mar2015

Pashubandha 2015 Volume No : 4 Issue : 03

Prof. H. A. Upendra# and Dr. Madhukar * # Director, *Assistant Professor, Institute of Wildlife Veterinary Research, KVAFSU, Doddaluvara,

Kodagu – 571232. ( E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] )

With increasing incidences of Human-Tiger conflicts during recent times, a Veterinarian may be

called for identification of pug marks to confirm the presence of a Tiger in the vicinity.

Though an ancient art, reading pug marks is a sophisticated science that requires an understanding

of the basic behaviour of tigers as well as its habitat. Shikaris, the traditional wild animal tracers were so

apt in their ability that they could determine the sex, age as well as size of a tiger based on their pug marks.

In this brief bulleted article, we present the basics of tiger pug marks identification.

• Identification of pug marks helps in indirect confirmation of the presence of an animal, and detailed

analysis can even lead to deduction of the population, sex ratio as well as range of a tiger.

• Members of the antelope and deer family like Cheetal, Hog deer, Neelgai, Sambar, Barking deer,

Barasingha and Chausingha do occur in the vicinity of the habitat of Indian tigers.

• Other major species of animals that occur commonly in the tiger habitat are Rhinoceros, Wild pig,

Elephant, Wild dog, Wolf, Ratel, Hyena, Jackal, Indian fox, Porcupine, Sloth bear and Gaur.

• Other cats that commonly co-in habitat tiger habitats are Leopard, Caracal, Leopard cat, Jungle cat,

Fishing cat

• Other animals like civets are also commonly found in tiger habitats.

• The pug marks of the members of cat family are commonly confused with that of the dog family

members. However, there are remarkable differences like: claw

marks are always visible for dog family but only on slippery or

steep ground for cat family; the gap between the top of the pad

and the two middle toes is distinctly more than that in cats

(except in Hyenas); toes in dog and pad in cats are relatively

larger.

• A tiger’s paw consists of four toes and a pad. A small fifth toe,

the dew claw is placed high on the front limb only.

Newsletter Date : 31st March 2015 Volume No: 4 Issue : 3

Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin

The dew claws are retractable and usually do not touch the ground. The pad is tri-lobed at the end.

Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 01 Pashubandha 2015 Volume No : 4 Issue : 03

Figure 1. Commonly seen footprints of soft-padded animals other than cats.

Figure 2. Understanding the placement of limbs gives idea about location of the four pugs on the ground.

• The pugmark length (PML) is the length from the tip of the farthest toe

to the base of the pad along the line of walk. Pugmark breadth (PMB) is

the distance between the outer edges of the first and last toe. These are

measured by drawing a box with all angles measuring 90 degree. The

sharp image can be printed or edited in computer using basic image

software to get these measurements.

• The hind pugs can be distinguished from front pugmarks by following

these points: front pugs are larger; the foreword most point of the two

middle toes is always almost placed equally in front pugs whereas they

are distinct in hind pugs; PMB of the front pug is

greater than PML in male tigers; front pugs are more

prone to hunting injuries which can be appreciated in

the pug marks.

• The handedness of the pugmarks is much easier to

deduct using our hands. When our thumbs are folded

and fingers are stretched, the third finger will be the

longest from left in left hand and third finger from right

will be longest in the right hand. Tiger paws too show these characteristics.

• The hind pugmarks of male and female tigers can be distinguished

using features like: the male pugmarks almost fits into a square

whereas pugmarks of a female fits into a rectangle; the male toes are

more rounded whereas females have elongated toes; a male pugmark

is likely to have a difference of 1.5 cm between PML and PMB

whereas this value is higher than 1.5 in females.

• The location for searching tiger pugmarks is also important. Tiger pugmarks will be more easily

traceable on dusty forest roads, tracks and animal trails, near water-holes, river and stream beds, dry

nala beds, and in the vicinity of natural salt licks.

• The soil conditions influence the pugmarks, hence it is important to collect the pugmarks from similar

condition soils. This is not a practically feasible method and advanced methods like placement of

man-made pug impression pads (PIPs) are used for this.

• In case of tiger enumeration, following items are carried in the kit: tiger tracer, ball pen, sketch pen, 2m

long measuring tape, form-d, 2 litre water bottle, 500 ml mug, medical grade plaster of Paris, census bag

and flexible aluminium strips. Newer and much more sophisticated methods are used for enumeration

during recent censuses.

Further important things to remember: • A 3-4 month old tiger cubs pug marks may be confused with

those of leopard. However, the tiger cub pugs will be accompanied by its mother’s pugmarks, the leopard pugmarks are compact as pads and toes are held closely, whereas those of cubs are splayed out. Leopard’s toe prints


are relatively smaller than that f the tiger cub. The stride of a tiger cub is about ten times its PML,

whereas it is 13-14 times in leopards.

• Lesser cat pugmarks have a PML of less than 6 cms. Leopard cubs have a PML of 5-7 cms. Adult

leopards have a PML of 7-9.5 cms. Tiger cubs make a pugmark with PML 7-10 cms. Adult tigers make

a pugmark with PML of 9-17 cms.

Mrs. B.P. Pushpa1 and Mr. C. Kempanna2, Assistant Professor1 Associate Professor and Head2 of the Department, Dairy Chemistry Department,

Dairy Science College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore-560 024

( E.mail: [email protected] )

According to Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) 2011, the definition of

MILK is the normal mammary secretion derived from complete milking of healthy milch animal without

either addition thereto or extraction there from unless otherwise provided in these Regulations. It shall be

free from colostrum. Milk of different classes and of different designations shall conform to the standards

laid down by FSSAI for milk fat and milk Solids Not Fat (mSNF), independently are given in the Table1.

Table 1: Legal Standards for different classes of milk.

a -In some states of India Min. Fat% is 6.0 b-In some states, Min.Fat % is 3.0 and 4.0 c-In some states, Min. Fat % is 3.5 d-All over India

NOTE : When milk is offered for sale without indication of the class, the standards prescribed for buffalo milk shall apply.

Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 01 Pashubandha 2015 Volume No :4 Issue : 03

Class of milk

Designation

Mini-mum

Milk Fat (%)

Minimum mSNF (%)

Buffalo Milk Raw, pasteurized, boiled, flavoured, sterilized 5.0a 9.0

Cow milk Raw, pasteurized, boiled, flavoured, sterilized 3.5b 8.5

Goat or sheep milk Raw, pasteurized, boiled, flavoured, sterilized 3.0c 9.0

Mixed milk Raw, pasteurized, boiled, flavoured, sterilized 4.5d 8.5

Standardized milk Pasteurized, Flavoured sterilized 4.5d 8.5

Recombined milk Pasteurized, flavoured, sterilized 3.0d 8.5

Toned milk Pasteurized, flavoured, sterilized 3.0d 8.5

Double toned milk Pasteurized, flavoured, sterilized 1.5d 9.0

Skimmed milk Raw, pasteurized, boiled, flavoured, sterilized Max.0.5d 8.7

Full cream milk Pasteurized and sterilized 6.0d 9.0

Milk Composition and Nutritional content of milk:

The milk in nature is to nourish and provide immunological protection for the mammalian young. Major

constituents present in milk are water, fat, proteins, lactose and minerals. Minor constituents are

phospholipids, cholesterol, pigments, vitamins and enzymes. The composition and nutritional content of

milk from different animal species such as cow, buffalo, goat and sheep milks are given in the Table 2.

Table 2: Nutritional content of milk from different animal species

At present, in India 54 % milk of total milk production is from buffalo, 43 % from cow and 3%

from goat and sheep. The major difference in the composition of these milks show that there is higher total

solids content in buffalo and sheep milk due to higher fat, protein, lactose and minerals. The total solids

content of cow and goat milk are less compared to buffalo and sheep milk. The dietary energy value of

buffalo and sheep milk is high compared to cow and goat milk because of higher total solids content.

Milk Fat is easily digestible nutritious fat and most important source of dietary energy, while

supplies 9 kcal/g of fat. Milk fat contains nutrients such as essential fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins A,

D, E and K. The conjugated linoleic acid may prevent colorectal and breast cancer, by reducing

Prostagladian PGE -2, reduce chronic inflammation and normalize blood glucose level by increasing

insulin sensitivity. Butyric acid found in milk fat works as a substratum for colon cell and confers

anticancer properties. The intake of milk and milk products except butter appears to lower the blood

cholesterol content. 60 % of the fatty acid in milk fat has no cholesterol raising properties. The free fatty

acids and mono glycerides in milk fat are anti infective. Medical community has projected unhealthy

image of milk fat because it contains cholesterol and saturated fatty acids.

Milk proteins are the building blocks of body containing all 11 essential amino acids, which

supplies energy 4 kcal/g of protein. Casein and whey proteins are the major proteins present in milk. Milk

is the only source of animal protein for vegetarians. Milk proteins are considered superior compared to

other proteins because of its higher biological value, digestibility and immunological properties .


Sl. No

Constituents (per 100 g)

Cow milk

Buffalo milk

Goat milk

Sheep milk

1. Water(g) 87.07 82.76 87.03

82.14

2. Energy(kcal) 70 101 79 106

3. Carbohydrate(g) 4.64 4.9 4.45 4.8

4. Fat(g) 4.2 7.8 4.5 7.6

5. Protein(g) 3.4 3.75 3.2 4.5

6. Mineral ash(g) 0.69 0.79

0.82 0.96

Calcium(mg) 113 169 134 193

Phosphorous(mg) 91 117 111 158

Potassium(mg) 143 178 204 137

Zinc(mg) 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.54

Sl. No

Constituents (per 100 g)

Cow milk

Buf-falo milk

Goat milk

Sheep milk

7. Vitamins (ug or mg)

Thiamine(B1)(mg) 0.044

0.052 0.048

0.065

Riboflavin(B2)(mg) 0.183

0.135 0.138

0.355

Niacin(B3)(mg) 0.107

0.091 0.277

0.417

Pantothenic acid (B5) (mg)

0.362

0.192 0.310

0.407

Vitamin-C (ascorbic acid) (mg)

2.0 2.3 1.3 4.2

Vitamin-A(Retinol)(ug) 28 53 57 44

Vitamin-D (calciferol) (IU)

40 - 12 -

Milk protein consumption may relieve joint pains and enhances iron absorption. Milk protein hydrolyzate

shows anti stress effect and the whey proteins offer protection against tumor incidence.

Lactose is a carbohydrate present in milk which supplies 4 kcal/g of energy. Lactose is a

disaccharide that yields D-glucose and D-galactose on hydrolysis. Lactose is commonly referred as ‘brain

sugar’ because it helps in the development of brain. It also helps in the absorption of calcium and

magnesium by the body and suppresses the development of putrefying microorganisms in the intestine. Of

all the mammalian milk, human milk contains highest lactose content (7.0 %).

Milk is an excellent source of Minerals. The major minerals present in milk are calcium,

magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, phosphate, sulphate, citrate, carbonate and bicarbonate. The

minerals present in trace quantities include aluminium, chromium, iron, zinc etc. Calcium and phosphorus

help in building up of skeleton and teeth in children. The other minerals which act as building materials of

the body are also essential components in enzymatic reactions in digestion system.

Vitamins in milk include fat soluble (vitamin A,D, E & K) and water soluble vitamins (B complex

& C). Milk is an important source of vitamin A, vitamin B1-thiamin, B2-riboflavin B6-pyridoxine,

B12- cyano cobalamin or Biotin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid and Folic acid. Vitamins play a vital role in

human health, the deficiency of vitamins may cause many diseases and hence these vitamins have to be

supplemented in the diet by including milk and dairy products.

Nutritional value of Milk from different animal spe cies:

1.Cow and Buffalo milk:

Much of the milk produced and processed in India is buffalo milk. Buffalo milk contains more fat,

solids not fat and total solids and hence yield of products prepared from buffalo milk will be always

higher. The compositional differences between buffalo and cow milk are reflected on their

physico-chemical properties. Milk from buffalo is preferred for preparing milk and dairy products of

western and traditional type and is nutritionally superior. However, due to some differences in

physico-chemical properties, the use of buffalo milk creates a few problems during product manufacture

and storage of some dairy products.

There is difference in the quality of protein in terms of structure of casein and mineral distribution

in the casein micelle. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of buffalo milk is 2.74 and cow milk is 2.39.

Buffalo milk fat is higher in fatty acids such as butyric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid but

lower in caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric and myristic acids. Calcium, phosphorus and iron are higher in

buffalo milk than cow milk. Higher levels of various protective factors are found in buffalo milk such as

immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysozymes, lactoperoxidase and bifidogenic factors. Buffalo milk contains

less cholesterol (total cholesterol 275 mg and free cholesterol 212mg per 100 g of fat) compared to cow

milk (total cholesterol 330 mg and free cholesterol 280 mg per 100 g of fat) and more tocopherol (334.21

µg per kg for buffalo and 312.3µg per kg of cow milk). Buffalo milk can be preserved naturally for a

longer period due to higher peroxidase activity. Buffalo milk contains more Vitamin A as it metabolises all

the carotene.

2.Therapeutic value of Goat milk:


The composition of cow and goat milk do not differ significantly and the total solids content is

almost same and give energy of 70 kcal and 79 kcal (100g milk). The size of casein micelle is more in

goat milk (100-200 nm) compared to cow milk (60-80 nm). The minerals in goat milk slightly high in

calcium, phosphorus and potassium content. The cow and goat milk differs significantly in the

physico - chemical structure and composition of milk fats. The average size of fat globule of goat milk is

about 3.5 micrometers as compared to 4.5 micrometers for cow milk fat. So it is normally referred as

‘homogenized milk’. Smaller fat globules make a better dispersion and helps in formation of more

homogeneous mixture of fat which also helps for better digestion by lipase action. The value of curd

tension test of goat milk is less than cow milk and hence the better digestion and absorption of goat milk.

The fatty acid profile of goat milk reveals higher concentration of short chain and medium chain fatty

acids. The ‘goaty odour’ can be attributed to higher short chain and free fatty acids in goat milk.

The importance of feeding of infants with goat milk has been recognized since ancient days. In

developed countries like U.S and South Africa, the goat milk is specifically marketed for the infants. The

milk allergy problem common in infants fed with cow milk is rarely encountered when replaced with goat

milk and it plays an important role in the formulation of infant formula. This is a proof of the ‘medicinal property’ of goat milk. The symptoms like gastrointestinal disturbances, vomiting colic, diarrhea,

constipation and respiratory problems can be eliminated when goat milk is fed to infants. Goat milk is

better substitute for people suffering from eczema asthma, chronic catarrh migraine, colitis, hay fever

stomach ulcer , epigastric distress and abdominal due to allergic reaction to cow milk protein.

Nutritional value of buffalo milk and sheep milk are high because of higher total solids and

provides 101 kcal and 106 kcal (100g milk) of dietary energy respectively. Sheep milk is rich in fat, SNF

and minerals and also more nutritious than cow and goat milk. It is also rich in calcium, magnesium,

sodium, phosphorus, zinc and vitamin A, C and folate. Sheep milk contain higher amount of thiamine,

riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6 and B12 compared to other species.

3.Nutritional value of Deshi (zebu/Indian) cow milk:

The milk from Indian cows is thicker and sweeter and good for children’s growth and can make

tastier milk products. Scientific evidence suggests that milk from zebu (humped) cattle has several

advantages over the milk of exotic European varieties of cattle like Holstein Friesian (HF), which were

introduced in India as a measure to enhance milk production through cross breeding.

The key difference between the two types of milk is the crucial A2 variety of β-casein protein,

which is found in the milk of the zebu cows, camel, goat, donkey, buffalo, yak, sheep and even jersey

cows.

European breeds like HF, which spread across the developed world due to their high milk yield,

contain the A1 variant of β-casein protein, which has been related to allergies and serious health

conditions. The process started in New Zealand, where the process for identification of A1 and A2 proteins

was developed, and in 1994, a patent was registered by the NZ Child Health Research Foundation for ‘A

Method of Selecting Non-Diabetogenic Milk or Milk Products’.

In recent years, evidence has started piling up linking A1 protein with higher risks of type-1

diabetes, coronary heart disease, allergies, irritable bowel syndrome, arteriosclerosis, sudden infant death

syndrome, autism, schizophrenia etc. Popular testimonies show that a switch from A1 to A2 milk leads


to significant improvement in a host of health issues. With rising awareness the demand for A2 milk has

gone up phenomenally in countries like Australia, UK and NZ. A few people around the country are

working to document this knowledge and a few non-profit organizations are working to set up farmer

groups for marketing deshi cow milk. A few scientists are trying to start fledgling conservation

programs and a few Swadeshi groups are making an emotional appeal based largely on vague claims of

health benefits.

Dr. Sakshi, S1., Dr. Kshama, M. A2., Dr. Kavya, P. S3, Dr. Soumya, B4. 2Assistant professor Dept. of TVCC,1 M.V.Sc. scholar Dept. of VAHEE,3M.V.Sc. schlor Dept. of Animal

nutrition,4M.V.Sc. scholar Dept of Vety. Med.([email protected])

A zoonotic disease is a disease that can be passed from an animal to a human. There are many

diseases that can be zoonotic and many species of animals can spread zoonotic diseases. In general these

diseases are of most significance to immune-compromised people and children. It is important to

remember that preventive methods for these diseases should be used when dealing with all animals, even

animals that appear healthy.

Here is an overview of some common or important zoonotic diseases which can be passed from

dogs and cats to humans


DISEASE Rabies Staphylococcal Infections Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)

PATHOGEN Lyssa virus Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

(MRSA- infection from man to animal more

common)

Dermatophytes spp.

TRANSMISSION

Bites from rabid animals

Bacterial contamination

following bite wounds

Direct contact with infected animals

SYMPTOMS IN ANIMALS

Progressive neurologic

dysfunction, death

Fever, Skin lesion(s), Skin swelling, Slow to heal

wound(s) Pyoderma, mastitis

Asymptomatic or skin lesions with alopecia,

hyperkeratosis, erythema and crusts

SYMPTOMS IN HUMANS

Progressive neurologic

dysfunction, death

Skin or soft tissue infection, such as a boil or abscess

at the site of wound. It can develop into more

serious invasive infections, such as bloodstream

infections or pneumonia, leading to a variety of

other symptoms including shortness of breath, fever, chills, and

death

Raised circular lesions, with erythema and

hyperkeratosis. Common in children and

immune-compromised people


DISEASE Campylobacteri-osis

Salmonellosis Giardiasis (beaver fever)

Toxocariasis

PATHOGEN Campylobacter spp.

Salmonella spp. Giardia spp. (only type A and B

are zoonotic)

Toxocara spp.

TRANSMIS-SION

Feco-oral Feco-oral or ingestion of

contaminated food

Fecal-oral, contaminated food or water sources

Ingestion of embryonated eggs from environment

SYMPTOMS IN ANIMALS

Asymptomatic or bloody diarrhea in

young animals

Asymptomatic or diarrhea

Diarrhea Diarrhea

SYMPTOMS IN HUMANS

Severe vomition, abdominal discomfort,

diarrhea

Gastroenteritis, abdominal pain,

vomition, nausea, fever, myagia,

dehydration

Diarrhea, fever, vomiting

Usually asymptomatic

Visceral or ocular larva migrans

DISEASE

Leptospirosis

Ancylostomiasis

Cryptosporidiosis

Tuberculosis

PATHOGEN Leptospira spp. Ancyclostoma spp.

Cryptosporidium spp.

Mycobacte-rium spp.

TRANSMIS-SION

Direct contact with infected

urine

Direct contact with infected material

Feco-oral route Airborne

SYMPTOMS IN ANIMALS

Malaise, icterus,

nephritis

Diarrhea Severe diarrhea, anorexia,

weight loss

Fever, Weight loss,

Anorexia ,Harsh, non-productive

coughing

SYMPTOMS IN HUMANS

Malaise, acute nephritis, icterus,

hepatitis, uveitis

Cutaneous larva migrans Eosi-nophilic enteritis

(A.caninum)

Watery diarrhea, vomiting,

stomach, cramps, loss of appetite,

weight loss, slight fever

A bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or

longer, Pain in the chest, Coughing up

blood or sputum (phlegm from deep inside the lungs),

weakness or fatigue, weight loss, Loss of

appetite, Chills, Fever, Sweating at

night

External Parasites External parasites of dogs and cats are capable of transmitting several diseases to humans.

Environmental conditions, and geographic location influence the incidence and risk associated with

ectoparasites. Preventive measures should be designed to limit exposure, careful examination during

quarantine is recommended to detect and eliminate external parasites. Below is a list of the most common

ectoparasites and the zoonotic diseases they can transmit.


DISEASE Brucellosis Toxoplasmosis Bartonellosis (Cat Scratch Fever)

PATHOGEN Brucella spp. Toxoplasma gondii (Cats are definitive

host)

Bartonella henselae

TRANSMISSION

Exposure to aborted fetuses, placental material, urine, or vaginal discharges

Feco-oral or ingestion of contaminated

tissues

Contamination of bite site with flea excreta or

scratch

SYMPTOMS IN ANIMALS

Orchitis, scrotal dermatitis, generalized

lymphadenopathy, abortion

Abortions, still births, encephalitis,

myositis, birth defects, death

Subclinical

SYMPTOMS IN HUMANS

Intermittent fever, malaise

Abortions, still births, encephalitis,

myositis, birth defects, death

Lymphadenopathy, fever, malaise, encephalitis, local inflammation,

abscess

PARASITES DISEASES SYMPTOMS IN HUMANS

Ticks • Ehrlichiosis • Lyme borreliosis • Tularemia • Rocky mountain

spotted fever

• Fever, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches • Fatigue, chills, fever, headache, rash, arthritis,

neurologic signs • Fever, skin lesions, lymphadenopathy • Fever, headache, abdominal pain, vomiting,

rash, muscle pain Fleas • Bartonellosis

• Plague

• Fever, lymphadenopathy, papules or pustules • Fever, chills, cough, pneumonia, chest pain,

extreme weakness, abdominal pain, bleeding, shock, death

Mites • Scabies • Cheyletiellosis

• Pruritus, dermatitis • Erythematous macules or papules on the limbs

and sometimes on whole body Flies • Trypanosomiasis • In the first phase, fever with lymphadenopathy

together with other non-specific signs and symptoms. The second stage neurological symptoms like changes in personality, alteration of the biological clock (the circadian rhythm), confusion, slurred speech, seizures and difficulty in walking and talking.

Prevention of Zoonotic Disease: Owning a dog and cat is generally a very positive experience for all the

family and brings many benefits to humans. By taking a few precautions as listed below, one can ensure

that diseases will not spread to one’s own family or neighbours. These include:

• Isolate sick animals and seek immediate veterinary advice.

• Hands should be washed regularly after touching sick pets or handling their waste. If it is a cat, scoop

the litter box daily and dispose of the stool in a tightly sealed plastic bag. If it is a dog, clean up the

stool while on walks or from the yard and dispose of the stool in a tightly sealed plastic bag.

• Clean pets food and water dishes in a separate sink or tub, not in the kitchen or bathtub.

• Wash hands after contact with pets, pet food and pet bowls. Wash with soap and running water for at

least 20 seconds, then rinse and dry your hands with a paper towel.

• Routinely clean pet food bowls and feeding areas.

• Keep exercise enclosures, fencing, walls and kennels etc. as clean as practicable.

• Keep children younger than age 5 away from pet food and feeding areas.

• Vaccinate and deworm dogs and cats at regular intervals as per schedule.

J. Shilpa Shree Assistant professor ( contract ), Dept. of LPM, Veterinary College, Bengaluru.

([email protected]) Global trade in livestock products is expanding rapidly and significantly due to increase in

consumer demands linked to growing educational and awareness of consumer, internationalisation of

tastes and habits, developments in science and technology and improvements in communication and

transportation. Sustained economic growth and rising incomes during the past two decades have been

fuelling rapid growth in the demand for livestock products in India. Consequently, the livestock sector has

emerged as one of the important drivers of agricultural growth and diversification in India. The 12th Five

Year Plan (2012-2017) and the National Agricultural Policy (2000) gave much focus on livestock sector to

achieve the target growth rate of 4% in the agricultural sector.

The rising global demand for livestock products, various global trade negotiations and domestic

reforms in India, have improved the access to international markets substantially, particularly during the

post-WTO period. Such developments offer an opportunity to India to increase its exports, especially for

livestock products like bovine meat, whose domestic demand is low. However, at the same time,

apprehensions are being raised about the ability of Indian livestock farmers, a majority of whom are small

and marginal, in taking the advantage of emerging opportunities, under the liberalized trade scenario.

Thus, a deeper understanding of the dynamics of trade performance of livestock sector in India would

contribute towards the development strategy of this sector.

Role of livestock sector in agricultural economy: The livestock sector could play an important role in the process of socio-economic development of

India. India is rich in livestock genetic resource. The total Bovine population (Cattle, Buffalo, Mithun and

Yak) is 299.9 million numbers in 2012. The number of milch animals (in-milk and dry) in cows and


buffaloes has increased from 111.09 million to 118.59 million, an increase of 6.75%. The number of

animals in milk in cows and buffaloes has increased from 77.04 million to 80.52 million showing a growth

of 4.51%. India possess 512.1 million livestock and 729.2 million poultry birds. The country occupies first

position in milk production despite the fact that the production system is predominantly based on

agro- by-products and crop residues, third in egg and fifth in broiler production in the world. Livestock

sector has maintained a steady growth particularly, the dairy and poultry sectors. Investments in the

livestock sector can significantly contribute to economic growth, poverty reduction and the attainment of

the Millennium Development Goals in India. India’s livestock sector has been booming. India has

become the leading exporter of buffalo meat and it has turned from a milk-deficient nation into the

world’s largest dairy producer in the world.

While the contribution of agriculture to the country’s GDP continues to fall with industrialization,

the contribution of the livestock sector to India’s agricultural output only continues to increase. Livestock

now contribute 28% of the output of the agricultural sector and the sub-sector is growing at a rate of 4.3%

a year while that for the agricultural sector as a whole is growing at just 2.8% a year. Last year, India’s

livestock sector output value was estimated to be over USD40 billion—more than all grains combined.

Livestock sector are a prime force in this country’s economy and the well-being of hundreds of millions of

its people. Livestock sector stand as a central pillar for India’s economic development. The present

contribution of livestock to the national economy is estimates to 18,000 crores mainly from milk and milk

products (70%), meat and meat products (11.5%), poultry (8.8%) and dung for fuel (7.8%). In addition the

value of other animal products as eggs, wool, leather goods etc. make the total 18,000 cores.

Data Base and Objectives of the Study: The data used in this study were collected from various secondary sources. Time series data for

twenty year (1991 – 2011) on export and imports (quantity in tonnes) of various livestock products for the

world and India were collected from Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations,

FAO trade statistics and FAO commodity Review and outlook.

Trade Performance and Livestock Sector in India: Export of livestock products from India have gained a considerable momentum since the early

nineties chiefly because of liberalization of trade and several trade policy changes coupled with surge in

international prices of many livestock based products (Bairwa et al. 2013). Export of livestock products in

terms of quantities in India over a period of twenty years from 1991 to 2011 is given in Table 1. From this

table 1, it could be inferred that the export performance of bovine meat has registered the highest position

(945935 tonnes in 2011), followed by poultry products. Dastagiri, 2010 showed that meat products

constituted the largest share in the total exports and he suggested that government should increase its

spending to increase livestock production and which in turn will increase livestock export.

Import of livestock products in terms of quantities in India over a period of twenty years from 1991

to 2011 is given in Table 2. India does not import bovine meat. The import of dairy products has shown a

fluctuating trend over the period of study. The import of sheep and goat meat had almost not take place,

while the import of swine meat and poultry products had registered a significant growth. India is a

potential competitive exporter to Asia and the world. Trade liberalization will help to increase its producer

surplus while decreases consumer surplus (Peng and Cox, 2006). Anand and Varalaxmi, 2011 in their

study, evaluated the exports and imports of principal commodities from India during 2004 to 2010.


Table: 2 Import Performance of Livestock Products in India: (Quantities in tonnes)

qÁ. ºÉZï. J. G¥ÉÃAzÀæ

¤zÉÃð±ÀPÀgÀÄ, ªÀ£ÀåfÃ« ¥À±ÀÄªÉÊzÀåQÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀA±ÉÆÃzsÀ£Á ¸ÀA¸ÉÜ, zÉÆqÀØC¼ÀÄªÁgÀ.

( [email protected] )

EzÀÄ ¸ÀÄªÀiÁgÀÄ 1986 - 1987 gÀ ¸ÀAUÀw. ¸ÉßÃ»vÀ qÁ. ªÀrªÉÃ®Ä zÀÆgÀªÁ¤ ªÀiÁr PÉÃ½zÀ “ ¸Ágï PÉÆÃ½UÀ¼À°è

ªÉÆmÉÖ MqÉAiÀÄ®Ä ªÀÄvÀÄÛ vÉÆUÀ®Ä ªÉÆmÉÖUÉ PÁgÀt K£ÀÄ? ” £À£Àß GvÀÛgÀ “ PÉÆÃ½ ªÉÆmÉÖ MqÉAiÀÄ®Ä C£ÉÃPÀ PÁgÀt,

Tape worm infestation CxÀªÁ PÉÆÃ½ DºÁgÀzÀ°è Calcium PÉÆgÀvÉ, PÉ®ªÀÅ «µÀ ¥ÀzsÁxÀðUÀ¼ÀÆ ¸ÀºÀ PÉÆÃ½ ªÉÆmÉÖ

MqÉAiÀÄ®Ä ªÀÄvÀÄÛ vÉÆUÀ®Ä ªÉÆmÉÖUÉ PÁgÀtªÁUÀÄvÉÛ.” qÁ. ªÀrªÉÃ®Ä zÀé¤AiÀÄ°è ºÀvÁµÉ PÁtÄwvÀÄÛ, “ ¸Ágï J¯Áè ¸Àj EzÉ,

DzÀgÉ £ÁªÀÄPÀÌ°è£À°è MAzÀÄ PÉÆÃ½ ¥sÁgÀA£À°è §gÉÃ vÉÆUÀ®Ä ªÉÆmÉÖ §gÀvÁ EzÉ, ¤ªÀÄä ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄ ¨ÉÃPÀÄ, §wÃðgÀ ºÉÆÃV

§gÉÆÃt JAzÀgÀÄ. £Á£ÀÄ ¸ÀºÁ ºÉÆÃUÀ®Ä M¦àPÉÆAqÉ. D MAzÀÄ ¥Àæ¸ÀAUÀ £À£Àß ªÀÈwÛ fÃªÀ£ÀPÉÌ ¸ÀªÁ¯ÁUÀ §ºÀÄzÀÄ JAzÀÄ

M¼À ªÀÄ£À¸ÀÄì ºÉÃ¼À¯ÁgÀA©¹vÀÄ, ºÁUÀÄ ºÉÆ¸ÀzÁV PÉÆAqÀ PÁgÀÄ Nr¸ÀÄªÀ ºÀÄZÀÄÑ ¸ÀºÁ EvÀÄÛ.


Pe-riod

Dairy prod-ucts

Eggs

Swine

meat

Poul-try

meat

Natu-ral

honey

sheep and goat meat

Bo-vine meat

Meat offals

Hides and Skins

Wool and Hair

proc-essed meat

1991 2314 5794 0 215 0 7622 81459 2497 0 1964 191

1994 8204 6200 742 101 120 10819 116138 76 0 63 192

1997 1968 9382 252 344 752 7547 176329 95 0 418 240

2000 9897 11344 3 259 1534 11903 288027 183 49 383 137

2003 7745 42319 640 6918 6964 16821 343817 1158 942 357 1012

2006 41874 49070 1672 1072 8136 5482 494112 399 2077 256 752

2009 29254 44180 1414 1656 13311 52252 484689 6166 4945 1117 476

2011 16039 33915 612 10548 28940 10744 945935 10910 1872 2554 598

Period

Dairy prod-ucts

Eggs

Swine

meat

Poul-try

meat

Natu-ral

honey

Sheep and Goat meat

Bovine meat

Meat offals

Hides and

Skins

Wool and Hair

Proc-essed meat

1991 2135 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5281 30437 0

1994 998 0 0 0 162 0 0 0 11348 43180 0

1997 804 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 13479 66145 0

2000 1624 23 20 1 1163 6 0 0 18179 59651 13

2003 12071 43 86 18 155 2 0 0 9288 91511 47

2006 3522 239 331 25 1008 9 2 5 19319 102881 76

2009 8719 66 1520 61 1104 39 0 0 27553 69901 217

2011 50057 315 1202 124 859 8 0 0 21323 80059 383

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D Sales Reprepresentative zÀÆgÀªÁtÂ £ÀA§gï ¥ÀqÉzÀÄ ¸ÀA¥ÀQð¹zÁUÀ CªÀgÀÄ ºÉÃ½zÀÄÝ “ ¸Ágï £Á£ÀÄ ºÉÃ½zÀÄÝ

Ostocalcium, Hostocycline C® è” ²æÃ ¸ÀÄ§æªÀÄtåA CªÀjUÉ F vÉÆÃAzÀgÉ Ostocalcium §zÀ®Ä Hostocycline

PÉÆnÖzÀPÉÌ DVzÉ. PÉÆÃ½UÀ½UÉ PÉÆlÖgÉ ªÀÄvÉÛ ªÉÆmÉÖ ¸ÀjAiÀiÁV §gÀÄvÉÛ CAvÀ w½ ºÉÃ½zÁUÀ ²æÃ ¸ÀÄ§æªÀÄtå ªÀÄÄRzÀ°è

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G¥Àà£ÀÄß wAzÀÄ ªÀÄgÀt ºÉÆA¢zÀ DPÀ¼ÀÄ

Dr. Naveen kumar,. G.S., Dr. Basavaraj Inamdar & Dr. Shrikanth Dodamani Assistant Professors, Department of AGB, Veterinary College, Hassan.


• Champion draft animal of karnataka, developed by vijayanagara empire

• Two strains– sannamallige & gujumavu

• Medium sized animal

• Long slender compact and muscular body

• White to light grey with darker fore and hind quarters

• Horns emerge close from top of the poll and ends up with sharp points

• Head is graceful with concave forehead

• Irregular patches around eyes and cheeks

• Ears are held in horizontal position

• Muzzle is black or pinkish in color

• Medium size dewlap and hump

• Tail is long reaches below knee joint

• Small and Bowl shaped fore and rear udders, teats are funnel shaped with rounded tips

• Moderate temperament


Contact :

Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education

Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore

email: [email protected]

Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in

monthly e-Bulletin

Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru.

Editor: Associate Editior: Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension Education Dr. S. Yathiraj (Ex-Officio) Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)

• PELVIC


Adult male weight

453 kg

Adult female weight

425 kg

Load pulling capacity

2-3 tones at 5km/hr speed

Daily Milk yield

0.5-4 kg

Average Lactation Milk yield 541 kg

Lactation Length

285 days

Age at First calving

1370 days

Calving Interval

600 days

Breeding Farms

CBF Hesarghatta, CBS Kunikenhalli

mar2015

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