marine animals. terms to know plankton – lives floating in the water nekton - lives swimming in...
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Terms to Know Plankton – lives floating in the water Nekton - lives swimming in the water Benthic - lives on the bottom of the ocean Sessile – lives attached to a surface
permanently
SessileBenthicNektonPlankton
Animals are often grouped are classifies according to the geometric symmetry of their bodies. Bilateral symmetry: body can be divided in
half by a single plane. The halves on each side of the plane are a near mirror image.
Radial symmetry: body parts are arranged around a central axis. Body can be split like a pizza into identical parts.
Kingdom – Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Bacteria
Phylum Class
OrderFamilyGenus ▪Species
Human Classification:Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordatesClass: MammaliaOrder: PrimatesFamily: HominidaeGenus: HomoSpecies: sapiens
Soft-bodied organisms without a backbone
Major phyla in order of increasing complexity
1. Porifera2. Cnidaria3. Worms 4. Mollusca5. Arthropoda6. Echinodermata
Most primitive animals Sessile (doesn’t move) and benthic
(lives on the bottom) Almost all are marine no true tissues, no organs Depend on currents for feeding
and sexual reproduction. No digestive, circulatory,
respiratory, or nervous system Examples: sponges
Contain stinging cells: nematocystsUsed to stun prey
Radially symmetrical (can be divided like a pizza and are equal)
Size range: microscopic to 20m (60 feet!)
Carnivorous: stun prey and use tentacles to move it to mouth
Two forms: polyp and medusaPolyp: sessile, mouth and tentacles
face upMedusa: plankton, mouth and
tentacles face down Simple digestive and nervous systems No circulatory, respiratory, and
excretory system Examples: corals, anemones, jellyfish,
hydra
Bilaterally symmetrical: two equal halves
Possess digestive and nervous systems (small brain)
Well formed tissues and organs Three phyla: Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida
Phylum: Platyhelminthes – flat worms Predators and
scavengers; some are parasites
Smaller than 3cm Lack excretory,
circulatory, and respiratory systems
reproduce asexually and sexually; individuals have both testes and ovaries.
Ex – flukes, tapeworms, marine flatworms
Phylum: Nematoda – round worms Complete digestive system
(mouth and anus) Reproduce sexually – distinct
male and female forms Present in almost all types of
environments Most are microscopic Some parasitic, w/o a host are
not Ex. hookworms
Phylum: Annelida – ring worms Bodies divided into segments Each segment can have its own
circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous, muscular and reproductive system
Ex. Earthworms, leeches, marine tubeworms and polychaetes
Have an external or internal shell Bilaterally symmetrical Well-developed nervous systems Flow-through digestive tract
Ex. Clams, chitons, squid, octopus, snails
Phylum: Mollusca: Three main classes:Gastropoda: “stomach foot”
Snails, conch, abalone1 External shell
Bivalvia: “two door”Clams, oysters, scallops2 External shells
Cephalopoda: “head foot”Squid, octopus Internal shell
All are marine Radially symmetrical: based on five Larvae are bilaterally symmetric Lack eyes or brains Calcified endoskeleton covered by skin Water vascular system Reduced nervous and circulatory system (no
brain, no heart) Reproduce sexually Slow moving Benthic Regeneration of limbs, organs, or spines
Four familiar classes:Asteroidea: sea starsOphiuroidea: brittle starsEchinoidea: sea urchins, sand dollars
Holothuroidea: sea cucumbers
Contain a strong exoskeleton Striated muscle (quick movement) Articulation: can bend appendages Classes: crustacea (sea), insecta (land) Examples:
Lobster, crabs, krill, shrimp, crayfish, amphipods, barnacles, copepods
Largest phyla
Chordates – “back cord” All possess a nerve cord along the
back (ours = spinal cord) Vertebrates: possess a backbone One invertebrate group: tunicates or
sea squirts
Major groups:Fishes ReptiliaAmphibia Aves - BirdsMammalia
YES! Fishes – referring to
more than one species of fish Example: tuna and
bass = 2 fishes Fish – referring to
more than one of the same species Example: tuna and
tuna = 2 fish
Class: Agnatha jawless fish Hagfish and lampreys
Class: Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fish Skeleton made of
cartilage Skates, rays, and
sharks Class: Osteichthyes
bony fish Skeleton made of bone Majority of fish
Excellent eyesight Well developed hearing Lateral Line – organ along body
of fish to detect vibrations Coloration:
CamouflageCountershading
Relative termsDorsal – refers to anything on the backVentral – refers to anything on the
underside Fins
Pectoral – on side of fishAnal – rear of ventral side of fishPelvic – toward front of ventral sideDorsal – on the back of the fishCaudal – tail
MouthBony fish usually have a terminal mouth (front of the face)
Cartilaginous fish usually have a ventral mouth (under the face)
Mouth shape is particular to diet Gills
Along side of head, for breathingExtract dissolved oxygen from water
Ex of amphibians: frogs, salamanders Require water to remove waste Salt water will cause them to
dehydrateb/c water will flow out of instead of into their skin
Therefore, none are marine Some Asian frogs can tolerate high
salinities for a period of time So… the answer is NO
Representatives in the ocean: turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodiles
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Breathe air with lungs
Covered in scales Salt glands to
excrete salt Most live in
tropics to stay warm
Sea Turtles 8 species All endangered Green sea turtle
most abundant Marine crocodiles
Live in mangrove swamps and reefs
Hunt in packs Very aggressive Grow up to 2000
lbs and almost 23 ft long
Endothermic (warm blooded)
Thin, hollow bones Lightweight beak
instead of teeth Salt excreting glands Generally avoid
land, unless breeding
All mammals feed their young with milk
Three orders of marine mammalsCetacea: porpoises, dolphins, whales
Carnivora: seals, sea lions, walruses, sea otters
Sirenia: manatees, dugongs
Evolved from land mammals Streamline bodies Endothermic Modified respiratory system Osmotic adaptions
Skin impermeable to water No salt removal glands
Size range: 1.8m – 33m; up to 100,000kg
Forelimbs: used for steering Tail: horizontal for propulsion Thick layer of blubber
InsulationBuoyancy
Nostrils on top of head (blow hole)
Suborder: Odontoceti (Toothed whales)Use teeth to catch preySearch using echolocationEx: orca, dolphinsLargest: sperm whale
Suborder :Mysticeti (Baleen whales)Have no teethUse a baleen to filter out food (sort of like brushes or bristles)Eat krillEx: humpback whales, blue
whale
Suborder : Pinnipedia (wing foot) Seals, sea lions, and
walrusesLeave the ocean to
mate and raise young Suborder : Fissipedia
(split foot)Sea otters, polar
bears (also dogs and cats, although they’re not marine)