, however, sincematteris a poorly-defined

concept, and although all types of agreed-uponmatterexhibit mass, it is also the case that manytypes ofenergywhich are not mattersuch aspotential energy,kinetic energy, and trapped

electromagnetic radiation(photons)also exhibit mass. Thus, all matter has the property of

mass, but not all mass is associated with identifiable matter.

In everyday usage, Mass is often taken to meanweight, but in scientific use, they refer to

different properties.

The inertial mass of an object determines itsaccelerationin the presence of an applied force.According toNewton's second law of motion, if a body of fixed mass m is subjected to a force F,

its acceleration a is given by F/m.

A body's mass also determines the degree to which it generates or is affected by a gravitationalfield. If a first body of mass m1 is placed at a distance rfrom a second body of mass m2, each

body experiences an attractive force Fwhose magnitude is

where G is theuniversal constant of gravitation, equal to 6.671011

kg1

m3

s2

. This issometimes referred to as gravitational mass (when a distinction is necessary,Mis used to denote

the active gravitational mass and m the passive gravitational mass). Repeated experiments since

the 17th century have demonstrated that inertial and gravitational mass are equivalent; this is

entailed in theequivalence principleofgeneral relativity.

Special relativityshows thatrest mass(orinvariant mass) andrest energyare essentiallyequivalent, via the well-known relationship (E= mc

2). This same equation also connects

relativistic massand "relativistic energy" (total system energy). These are concepts that are

related to their "rest" counterparts, but they do not have the same value, in systems where there is

a net momentum. In order to deduce any of these four quantities from any of the others, in anysystem which has a net momentum,an equation that takes momentum into accountis needed.
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Mass (so long as the type and definition of mass is agreed upon) is a conserved quantity over

time. From the viewpoint of any single unaccelerated observer, mass can neither be created ordestroyed, andspecial relativitydoes not change this understanding (though different observers

may not agree on how much mass is present, all agree that the amount does not change over

time). However, relativity adds the fact that all types of energy have an associated mass, and this

mass is added to systems when energy is added, and the associated mass is subtracted fromsystems when the energy leaves. In such cases, the energy leaving or entering the system carries

the added or missing mass with it, since this energy itself has mass. Thus, mass remains

conserved when the location of all mass is taken into account.

On the surface of the Earth, the weight Wof an object is related to its mass m by

where g is theEarth's gravitational field strength, equal to about 9.81 m s2

. An object's weight

depends on its environment, while its mass does not: an object with a mass of 50kilograms

weighs 491newtonson the surface of the Earth; on the surface of theMoon, the same object stillhas a mass of 50 kilograms but weighs only 81.5 newtons.

Contents

[hide]

1 Units of mass 2 Summary of mass concepts and formalisms 3 Summary of mass related phenomena 4 Weight and amount 5 Gravitational mass

o 5.1 Keplerian gravitational masso 5.2 Galilean gravitational fieldo 5.3 Newtonian gravitational mass

5.3.1 Newton's cannonball 5.3.2 Universal gravitational mass and amount

6 Inertial and gravitational masso 6.1 Inertial masso 6.2 Newtonian Gravitational masso 6.3 Equivalence of inertial and gravitational masses

7 Mass and energy in special relativity 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

[edit] Units of mass
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In theInternational System of Units(SI), mass is measured inkilograms(kg). Thegram(g) is11000 of a kilogram.

Other units are accepted for use in SI:

Thetonne(t) is equal to 1000 kg.

Theelectronvolt(eV) is primarily a unit ofenergy, but because of themass-energyequivalenceit can also function as a unit of mass. In this context it is denoted eV/c

2, or

simply as eV. The electronvolt is common inparticle physics.

Theatomic mass unit(u) is defined so that a singlecarbon-12atom has a mass of 12 u;1 u is approximately 1.6610

27kg.

[note 1]The atomic mass unit is convenient for

expressing the masses of atoms and molecules.

Outside the SI system, a variety of different mass units are used, depending on context, such as

theslug(sl), thepound(lb), thePlanck mass(mP), and thesolar mass(M).

In normal situations, the weight of an object is proportional to its mass, which usually makes itunproblematic to use the same unit for both concepts. However, thedistinction between mass

and weightbecomes important for measurements with a precision better than a few percent(because of slight differences in the strength of the Earth's gravitational field at different places),

and for places far from the surface of the Earth, such as in space or on other planets.

A mass can sometimes be expressed in terms of length. The mass of a very small particle may be

identified with its inverseCompton wavelength(1 cm1

3.521041

kg). The mass of a very

large star orblack holemay be identified with itsSchwarzschild radius(1 cm 6.731024

kg).

[edit] Summary of mass concepts and formalisms

Space Shuttle Phases

Inclassical mechanics, mass has a central role in determining the behavior of bodies.Newton's

second lawrelates theforceF exerted in a body of mass m to the body'saccelerationa:

1

Additionally, mass relates a body'smomentump to itsvelocityv:

0

and the body'skinetic energyEkto its velocity:

2

Inspecial relativity,relativistic massis a formalism which accounts for relativistic effects by

having the mass increase with velocity.
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ergy_equivalencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units


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02a

3

Since energy is dependent on reference frame (upon the observer) it is convenient to formulate

the equations of physics in a way such that mass values are invariant (do not change) betweenobservers, and so the equations are independent of the observer. For a single particle, thisquantity is the rest mass; for a system of bound or unbound particles, this quantity is the invariant

mass. The invariant mass m of a body is related to its energyEand the magnitude of its

momentump by

(1) Space Shuttle.

where c is thespeed of light.

Momentum (2)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to:navigation,searchThis article is about momentum in physics. For other uses, seeMomentum (disambiguation).

Classical mechanics

Newton's Second Law



mechanics

[show]Branches

[show]Formulations

[hide]Fundamental

concepts

Space Time Velocity

Speed Mass


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Moment/Couple

Momentum Angular

momentum Inertia

Moment of inertia



energy Mechanical work

Virtual work D'Alembert's

principle

[show]Core topics

[show]Scientists

vde

Momentum

SI symbol: p

SI unit: kg m/s

Conserved: yes

Derivations from other quantities: p =mv

p =m0v
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Title page of the 1st edition ofIsaac Newton'sPrincipiadefining thelaws of motion.

Inclassical mechanics,momentum(pl.momenta;SIunitkgm/s, or, equivalently,Ns) is theproduct of themassandvelocityof an object (p = mv). Inrelativistic mechanics, this quantity is

multiplied by theLorentz factor. Momentum is sometimes referred to as linear momentum to

distinguish it from the related subject ofangular momentum. Linear momentum is avectorquantity, since it has a direction as well as a magnitude. Angular momentum is a pseudovector

quantity because it gains an additional sign flip under animproper rotation. The total momentum

of any group of objects remains the same unless outside forces act on the objects (law ofconservation of momentum).

Momentum is aconservedquantity, meaning that the total momentum of anyclosed system(onenot affected by external forces) cannot change. Although originally expressed inNewton'sSecond Law, it also holds inspecial relativity, and with appropriate definitions a (generalized)

momentum conservation law holds inelectrodynamics,quantum mechanics,quantum field

theory, andgeneral relativity.

Contents

[hide]

1 History of the concept 2 Linear momentum of a particle 3 Linear momentum of a system of particles

o 3.1 Relating to mass and velocityo 3.2 Relating to force - General equations of motion

4 Conservation of linear momentumo 4.1 Elastic collisions

4.1.1 In one dimension
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meters_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meters_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_vectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_vectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_vectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improper_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improper_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improper_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#History_of_the_concepthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#History_of_the_concepthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Linear_momentum_of_a_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Linear_momentum_of_a_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Linear_momentum_of_a_system_of_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Linear_momentum_of_a_system_of_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Relating_to_mass_and_velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Relating_to_mass_and_velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Relating_to_force_-_General_equations_of_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Relating_to_force_-_General_equations_of_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Conservation_of_linear_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Conservation_of_linear_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Elastic_collisionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Elastic_collisionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#In_one_dimensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#In_one_dimensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newton-Principia-Mathematica_1-500x700.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newton-Principia-Mathematica_1-500x700.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#In_one_dimensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Elastic_collisionshtt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4.1.2 In multiple dimensionso 4.2 Perfectly inelastic collisionso 4.3 Coefficient of Restitutiono 4.4 Explosions

5 Modern definitions of momentumo 5.1 Momentum in relativistic mechanics

5.1.1 Four-vector formulation 5.1.2 Generalization of momentum

o 5.2 Momentum in quantum mechanicso 5.3 Momentum in electromagnetism

6 Analogies between heat, mass, and momentum transfer 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

[edit] History of the concept

Mmentum was not merely the motion, which was mtus, but was the power residing in a

moving object, captured by today's mathematical definitions. A mtus, "movement", was a stagein any sort of change,[1]while velocitas, "swiftness", captured onlyspeed. The concept of

momentum in classical mechanics was originated by a number of great thinkers and

experimentalists. The first of these was Byzantine philosopherJohn Philoponus, in hiscommentary toAristotles Physics. As regards the natural motion of bodies falling through a

medium, Aristotle's verdict that the speed is proportional to the weight of the moving bodies and

indirectly proportional to the density of the medium is disproved by Philoponus through appeal

to the same kind of experiment that Galileo was to carry out centuries later .[2]This idea wasrefined by the European philosophersPeter OliviandJean Buridan. Buridan referred toimpetus

being proportional to the weight times the speed.[3][4]

Moreover, Buridans theory was different

to his predecessors in that he did not consider impetus to be self dissipating, asserting that abody would be arrested by the forces of air resistance and gravity which might be opposing its

impetus.[5]

Ren Descartesbelieved that the total "quantity of motion" in the universe is conserved, where

the quantity of motion is understood as the product of size and speed. This should not be read as

a statement of the modern law of momentum, since he had no concept of mass as distinct fromweight and size, and more importantly he believed that it is speed rather than velocity that is

conserved. So for Descartes if a moving object were to bounce off a surface, changing itsdirection but not its speed, there would be no change in its quantity of motion.

[6]Galileo, later, in

hisTwo New Sciences, used theItalianword "impeto."

The question has been much debated as to whatIsaac Newtoncontributed to the concept. The

answer is apparently nothing, except to state more fully and with better mathematics what wasalready known. Yet for scientists, this was the death knell forAristotelian physicsand supported

other progressive scientific theories (i.e.,Kepler's laws of planetary motion). Conceptually, the
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um#cite_note-Nasr-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_impetushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Buridanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Olivihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philoponushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momentum&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Analogies_between_heat.2C_mass.2C_and_momentum_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Momentum_in_electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Momentum_in_quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Generalization_of_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Four-vector_formulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Momentum_in_relativistic_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Modern_definitions_of_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Explosionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Coefficient_of_Restitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#Perfectly_inelastic_collisionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum#In_multiple_dimensions


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first and second ofNewton's Laws of Motionhad already been stated byJohn Wallisin his 1670

work,Mechanica sive De Motu, Tractatus Geometricus: "the initial state of the body, either ofrest or of motion, will persist" and "If the force is greater than the resistance, motion will

result".[7]

Wallis uses momentum and vis for force. Newton'sPhilosophi Naturalis PrincipiaMathematica, when it was first published in 1687, showed a similar casting around for words to

use for the mathematical momentum. His Definition II

[8]

defines quantitas motus, "quantity ofmotion", as "arising from the velocity and quantity of matter conjointly", which identifies it as

momentum.[9]

Thus when in Law II he refers to mutatio motus, "change of motion", being

proportional to the force impressed, he is generally taken to mean momentum and not motion .[10]

It remained only to assign a standard term to the quantity of motion. The first use of

"momentum" in its proper mathematical sense is not clear but by the time of Jenning'sMiscellanea in 1721, four years before the final edition of Newton's Principia Mathematica,momentum M or "quantity of motion" was being defined for students as "a rectangle", the

product of Q and V, where Q is "quantity of material" and V is "velocity", s/t .[11]

Some languages, such asFrenchstill lack a single term for momentum, and use a phrase such as

the literal translation of "quantity of motion".

Time (3)


Jump to:navigation,searchFor other uses, seeTime (disambiguation).
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The flow ofsandin anhourglasscan be used to keep track of elapsed time. It also concretelyrepresents thepresentas being between thepastand thefuture.

Pocket watchesare used to keep track of time.

Time is a part of themeasuring systemused tosequenceevents, to compare thedurationsof

processesand theintervalsbetweenevents, and toquantifythemotionsofobjects. Time hasbeen a major subject ofreligion,philosophy, andscience, but defining it in a non-controversial

manner applicable to all fields of study has consistently eluded the greatest scholars.

Time is one of the seven fundamentalphysical quantitiesin theInternational System of Units.

Time is used to define other quantitiessuch asvelocityso defining time in terms of such

quantities would result incircularity of definition.[1]

Anoperational definitionof time, whereinone says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical event

(such as the passage of a free-swinging pendulum) constitutes one standard unit such as the

second, is highly useful in the conduct of both advanced experiments and everyday affairs of life.

The operational definition leaves aside the question whether there is something called time, apartfrom the counting activity just mentioned, that flows and that can be measured. Investigations of

a single continuum calledspacetimebring questions aboutspaceinto questions about time,

questions that have their roots in the works of early students ofnatural philosophy.

Among prominent philosophers, there are two distinct viewpoints on time. One view is that time

is part of the fundamental structure of theuniverse, adimensionin which events occur insequence.Sir Isaac Newtonsubscribed to thisrealistview, and hence it is sometimes referred to

asNewtonian time.[2][3]

Time travel, in this view, becomes a possibility as other "times" persist

like frames of a film strip, spread out across the time line. The opposing view is that time doesnot refer to any kind of "container" that events and objects "move through", nor to any entity that

"flows", but that it is instead part of a fundamental intellectual structure (together withspaceand

number) within which humans sequence and compare events. This second view, in the tradition

ofGottfried Leibniz[4]

andImmanuel Kant,[5][6]

holds that time is neither an event nor a thing,

and thus is not itself measurable nor can it be travelled.

Temporal measurement has occupied scientists andtechnologists, and was a prime motivation innavigationandastronomy. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for

units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the

moon, the swing of a pendulum, and the beat of a heart. Currently, the international unit of time,thesecond, is defined in terms of radiation emitted bycaesiumatoms (seebelow). Time is also
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stronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#History_of_time_measurement_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#History_of_time_measurement_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#History_of_time_measurement_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pocket_watch_with_chain.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pocket_watch_with_chain.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wooden_hourglass_3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#History_of_time_measurement_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-Mattey-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-Mattey-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibnizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibnizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-Rynasiewicz-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-Rynasiewicz-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_time_and_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_realismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-TrialogueP3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_quantitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(time)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_watchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourglasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand


11/18

of significant social importance, having economic value ("time is money") as well as personal

value, due to anawarenessof the limited time in each day and inhuman life spans.

Ray Cummings, an early writer of science fiction, wrote in 1922, "Time is what keeps

everything from happening at once",[7]

a sentence repeated by scientists such as C. J.

Overbeck,

[8]

andJohn Archibald Wheeler.

[9][10]

Gravitation (4)


Jump to:navigation,search"Gravity" redirects here. For other uses, seeGravity (disambiguation).

This article is about the natural phenomenon. For other uses, seeGravitation (disambiguation).

Gravitation keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun. (Not to scale)

Gravitation, or gravity, is anatural phenomenonin whichobjectswithmassattract one another.

In everyday life, gravitation is most familiar as the agent that givesweightto objects with massand causes them to fall to the ground when dropped. Gravitation causes dispersed matter to

coalesce, thus accounting for the existence of theEarth, theSun, and most of the macroscopic

objects in theuniverse. Gravitation is responsible for keeping the Earth and the other planets in

theirorbitsaround the Sun; for keeping theMoonin its orbit around the Earth; for the formationoftides; for naturalconvection, by which fluid flow occurs under the influence of adensity

gradientand gravity; for heating the interiors of forming stars and planets to very high

temperatures; and for various other phenomena observed on Earth.

Gravitation is one of the fourfundamental interactionsof nature, along with thestrong force,

electromagnetismand theweak force. Modernphysicsdescribes gravitation using thegeneraltheory of relativity, in which gravitation is a consequence of the curvature ofspacetimewhich

governs the motion of inertial objects. The simplerNewton's law of universal gravitationprovides an accurate approximation for most calculations.

Contents
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_value_of_moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_value_of_moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_value_of_moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awarenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awarenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awarenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Cummingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Cummingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheelerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheelerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_phenomenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_phenomenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_phenomenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_sys.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_sys.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_phenomenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheelerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Cummingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awarenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_value_of_money


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[hide]

1 History of gravitational theoryo 1.1 Scientific revolutiono 1.2 Newton's theory of gravitationo 1.3 Equivalence principleo 1.4 General relativityo 1.5 Gravity and quantum mechanics

2 Specificso 2.1 Earth's gravityo 2.2 Equations for a falling body near the surface of the Eartho 2.3 Gravity and astronomyo 2.4 Gravitational radiation

3 Anomalies and discrepancies 4 Alternative theories

o 4.1 Historical alternative theorieso 4.2 Recent alternative theories

5 See also 6 Notes 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 Further reading

Force (5)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to:navigation,search

See alsoForce (disambiguation).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#History_of_gravitational_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#History_of_gravitational_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Scientific_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Scientific_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Newton.27s_theory_of_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Newton.27s_theory_of_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Equivalence_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Equivalence_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#General_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#General_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Gravity_and_quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Gravity_and_quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Specificshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Specificshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Earth.27s_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Earth.27s_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Equations_for_a_falling_body_near_the_surface_of_the_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Equations_for_a_falling_body_near_the_surface_of_the_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Gravity_and_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Gravity_and_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Gravitational_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Gravitational_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Anomalies_and_discrepancieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Anomalies_and_discrepancieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Alternative_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Alternative_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Historical_alternative_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Historical_alternative_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Recent_alternative_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Recent_alternative_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Footnoteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Footnoteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Force_examples.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Footnoteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Recent_alternative_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Historical_alternative_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Alternative_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Anomalies_and_discrepancieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Gravitational_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Gravity_and_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Equations_for_a_falling_body_near_the_surface_of_the_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Earth.27s_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Specificshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Gravity_and_quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#General_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Equivalence_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Newton.27s_theory_of_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#Scientific_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation#History_of_gravitational_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation


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Forces are also described as a push or pull on an object. They can be due to phenomena such asgravity,magnetism, or anything else that might cause a mass to accelerate.

Classical mechanics

Newton's Second Law



mechanics

[show]Branches

[show]Formulations[hide]Fundamental

concepts

Space Time Velocity

Speed Mass



Moment/Couple

Momentum Angularmomentum Inertia

Moment of inertia



energy Mechanical work

Virtual work D'Alembert's

principle

[show]Core topics

[show]Scientists

vde
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion#Newton.27s_second_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion#Newton.27s_second_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couple_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couple_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couple_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_of_inertiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_of_inertiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_of_referencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_of_referencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy#Newtonian_kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy#Newtonian_kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Alembert%27s_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Alembert%27s_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Alembert%27s_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Alembert%27s_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Classical_mechanics&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Classical_mechanics&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Classical_mechanics&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Force_examples.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Classical_mechanics&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Alembert%27s_principlehtt

mass space shuttle phases: wikipedia. thank you

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