mapping and analysis of transportation network of...
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Mapping And Analysis Of Transportation Network Of Port
Harcourt, Rivers State Using Geographic Information System
(GIS) And Remote Sensing
IGBOKWE, J.I; NNAH, S.I.; EJIKEME, J.O.; and IGBOKWE, E.C
Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics,
Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT The level of urbanization in developing world indicates that, there are more people living in cities than
before. This pattern induces pressure on traffic flow and makes living in urban area difficult. The situation
has started to manifest in Port Harcourt city, which is the capital city of Rivers State This study was
carried out by applying Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing to investigate traffic
congestion patterns in the city, and determined the management techniques suitable for their reduction.
High resolution satellite imagery (Quick bird) and the GPS coordinates of all the places of interest in Port
Harcourt were acquired and processed to produce the base map on which the major analyses were based.
Major entities influencing creation of spatial database of up-to-date roads network were identified and
modeled. Secondary data collected were in form of spatial transportation pattern in some selected major
roads in Port Harcourt and were also processed and analyzed. The results show two major ways by which
GIS can provide solutions to traffic congestion in Port - Harcourt city. The first is the determination of the
closest facilities within the study area. This information will enable commuters and motorists to take
rational decisions as to which route to take during peak hour travel. The second is the determination of
appropriate queries and analysis that can evoke graphical response, which could be used to manage traffic
congestion, for example use of shortest and alternative routes. The study shows that GIS is a veritable tool
that can be used to sustain an endurable flow of traffic in Port-Harcourt city, provided it is built on a
properly designed database, which must also be amenable to constant updating. The study recommends
that a GIS structure in addition to existing traffic management techniques should be put in place to
monitor traffic congestions in the city.
Keywords: Transportation, GIS, Remote Sensing and Mapping
INTRODUCTION
In spite of the importance of Port Harcourt urban area as the oil city of Rivers State, there has been no
attempt to study the dynamics of the transportation network its distribution system, traffics, road
congestion, and changes in physical development of the oil city.
The dynamics of the transportation network has to do with spatial data infrastructure (SDI) where a
database on transportation network such as existing spatial distribution of roads and their possible links to
the roads of neighboring states has been created and up dated using remote sensing and GIS like in
advanced country of the world (Igbokwe, 2010). It is known facts that the developments have taken place
in Port Harcourt and its environs since the last time the Port-Harcourt street Maps were produced.
Because new roads have been constructed and some expanded, the oil City growth has increased and so
many other infrastructure changes has taken place.
These new changes need to be documented accurately in such a way that its packages can easily be
updated, analysis, queried, managed manipulated and displayed for the purpose of solving complex
physical planning, management and development problem (Ejikeme, 2013). This is very important, as the
International Journal of Innovative Environmental Studies Research 4(2):1-10, April-June, 2016
© SEAHI PUBLICATIONS, 2016 www.seahipaj.org ISSN: 2354-2918
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city is rapidly undergoing physical development and upgrade with remarkable change, in road junctions,
bus-stops, congestion, bus routes, stress, loss of travel time.
Therefore there is urgent need to map and analyze the transportation system of Port Harcourt for
improved service delivery by professionals in the area of planning, physical development, construction,
and environmental management as well as efficiently public utility service delivery
Study Area
The study area, Port-Harcourt city is one of the major cities in Rivers State of Nigeria which is situated
between longitude 070 00’ East and 07
0 15’East of Greenwich meridian and latitude 04
0 30’ North and
040 45’ North of the equator (See Fig.1a and 1b) and elevation between 1.00m and 3.00m above sea level.
The city area is 664kmsq with metropolitan area of 934sqkm and is linked to the outside world by land,
sea and air.
The main city of Port Harcourt is the Port Harcourt city in the Port Harcourt Local Government Area,
consisting of the old Government Reservation Area (GRA) and New Layout Areas. The Port Harcourt
Urban Area (Port Harcourt metropolis) is made up of the city itself and parts of Obio /Akpor Local
Government Area. Port Harcourt city, which is the capital of Rivers State, is highly congested as it is the
major city of the state. A law was recently passed by the past State house of assembly to spread
development to the surrounding communities as part of the effort to decongest the Port Harcourt
metropolis.
The Greater Port Harcourt urban area spans eight local government areas that include Port Harcourt local
government, Okrika, Obio/Akpor, Ikwerre, Oyigbo, Ogu/Bolo, Tai and Eleme local governments. Port
Harcourt features a tropical monsoon climate with lengthy and heavy rainy seasons and very short dry
seasons. Only the months of December and January truly qualifies as dry season months in the city. The
harmattan which climatically influences many cities in West Africa is less pronounced in Port Harcourt.
Port Harcourt” heaviest precipitation occurs during September with an average of 370mm of rain.
December on average is the driest month of the year; with an average rainfall of 20mm. Temperature
throughout the year in the city are relatively constant, showing little variation throughout the course of the
year. Average temperatures are typically between 25°C -28°C in the city.
Fig 1a: Map of Nigeria showing Rivers State
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60 0 60 120
Scale
1:3,000,000
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Fig1b: Administrative Map of Rivers State, Showing the Study Area – Port Harcourt
4750
0
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0 5 10 20 30 40 Km
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METHODOLOGY
The methodology adopted in this study is represented in figure 2
Fig 2: Methodology adopted.
Attribution Data
Creation/Population and
Modeling
GIS – Based
Transportation Network
Database
Automated Mapping function
Data management functions spatial
analysis functions
Visualization,
Hotlinks, 3D
Printing/Plotting of
Maps and Results
Analysis Queries and Report
Generation
Old Urban topographic Map
(1986)
Current Satellite Image (2011
Quickbird image)
GCP Collections
Scan and Geo reference Old
Maps
Image Rectification and image
map production
Image Interpretation
Superimpose Old Maps,
Identification and
Interpretation of results
for updating Maps in
vector format
Test of update Results
Data editing and
Cleaning Topology and
Building
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The analogue topographic map was digitized and updated using SPOT 5 satellite image. Before
then, the satellite image was rectified. Positions of some prominent landmarks were obtained
using GPS. Database was created and queries carried out.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The street map of Port Harcourt obtained is shown in fig.4.1
Figure 4.1: Street Map of Port Harcourt City
The figure 4.1 shows the street map of Port Harcourt which is the study area. In this map the highways,
major roads, minor roads, river, important features or places and areas like residential area were shown.
Figure 4.2 shows the road map of Port Harcourt city showing the expressway and major roads.
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Figure 4.2: Road map of Port Harcourt city
Some sample queries were performed to test the effectiveness of the GIS database. For example, figure
4.3 shows the query result of the shortest route to all police stations in Rumumasi district of Port
Harcourt. Figure 4.4 shows the query result from Rumukpani police station to the closest hospital service-
Meridian hospital. Figure 4.5 shows the query result showing the shortest route to district locations in
Port Harcourt. Figure 4.6 shows the calculation of distance to Health Facility with respect to direction.
Figure 4.7 shows the query result of the location of Rivers State University of Science and Technology
(RSUST).
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Figure 4.3: Query result showing the shortest route to all the police stations in Rumumasi district
Figure 4.4: Query result showing the shortest route from an accident hotspot Rumukpani Police
Station to Meridian Hospital
From the result generated, closest facility can be promptly obtained based on compromise between time
and accuracy. It proves to be time efficient. For example, someone is sick and wants to get to a hospital.
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The closest facility helps to estimate the nearest hospital. This is important so that the life of the person
could be saved. On the other hand if the closest hospital is not considered, it will take more time to locate
a hospital and the victim may not survive after moving over long distances.
Figure 4.5: Query result showing the shortest route to all district locations in Port Harcourt
Figure 4.5 shows the road map of Port Harcourt city displaying the shortest route to all Districts areas
which serves as great guide to user of the map in determining the shortest route to apply in getting to any
district area within a possible time. The government can also use it in decision making, likewise other
institutions. This is the benefit of the use of GIS as a tool in decision making.
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Figure 4.6: Calculation of distance to Health Facility with respect to direction
The result shows total distance to the closest medical facility from an accident hot-spot to be 4.8km. From
this result, it can be observed that patients with critical medical conditions will have a slim chance to
survive. This is one of the major objectives of this study.
Figure 4.7: Result showing Rivers State University of Science and Technology (RSUST)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion
Results from the Street map production of Port Harcourt metropolis were analyzed from two different
aspects. First, the application of Remote Sensing and GIS technologies where evaluated, this involve
overlaying of the GIS databases and Remote sensing image, in addition, GPS technique where carried out
to corroborate some places of interest, banks, junctions, bus stops and other important places of interest.
Secondly the Street map was created, providing clearer, more precise and useful information about the
road network and important places in the city. Several studies have investigated the effectiveness of
Street map as a tool for communication.
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This study produces an interactive street map of Port Harcourt city. People move from one location to the
other and are dependent on automobiles, buses, trains, subways, or airplanes to arrive at a final
destination. Most people would like to arrive at a destination in the least amount of time, least number of
stops, and lowest cost. Not only do these transportation issues concern individuals, but businesses and
governments as well.
Route analysis of the road network was carried out in this study to aid decision making and ease
transportation problems. This study has demonstrated the effectiveness of GIS in solving transportation
network problems.
Recommendations
The multimedia spatial street map database, street guide developed in this study should be posted on the
website and also installed in the computers of both the government and private agencies dealing directly
or indirectly with revision and updating of street maps. They should also be made available to
transportation companies for a worldwide outreach to domestic and foreign road users who may wish to
have information about streets network in Port Harcourt. The analogue version of the Street map, street
catalogue and street directory should be conspicuously displayed in the offices and libraries of street
mapping agencies. Street facility operators should be free to print many brochures and pamphlets from
this GIS database.
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