fishes of pennsylvania introduction to the nekton
TRANSCRIPT
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Fishes of PennsylvaniaIntroduction to the Nekton
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Fishes of Pennsylvania
• Lampreys• Sturgeons• Paddlefish• Gars• Bowfin• American Eel• Herrings• Minnows• Suckers• Catfishes
• Pikes• Rainbow Smelt• Trout and Salmon• Burbot• Banded Killifish• Threespine Stickleback• Sculpin• Temperate Basses• Sunfishes• Perches• Freshwater Drum
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Major Streams of Pennsylvania
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Lampreys
• American Brook Lamprey Lampetra appendix
• Larvae filter feed• Adult does not feed. The
Sea Lamprey (in Great Lakes) and the Ohio Lamprey (western PA) are parasitic. The three native PA Brook Lampreys are not parasitic.
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Sturgeons
• The Lake Sturgeon –Acipenser fulvescens- is the only freshwater sturgeon in PA. It is found in Lake Erie.
• The Shortnose Sturgeon and the Atlantic Sturgeon are marine and tidal fish that may occur in the lower Delaware River.
• All PA sturgeons are endangered
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Paddlefish
• Paddlefish –Polydon spathula- only living species.
• Extirpated from former ranges in western PA and Lake Erie.
• PA Fish and Boat Commission reintroduced them to the Ohio and Allegheny Rivers.
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Gar
• Two gar species occur in PA: The Spotted Gar and the Longnose Gar.
• The Longnose Gar –Lepidosteus osseus- is in low numbers through the lower Great Lakes, western PA and extreme lower Susquehanna River.
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Bowfin
• Bowfin – Amia calvia• Found mainly around
Presque Isle and in the lower parts of the major drainages.
• Can tolerate very warm water and gulp air.
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American Eel
• The American Eel –Anguila americana –occurs in the Delaware River drainage.
• Now attempts are being made to return the eel to the Susquehanna River
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Herrings• This family includes Blueback
Herring, Alewife, Gizzard Shad, Hickory Shad, and American Shad.
• The American Shad –Alosa sapidissima- anadromous fish that enter mainstem of large rivers to spawn.
• Attempts to support shad run in the Susquehanna River
• In rivers, shad eat small crustaceans, zooplankton, worms, insects, and small fish
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Minnows
• PA has 39 species of minnows, including exotics like Carp and Goldfish.
• The minnows of Pennsylvania include:– Bluntnose Minnow– Cutlips Minnow– Central Stoneroller– Emerald Shiner– Hornyhead Chub– Grass Carp
– Common Carp– Common Shiner– River Chub– Golden Shiner– Fathead Minnow– Spotfin Shiner– Rosyface Shiner– Blacknose Dace– Longnose Dace– Creek Chub– Fallfish
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Cutlips Minnow
• Cutlips Minnow (Exoglossum maxillingua)
• Lower lip in three lobes, the center of which looks like a tongue
• Stony pools of clean streams
• Mainly feed on small mollusks, insects, and diatoms
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Common Carp
• The Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
• Native to Asia and eastern Europe; considered invasive in some watersheds
• Found in many habitats, but prefer slow-moving water with a well-developed littoral zone
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Common Shiner
• Common Shiner (Notropis cornutus)
• Moving water, warm to cold
• Very common in North America, east of the Rocky Mountains and North of the Gulf states
• Omnivore: plants and insects mainly at or near the surface
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Spotfin Shiner
• Spotfin Shiner (Cyprinella spiloptera)
• Common in streams throughout the east
• Omnivore: plants, insects, small fish near the surface
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Longnose Dace
• Longnose Dace (Rhinichthyes cataractae)
• In streams with riffles and pools
• Mainly staying near the bottom where they feed on insect larvae, particularly chironomids
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Suckers
• Quillback Carpsucker• White Sucker• Northern Hog Sucker• The Redhorses– River Redhorse– Shorthead Redhorse
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Quillback Carpsucker
• The Quillback Carpsucker (Carpoides cyprinus)
• Body is deep and laterally compressed
• They travel in schools in slow-moving rivers and backwaters with gravel bottoms.
• Eat a wide variety of benthic macroinvertebrates
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White Sucker
• The White Sucker (Catostomus commersoni)
• Cylindrical body with a rounded snout
• Range from headwaters to warm, low oxygen water.
• They are omnivores, feeding on plants, zooplankton, benthos
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Northern Hog Sucker
• The Northern Hogsucker (Hypentelium nigricans)
• The body is cylindrical and darkly camouflaged
• Found in clean streams• Overturn rock while
scraping biofilm, and aquatic macroinvertebrates
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Catfishes
• White Catfish• Yellow Bullhead• Brown Bullhead• Channel Catfish• Margined Madtom• Stonecat• Flathead Catfish
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Brown Bullhead
• Brown Bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus)
• Cylindrical body with flattened head
• Found in lakes, ponds and slow-moving rivers
• Tolerate warm water and low oxygen
• Omnivorous
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Channel Catfish
• Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
• Body cylindrical with spots on the sides
• Habitats vary; fast-moving water to deep pools, reservoirs, lakes, and farm ponds
• Young eat insects but change to fish and plants as they get larger
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Margined Madtom
• Margined Madtom (Noturus insignis)
• Small, tubular fish; have poison glands associated with pectoral spines
• Found in rocks in riffles• Feed on benthic
macroinvertebrates
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Pikes
• Redfin Pickerel• Grass Pickerel• Northern Pike• Tiger Muskellunge• Muskellunge• Chain Pickerel
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Muskellunge
• The Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy)
• Tubular fish, nearly 1.5M long
• Found in large clean rivers with submerged vegetation
• Ambush predator
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Chain Pickerel
• The Chain Pickerel (Esox niger)
• Tubular body• Can be found in
backwaters and in brown-water habitats; but can be found in deep lakes among weeds and stumps
• Ambush predators
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Rainbow Smelt
• The Rainbow Smelt (Osmerus mordax)
• Like a minnow with strong teeth
• Anadromous fish introduced to the Great Lakes
• Feed on insects and fish fry
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Trout and Salmon
• Coho Salmon• Chinook Salmon• Pink Salmon• Rainbow Trout• Steelhead
• Golden Rainbow Trout• Brown Trout• Brook trout• Lake trout• Atlantic Salmon
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Brook Trout
• The Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
• Official State Fish of PA• Only stream trout
native to PA• Low order cold, clean
streams• Feed on aquatic and
terrestrial insects, crustaceans, small fish
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Rainbow Trout
• Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
• Introduced species• Lighter than the Brook
and has a red lateral line• In fastwater streams• Feed on aquatic and
terrestrial insects, crustaceans, and small fish
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Burbot
• Burbot (Lota lota)• Endangered native and
member of the Cod family
• Found in the Great Lakes and Allegheny River; requires cold, clean water
• Feed on invertebrates and fishes
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Banded Killifish
• The Banded Killifish (Fundulus diaphanus)
• Established in most drainages in PA
• Called topminnnow, but feed at all levels of slow-moving parts of streams
• Eat macroinvertebrates, mainly insects and crustacea. Will take small fish.
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Threespine Stickleback
• The Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteous aculeatus)
• Endangered native• Fish are small, schooling fish
with bony plates on their sides
• Require clean, clear water in slow-moving parts of streams
• Eat fish fry and eggs; insects and crustaceans
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Sculpins
• There are two species of sculpins in PA waters: Mottled Sculpin (Cottus bairdi) and Slimy Sculpin (C. cognatus)
• Freshwater members of a mostly marine family
• Often found together with Brook Trout; require clean, clear, cold low order streams
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Temperate Basses
• This family includes White Perch (Morone americana), White Bass (M. chrysops), and Striped Bass (M. saxatilis)
• Fish of large rivers and lakes; introduced into reservoirs
• Travel in schools and feed on fish
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Sunfishes
• Redear Sunfish• Banded Sunfish• Blackbanded Sunfish• Bluespotted Sunfish• Warmouth• Mud Sunfish• Longear Sunfish• Rock Bass• Redbreast Sunfish
• Green Sunfish• Pumpkinseed• Bluegill• Smallmouth Bass• Spotted Bass• Largemouth Bass• White Crappie• Black Crappie
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Bluegill
• Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)
• Oval deep body that is laterally-flattened
• In lakes, ponds, and slow-moving parts of streams with submerged plants
• Eat aquatic macroinvertebrates, small fish, and, occasionally, plants
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Smallmouth Bass
• The Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieui)
• Native to Great Lakes and Ohio Valley; distributed elsewhere
• Require rocky habitats, usually in, but not restricted to, moving water
• Feed on crustaceans and fish
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Largemouth Bass
• Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)
• Native to Great Lakes and Ohio Valley, now distributed throughout PA
• Prefer warm water habitats; ponds and small lakes with submerged aquatics
• They eat almost any animal that they can fit into their mouths
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Perches
• Greenside Darter• Banded Darter• Rainbow Darter• Bluebreast Darter• Johnny Darter• Tesselated Darter• Gilt Darter• Spotted Darter
• Longhead Darter• Eastern Sand Darter• Tippecanoe Darter• Yellow Perch• Logperch• Sauger• Saugeye• Walleye
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Tesselated Darter
• The Tesselated Darter (Etheostoma olmstedi)
• Tubular body with large pectoral fins
• Sandy or rock bottom in flowing water
• Eat small insects and crustaceans
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Yellow Perch
• Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens)
• Throughout the northern US
• In warm to cool lakes, ponds, and slow-moving parts of streams
• Adults eat mainly small fish
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Walleye
• Walleye (Sander vitreus)• Native to the Great Lakes
and the Ohio Valley, they have been introduced as a sport fish to appropriate habitats in PA
• In large lakes and rivers• Usually the top predator
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Freshwater Drum
• The Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens)
• Called croakers; mainly from a marine family
• In the Great Lakes and the western rivers of PA
• Feeds on mollusks, insects, and crustaceans
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Fishes Classified According to Habitat
• Littoral Zone• Limnetic Zone• Benthic Zone• Streams– Upper Reaches– Middle Reaches– Lower reaches
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Fishes Classified According to Ecological Conditions
• Temperature• Light• Water Movement• Food• Social Factors• Population Density• Population Structure