mapping the global science & technology enterprise

Ruth A. David, PhDPresident & CEO, Analytic Services Inc.

Member, US National Academy of Engineering

16 June 2009State University – Higher School of Economics

Moscow, Russia

Primary enablers of globalization of science and technology

Key statistical indicators◦ Workforce◦ Patents & Publications◦ Funding

Leaders in innovation◦ Companies◦ Countries

Actions to foster innovation

“Globalization and Science: A Speeded-Up Virtuous Cycle”◦ “The internet and electronic publication revolution have proved a boon –

expanding the areas of research and accelerating the pace of knowledge exchange.”

◦ Source: Ramamurti Shankar; YaleGlobal; 28 March 2003

“Science is Becoming Truly Worldwide”◦ “Bulk of growth in scientific papers is in Europe and Asia; U.S. posts far

more modest gains.”◦ Source: Michael Heylin, C&EN Washington; 14 June 2004

“Globalization of Science Rolls On”◦ “Growth of scientific literature remains strong, while the WORLD OF

SCIENCE continues to flatten.”◦ Source: Michael Heylin, C&EN Washington; 27 November 2006

“Leveraging China and India”◦ “Two countries are the key to staying competitive in cost, talent, and

innovation.”◦ Source: Gupta and Wang; CEO Magazine; March/April 2009

Post-Meltdown Venture Capital Strategies: Level of Investment

Data Source: Global VC Survey Resultswww.nvca.orgLast accessed 10 June 2009

Chart Source: Radar Networks & Nova Spivack, 2007www.radarnetworks.comLast accessed 10 June 2009

The Web is a Key Enabler of Globalization of S&T

Data sources are noted on charts◦ Primary source: National Science Foundation

Science & Engineering Indicators 2008◦ Available online

Statistics reflect most current data available◦ Do not reflect recent governmental initiatives◦ Do not reflect recent economic crisis

Data Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2008National Science Foundation; www.nsf.gov Last accessed 10 June 2009


Size of Global Research Workforce

Overall 50% growth from 1995 to 2005

Grew 35% in U.S.

Grew 29% in EU

Grew 5% in Japan

Grew 60% in other OECD countries

Doubled in selected non-OECD countries

OECD data: Researcher population dropped by nearly 24% in the Russian Federation


Applications for U.S. Patents

Acceleration of applications beginning in mid-90s coincided with strengthening of patent system and extension of patent protection into new technology areas.

U.S. share of U.S. applications dropped from 55% in 1996 to 53% in 2005.

In 2008, slightly more than 50% of patents granted by USPTO were foreign origin. (Source: www.uspto.gov; last accessed 12 June 2009)


Basic research share of gross domestic product by country/economy: 2003 or 2004

Intellectual capital is mobile. Academic researchers collaborate

worldwide. Businesses leverage research talent

worldwide. Venture capitalists pursue investment

opportunities worldwide.


Data from 2003


Notes: Internationally coauthored articles have at least one collaborating institution from indicated country and an institution from outside that country. Data are from 2005.


R&D expenditures by majority-owned affiliates in US and R&D performed abroad by majority-owned foreign affiliates of US parent companies.

Venture capitalists provide “leading indicators”◦ Concerns regarding funding sources

◦ Shift in regional investment strategy

◦ Shift in sector investment strategy

Significant focus on “clean technology”◦ Corroborated by explicit initiatives

Data Source: Article by Kevin BullisTechnology Review March/April 2009www.technologyreview.comLast accessed 12 June 2009

Masdar Initiative$15 billion investment by the government of Abu Dhabi

Target completion in 2016

Plan for 1,500 clean-tech businesses

Sized for 50,000 residents

“…an attempt to create the world’s first car-free, zero-carbon-dioxide-emissions, zero waste city.”

Source: REDORBIT NEWS 8 June 2009; www.redorbit.comLast accessed 12 June 2009

According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), “Airlines all over the world have agreed to attain carbon neutral expansion by 2020.”

Aviation accounts for 2% of greenhouse gas pollution and that number is expected to increase.

IATA endorses a four-pillar plan that covers investment in technology . . .

◦ “ . . . improved fuel efficiency is not enough. Our emissions must stop growing.”

Innovation: The introduction of new goods, services, of business processes in the marketplace.

R&D enables invention (but does not guarantee it)

Invention enables innovation (but does not guarantee it)

In the end, it is the results of R&D expenditures that matter, not their amount.

Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2008Overview; O-12—O-13National Science Foundation; www.nsf.gov Last accessed 10 June 2009

Data Source: Most Innovative Companieswww.businessweek.comLast accessed 11 June 2009

Data indicate headquarter country and are derived from annual surveys conducted by Boston Consulting Group in partnership with Business Week magazine.

13 companies retained top 20 status from 2005 to 2009

5 companies among the top 20 in 2005 fell below top 50 by 2009

Iceland

Data Source: The World’s Most Innovative Countrieswww.businessweek.comLast accessed 11 June 2009

1. Singapore2. South Korea3. Switzerland4. Iceland5. Ireland

11. Denmark12. Netherlands13. Luxembourg14. Canada15. Britain

16. Israel17. Austria18. Norway19. Germany20. France

21. Malaysia22. Australia23. Estonia24. Spain25. Belgium

26. New Zealand27. China28. Cyprus29. Portugal30. Qatar

6. Hong Kong7. Finland8. United States9. Japan10. Sweden

mapping the global science & technology enterprise

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