mark hartley presentation
TRANSCRIPT
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www.arpa-e.energy.gov
Innovative Materials & Processes forAdvanced Carbon Capture Technology
(IMPACCT)
Mark Hartney
Program Director, ARPA-E
RECS 2011 - Birmingham AL
June 13, 2011
US Energy Use
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2009 U.S. electrical power
Natural gas
Nuclear
Coal
Solar, 0.01
Hydro,2.43
Wind,0.51
Geothermal,0.31 Biomass,
0.42
Petroleum,0.39
26.11
Nuclear
NaturalGas
Coal
Energy Services
Rejected Energy
Source: LLNL Energy Flow Charts
Total Recoverable Coal (2005)
Source: US EIA
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
MillionShortTons
Eight countries control 90% of coal reserves
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U.S. energy production from coal resulted in2 billion tons of CO2 in 2009
Natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) plants are cheaper, emit lessthan half the CO2, and are more efficient than coal plants
HOWEVER, the variable cost of natural gas and the long lifetime ofcoal plants suggest large-scale retirement is unlikely
U.S. CO2 emissions in2009: 5.5 billion tons
Source: DOE Energy Information Administration
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78% of 2030 CO2 emissions are fromexisting coal plants
Source: DOE Energy Information Administration and Jared Ciferno, NETL Existing Plants Program
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Innovative Materials and Processes forAdvanced Carbon Capture Technologies(IMPACCT)
The Need: The state-of-the-art CO2 capture technology, aqueous amine solvents,imposes a ~25-30% parasitic power load on a coal-fired power plant, increasinglevelized cost of electricity by ~80%
The Goal: Develop materials andprocesses that drastically reduce the parasiticenergy penalty required for CO2 capture from a coal-fired power plant
Example areas of interest
Low-cost catalysts to enable systems withsuperior thermodynamics that are notcurrently practical due to slow kinetics
Robust materials that resist degradationfrom caustic contaminants in flue gas
Advanced capture processes, such asprocesses that utilize thermodynamicinputs other than temperature or pressure
Capture Transport Storage
Post Combustion Oxy-fuel Pre Combustion
Pipelines Tankers
Saline Aquifers EOR Deep Sea
Approx. 80% of the capital costs ofcarbon capture and storage arisefrom the capture process
Capture process is furthest fromtheoretical minimum energy
ARPA-E will widen the funnel ofpromising concepts and acceleratetowards demonstration &commercialization
Source: McKinsey &Company
CCS technology development can bevisualized as a pipeline
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State-of-the-Art CO2 Solvent Capture
Goal: Materials and processes to drastically reduce thecost of CO2 capture
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Levelized cost of electricityincreases by ~ 80%
~25-30% parasitic power load
$70-100/ton CO2
Feed GasCO2
Amine / water
Image courtesy RTI
International
Pulverized coal power plants withcarbon capture
Air3,350 t/hr
James Katzer et al., The Future of Coal, Options for a Constrained Carbon World,An Interdisciplinary MIT Study, Cambridge, MA (2007).
Boiler/Superheater16.5 MPa/ 538oC
Flue GasDesulfurizer(99% removalCoal
284 t/hr
Steam Turbine/Generator
Steam
Stack gas3,210 t/hr
63oC, 0.1 MPa
Fly Ash(24,900 kg/hr)
CO2 Capture(90% Capture)
Compressor
CO2573 t/hr, 150 atm
Electric Power500 MWe Net
ElectrostaticPrecipitator
(99% removal)
Lime Slurry(30.4 t/hr lime, 198 t/hr water)
Wet FGD Solids
Exhaust55oC
Exhaust149oC
Low Pressure Steam
70 MWe
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ARPA-E has funded 20 carbon captureprojects for $42.7 million
Solvent Membranes Sorbents Phase Change Chemical Looping
University Columbia Univ. Colorado,Georgia Tech,Univ. Kentucky
Texas A&M,MIT, LehighUniv.
Notre Dame Ohio State
Industry Codexis,Nalco
UTRC, Porifera GE, SustainableEnergy Solutions,ATK
NationalLabs / Non-Profits
LLNL, RTI LBL, ORNL
Solvents: using enzymes to improvecapture efficiency
Enzymes can improve CO2 capture kinetics, allowing solvents with lowerregeneration energy (opex) and smaller stripper columns (capex)
Genetic manipulation to improvethermal stability of enzymes
Synthetic enzymes with betterthermal stability
Thermostability enhancementHalf-life in 50wt% MDEA solution.
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Codexis - results
Thermostability enhancementHalf-life in 50wt% MDEA solution.
Phase change: a new approach tocapturing CO2
Changing phase from a gas to a solid enables simple separation of CO2and reduces the cost of compression for subsequent transport
Elimination of wastefulco-solvents that do notcapture CO2
Solid CO2 collection
Supersonic nozzle that solidifies CO2
with no chemicals or moving parts
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GE Results
Solids handling experiments with labscale spray drier
Particle size control is a developmentalaction.
ATK results
Visualization of solid CO2near duct wall
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Sorbents: metal organic frameworks(MOFs) are promising new structures
MOFs are highly versatile structures with high surface areacriticalfactors are selectivity towards CO2 and stability in flue gas
Low-energy inputs change thephysical structure to captureand release CO2
High throughputsynthesis and testingaccelerates MOFs tolarger-scaledemonstrations
Membranes: increasing both permeanceAND selectivity
High permeance membranes reduce the membrane areaneeded reducing capital costs and space requirements
Ultrathin membranes fromionic liquids that formmechanically stable gels
Image credit:
Anastasios Skoulidas,
Carnegie Mellon University
Image credit:
Anastasios Skoulidas,
Carnegie Mellon University
Carbon nanotube membraneshave high flux rates, but needimproved selectivity betweenCO2 and N2
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CCS technology pipeline and DOEprogram coordination
BasicResearch
AppliedResearch
Development Pilot/Demonstration
Solvents
Membranes
Sorbents
Phase-Change
Chemical Looping
BES ARPA-E FOAsNETL FOABench-Scale
NETL FOASlipstream
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Summary
ARPA-E is funding a number of early stage R&D projects for carboncapture technologies to provide a range of options for meetingDOEs CCS targets.
Focus includes solvents, sorbents, membranes, phase change, andchemical looping which can improve the energy utilization, capitalcosts, space requirements and integration challenges of CCS.
further details on each program are available atarpa-e.energy.gov
Preliminary projections of energy savings show a potential to reducecapture costs to the range of $20 to $50/ ton of CO2 avoided
More detailed modeling and successful R&D performance arerequired to validate these assumptions
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Thank you for your attention!
Mark Hartney, ARPA-E Program [email protected]