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m t i l b ^oara toara is plvarty,

cri`a is blt emr daoibf. ^oabM`aricms pllrast ibbar-citybainodlrollfs jlst emctlryglds mbf eajj ibtl fislrfar torluno toa =958s mbf =9>8s, toa `urfar rmta fludjaf, mbf

pljiticimbs jmubcoaf m wmrlb cri`a mbf toab lb fruns.Voa eljjlwibn facmfas smw`ijjilbs le frun mrrasts mbf tluno baw cri ibmj pabmjtias

tomt ujti`mtajy prlfucaf toajmrnast pabmj systa` ib toawlrjf. Dy 4889, M`aricmsprislbs mbf gmijs jlckaf upmrlubf 4.3 `ijjilb palpja,mrlubf >18 par =88,888le toa Q.S. plpujmtilb.

@MSSIBCMTCATMVILBMBFACLBL@ICIBA]QMJIVY

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Cri`a mbf i`prislb`abt mra abtmbnjaf ib toa emdric le M`aricmb plvarty.Voa M`aricmb pabmj systa` nraw emstast m`lbn tolsa wolsa aclbl`iclpplrtubitias omf facjibaf toa `lst. Mt toa abf le toa =998s, Mericmb

M`aricmb `ab wara bamrjy twica ms jikajy tl nl t l prislb ms tl n rmfumta

cljjana wito m elur-yamr fanraa. Mrlubf 44 parcabt le tolsa ab wlujf dai`prislbaf mt sl`a plibt ib toair jivas, woija lbjy =4 parcabt wlujf bisocljjana. ^oita `ab le toa sm`a mna jivaf ib m fi arabt wlrjf7 34 parcabtwlujf nrmfumta wito m cljjana fanraa mbf 3 parcabt wlujf nl tl prislb.

Ibcmrcarmtilb rmtas omva nrlwb oinoast m`lbn ylubn Mericmb M`aricmb`ab wito jittja scolljibn. Ie wa clbsifar djmck `ab ubfar mna elrty witolbjy m oino scollj afucmtilb, lba ib va wms ib prislb lr gmij dy 488?. Ietoay omf frlppaf lut le scollj, toara wms m 58 parcabt combca toayf nltl prislb mt sl`a ti`a ib toair jivas. Ib solrt, elr djmck `mja oino scollj

frlpluts, sarvibn prislb ti`a omf dacl`a m blr`mj pmrt le jiea.Slciljlnists cm jjaf tois pmttarb le i `prislb abt `mss i bcmrcarmtilb,fascridibn toa pabmj clb ba`abt le abtira slcimj nrlups.

Voluno `mss ibcmrcarmtilb wms clbcabtrmtaf m`lbn toa pllr, tois islbjy omje toa stlry. Voa `lfarb pabmj systa` wms aractaf lb toa rlunojmbfscmpa le M`aricmb slcimj ibaqumjity, dut it nraw sl jmrna tomt it cm`atl faapab toa fitco le fismfvmbtmna. Dy rafucibn aclbl`ic lpplrtubitiasmbf fastmdijizibn em`i jy jiea, toa pabmj systa` cm`a tl mff tl toa plvartytomt oajpaf cramta `mss ibcmrcarmtilb ib toa rst pjmca.

^ito jittja scolljibn, ibvljva`abt ib cri`a, m bf le tab jit tja oi stlry leranujmr a`pjly`abt, toa ibcmrcarmtaf wlujf omva axtra`ajy pllraclbl`ic lpplrtubitias, avab witolut prislb ti`a. Mff tl tois m cr i`ibmjraclrf, mbf elr`arjy ibcmrcarmtaf `ab mbf wl`ab mra fludjyfismfvmbtmnaf.

A`pjlyars mra rajuctmbt tl tmka lb wlrkars wito cri`ibmj raclrfs, slelr`arjy ibcmrcarmtaf palpja mra letab lut le wlrk, lr ib vary jlw wmna glds. Xaromps toa cjamrast avifabca le toa aclbl`ic a acts le m cri`ibmjraclrf cl`as erl` m bu`dar le ajf axpari`abts, lr mufit stufias, t omtaxm`iba oiribn dy a`pjlyars. M racabt mufit stufy sabt lut m bu`dar leprleassilbmj gld mppjicmbtscmjjaf tastarstl lvar =,888 abtry-javajplsitilbs torlunolut Baw Ylrk City. Voa tastars wara nivab emjsa rasu`aswito aquivmjabt scolljibn mbf wlrk axpariabca, wlra si`ijmr cjltoibn,mbf wara trmibaf tl rasplbf si`ijmrjy ib gld ibtarviaws. Voa lbjy fi ar-abca wms tomt sl`a wara rmbfl`jy ibstructaf tl ibficmta tomt toay omfm cri`ibmj raclrf lb toair gld mppjicmtilb. ^oita tastars wol raplrtaf mcri`ibm j raclrf wara lbjy omje ms jikajy tl racaiva cmj j-dmcks lr gld l arsms tastars blt ibficmtibn m cri`ibmj oistlry. Elr djmck tastars, raplrtibnm cri`ibmj raclrf rafucaf gld l ars mbf cmjj-dmcks dy twl-toirfs.

Ib mffitilb tl toa stin`m le m cri`ibmj raclrf ib toa gld `mrkat, palpjawito eajlby clbvictilbs letab omva jass mccass tl slcimj prlnrm`s tomtcmb i`prlva aclbl`ic lpplrtubitias. Eajlby frun l abfars mra fabiaf

olusibn, afucmtilb mbf wajemra daba ts. Cri`ibmj stin`m mbf axcjusilberl` slcimj prlnrm`s cl`diba tl `mka t oa elr`arjy ibcmrcarmtafsl`atoibn jass tomb eujj `a`dars le slciaty. Vl da ylubn, djmck, mbfubscolljaf tlfmy is tl risk m eajlby clbvictilb, prislb ti`a mbf jiea lesaclbf-cjmss citizabsoip.

Voa a acts le toa pabmj systa` mjsl rippja torluno em`ijy jiea. Elr`arprislbars wito coijfrab mra ubjikajy tl nat mrriaf. Ie toay mra mrriaf,toay emca oino risks le fivlrca lr sapmrmtilb. Voa turdujabt slcimj mbfaclbl`ic prlspacts le `ab mbf wl`ab ibvljvaf ib toa pabmj systa``my mjsl fi`ibiso toa ji ea combcas le toair coijfrab.

Voara mra currabtjy mdlut > ijjilb coijfrab wito m pmrabt ibvljvaf ib toacri`ibmj gustica systa`ib prislb lr ubfar cl``ubity suparvisilb. Gustms toa risk le i`prislb`abt is oinoast elr Mericmb M`aricmbs mbf toa pllr,rmcimj mbf cjmss ibaqumjitias `mrk coijfrabs risk le omvibn m pmrabt ibprislb. Tacabt rasamrco ibficmtas tomt toa emtoars le mdlut 41 parcabt le

Mericmb M`aricmb coijfrab dlrb ib =998 omva spabt ti`a prislb. Ie tolsaemtoars omf frlppaf lut le oino scollj, pmtarbmj ibcmrcarmtilb risas tllvar 18 parcabt. Voa rmcimj fispmrity is strikibn. Lba ib elur djmck coijfrabis mt risk le axpariabcibn toa ibcmrcarmtilb le m pmrabt cl`pmraf tl lba ib

38 woita coijfrab. Voa ibaqumjity prlfucaf dy mss ibcmrcarmtilb is tousavifabt mjsl m`lbn toa coi jfrab le toa ibcmrcarmtaf. 9>

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M nrlwibn dlfy le rasamrco solws toa banmtiva a acts le pmrabts i bcmr-carmtilb lb coijfrab. Ylubn coijfrab wito pmrabts ib prislb omva solwb`lra mbtislcimj daomvilr mbf jass scollj ramfibass tomb coijfrab wolsapmrabts mra blt ibcmrcarmtaf. Avab woab cl`pmraf tl tolsa wolsa

emtoars mra ltoarwisa mdsabt, va-yamr-ljf coijfrab (pmrticujmrjy dlys)wito m emtoar ib prislb axoidit `lra ruja-dramkibn mbf mnnrassilb.Tasamrco lb ljfar coijfrab sunnasts pmtarbmj i`prislb`abt is msslcimtafwito frlppibn lut le scollj, uba`pjly`abt mbf fajibquabcy. ^oijacoijfrab wito ibcmrcarmtaf pmrabts my da ibfivifumjjy fismfvmbtmnaf,toa rmcimj mbf aclbl`ic fispmritias ib ibcmrcarmtilb mjsl clbtriduta tlrmcimj mbf aclbl`ic ibaqumjity ib toa prlspacts le coijfrab. Ib tois wmy,`mss ibcmrcarmtilb is i`pjicmtaf ib toa raprlfuctilb le ibaqumjity erl`lba nabarmtilb tl toa baxt.

Mjtoluno toara is m jlt le avifabca elr toa banmtiva a acts le ibcmrcarmtilblb aclbl`ic lpplrtubitias mbf em`ijy jiea, toa pabmj systa` mjsl clb-tridutas plsitivajy tl pudjic smeaty, mt jamst ib toa solrt rub. Jlckibn upfmbnarlus cri`ibmjs flas rafuca cri`a. Mbf sarilus cri`a nramtjy durfabspllr cl``ubitias. ^omtavar toa jlbn-rub clsts le ibcmrcarmtilb elr tolsawol nl tl prislb, toa pabmj systa` oms mjsl i`prlvaf pudjic smeaty.

Olwavar, rasamrco lb ibcmrcarmtilbs slcimj mbf aclbl`ic a acts sun-nasts tomt prislbs `my blt i`prlva smeaty ib pllr cl``ubitias dy ms`uco ms wa toibk. Cri`a `my da rafucaf m jittja ib toa solrt-rub, dut ietoa systa` ubfar`ibas aclbl`ic lpplrtubitias mbf fisrupts em`ijy jiea,

toa cmusas le cri `a ib jlw-ibcl`a bainodlrollfs mra axmcardmtaf. Ibfaaf,dacmusa le toa `lubtibn slcimj clsts le ibcmrcarmtilb, toa daba ts leprislb `my omva ramcoaf m vmbisoibn plibt. Ib toa facmfa sibca 4888,cri`a rmtas omva emjjab lbjy sjinotjy faspita m jmrna ibcramsa ib toa prislbplpujmtilb. Sixt y parcabt le stmta ib`mtas mra ra-mrrastaf witoib toraayamrs le prislb rajamsa. Tacifivis` rmtas wara ub`lvaf dy m elureljfibcramsa ib ibcmrcarmtilb rmtas sibca toa =9>8s.

Voa cljjmtarmj aclbl`ic mbf slcimj clbsaquabcas le `mss ibcmrcarmtilbsunnast tomt pudjic smeaty cmbblt cl`a mt toa clst le emirbass mbf fi`ib-

isoaf lpplrtubity. Dacmusa fasistmbca erl` cri`a is cjlsajy tiaf tlaclbl`ic mbf em`ijy stmdijity, pudjic smeaty mbf toa succasseuj slcimjmbf aclbl`ic raibtanrmtilb le tolsa cl``ittibn cri`as mra `utumjjyraibelrcibn nlmjs. Xudjic smeaty, ib tois parspactiva, is duijt jass lb toaaxcjusilbmry elrca le pubiso`abt mbf `lra lb toa stmdijity le glds mbffl`astic jiea elr cl``ubitias ib woico dlto cri`a mbf ibcmrcarmtilbmra clbcabtrmtaf.

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Djmck coijfrab is mt risk le axpariabcibn toa ibcmrcarmtilble m pmrabt cl`pmraf tl lba ib 38 woita coijfrab.

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Druca ^astarbmbfCmtoariba SirlisOMTUMTF QBIUATSIVY

MDLQV VOA MQVOLTS

Druca ^astarb is Xrleasslr le Slciljlny mbf Firactlrle toa @mjclj` ^iabar Cabtar elr Slcimj Xljicy mt toa Omrvmrf Kabbafy Scollj le Nlvarb`abt. astarbracaivaf ois D.M. ib nlvarb`abt erl` toa Qbivarsity

le ]uaabsjmbf, Mustrmjim, mbf ois @.M.mbf Xo.F. ib slciljlny erl` toaQbivarsity le Cmjielrbim, Jls Mbnajas.Daelra `lvibn tl Omrvmrf, oa tmunotmt Xribcatlb Qbivarsity erl` =993 tl488>. Druca wms m Nunnaboai` Eajjlw

ib 4881, mbf m Gamb @lbbat Eajjlw wito toa AurlpambQbivarsity Ibstituta datwaab =991 mbf =995, mbf ismb ajactaf eajjlw le toa M`aricmb Mcmfa`y le Mrts

mbf Sciabcas. Oa racaivaf toa Gm`as E. Solrt Gr.Fistibnuisoaf mrticja mwmrf ib 4885 elr ois mrticjaDjmck-^oita ^mna Ibaqumjity, A`pjly`abt Tmtas,mbf Ibcmrcarmtilb. Ois dllk Xubiso`abt mbfIbaqumjity ib M`aricm wlb toa 488> Mjdart G. TaissMwmrf erl` toa Cri`a Jmw mbf Favimbca Sactilb le toa M`aricmb Slciljlnicmj Msslcimtilb mbf toa 488?@icomaj G. Oibfajmbn Mwmrf elr toa `lst lutstmbfibnclbtridutilb tl rasamrco lb cri`ibljlny erl` toaM`aricmb Slciaty le Cri`ibljlny. Oa is currabtjycl-comir le m tmsk elrca lb toa comjjabna le `mss

ibcmrcarmtilb elr toa M`aricmb Mcmfa`y le Mrts mbfSciabcas mbf oms sarvaf lb toa clubcij le toaM`aricmb Slciljlnicmj Msslcimtilb.

Cmtoariba Sirlis is Xrlgact Cllrfibmtlr le toa XrislbStufias Xrlgact mbf m rasamrco mssistmbt mt OmrvmrfKabbafy Scolljs @mjclj` ^iabar Cabtar elr SlcimjXljicy. Soa nrmfumtaf erl` Omrvmrf Cljjana ib 48=8wito m D.M. ib Slciljlny.

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