marine biogeochemistry of the benguela upwelling region€¦ · outline •benguela upwelling...
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Marine Biogeochemistry of the
Benguela Upwelling Region
COESSING 2019 at RMU
GenusPodcast, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8C9p6_qxgEI
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Eastern boundary current upwelling regions
Chavez & Messie, 2009
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Outline
• Benguela upwelling region and its Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ)
• Marine nitrogen cycle in the OMZ
• Sulfur cycling in the OMZ
• OMZ expansion in a warming climate
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Focus on the Benguela Upwelling but these geochemical process apply to all these regions
Chavez & Messie, 2009
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Benguela Upwelling
GenusPodcast, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8C9p6_qxgEI
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Upwelling system
Capone & Hutchins, 2013
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Upwelling delivers nutrients to the surface
Flohr et al., 2014
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Increased primary productivity results from these upwelled nutrients
Carbon fixation: CO2 + H2O -> CH2O + O2
GenusPodcast, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8C9p6_qxgEI
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Blooms are made up of phytoplankton such as Diatoms and Coccolithophores
Möller & Hoose, 2011
CoccolithophoreDiatoms
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Seasonality of the Benguela upwelling
https://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/atlantic/benguela_2.html
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As phytoplankton and zooplankton die and sink they are degraded by heterotrophic prokaryotes
GenusPodcast, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8C9p6_qxgEI
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Increased dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations are indicative of remineralization by heterotrophic microbes
Gregor & Monteiro, 2013
Remineralization: Organic Matter + Electron Acceptor (O2) -> Simple nutrients + H2O + CO2
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Oxygen minimum zones are created in these upwelling regions
Stramma et al., 2008
Depth:400 m
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In oxygen minimum zones unique biogeochemical processes occur
GenusPodcast, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8C9p6_qxgEI
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30-50% of fixed nitrogen lost from the ocean occurs in OMZs
https://wordsinmocean.com/2012/09/18/challenger-2012-selected-keynote-lectures-phyllis-lam-max-planck-institute-microbial-nitrogen-cycling-in-oxygen-minimum-zones/
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Redfield RatioC:N:P 106:16:1
-Average molar ratio of primary elements in living material-This ratio reflects the ratio of inorganic nutrients in the ocean, the ratio of uptake of these elements by living organisms, as well as the ratio in living cells
Karl et al., 2001
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Evidence of fixed nitrogen removal
Kuypers et al., 2005
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Two mechanisms for loss of fixed nitrogen from the ocean
https://wordsinmocean.com/2012/09/18/challenger-2012-selected-keynote-lectures-phyllis-lam-max-planck-institute-microbial-nitrogen-cycling-in-oxygen-minimum-zones/
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Characteristic biogeochemical profiles in an OMZ
Ulloa et al., 2012
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Chemical profiles in the Benguela OMZ
Kuypers et al., 2005
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Identification of Anammox in the Benguela Upwelling
Annamox:NO2
- + NH4 -> N2
Denitrification:NO3
- -> NO2- -> NO -> N2O
-> N2
Kuypers et al., 2005
68 m
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Distinct microbial community in OMZs responsible for these processes
Wright et al., 2012
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Sulfur cycling: plumes of sulfur emerge during upwelling and OMZ formation
NASA
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Sulfide production in the OMZ
Lavik et al., 2009
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Sulfate can also be used as an electron acceptor
Lavik et al., 2009
Coupling nitrate reduction to sulfide oxidation:
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OMZs may expand as global temperatures increase due
Stramma et al., 2008
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Oxygen solubility decreases with increasing temperature
engineeringtoolbox.com
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Oxygen is being lost from many ocean regions
NASA Astrobiology Institute
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How might global balances of nitrogen and sulfur species shift as oxygen minimum zones expand?
Questions?
Breitburg et al., 2018