manually operated pumps for drinking water supply in

Manually operated Pumps for Drinking Water Supply in Madagascar An overview July 2004

Raj Kumar Daw Project Officer – HTN UNICEF, New Delhi, India

September 2004

UNICEF/ RWSN Mission to Madagascar July 2004

Acknowledgements Acknowledgements are due to representatives of a number of institutions who provided valuable information that has gone into this report. Special mention needs to be made of Ministry of Energy & Mines, World Bank, JICA, WaterAid, Medair, Taratra, Frère St. Gabriel, SAHA, Japan Techno Company, Ingenere de Chine, HydromaD, SOMECA, Atelier T+, ARIS and SMETH. The wholehearted cooperation of all levels of UNICEF Madagascar in facilitating every aspect of this study needs to be recorded. Special mention is due to those in the WESS Section - Gilbert Nkusi, Dina Rakotoharifetra, Vololona Razanadraibe and Christian Andriamaroson. Dorcas Pratt, Brother Edwin Joseph, Alexis Randrianasolo and Patrick Pfuetzenreuter showed me different sides of Madagascar that went far beyond handpumps and rural water supply. Thanks are due to Sr. Marie Jean, Sr. Superior of St. Vincent de Paul School, Antanimora and GTZ, Bekily for the shelter that they provided our group during our travel in the South. This report is the result of meetings and discussions with many other people in Madagascar who gave me their time and shared their knowledge and experiences with no reservations. I record my thanks to all of them. Without their insights, it would not have been possible for me to write this report. I apologise to them for not being able to acknowledge their contributions individually. I record my gratitude to all the communities into I met around the handpumps during our visit. Despite the language barrier, they were very patient with me, extended their hospitality readily and shared their thoughts and feelings with utter frankness. The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily represent the positions of my organizational affiliations. If I have attributed a point of view wrongly to any organisation or person, it is unintended. Raj Kumar Daw Project Officer – Handpump Technology Network UNICEF, New Delhi September 2004


Table of Contents 1. Summary.........................................................................................................1 2. Structure of this Report .................................................................................5 3. Overall Conclusions.......................................................................................6 3.1 The South....................................................................................................6 3.2 Other parts of Madagascar........................................................................9 3.3 Other Issues..............................................................................................10 4. Discussions in Antananarivo ......................................................................11 4.1 WaterAid ...................................................................................................11 4.2 World Bank...............................................................................................11 4.3 JICA...........................................................................................................11 4.4 ARIS ..........................................................................................................12 4.5 SOMECA ...................................................................................................12 4.6 SMEF.........................................................................................................13 5. Field visit to Morondava ..............................................................................14 5.1 Schedule of meetings and visits............................................................14 5.2 Summary of Discussions........................................................................15 5.3 Observations ...........................................................................................16 5.4 Conclusions.............................................................................................17 6. Field visits to the South...............................................................................22 6.1 Schedule of meetings and visits.............................................................22 6.2 Fort Dauphin .............................................................................................23 6.3 AAEPA Project, Antanimora....................................................................24 6.4 PAEPAR Project .......................................................................................35 6.5 150 IM III handpumps around Tulear......................................................41 6.6 ATELIER T+ : Rope Pump factory at Betioky ........................................43 7. Field visit to Frère de St Gabriel, Tamatave...............................................45 Annex 1: Terms of Reference .................................................................................48 Annex 2: Comparative costs of O&M of different pumps ....................................52 Annex 3: List of persons met..................................................................................53 Annex 4: List of Participants at the Concluding Workshop.................................56 Annex 5: Technology Selection and Buyer’s Guide for Handpumps .................57 Annex 6: Madagascar - Country Facts...................................................................59


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1. Summary UNICEF Madagascar has been supporting rural water supply and sanitation activities in Madagascar for over ten years. The Water, Environment and Sanitation (WES) desk of UNICEF works with Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM), Government of Madagascar, on a number of water supply initiatives. One of these projects, in the southern part of Tulear Province (also known as the South – Sud), comprised of drilling wells and installation of 150 India Mark II handpumps in the vicinity of Antanimora. This is referred to as the AAEPA Project later in this report. The installation of handpumps in the AAEPA Project was completed during 1994-96 and has since then been supported by UNICEF for its operation and maintenance (O&M) with supply of spare parts. Over the years, this project has undergone reorganisation a number of times. The AAEPA Project was evaluated by the World Bank in early 2004. The evaluation noted that the spare parts distribution was not well organized and was subsidised. It was also noted that the India Mark II handpumps lacked a country level distribution network. For some time, UNICEF has been contemplating withdrawal of its technical and financial support to the AAEPA project. Prior to arriving at any decision in this regard, UNICEF felt that a study was necessary to propose a system for supply of spare parts for operation and maintenance of the India Mark II handpumps and to prepare a training plan for equipping technicians for this purpose. The Terms of Reference for this study is provided in Annex 1. UNICEF Madagascar appointed Raj Kumar Daw, Project Officer – Handpump Technology Network, (PO-HTN) from UNICEF, India Country Office, New Delhi (hereinafter referred to as the consultant), for this study. The study was carried out during 5-29 July 2004. During the initial discussions in Antananarivo, the capital city of Madagascar, at the start of the study, the Terms of Reference under went some changes in scope. Both UNICEF Madagascar and the MEM felt that the study should be broadened to look at the current water supply technology in the country and its implication on operation and maintenance. It was felt that, with a widened scope, the study would be able to provide inputs to the formulation of the national Manual of Procedures for rural water supply that was under preparation. It was also agreed that the study should limit itself to looking at manually operated pumping systems based on groundwater. The central part of the country, which was a hilly and plateau area, and where water supply systems were mainly gravity fed systems, would fall outside the scope of the study. Factors affecting the decision to change the TOR were: Discussions within UNICEF, with reference to the Millennium Development Goals, rural water supply and sanitation sector was seen as an emerging work area for achieving UNICEF’s focus on improving the lives of children. As mentioned earlier, the study would provide inputs to the national “Manual of Procedures”. The study would contribute to a national strategy document being prepared for forthcoming discussions of the Friends of Madagascar Society scheduled in October 2004 in Paris (later postponed to February 2005), where the Government planned to make a strong appeal for funding sectors such as rural water supply.


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The consultant met with a wide range of stakeholders in the Rural Water Supply & Sanitation sector in Madagascar and visited a number of field locations. Discussions were held with representatives of Ministry of Energy & Mines, UNICEF, World Bank, Japanese International Cooperative Assistance (JICA), WaterAid, Medair (donors), Taratra, Saha, Frère de St. Gabriel (NGOs) and many user communities. Discussions were also held with commercial houses and consulting companies providing goods and services to the sector, like the Japanese Technical Co., Ingere de Chine, HydromaD, SMETH, ARIS, SOMECA and Atelier T+.

Fig. 1.1: Map of Madagascar


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Field visits were made to Morondava on the West Coast, to the South (from Fort Dauphin on the east coast, Antanimora, Bekily, Ampanihy, Betioky to Tulear on the west coast) and to Tamatave (also known as Tomasina on the north east coast). Refer the map of provinces. The Morondava area, represented shallow water table conditions along the coast and was prone to frequent cyclones. This area required emergency relief measures on a regular basis. After a cyclone in 2000, UNICEF had assisted MEM to construct hand-dug wells and install India Mark III handpumps on these wells. A deep well drilling project with Vergnet foot operated pumps was being implemented by MEM in Morondava with the assistance of JICA. A national level NGO, Taratra, was working from an adjoining town, Mahabo, installing locally manufactured Rope Pumps on hand dug wells. There were also a number of other NGO based initiatives in water supply and sanitation around Morondava. Visits were made to a number of India Mark III hand pumps, Vergnet foot operated pumps and Rope pumps. Discussions were held with user communities at each pump location. The South represented the entire spectrum of hard rock conditions to be found in Madagascar. The consultant traveled across the South, accompanied by the Coordinator, WES, UNICEF and two other resource persons. It was possible to hold discussions with the regional Director of MEM at Fort Dauphin and with the country representative of Medair (a funding organisation), who were ready to introduce jetted wells with “Canzee” direct action hand pumps as an affordable, household level, water supply solution in the coastal areas of the South. (At the time of writing this report, approximately 150 jetted wells fitted with Canzee had been installed in the wider Maroantsetra region in the north.) At Antanimora in the South, detailed discussions were held with the Steering Committee of the UNICEF assisted AAEPA Project, which had taken over the O&M

Morondava

Fort Dauphin Betioky

Tulear

Ampanihy

Tamatav

Antanimora Bekily

Fig. 1.2: Provinces of Madagascar & Field visit locations


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of 150 India Mark II and Mark III handpumps. A number of pump sites and one spare parts dealership were visited. The World Bank assisted PAEPAR Project is also being implemented in the South, intending to drill 625 wells and install Vergnet foot operated pumps on these wells. Discussions were held with the hydrogeologist for the project, representing HydromaD, at Antanimora and later at Antananarivo; with the drilling company of the project, Ingenerie de Chine (CGC) at Bekily; and with Taratra, at Ampanihy. Taratra is an NGO, responsible for the “sensibilisation” (awareness creation, community organisation), pump installation and monitoring of the PAEPAR Project, where by July 2004, almost 600 successful wells had been drilled, and about 200 Vergnet pumps had been installed. Some Vergnet pumps were visited and discussions were held with user groups. The last part of the visit in the South was to Atelier T+, at Betioky, where the Rope Pump is manufactured. This enterprise has its roots in a collaborative effort between Taratra and SKAT (Swiss Centre for Appropriate Technology). The Rope Pump production started in Madagascar in 2000, based upon an adaptation of the original design from Nicaragua. Gradually Rope pumps have found increasing acceptance in Madagascar, especially in areas with shallow groundwater table conditions. Tamatave, on the north east coast of Madagascar, was again an area with shallow water table conditions. The field visit was to see the work of Frère de St. Gabriel, who are implementing a community based water supply and sanitation project on the urban fringe of Tamatave town, where groundwater has been contaminated by industrial pollution. This project is supported by WaterAid and UNICEF. Local low cost well construction and hand pump manufacture, household level bio-sand filtration, rainwater harvesting were some of the water supply alternatives attempted in this area. The findings and conclusions of this study was presented at a Concluding Workshop hosted by UNICEF and attended by senior staff of MEM, representatives of the World Bank, JICA, WaterAid, Medair, NGOs and professional organisations. The list of participants at this concluding workshop is provided in Annex 4. The conclusions from this study have been summarised separately in Section 3.


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2. Structure of this Report The subsequent section of this report is Section 3, Overall Conclusions of this study, most of which were presented at the concluding workshop. Section 4, Discussions in Antananarivo summarises interactions with various organisations in the capital, which were met outside the framework of the field visits but had a stake in the country’s RWSS sector. This includes discussions with representatives of the World Bank and JICA and with pump hardware suppliers in Madagascar. Three main field visits were undertaken during the course of this study. The observations and conclusions of each field visit have been presented in: Section 5, Field visit to Morondava, Section 6, Field visits in the South, which has four parts, representing visits to three projects (UNICEF assisted AAEPA Project, World Bank assisted PAEPAR Project and the UNDP project around Tulear), and to Atelier T+, the Rope pump factory. Notes of the UNDP assisted project are based on discussions at Antananarivo, since field visits to this project were not possible. Section 7, Field visit to Tamatave. Detailed conclusions have been written at the end of each section and as mentioned earlier, these have been consolidated in Section 3, Overall Conclusions. Annexes to this report provide additional information pertinent to the study and contain:

− Terms of Reference for this Study. − Comparative Costs of O&M of different pumps. − List of persons and organisations met during the course of the Study. − List of persons who participated in the Concluding Workshop. − Excerpt from the publication “Technology Selection and Buyers Guide for

Public Domain Handpumps” showing the basis for making a technical choice of a handpump from RWSN, SKAT Foundation.

− Background note on Madagascar, sourced from the internet.


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3. Overall Conclusions* 3.1 The South

− The main area where borewells are needed is in the South of Madagascar. − By some estimates, this figure is about 3000 wells with pumps. − Roughly 900 (150 by UNICEF, 100 by UNDP, 625 by PAEPAR) pumps have

been/will be completed in the near future. − African Development Bank is expected to support the construction of an

additional 700 wells. − Therefore, about 1400 wells with pumps need to be planned for. − The South presents problems of failed wells – dry wells and wells with poor

water quality. The UNICEF assisted AAEPA (Association of Users of Water Supply) Project in the South with 150 handpumps, which are now 10 years old (by 2004) has most pumps working well. This project has proven that drilled wells with India Mark II (IM II) handpumps are viable rural water supply sources in the South. The O&M system is virtually community managed and has gone through a process of evolution that needs to be properly understood. Communities pay for a majority of the costs of the O&M system. On the basis of cost information available for India Mark II handpumps:

− Cost of O&M per pump per year = FMG 373,830 (Roughly US $ 37.30) − Receipts (from communities) per pump per year = FMG 289,377

(Roughly US $ 28.90)

* Most of this Section was presented at the Concluding Workshop at Antananarivo on 29 July 2004.

Fig. 3.1 Map of the South


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Community contributions meet 77% of the total O&M costs of these pumps. The cost of spare parts is actually only 9% of the total cost of O&M and is not as high as was originally anticipated. Therefore, this is the extent of direct subsidy to the O&M system, comprising of free spare parts from UNICEF. However, the remaining cost of the O&M system is high. It mainly consists of travel and logistical costs since the maintenance service is centralised at Antanimora, provided by three technicians, and is based upon break-down repair. The pumps are very widely distributed and distant from each other (the most distant pump is 219 Km, or 8 hours driving time, from Antanimora). This obviously raises travel and other costs. The fact that the World Bank assisted PAEPAR Project is in the same geographical area and has chosen to install Vergnet foot operated pumps, has raised a number of important issues that need careful analysis. With two pump types in the same area, the term “harmonisation” has been increasingly used in the context of O&M costs, with one pump type being projected to have lower maintenance costs than the other. However, as discussed later, the cost information currently available does not provide sufficient justification to choose one pump type over the other. In the absence of this data, the harmonisation of pumps in the South should therefore be based on forming geographical concentrations of pump types to simplify maintenance logistics. A direct comparison of the performance of a group of pumps that are 10 years old with another group, the Vergnet, which are about one year old, would not be quite accurate. The IM II handpump design has undergone major modifications over the years to emerge as the India Mark III using 50 mm PVC pipes. Since the installations in the Antanimora project area are about 10 years old, the obvious advantages of the technical improvements are not evident in this group of pumps. On the other hand, the maintenance data available from IM II pumps in Antanimora show that they are very reliable pumps. Two options could be considered for the future of the AAEPA Project

− Reorganisation of the existing O&M system − Conversion of handpumps.

Reorganisation of the O&M System should be initiated on the basis of findings of two studies. A detailed financial analysis of the present O&M system is necessary to identify its high cost components. It would be reasonably safe to assume that high costs are mainly due to the management costs of a centralised service capability operating from Antanimora. A second study, which should be undertaken, is a detailed analysis of maintenance records. A reliable estimate of service life of each spare part will lead to a more realistic requisitioning and stocking of spare parts and help to rationalise the dealer network, making them more viable. The outcomes of these two studies would provide a factual basis to reorganize the O&M system, centralised or decentralised. Conversion of pumps is based on the fact that the IM II pumps are about 10 years old and the frequency of replacement of corroded pipes is reported to have increased (the extent of these needs to be verified through the study of maintenance records, proposed earlier). As mentioned earlier, substantial technological developments have been made to the IM II, which has resulted in designs such as the IM III with 50 mm PVC pipes, where initial cost are relatively lower and need for repairs are much less and much easier to undertake.


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The conversion programme should have a strong component of “harmonisation”, by concentrating pump types on a geographical basis. The possibility of converting some existing IM II pumps that are very far off or deep in the PAEPAR Project area, to Vergnet pumps should be considered. By the same reasoning, some wells under the PAEPAR Project (which would normally have used Vergnet pumps) should be redesignated to use the IM III PVC pump. This “exchange” of sites should be done with the intention of simplifying and rationalizing the geographical distribution and spread of the two types of pumps, which at the moment appear to be “competing”. The conversion of existing pumps should be accompanied by a reorganisation of the O&M system (based upon the cost studies, proposed earlier). This pump conversion programme should be accompanied by a capacity building programme, which would include training for the maintenance of the new pumps and monitoring and management of the O&M system. The modalities of such a reorganisation of the O&M system or conversion of pumps along with geographical harmonisation and capacity building, has funding implications, which need consideration. The culture of communities bearing the cost of maintenance has been strongly built into past and current rural water supply programmes, regardless of pump types. Similarly, decentralised dealerships for spare parts have been set up, though with mixed results. In the long run, after rationalising pump types, the entire supply chain issue needs to be thoroughly studied to improve upon the existing networks. This analysis must take into consideration of the fact that the spare parts will be imported into Madagascar in the foreseeable future, since the numbers of deep well pumps will be relatively small and will not justify local manufacture. An examination of the economics of O&M in the AAEPA Project indicates that it is running at a deficit. Similarly, it appears that the cost projections for O&M of the Vergnet pump in the PAEPAR Project is quite high for spare parts and will not be fully met by the present levels of user contribution. Further, since the Vergnet pumps have been recently installed, their long term performance and costs are not known. Additionally, the PAEPAR Project has an inbuilt subsidy towards O&M of Vergnet pumps, with the initial large scale supply of spare parts along with each pump. The institutional needs and corresponding cost of O&M of Vergnet pumps does not appear to have been considered since an institutional system for management of an O&M system has not been put in place. It appears that the long-term O&M strategy for the PAEPAR Project is dependant on establishing decentralized pump technicians within user communities supported by a network of spare parts dealers, managed by individual water committees around individual pumps. No institutional arrangements are easily evident for ensuring the sustainability of the overall system and for trouble-shooting future problems that will inevitably arise but are hard to foresee at this point of time. These factors result in a situation where it is not possible to compare the costs of O&M of the two types of pumps because of institutional arrangements, pump age, hidden subsidies, substantial difference in capital costs and a strategy that still remains to be tested in the field. The experience from the 135 IM II handpumps installed under the UNDP programme in the vicinity of Tulear in the South indicates the need for long term vision and planning for rural water supply in Madagascar. Very little information could be gathered about the condition of these pumps, which had been handed over to MEM after “completion” of the project. The UNDP assisted programme clearly indicates


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that projects should have stronger mechanisms to assure sustainability built into the project design and to ensure institutional accountability for meeting this objective. The comparison of the AAEPA Project and the UNDP assisted project would tend to indicate that if “sustainable supply of potable drinking water” was one of the common objectives of both these projects, then institutional support (and its consequent costs) are an integral part of project costs and mere investment in capital costs is inadequate. There are some important lessons in the UNDP assisted project, for current and future projects such as PAEPAR and ADB, since the responsibility of ensuring sustainability of all these projects lies with the same government counterpart, the Ministry of Energy and Mines. It is also imperative to consider means by which the investment (both financial and socio-technical) made by the UNDP assisted project can be salvaged. Since this project’s inputs are recent, it should be possible to retrieve a substantial number of installations and to explore the feasibility of reviving the O&M system that the project had initiated. The South had one other water supply project of significance. This was a pipeline project, supported by JICA. It was not possible to visit this project but discussions about this project were held with the JICA office in Antananarivo. This project is based on a pumping station from a major river in the south west, from which a pipeline, presently 150 Km in length, conveys water in a south easterly direction, running roughly parallel to the southern coast. The pipeline feeds overhead reservoirs along the way, from which users collect water directly, ox carts take water to more distant habitations and water-tanker trucks take water even further. An extension of the pipeline by another 50 Km and supplementing its supply with another source, proposed by MEM, has not yet been supported by JICA. 3.2 Other parts of Madagascar Water supply systems in the central part of Madagascar, the hilly and forested region, are based on gravity fed systems largely based on springs. One component of the PAEPAR Project is building 625 gravity fed water supply systems in the central hilly part of Madagascar. This part of the PAEPAR Project did not fall within the scope of this assignment. In areas other than the South of Madagascar, mainly along the coastal areas where there are population concentrations, drilling of wells and deep well handpumps have a limited role. However, some deep well drilling has been done in such areas (e.g. Morondava and Tulear on the west coast with JICA assistance). Traditional water sources, in the form of shallow dug wells exist, especially along the coast and in smaller habitations, where groundwater is available at a shallow depth. Such areas should be carefully identified before drilling projects are initiated. Pump types should not be mixed up in the same geographical area in order to keep O&M logistics simple. The traditional water supply practices in coastal areas should be studied carefully with a view to improve them before considering introduction of new technologies like deep drilling. The locally developed Rope Pump presents a very promising opportunity for use in coastal areas where groundwater depths are shallow.


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Techniques such as water jetting, auger drilling, hand sludging are drilling techniques suited to such areas. Suction pumps and direct action pumps, which are relatively cheap and easy to maintain, should also be considered. Projects supported by organisations such as WaterAid, projects implemented by NGOs like Taratra and Frère de St Gabriel, in the coastal areas of Madagascar can provide valuable inputs for future policies for such area. Similarly, the pilot project initiated by Medair, using relatively simple and low-cost technology of water jet drilling and Canzee direct action pumps, as individual household level water sources in coastal areas of the South, should be observed to assess their replicability in other areas. Areas such as Tamatave on the east coast, where rainfall is high and spread over a long period of the year, present good potential for drinking water supply systems based on rain water harvesting. These systems are being tried on a pilot scale in schools and could be introduced at domestic levels also. 3.3 Other Issues Inventories of water supply installations, data on the work done and condition of installations are another area of work that needs immediate attention. MEM is already planning for this as a part of the PAEPAR Project. An in-depth analysis of technical choices available for water supply systems should be considered since this would contribute to the emergence of a national policy for the sector. Resource centers such as SKAT Switzerland could be invited to provide such an analysis. Monitoring systems for gauging the performance of maintenance systems, spare parts distribution networks and comparative performance of pump types should be made an integral part of project designs, without which valuable information and lessons will be lost. This is another area where cooperation with groups like WaterAid, Medair and SKAT Switzerland would be worthwhile. The Government already has a number of valuable studies on hand and has initiated a number of policy moves that will raise the profile of the sector and accord it greater priority. Clearer policy formulations recognizing the diverse conditions of the country are needed along with strategies to convert such policy positions to consistent field level implementation.


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4. Discussions in Antananarivo 4.1 WaterAid

Discussion with Ms. Dorcas Pratt, Country Representative, 7 July, 2004 WaterAid works with Government, NGOs and other stakeholders such as UNICEF. Four NGOs collaborate with WaterAid for networking, action research and to bring in sanitation and hygiene into the policy and programming mainstream, for example, into the National Sanitation Policy. One such research project is looking at the issue of attaching economic value to water by examining successes and failures of community based O&M efforts. WaterAid is promoting the WASH campaign through its NGO partners through training programmes. On the advocacy front, WaterAid attempts to articulate the position of water supply and sanitation in the country’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). 4.2 World Bank

Discussion with Christophe Prevost (Washington, USA) and Ms. Annie Savina (Dakar, Senegal), The World Bank, 7 July, 2004

The World Bank would like to see Sector-wide Approaches (SWAP) adopted leading to an integration of water supply and sanitation. Rural drinking water supply was once again back on the development assistance agenda of donors. A strategy document for the country was being prepared with reference to the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) for presentation at the Friends of Madagascar conference in Paris in October 2004. The present study initiated by UNICEF could provide inputs to this strategy document and to the Manual of Procedures. The latter document would bring in uniformity in project implementation policies and go towards convincing donors to invest in assistance to Madagascar. The PAEPAR Project is being implemented by MEM with World Bank assistance. Apart from creation of 625 gravity fed water supply schemes in the central hilly region and 625 handpumps in the South, the PAEPAR Project had a number of other components supporting policy and capacity building initiatives in the sector. 4.3 JICA

Discussion with Ms. Ayumi Urata, 21 July 2004 JICA is a technical implementing agency for the Govt. of Japan. It does not have a role to play in policy formulation and follows the laid down policy of the local Govt. Hence, JICA supports projects based on the demand from Govt. of Madagascar. JICA’s assistance to the RWSS sector in Madagascar is quite old. During 1988-90, 30 wells were constructed in Mahajunga. There was no O&M plan for these pumps at that time. In Tulear, in the South, during 1993-95, approximately 100 handpumps were installed. These pumps were evaluated in 1999-2000 and about 60% of the installations were found in working condition.


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During 1998-99, JICA has supported the construction of a 150 Km long water supply pipe line in the South. The pipeline starts at the town of Ampotaka on the Menarande River, to the west and proceeds east-ward roughly parallel to the coast. The pipeline supplies 9 towns, and has overhead reservoirs along its route from which villages in the immediate vicinity draw water. More distant villages get their water from this pipeline carried by ox carts or by tanker-trucks. JICA has provided a budget of 1 billion FMG to AES (Alimentation for Water Supply in the South) to operate this scheme. 4.4 ARIS

Discussions with Jean Peuteuil and Patrick Pfuetzenreuter, 7 July, 2004 ARIS represents SOVEMA, France, in Madagascar, through the Malagasy Trading Services. SOVEMA manufactures PVC pipes with stainless steel threaded ends, specially designed for use with India Mark III handpumps, which SOVEMA import from India. ARIS plans to draw up a data base to inventorise pumps in different regions and projects in Madagascar and set up a distribution network for spare parts for India Mark III handpumps at uniform and affordable prices. ARIS already has two distributors and was looking for agreements with others. ARIS realizes that the business volume of handpump spare parts will be small and with small profit margins. Hence, they are looking for distributors with existing businesses in water supply equipment and domestic power appliances. ARIS was also negotiating with UNDP to gain access to UNDP’s stock of spare parts in Tulear, South. 4.5 SOMECA

Discussions with Frédéric Felix, 21 July 2004 SOMECA represent Vergnet handpumps which in Madagascar, has had a presence for many years. These pumps have been installed in Mahajunga (with UNICEF assistance), Morondava (under an ongoing JICA assisted project) and in the World Bank assisted PAEPAR Project (also an ongoing project).

Fig. 4.1 JICA assisted pipeline in the South

Pipeline


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Village level mechanics had been trained and equipped with tools and spares and a spare parts distribution network had been installed in the South as an integral part of the PAEPAR Project. Simpler components of the pump were being manufactured in Madagascar by SOMECA. 4.6 SMEF

Discussions with Jean Claude Gonard and Falimanana Randraimanampisoa, 30 July, 2004.

SMEF - Societe Malgache d’Equipments Frigorifiques, have an established business in Madagascar in air conditioning and refrigeration. They also deal with solar powered equipment. They have six factories in the region, in places like Mauritius and Reunion. SMEF originally imported India Mark III handpumps from SOVEMA, France in 1990. Presently they import these pumps from different manufacturers in India. SMEF have not participated in any Govt. bids in Madagascar and most of their handpump sales have been to private parties through a large network of 300 dealers throughout the country. They used to deal in handpump spare parts but have discontinued this activity.


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5. Field visit to Morondava 5.1 Schedule of meetings and visits

Date Institution/ Place Persons met/ Remarks 8 July, 2004

UNICEF, Morondava

Christian Andriamaroson Dr. Jean Robert Sokindriaka Ms. Emilie Raharisoa

Ministry of Energy & Mines, Morondava

Emanuel Rabenandrasana, Chief of Branch Office

SAHA Ms Miharihersioa Lalaorisoa Rasoanaivo Site visits to IM III handpumps –

Bemanonga User groups at 4 sites with IM III handpumps on dug wells

9 July Taratra, Morondava Eugine Raveloson Site visits to IM III handpumps –

Analaiva area User groups at 6 sites with IM III handpumps on dug wells.

Taratra, Mahabo Visits to 2 Rope pump sites: Anja, Tsarahonenana

Japan Techno Co. Ltd Hideo Hanamura, Akira Sato 10 July Site visits to Vergnet pump sites beyond Bemanonga

User groups at 4 sites with Vergnet pump on drilled wells

Morondava is on the west coast of Madagascar, an alluvial area, with groundwater at shallow depths and very prone to cyclones. Hence emergency relief programmes are common to this part of Madagascar. RWS activities/ inputs

− UNICEF assistance to MEM: 30 dug wells were constructed and IM III hand pumps were installed on these wells in late 2001.

− JICA presently supports MEM for a programme to construct 156 borewells, during 2002 – 05.

− SDC funds SAHA, an NGO, for construction of 40 dug wells.

− ABM, an NGO, with assistance from Belgium, have constructed dug wells but only along the sea shore.

− Both the Catholic and Protestant churches worked in the past in RWS, but have discontinued this work.


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5.2 Summary of Discussions The Regional Director, Ministry of Energy & Mines (MEM) provided an overview of the drinking water situation in the area. Sources of drinking water are usually rivers, seasonal lakes, dug wells, and drilled wells with hand pumps. JIRAMA (the national urban water supply utility company), had piped water supply systems in some towns. The area covered by this region of MEM, also called Menabe, was: North – Belo/ Tsiribihina East – Miandrivazo East – Maliambandy Centre / East – Mahabo South – Manza (further south of Manidabe) The area is coastal sandy alluvial with the plateau rising to the east with sedimentary formations, with habitations along the rivers. Dug wells are the main source of drinking water in the west, near the coast, indicative of soft alluvial areas. The coast is hit regularly by cyclones, villages along the coast get water logged, roads and other infrastructure get badly damaged. Emergency relief operations are a regular feature. There was a cholera outbreak in 1999 followed by 3 cyclones in 2000. There has been a cyclone in early 2004. UNICEF assisted MEM the construction of 30 dug wells fitted with India Mark III hand pumps after the cyclones of 2000 under an emergency programme. NGOs with MEM did the “sensibilisation” (awareness creation). WCs were formed in each village with positions of President, Vice-President, Secretary, Caretaker, Adviser, Technician, etc. Construction of dug wells was done through MEM. The WC collects funds for the maintenance of the handpumps from users. SAHA, is an NGO, started in 1998, with funding from Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC). During 2000 - 2004, 35 dug well have been constructed by SAHA, some with IM III or Rope pumps, some without pumps. The target was to complete 40 wells by Sept. 2004. SAHA uses other local NGOs to do the actual well construction. SAHA works in 24 Communes, with 360 associations for projects like school construction, agriculture, health, governance. SAHA has 15 staff. Taratra, Morondava and Mahabo Taratra is a large NGO in Madagascar and has 3 offices in Morondava and 2 offices in Mahabo. It is involved in sanitation, hygiene promotion, water supply, afforestation. Funding sources are WaterAid, SDC, National Association for Environment Development (World Bank assisted). With WaterAid assistance, Taratra participates in the WASH initiative, which has three themes – construction of latrines, hand washing and assuring potability of drinking water. It has also installed 100 Rope pumps in Mahabo. Since Taratra does the sensibilisation in the JICA assisted project in Morondava, which uses Vergnet pumps, Rope pumps have not been introduced in Morondava. The WASH initiative has been introduced in the JICA assisted (61) villages. With SDC assistance, Taratra has constructed dug wells and small dams for small scale irrigation, where communities give material and labour.


16

Taratra, Morondava has a total staff strength of 14 persons, which includes 10 animators (4 men, 6 women) for the JICA assisted project. Taratra has a contract with Japan Techno Co. Ltd, the consultants for the project, for software inputs to the JICA assisted project. Taratra’s experience with sensibilisation and establishing WCs in 24 villages for the JICA assisted project has been good. Taratra, Mahabo has 8 staff, with 5 animators, 1 technician for dug wells, 1 agricultural technician and one head of office. Over 100 dug wells have been constructed in the Menabe region, with the assistance of UNICEF, SAHA, Water Aid and PSDR (Project for Rural Development) and 40 Rope pumps have been installed. Two rope pump installations were visited. Japan Techno Co. Ltd. Japan Techno Co. Ltd are the consulting company implementing a JICA assisted programme for drilling 156 wells, fitted with Vergnet foot operated pumps. The project was started in 2002 and is being implemented in 4 phases. Phase 1 of the project was for procurement of materials. In Phase 2, 11 wells were drilled with good results with 2 Japanese combination drilling rigs brought in for the project. The project is now in Phase 3, where 23 wells had been drilled by June 04. Depth of wells range from 80 m to 100 m, 150 mm in diameter. Villages make requests for water supply installations to MEM, which are then examined for feasibility. Criteria for choice of villages are: water supply condition, accessibility to a drilling rig, population (more than 300 persons), technical feasibility (geology/hydrogeology), and willingness to pay for maintenance and an agreement by the village to collect funds for maintenance. Taratra has done the “sensibilisation” – initial contact, assessment of willingness to pay, and has established WCs. A village must raise 150,000 FMG towards maintenance, before drilling can start. Funds are managed by the WC and kept at the local SECAM (a rural banking network). Monthly collection for maintenance ranges between 500 to 1,000 FMG per household. The approximate cost of an 80 m deep well is $ 32,000 (roughly US $ 400 per meter) and the cost of the Vergnet pump was about $ 2,000. Some piped water supply schemes are also planned with JICA assistance for towns in the area, on the condition of an initial contribution ranging from 7 million to 22 million FMG. 5.3 Observations The following observations are based on visits to 10 India Mark III hand pumps, two Rope pumps and 4 Vergnet foot operated pumps. Detailed observations on each pump are provided in Table 5.1. The quality of installation of all handpumps, India Mark III, Vergnet, and Rope, is generally very good. Pump aprons or platforms are large, kept clean by users and waste water disposal arrangements are generally adequate. Installation of handpumps on hand-dug shallow wells showed an occasional problem. One IM III (UNICEF assisted) showed a slight settling of the apron. In a second IM III


17

(installed by SAHA), the soil under the apron had collapsed and showed a large cavity. Both these instances indicate that proper compaction of earth around the concrete rings of hand-dug wells is critical, before concrete aprons/ platforms are cast. Nine IM III handpumps, installed with UNICEF assistance, during mid-2001 were visited. Between 30 to over 100 households were dependent on each of these pumps. Eight of these pumps did not need any repair since installation – for about 3 years. This is excellent performance. All the pumps were in relatively remote locations with poor access. Most Water Committees were quite active. Collection of funds for O&M was generally good, though the recent cyclone of 2004 had caused some financial hardships, affecting collection. Household level contribution records were readily available. In most pumps, the environment around the pump was clean, with fencing and an access gate. At some pumps sites, the fencing was in need of repairs after damage from the last cyclone. Some pump sites showed problems of waste water disposal. Four Vergnet pumps, installed during 2003, were visited. Repair histories of two were not available, one pump had been repaired once, and one pump had not needed any repairs since installation. On the basis of this information, it is too early to comment on the performance of these pumps. As mentioned earlier, the platform/apron construction and the waste water disposal systems with buried drain pipes and soak pits were of very high quality. “Sensibilisation” or awareness creation in user communities seemed to be very effective, since pump platforms and surroundings were found very clean. Discussions were held with two pump maintenance technicians. One technician had all tools and spare parts for looking after 3 pumps. The spare parts of the second technician was with the Committee President. The numbers of households dependent on these pumps varied from 24 to 46, though actual usage was probably greater, since three out of the four pumps were on the road side and in public places like a market place and a school. Two Rope pump sites were visited in the Mahabo area. One pump, installed in 1999, had not needed repairs since installation. The second pump, installed in 2003, had needed replacement of pistons. Both pumps were under relatively intensive use with 50 and 40 households, respectively, dependent on the pumps. This indicates that the performance of the older pump was quite exceptional. The sanitary protection of the wells and arrangements for disposal of waste water was excellent. The pump surroundings were clean and fencing was well-maintained. 5.4 Conclusions Hand dug wells are a viable and cost effective method of drinking water supply in the coastal area. Dug wells have been improved with lining, handpumps, platform and drains to improve and protect these water sources. The performance of the IM III hand pumps over 3 years has been very good. Vergnet pumps installed on deep drilled wells been recently installed and have functioned well. The Rope pump is an excellent alternative to deep well pumps on a dug well.


18

Also, since the groundwater table is at relatively shallow depths, deep well pumps (hand or foot operated) are not necessary. Water quality, both chemical and bacteriological, for dug wells need to be monitored. The only justification for deep well drilling would be factual data to indicate that sub-surface water (tapped by dug wells) was contaminated and that deeper ground water was safe. Experience from other developing countries indicate that sub-surface water can often be microbiologically contaminated and deeper groundwater may have chemical contaminants. It is necessary to monitor both chemical and bacteriological quality for both dug wells and deep wells to comment more accurately on this issue. 5.5 Water sources in Morondava

Traditional Hand-dug well lined with oil barrels

A typical India Mark III installation on a hand-dug well

A Rope pump installation on a hand-dug well

A typical Vergnet pump installation on a drilled well


19

Table 5.1: Site Observations in Morondava – UNICEF, SAHA, Taratra assisted dug wells, JICA assisted drilled wells, with pumps

Sl. No. Date of

visits

Pump Type /

assisted by

Name of village /

habitation

No. of HH

Served

Status of Water

Committee

Status of O&M Fund Collection

Monthly collection

FMG / HH

Installation month / year, Pump / Platform condition

Surroundings

1 8 July

IM III UNICEF

Bemanonga east

30 Functional Funds with Treasurer 1500 Installed in Oct. 2001. Pump handle slightly bent at handle bracket. Cylinder repaired once locally & paid for by WC in Mar. 2004. Cylinder leakage was observed (idle strokes)

Clean. Fencing in need of repair and is planned by WC.

2 8 July IM III UNICEF

Tandava west 36 Functional Funds with Treasurer. Defaulting HH are prevented from taking water.

1000 Installed in Oct. 2001. Pump working well, no repairs since installation.

Site is an old dug well, now used for the pump. Fencing and surroundings in good condition.


Tandava Benjamin

60 Functional Difficulty in making regular contributions after cyclone in March 04, but now being regularised. Two HH don’t pay (including Mayor’s).


Fencing and surroundings in good condition.


Benjamin Functional Regular & 100 % contributions


Fencing in need of repair. Drainage and surrounding not regularly cleaned.


Tanambao Atandroy, Analavia

100 Functional Difficulties to pay after the cyclone of March 2004. Funds kept locally with Treasurer.

500 Installed in July 2001, no repairs since installation. Source is used only for drinking water needs. An old dug well is still in use with rope and bucket for other needs.

Men are responsible for repairing the fencing; women keep the pump’s environment clean.

6 9 July IM III (Sovema) by SAHA

Tanambao Atandroy, Analavia

Functional Installed in Nov. 2003. Pump working. Turbid water after rain. One side of the well collapsed on 5 July along with part of the pump’s platform.

Clean


20

Sl. No. Date of

visits

Pump Type /

assisted by

Name of village /

habitation

No. of HH

Served

Status of Water

Committee


Monthly collection

FMG / HH


Surroundings

This has broken off and fallen into the pit. SAHA had been informed and were expected to come the next day.


Tanambao Soalala, Analavia

More than 100

The village decided to choose a new WC 3 months ago

Treasurer has accumulated 93,000 FMG

250 Installed in August 2002, no repairs since installation.

Clean


Tsimiti, Analavia

72 Functional Funds kept with Treasurer. Contributions are not regular but most households pay

1000 Installed in July 2001, no repairs since installation. Nearby canal is used for other water needs. Source is used only for drinking water needs.

The pump’s environment needs attention, fencing broken down, drain blocked. Committee planning to meet to discuss these issues.


Andranomanits, Analavia

30 Functional Regular contributions 1000 Installed in June 2001, no repairs since installation

Fencing is missing and the pump’s environment is not very clean. The pump is on the road side and therefore is frequently used by passers-by.


Kapuma, Analavia

More than 80

Regular contributions 1000 Installed in June 2001, no repairs since installation.

The pump’s environment needs attention, fencing has broken down, the platform is scoured and cracked. The well rings have remained intact but the platform around it has sunk slightly. The site has poor drainage and waste water collects on the road.


21

Sl. No. Date of

visits

Pump Type /

assisted by

Name of village /

habitation

No. of HH

Served

Status of Water

Committee


Monthly collection

FMG / HH


Surroundings

11 Rope pump, Taratra, Water Aid

Anja, Mahabo 50 Formed Collections regular. Dug well constructed in August 1999, Rope pump installed in July 2002. No repairs since installation, only regular oiling of the shaft.

Clean

12 9 July Rope, Taratra

Tsarahonenana, Mahabo

40 Formed Collections regular. Installed in August 2003. Only pistons replaced since installation.

Clean

13 10 July

Vergnet JICA, towards Mahabo

Apanza, well depth 80 m

45 Funds kept at SECAM. Some difficulty to pay immediately after the cyclone of 2004, but now regular

500 Installed in 2003. The technician looks after two more Vergnet Pumps in the same area. He has tools and spare parts. The three pumps cater to 92 households. The other two pumps also have had no repairs.

Very clean. Users wash the platform after every use. Good waste water disposal system with buried drain line and soak pit.

14 10 July

Vergnet JICA

Apanza, at the Primary School

27 500 from user HH only

Installed in 2003. Technician trained for maintenance of this pump by Taratra over a period of 3 months. No repairs to the pumps since installation.

School with 214 students and 6 teachers also use the pump. 27 household also use the pump. Surrounding area is clean

15 10 July

Vergnet JICA

Tsarafototra road side

24 Initial contribution of 150,000 FMG

1000 from user households only

Installed in 2003. Pump is in a roadside market place and is extensively used by the market shops.

Pump appears to be on private land, which is fenced. However, the pump is accessible to all users. The surroundings are clean.

16 10 July

Vergnet JICA

Tsarafototra, inside the habitation

24 Initial contribution of 150,000 FMG. Pump used by passers by and the market shop owners.

1000 Installed in 2003, pump has been repaired once.

Technician lives close to the pump. The tools and spare parts are with the WC President.


22

6. Field visits to the South 6.1 Schedule of meetings and visits Date Place Met with Remarks 12 July 2004

Fort Dauphin Ministry of Energy and Mines, Medair

Over view of the South, work of Medair

Steering Committee, AAEPA at Antanimora,

Project for 150 water points in the South supported by UNICEF

Site visits to India Mark II hand pumps, and with spare parts dealer

13-14 July

Anatanimora

Dr. Gilles Bergeron, Hydrogeologist, HydromaD

Hydrogeologist for PAEPAR project

Olivier Ratsizafy, Responsible, CGC – Ingenerie de Chine

Drilling contractor of PAEPAR Project

Bekily

Site visits to Vergnet pumps

15 July

Ampanihy Solomamy, Alfred, Taratra Responsible for “sensibilization” in PAEPAR Project

Betioky Alexis Randrianasolo , Atelier T+, Antsakoamasy

Rope Pump factory 16 July

Tulear

Spare parts dealer for Society Aris

ANTANIMORA

(FORT DAUPHIN)

(TULEAR)

PAEPAR (World Bank)

AAEPA (UNICEF)

Pipeline (JICA)

135 IM II (UNDP)

Fig. 6.1: Map of the South showing major water supply projects


23

6.2 Fort Dauphin Organisations met: Ministry of Energy and Mines and Medair, 12 July 2004 Summary of discussions

− The South has 2 main geological formations, sedimentaries near the east coast and crystallines in the middle.

− There have been four major projects for rural water supply in the South (refer

Fig. 6.1, which shows the approximate geographical areas of these projects). The four projects are:

1. UNICEF assistance during 1994-96 for drilling of wells and installation of

150 IM II handpumps around Antanimora. 2. UNDP assistance for drilling 135 wells with IM III hand pumps during

2000-2002 in the sedimentary area, near the west coast around Tulear. 3. JICA assistance for construction of a long pipeline, further south of the

hard rock area, supplying 9 towns, and villages to which water is taken by trucks from the pipeline.

4. The World Bank assisted PAEPAR Project, currently is being implemented, initially with a target of 500 wells and handpumps, later increased to 625 wells/ pumps.

− Drilled well depths are of the order of 60 m and static water level is in the

range of 10 m to 15 m below ground level. There are no significant irrigation facilities, surface or groundwater based, competing with drinking water bore wells.

− The usual sources of drinking water in the South are: untreated surface water,

trucks carrying water to villages, ox carts operated by water vendors, shallow pits in river bed, hand dug wells tapping shallow/perched aquifers.

− Most drilled wells are in a small central part of the South, in the crystalline

hard rock area. There is a large tract of limestone in the south west, where drilling has been generally unsuccessful and therefore, not attempted on any significant scale, with the exception of a project assisted by UNDP.

− One report estimates that there are 1300 “modern water points” not working

against 300 working. However, this data has been questioned.

− African Development Bank is planning to finance 700 wells with handpumps in the near future.

− Medair has been promoting the WASH campaign in 10 schools, with

assistance from UNICEF and SDC. They have introduced the concept of ownership of water sources at household level in the northern coastal region, using water jetted wells and direct action ‘Canzee’ handpumps,.

− GTZ have assisted in the construction of 40 hand dug wells in the Bekily area.


24

6.3 AAEPA Project (Association of Users of Water Supply), Antanimora (UNICEF assisted, for 150 India Mark II handpumps)

6.3.1 Project Milestones

− 1991-1992: Govt. of Madagascar requested UNICEF to support provision of drinking water sources after a long dry period.

− September – November 1993: Project feasibility study (Hydro geological and socio-economic studies).

− February 94- March 96: Project achievements. − 150 villages were equipped with bore wells and IM II hand pumps. − Potable water was provided to 30,000 people spread over 7000 sq. Km.

− April 1996- March 1998: Monitoring of the 150 bore wells continued by UNICEF.

− July 2000 – April 2001: Monitoring of the 150 bore wells project by UNICEF and AFVP (Association Frances for Voluntary Development).

− Plan of Action 2001-Financial support in 2002 through MEM for community mobilisation and monitoring.

− Programme of Cooperation 2001-2003: Ensuring self-sufficiency of systems established in the Southern Region.

Fig. 6.2: Approximate Map of the AAEPA project in the South

AAEPA Project area


25

6.3.2 Meeting with the Steering Committee - AAEPA Project Summary of Discussions

− UNICEF assisted MEM in implementing a programme for well drilling and installation of 150 India mark II handpumps in the Antanimora area during 1994-96, on the basis of one handpump per 200 people (usually 1 pump per village, but not always).

− Initially BERGM, a French consulting company, was contracted by UNICEF for a reconnaissance study of the area in 1993.

− Later BERGM undertook the community organisation initiatives, supervision of drilling and handpump installation during 1994-96.

− BERGM also organised the O&M system and undertook technical monitoring of the project.

− 217 wells were drilled of which 138 were successful, rehabilitation was attempted on 25 old bore wells (by AES - Alimentation for Water Supply in the South) of which 12 were successful. This resulted in 150 successful wells on which pumps were installed.

− These 150 handpumps pumps cater to 4324 household, roughly a population of 30,000 people.

− Wells were drilled with one rig operated by MEM (provided by UNICEF) and one rig from AES.

− Six of the 150 IM II handpumps were converted to IM III in May 2003. − AFVP (Association Frances for Voluntary Development) was contracted by

UNICEF during 1996-2000 for community mobilisation. They continued the community mobilization, formed WCs in each village and took up management of the O&M system.

− At the start of the project, a net work of 11 mechanics, 7 animators and 8 spare parts dealers were established by BERGM to assure O&M of the handpumps.

− Users paid the full value of spare parts to AFVP, via dealers, which were supplied by UNICEF, free of cost.

− Money from the spare parts was banked by AFVP in the project’s account at Fort Dauphin. In May 2001, this account had 20 million FMG.

− The mechanics worked in “circuits” or inspection routes for checking on functioning of pumps and repair them as needed.

− Animators worked with communities for formation and functioning of WCs in each village, collection of household contributions, giving sanitation and hygiene messages, etc.

− At UNICEF’s request for establishing a community based maintenance system, AFVP proposed the formation of an association of village level Water Committees managed by a Steering Committee in 1999 which was eventually established in 2001 as the AAEPA.

− During 2001, UNICEF discontinued its assistance towards the institutional cost of the O&M system and the present AAEPA and its Steering Committee continued to manage the O&M of pumps in the project area.

− For representation to the Steering Committee, about 5 village level WCs sent one nominee to constitute the Committee. The Steering Committee, is a legal entity and is constituted by 21 such representatives from groups of WCs.

− With discontinuation of financial support from UNICEF, the O&M system under the Steering Committee was also reorganized. The pump maintenance


26

capability was centralised at Antanimora and reduced to three mechanics attending to breakdown repair requests.

− Until 2003 households contributed 5000 FMG annually to the Steering Committee via their own WC and paid separately for spare parts.

− Since 2004, this figure has been revised to 7000 FMG per HH per year, with spare parts to be provided by the Steering Committee.

− At the rate of 7000 FMG per HH per year, for 4324 households the annual revenue expected for 2004 is 30.1 million FMG. The collection by June 2004 has been 5.2 million FMG. This has been partly due to the cyclone damage during Jan- March 2004 and the fact that people had little surplus funds.

− The most distant pump in this group is 219 Km from Antanimora. The spread of pumps and the poor condition of roads in the area, results in a difficult logistical environment in which the present O&M system functions.

− Since water table is shallow at a number of places, the IM II hand pump’s chain folds. As a result, a component called “Brides” (bridle) has been developed locally to replace the chain with a rigid link.

6.3.3 Data on the O&M System from AAEPA and its interpretation Until 2003, WCs paid 5000 FMG per pump per year for providing the maintenance service and paid dealer separately for spare parts which UNICEF provided free of cost to the dealers. Hence the Steering Committee incurred expenses for “management” of the maintenance system (i.e. salaries, travel, administration, etc.). Table 6.1 below provides the summary of receipts and expenses of the Steering Committee’s “management” of the O&M system.

Table 6.1: Receipts and Expenses (in FMG) of Management of the O&M System for 2002 & 2003 by AAEPA

For 2002 For 2003 Annual Average Percentages

Expenses 63,513,032 34,773,731 49,143,382 100%Receipts 57,264,099 26,076,500 41,670,300 85%Deficit 6,248,933 8,697,252 7,473,093 15%

This table indicates that 85% of the management cost of the O&M system was met by user contributions. Maintenance data from monthly reports of the mechanics was available for 27 months over the span of the calendar years of 2001 to 2003. During this period there were 248 maintenance interventions on the entire group of 144 IM II handpumps. This data is summarised in Table 6.2, below:

Table 6.2: Analysis from Repair Records

Data available for (Years / months) 2001 2002 2003 May - Oct, Dec Jan, May, Jul-Oct, Dec Feb - May, July - Dec

Total

Duration - Months 9 9 10 28 No. of Repairs 97 97 54 248


27

The occurrence of 248 maintenance interventions, over 28 months, for 144 pumps, translates to 0.77 interventions per year per pump. For a group of pumps that are 10 years old, this is excellent performance by any standard. The maintenance records of 28 months over 2001-03 also provided a record of spare parts used against each pump that was repaired. This data was consolidated annually and provides the basis for deriving the cost analysis of spare parts. This information is provided in Table 6.6 and is summarized below in Table 6.3.

Table 6.3: Analysis of Cost of Spare parts for 2001-03

FMG

Total Cost of Spare parts (from Table 6.6) 10,938,900Spare parts cost per intervention (Total Cost /248 interventions) 44,108Spare parts cost per pump over 28 months (Total Cost / 144 pumps) 75,965Spare parts cost per year (Total Cost x 12 / 28 months) 4,688,100

From the Receipt & Expenses data in Table 6.1 and spare parts cost from Table 6.3, the total annual O&M cost has been computed below.

Table 6.4: Maintenance costs per pump per year FMG Percentage Annual Average costs incurred for management of the O&M System for 2002 & 2003 by the Steering Committee (Table 6.1)

49,143,382 91%

Spare parts cost per year (Table 6.3) 4,688,100 9% Total Cost 53,831,482 100% Annual Average Receipts to the Steering Committee (Table 6.1) 41,670,300 77% Cost per pump per year (Total cost / 144) 373,830 Receipts per pump per year (Annual Avg. Receipt / 144) 289,377 The above analysis leads to some significant conclusions.

− The annual management costs of the O&M system is its largest cost component, comprising of 91% of the total costs (Table 6.4).

− The annual cost of spare parts for the whole group of handpumps is 4,688,100 FMG and constitutes only 9% of the total costs (Table 6.4).

− The cost of spare parts is the direct subsidy to the O&M system, from UNICEF and is only 9% of the total cost. This subsidy of FMG 4.7 million per year (Table 6.3) for 144 pumps, is a little less than US $ 500 per pump per year (approx. US$ 3.30 per pump per year).

− By any standards of donor funding, this is a very small sum, where as in terms of sustainability of the 144 pumps this is a very critical input.

− In overall terms, community contributions meet 77% of the total O&M costs of the project (Table 6.4), which is quite a significant achievement.

Therefore, while it is a fact that spare parts to this project are free of cost, any argument advanced about this subsidy needs to take the above computations into consideration before making generalized criticisms of subsidies. Given the overall nature of subsidies on which the entire RWSS sector is founded, US $ 3.30 per pump per year is a small price to pay for its sustainability. Perhaps a more significant


28

consideration is the fact that this subsidy makes spare parts accessible to a remote project in a country with a pump dealership network that is just emerging. As indicated in Table 6.6, there were a total of 248 repair events during 28 months of 2001 – 2003, for which maintenance data was available. Table 6.5, below analyses this data to establish frequency and incidence of multiple repairs to pumps over the period, i.e., how many pumps needed no repairs at all during the period and how many pumps needed one or more repairs.

Table 6.5: Analysis of 248 Repair interventions during 2001-03 Nos. of Multiple Interventions (repeated repairs to the same pump) over

the period of 28 months for which data was available

Nos. of interventions to the same pump Pumps requiring…

Nos. of Pumps

% of Pumps needing Interventions (Total – 144)

One intervention 48 32.0% Two interventions 36 24.0% Three interventions 16 10.7% Four interventions 5 3.3% Five interventions 6 4.0% Six interventions 1 0.7% Seven interventions 1 0.7% Eight interventions 1 0.7% Nine interventions 1 0.7% Ten interventions 0 0.0% Total nos. of pumps needing the 248 interventions 115 77%

Implications of this data are:

− 115 pumps out of 144 (77%) needed repairs. − 23% of the pumps, most of which were 8 to 10 years old, did not need repairs

during the 28 months. This reconfirms the excellent performance of these pumps.

− The bulk of the pumps that were repaired (56%) required up to 2 interventions (32% with one intervention + 24% with 2 interventions).

− 16 pumps (10.7%) required 3 interventions and needed major replacements. It could mean that these pumps now need major overhaul.

− 15 pumps requiring 4 and more interventions. They may have become unsustainable.


29

Table 6.6: Data on Repairs Interventions and Spare parts use

Data available for (Years / months) 2001 2002 2003 May - Oct, Dec Jan, May, Jul-Oct,

Dec Feb - May, July - Dec

Totals

Duration - Months 9 9 10 28 No. of Repairs 97 97 54 248

SPARE PARTS Quantities used Price FMG

Sl. No. (French) (English) 2001 2002 2003 Total 1995 2001-

03*

Value of Spares FMG

1 COUPELLES (2) Cup Washers (2) 62 44 16 122 11,600 17,400 2,122,8002 CHAINE Chain 3 1 4 12,600 18,900 75,6003 BRIDES (2) Handle link (2) 25 31 19 75 12,600 18,900 1,417,5004 ROULEMENT (2) Bearing (2) 5 5 4 14 14,500 21,750 304,5005 AXE DE BRAS Axle 2 1 1 4 16,200 24,300 97,2006 JOINT C Cylinder Cap Seal 63 92 29 184 1,650 2,475 455,400

7 PETIT JOINT Rubber Seating Upper Valve 3 20 11 34 400 600 20,400

8 GRAND JOINT Rubber Seating Check Valve 7 20 12 39 500 750 29,250

9 TIGE Rod 9 15 7 31 11,500 17,250 534,75010 TUYAU Pipe 19 28 12 59 36,000 54,000 3,186,00011 MANCHON Pipe Socket 2 1 1 4 3,500 5,250 21,00012 BOULON M12 (2) Bolt M 12 (2) 6 6 2 14 1,500 2,250 31,50013 BOULON M8 (2) Bolt M 8 (2) 303 76 43 422 2,600 3,900 1,645,80014 CYLINDRE Cylinder 5 1 6 55,000 82,500 495,000

15 PORTE CLAPET SUP.

Cage 1 1 2 9,300 13,950 27,900

16 PORTE JOINT CAOUTCHOUC

Check valve seat 1 1 8,600 12,900 12,900

17 PORTE PETIT JOINT Check Valve Retainer 4 4 4,500 6,750 27,000

18 CLAPET DE REFOULEMENT

Upper Valve Guide 3 14 7 24 4,300 6,450 154,800

19 CAGE DE SEPARATION COU

Spacer 1 1 8,600 12,900 12,900

20 TIGE MPAMPITOHY Plunger Rod 10,950 16,425 21 PORTE COUPELLE Follower 9,000 13,500

22 PORTE GRAND JOINT

Check valve seat 1 2 3 8,600 12,900 38,700

23 CLAPET D'ASPIRATION

Check Valve Guide 5 10 5 20 7,600 11,400 228,000

24 ECROU M12 Nut M 12 9 8 17 25 FILASSE Sisal 1,000 1,500 26 EAU DE JAVEL Bleaching powder 5,500 8,250 27 GRAISSE Grease 2,100 3,150 Total Cost of Spare parts - FMG 10,938,900Spare parts cost per intervention (Total Cost/248 interventions) - FMG 44,108Spare parts cost per pump (Total Cost/ 144 pumps) - FMG 75,965Spare parts cost per year (Total Cost x 12/ 28 months) - FMG 4,688,100Spare parts cost per pump per year ( {Total Cost x 12/ 28 months}/ 144) - FMG 32,556.25

* Accurate prices for spare parts were available for 1995. Prices for spare parts for 2001-03 have been computed at 1.5 times the prices of 1995.


30

6.3.4 Visits to handpumps and a spare parts dealer, 14 July 2004 Observations during visits to two handpump sites are recorded below. Table 6.7: Site Observations – UNICEF assisted IM II handpumps in Antanimora Date visited 14 July 14 July Location Androvasoa, 7 Km north from Antanimora Anjaboboky

25 Km north from Antanimora Pump Type IM II IM II No. of HH dependent

20 15

Status of Water Committee (WC)

Functional Functional


Annual contribution of FMG 7000 per HH for 2004, for 20 HH, paid to AAEPA. Caretaker from the committee is active.

Full collection paid to AAEPA in 2003. No collection during 2004.

Installation month/ year (DOI), Pump/ Platform condition, Surroundings

DOI – 25/3/94, Sl. No. 1674 Well depth 24.36 m, SWL 2.36 m Cylinder is at 15 m bgl Handle was with ”brides”. Platform was good. People work as mining labour, travel regularly to Antanimora. Repair service is available within a day. Last repair was replacement of a cup washer and a corroded riser pipe. A riser pipe had been replaced earlier. A river, 1 Km away, serves as an alternate water source.

DOI – 18/5/94, Depth 61.21 m, SWL 0.6 m, Cylinder @ 48 m bgl. The pump has become hard to pump, handle heavy and the well depletes. Plenty of water in the rainy season.

Other observations Waste water is impounded in the platform area and is used for vegetable gardening through the women’s self-help group. 20 women share the water and cultivate vegetables on small “platforms” of land (1.5 m x 2 m), 4 to 5 platforms each, pay the Women’s Assn. FMG 500 per month and retain the rest.

Pump is 600 m away from the habitation and its surroundings are clean. The users were unhappy with the low and interrupted yield of the pumps.

A spare parts dealer at Andalatanory (5 Km from Antanimora) was also visited. The dealership was located in a hotel cum restaurant cum general store. IM II handpump spare parts were on display, though the prices of components were as of 1995. The volume of business from handpump spare parts appeared to be quite small, not requiring much attention from the dealer. Before the establishment of AAEPA, dealers were allowed to charge and excess of 10% of the value of spare parts as their fee. Under the Steering Committee, UNICEF has continued to supply spare parts free of cost. These spare parts are placed with the dealers for which the Steering Committee pays a flat fee of 25000 FMG per month to a dealer for stocking spares. Therefore, the present network of eight dealers only serves as decentralised supply points for mechanics to pick up spare parts when they go on maintenance calls. 6.3.5 Conclusions The failure rate of drilling for this project was quite high. 150 successful wells resulted from about 217 wells drilled. This represents a success rate of about 64%.


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The performance of IM II handpumps has been very good. The 144 IM II handpumps are roughly 10 years old and are generally working well. About 5 pumps are reported to show depletion, low yields and are difficult to operate. The quality of installation of handpumps and the sanitary protection of the environment of the handpumps are generally excellent. The system of recording basic well data (well depth, SWL, date of pumps installation) on a Stainless Steel plate, anchored in the platform surface, is an excellent idea. This should be backed up by a computerised data base with map references for the sites / villages. Some wells (the extent is not clearly known) have quite high water tables, in the range of 3 m to 6 m below ground level. These wells did not need deep well handpumps right from the start and some operational problems (like folding of the chain) must have been evident soon after installation of handpumps on these wells. This led to the indigenous development and production of the “Bride” (bridle), which has replaced the chain. It is a clear indicator that local innovativeness exists. Chemical water quality does not appear to be a serious problem, though results of water quality analysis were not available. A network of dealers for spare parts was established at the start of the project and continues to exist. However, the financial incentive to dealers has changed and the network seems to operate at a lower key. In the present O&M system, the dealer only serves the purpose of a decentralized point of supply for the mechanics, reducing their need to carry spares when they travel from Antanimora. The future of the dealer network appears uncertain and will depend on a number of factors. A rough cost analysis indicates that the cost of spare parts is actually a small fraction of the total cost of the O&M system. While spare parts cost is low (9% of the total O&M cost), the management cost of the system appears to be relatively high probably because of the logistics of operation of a centralised repair team. UNICEF should consider the fact that the annual cost of spare parts for this group of pumps is a total sum of roughly US $ 500 per year, which is small sum of money for a donor in the water supply sector. However, it is probably a very significant contribution to the Steering Committee of AAEPA, since this funding assures easy access to spare parts, in turn assuring the sustainable water supply to the user communities. Till such time as a reliable supply chain develops for handpumps spare parts, UNICEF should consider continuing this contribution to AAEPA. Two options could be considered for the future of this project, Reorganisation of the existing O&M system and Conversion of handpumps. The two options are discussed below: Reorganisation of the O&M System

− As a general principle, a centralised maintenance system based on breakdown repair is always costlier in travel and logistical support needs than a system based on decentralised preventive maintenance, where repairs can be programmed in advance by constant monitoring of pump performance.


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− On the other hand, a decentralized maintenance system usually need larger number of functionaries, working part-time from a number of locations. This need not automatically result in a larger expenditure in salaries if preventive O&M if handpumps is recognised as something that need regular but part-time attention.

− A detailed financial analysis of the present O&M system is necessary to

clearly identify activities where costs are high. It would be reasonably safe to assume that high costs are mainly due to the management costs of a centralised service capability operating from Antanimora.

− The earlier system, prior to the formation of the AAEPA, was based partially

on preventive maintenance with predetermined visit scheduled to groups of pumps by decentralised technicians. If cost data for this system is available, it would provide a basis for comparison of the current centralised system and the older decentralised system.

− Similarly, a detailed analysis of maintenance records will give good

indications on the usage of spare parts and lead to a more realistic stocking of spare parts. It will also help to rationalise the dealer network and make dealership more viable.

− Subject to the findings of these studies, it should be possible to make the

present system more cost effective by partial decentralisation, which would cut down travel costs but increase salaries. A study of the exact locations of pumps would be needed to consider the locations of additional centre/s from which part-time technicians could work. Considering the fact that the maintenance workload is fairly low (248 maintenance interventions, over 27 months, for 144 pumps, translates to 0.77 interventions per year per pump), part-time decentralised technicians (with some existing means of livelihood, but looking for additional earnings) could be considered to minimize the expenditure on salaries.

Conversion of Pumps

− The IM II pumps are about 10 years old and the frequency of replacement of corroded pipes is reported to have increased (the extent of this needs to be verified through study of the maintenance records, proposed earlier). Substantial technological developments have been made to the IM II, which has resulted in designs such as the IM III with 50 mm PVC pipes, where initial cost are relatively low and need for repairs are much less and much easier to undertake. To that extent, the IM II design has become some what obsolete.

− The conversion of the existing IM II pumps to IM III with PVC riser pipes

should be seriously considered.

− The conversion programme should have a strong component of “harmonisation” of pump types on a geographical basis. The possibility of converting some existing IM II pumps that are very far off or deep in the PAEPAR Project area, to Vergnet pumps should be considered. By the same reasoning, some wells under the PAEPAR Project (which would normally have used Vergnet pumps) should be designated to use the IM III PVC pump. The objective of this “exchange” of sites should be done with the intention of


33

simplifying and rationalizing the geographical distribution and spread of the two types of pumps, which at the moment appear to be “competing”.

− The conversion of existing pumps should be accompanied by a

reorganisation of the O&M system (based upon the cost studies, proposed earlier). This pump conversion programme should be accompanied by a capacity building programme, which would include training for the maintenance of the new pumps and monitoring and management of the O&M system.

The broad framework of a decentralised O&M system, managed by the AAEPA would consist of more than one group of technicians. These groups would be located at different places, trained to be capable of meeting all maintenance needs, but would be working on preventive maintenance principles, diagnosing maintenance needs and identifying and repairing pumps working under “poor performance conditions” rather than waiting for unpredictable breakdowns. The detailed cost analysis and maintenance analysis of the O&M system should be undertaken immediately. Regardless of which choice is made, reorganisation or conversion, these studies will reveal significant management parameters and patterns that will be relevant to both these alternatives, which can be used for realistic economic planning of future maintenance systems in the South, centralised or decentralised, reorganized or rehabilitated. Some of the issues related to the supply chain for spare parts are already beginning to have a clearer definition (with at least two established national level dealers for IM II handpumps, SMETH and SOMECA, each with their plans for distribution of spare parts). The levels, numbers and density of the dealership network will have to evolve with time and will be largely governed in the long run, by the density of a given pump type in any given area. Having different pump types in the same area will not only pose O&M management problems but is also a disincentive to the growth of spare parts distribution systems, since the total number of pumps, in any case, is relatively small.


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6.3.6 India Mark II pumps in the South

Roads in the South Traditional water source in a river bed

Spare parts dealership - inside Spare parts dealership -outside

“Brides” replacing the Chain on the Handle

A typical India Mark II installation (top) and its Identification plate (bottom)


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6.4 PAEPAR Project The World Bank assisted PAEPAR Project plans to drill wells and install 625 Vergnet foot operated pumps in the South. Its drilling operations are based at Bekily and its sensibilisation and pump installation activities are carried out from Ampanihy. The PAEPAR Project has other components also, which have been mentioned separately later. 6.4.1 Discussions with HydromaD (Gilles Bergeron, 14 July, Antanimora) On behalf of BURGEAP, HydromaD does the hydrogeological well siting for the World Bank assisted PAEPAR Project, which is in the central hard rock area of the South. The UNICEF assisted AAEPA Project around Antanimora and the PAEPAR Project are in the same geographical area. The Vergnet foot operated pump has been chosen for installation by the PAEPAR Project. The Vergnet pump sites of the PAEPAR Project are sometimes in close proximity to the IM II handpumps. The Vergnet pump’s maintenance is perceived as cheaper than that of IM II. There is a feeling that the IM II pumps should be changed over to Vergnet. However, the Vergnet’s foot action is not easy at deeper water tables (40 m) and so an adaptation of the IM II head, with the levered handle, has been made to suit the Vergnet’s pumping assembly. The Vergnet has the advantage of being able to negotiate badly drilled holes that may not be vertical.

Fig.6.3: Approximate area of the PAEPAR Project

PAEPAR Project area


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There is a need to harmonise the basis of financial contributions for the pump types in the South. 6.4.2 Discussion with Ingenerie de Chine (CGC), (Olivier Ratsizafy, 15 July 2004, Bekily) CGC is responsible for drilling wells for the PAEPAR Project. The drilling is done at sites marked by BURGEAP. The formations are of Gneiss, Schist, Basalt, Sandstone. Depth of wells range from 20 m to 60 m. Wells are finished in 125 mm PVC casing with screens at the water bearing zones. The overburden drilling is 250 mm (10 inches) and the hole is finished with 165 mm (6 ½ inches) drilling. Two combination rigs are used for the programme. Successful wells are those with an yield of at least 600 litres per hour. The target is to drill 625 successful wells. Drilling activities started in June 2001. So far 810 wells have been drilled of which 583 (72%) have been successful. 6.4.3 Site visits to Vergnet pumps around Bekily Two Vergnet pumps in adjoining villages close to Bekily were visited and discussions were held with users. Both pumps had been installed in June 2001 and had not needed any repairs since installation. Water tables in both the wells were fairly high, 2 m and 3.1 m below ground level. WCs were functional, monthly collections for O&M were being made. The quality of pump installation was very good and environment around the pumps was very clean. Table 6.8 provides details of the pumps visited.

Table 6.8: Site Observations – PAEPAR Project’s Vergnet pumps in Bekily Date visited 15 July 15 July Location Mitsinjo Mitsinjo Sabaralava Pump Type Vergnet Vergnet No. of HH dependent 65 49 Status of Water Committee (WC)

Functional Functional


FMG 150,000 initial contribution paid. Monthly collection of FMG 250 per HH now being made. Funds with Treasurer.

FMG 150,000 initial contribution paid. Monthly collection of FMG 500 per HH now being made. Funds with Treasurer.

Details of well, pump, platform and surroundings

Depth of well : 14.5 m SWL : 2.0 m DOI: 3 June 2001 Pump Sl. No.: U-2301 Good platform, clean surroundings

Depth of well : 15.9 m SWL : 3.1 m DOI: 4 June 2001 Pump Sl. No.: Good platform, clean surroundings

6.4.4 Discussion with Taratra (15 July 2004, Ampanihy) For the PAEPAR Project, a feasibility study was done by a consulting company (DINKA) in 1998, which identified 839 villages in the South for the project. Later BURGEAP did a second feasibility on the basis of population, accessibility and hydrogeology, and the number of villages increased to 1032. The PAEPAR Project is implemented in seven steps. Taratra has a role to play in some of these steps. The seven steps are as follows:


37

Step 1 - Integration: Communities are asked if they want pumps. This was started in 2000 in all the 1032 identified villages. Step 2 - Implantation: Technical study by BURGEAP for site selection. Taratra simultaneously explains the technology and reasons for choice of sites to communities. Some times a selected site is rejected by the community. Step 3 - Structurisation: If a site is agreed upon, Taratra does the community mobilisation for formation of a Water Committee, election of its members, helps formulate internal rules of the Committee (there are no ready-made rules) and gets an agreement for the fixed initial contribution of 150,000 FMG and a monthly household contribution for O&M (which varies, dependent on population). The projected annual maintenance budget (in FMG) for the Vergnet pump is given below:

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Nil 150,000 400,000 400,000 1,000,000

Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Total

150,000 400,000 400,000 1,000,000 150,000 4,050,000 and the Average Annual cost FMG 405,000 The general criteria for contributions are: 20 households ≈ 100 persons → 750 FMG/ HH/ month → 180,000 per year 50 households ≈ 250 persons → 250 FMG/ HH/ month → 150,000 per year Step 4 – Drilling: CGC does the drilling. Taratra facilitates participation from communities for improving roads for the drilling rig, digging of mud pits for drilling, etc. If a well fails, then Taratra explains the next step to communities. Communities need to make a fresh demand for a well, without which a second well is not considered. So far there has been no case where a second well has been drilled though 30 % of the wells drilled have failed. Step 5 – Platform Construction and Sanitation around the well: Taratra does the construction of the pump platform. Communities contribute sand, labour, etc. Step 6 – Pump installation: The village chooses two Caretakers, who are trained during installation of the pump and who are given certificates. One set of tools and spare parts are also given. Hygiene and sanitation information is given to the users. Step 7 - Follow-up: Occurs after one year, where the Caretakers are given refresher training, the functioning of the Committee is looked at, the “Casse” (maintenance fund) is verified, the rate of contribution is reviewed, and sanitation and hygiene promotion messages are given once again. In a limited number of villages, “Sanplats” (latrine squatting platforms) have been promoted and the WASH campaign has been taken up (in 15 villages), water quality tests are done (75 in Bekily, 40 in Ampanihy for conductivity and bacteriological analysis – by a field test kit) and impact assessment (25 in Bekily and 20 in Ampanihy) have been done. Taratra undertakes implementation of Steps 1 to 6 in campaigns covering 60 villages at a time, in intervals of two months. The campaigns started in Sept. 2003. So far about 200 pumps have been installed.


38

6.4.5 Discussions with Project Coordinator, PAEPAR, MEM (20 July 2004, Antananarivo) The percentage of failed wells in the South is a matter of concern. Some wells have failed due to poor water quality (high conductivity, salinity) and some wells have been dry. Some wells have also been rejected by communities on account of unacceptable taste (brackishness) in the water. Inventory of drinking water sources is planned, with the engagement of separate consultants for three areas – Tulear, Tana and other parts of the country. The PAEPAR Project has a number of other components apart from drilling wells in the South. Some of these components are: 625 gravity schemes in the hilly regions, tariff study for urban areas, policy development, study of decentralisation of O&M, capacity building in all sections of the RWS sector, formation of regional and national data banks, fostering private-public partnership. The development of the national Manual of Procedures for the RWS sector is also planned for completion in the near future. While the PAEPAR Project cannot cover all the villages that need water supply in the South, the coverage of remaining villages will form a part of the national plan. However, the demand must come from communities and communities must share costs. The Vergnet foot operated pump was chosen for the PAEPAR Project in the South on the basis of a global bid for VLOM pumps. No offers were received from manufacturers of IM II or IM III handpumps. 6.4.6 Conclusions As in the case of the older AAEPA Project, the South presents a relatively high rate of failure for drilled wells for the PAEPAR Project. Chemical water quality is a problem and has been a cause for rejection of some wells. The project is designed around a choice of high cost technology, both in terms of well design and choice of pump. The project is driven by service delivery targets, including “sensibilisation” and community participation, delivered in a campaign mode. It is unclear whether there will be any mechanism to continue motivation of communities after the completion of the seventh step of the project, follow-up after one year by Taratra. Vergnet pumps are working well, but it is too early to comment on their long term performance since most pumps have been recently installed. The provision of tools and spare parts to each caretakers for each pump constitutes a subsidy to the O&M system. If and when this O&M system is reexamined and evaluated this factor should be taken into consideration. While dealerships have been set up for improving accessibility of spare parts, the initial reaction from dealers appears to be discouraging since there is a low demand


39

of spares. This could be because pumps are in their early stage of their operational life and so are functioning well and also because caretakers have spares. The Vergnet pump has been modified to adapt to the levered handle mechanism of the IM II design. However, the functionality of the adaptation remains to be proven. In terms of design, the pivot link of the handle to the pump piston is based on a bush and axle. This may cause problems in future, since such pivot designs of handles have always been a weak point in most pump designs. The maintenance cost projections by the manufacturers of Vergnet pump, when compared with the maintenance contribution pattern in the project indicates that at a monthly contribution of 500 FMG per month per household, the Vergnet pump would need 64 household or roughly a population of 320 people to support its maintenance costs. Therefore, the economics of O&M of this pump needs some reexamination, since the pumps are being installed for smaller population groups. Understanding this analysis is critical since the Vergnet pump is sometimes being presented as being cheaper than the IM II in its O&M costs. It is incorrect to compare O&M costs of relatively new pumps (the Vergnet) with relatively older pumps (the IM II). While cost and performance details of the IM II are known to a reasonable degree of details, this is not the case with Vergnet pumps. Also, while it is possible that a monitoring system of the performance of the Vergnet pumps exists, it was not easily apparent. In the long run, without proper documentation of performance data on Vergnet pumps, it will not be possible to evaluate their performance nor make comparisons with other pumps. In the meantime, the Vergnet pump is relatively quite expensive.


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6.4.7 Vergnet pump installations near Bekily

unicef@ Ij!W ;"lIIsn


41

6.5 150 IM III handpumps around Tulear (UNDP assisted) 6.5.1 Discussions with HydromaD (Ms Rakoto Tianaharivelo,

Antananarivo, 27 July 2004) The project for drinking water supply was a part of a larger poverty alleviation programme funded by UNDP, with other components like livelihood (fishing), housing etc. The project started with a technical feasibility study in 1996 in the coastal strip from Tulear, southwards up to Androka. The objective of the study was to assess the water resources potential of the plateau area and to explore groundwater resources around Betioky. An inventory of drinking water sources was first undertaken followed by detailed observations of some of these sources during 1999 up to 2003. 18 exploratory wells were drilled in the plateau area. All these wells were successful. Handpumps were installed on 12 of these wells, where there were villages. The investigation phase led to the larger project, which started in 2001 and finished in 2003. 190 wells were drilled of which 150 wells were successful. Investigation for well sites was done by HydromaD and the wells were drilled by MEM. 135 handpumps were installed. The choice of the pump was IM III with 65 mm PVC pipe with stainless steel threaded ends. The pumps were supplied by Sovema, France. About 30 pumps were installed along the coast and the rest were installed in the plateau area. For O&M, water committees were formed at each village. The sensibilisation was done by local consultants engaged by UNDP. Initial contribution of 150,000 FMG was a precondition for drilling in a village, but there were no further monthly contributions for O&M. The initial contribution was supposed to finance repair services and spare parts costs. The actual expense was then to be collected from user-household to bring the maintenance fund back to its original 150,000 FMG. The coastal area was divided into 3 maintenance zones and the plateau area was divided into 8 zones. In 6 out of the 8 zones in the plateau area, 2 mechanics were trained in each zone and one spare parts dealer was established. UNDP maintained a large stock of spare parts in Tulear and gave an initial stock of spares to each dealer. As mentioned earlier, users were expected to pay for spare parts. Dealers were expected to replenish their stocks from UNDP against payment. The project finished in Dec. 2003 and the UNDP spare parts stocks were to be administered by MEM thereafter. In mid-2004, UNDP was looking for a private party who will enter into a financial arrangement to take over the spare parts.


42

It is not known if any monitoring of the project was in place after the project was closed. 6.5.2 Conclusions The project was able to establish that drilled wells were viable water sources in the plateau region. Through cost participation, capacity building and a spare parts distribution network, an O&M system was conceived. However, since the project came to a close, the status of the pumps and O&M system is not known. At the Concluding Workshop, on 29 July 2004, MEM agreed that it was responsible for this project, but were not in a position to comment on their operational status.


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6.6 ATELIER T+ : Rope Pump factory at Betioky (15 July 2004) The Rope pump production facility was established by a collaborative effort between Taratra and Handpump Technology Network (HTN, presently Rural Water Supply Network - RWSN, SKAT Foundation Switzerland) adapting the basic Rope Pump design from Nicaragua. Later, the factory was made into a private enterprise, named ATELIER T+, run by Alexis Randrianasolo. Details of the factory are provided below: Date of establishment: March 2000 Permanent staff: Four Production capacity: 60 pumps per month Pumps produced:

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Numbers 8 55 150 72 93

Initial price of the pump: 1,500, 000 FMG Price from May 2004: 3,000,000 FMG Annual cost of Maintenance:

Component Cost Corde n°10 Chord 50,000 FMG Pistons (1000 FMG x 30pcs) Pistons, 30 nos. 30,000 FMG Huile (2500 FMG x 4) Oil 10,000 FMG Peinture à huile Oil Can 45,000 FMG Paliers Bush 15,000 FMG Total annuel: Total Annual 145,000 FMG

Clients ANAE (Association Nationale d'Actions Environnementales) FID (Fond International pour le Developpement) PGDE soarano BETIOKY WATERAID Madagascar WATERAID Mozambique IPPTE (gouvernement) ONG Vatsy Inter cooperation Suisse ONG à Antananarivo (financé par UNICEF) Entreprise privée VINTANTSOA Entreprise de construction "EZAKA" Bezaha Entreprise de construction d'Ambovonbe Mission catholique de Ranohira Mission catholique d'Ampanihy ECAR Betioky Associations Familles


44

The Rope Pump

. ~ - . - . ,--~ < .' '. -: :-..... '~:,,,: ::~: .. :;';:; ~. --. :' .' .- -., - ..

unicef SI "HIIII"

,

,


45

7. Field visit to Frère de St Gabriel, Tamatave, 23-24 July, 2004 Br. Edwin Joseph is responsible for this NGO which works in the peri-urban area of Tamatave town and the nearby area. Tamatave is on the east coast and is the second city of Madagascar, after the capital Antananarivo. It is a coastal sandy area with groundwater at shallow depth. It is also a high rainfall area with long spells of rain evenly spread throughout the year. The poorer communities, mainly fishing folk, of Tamatave live at the edge of the main town, along a canal that has long been polluted by a petroleum refinery. Hence, though the groundwater is at shallow depth and easily accessible, it is not used for drinking. The work of Frère de St Gabriel started after a cholera epidemic in 2000. The NGO presently has 4 administrative staff, 7 animators, one technician and 6 helpers. The project works in 16 “cartiers” (neighbourhoods) out of the 138 cartiers in the area. The activities of the NGO consist of literacy, water supply and sanitation in peri-urban Tamatave, supported by WaterAid and UNICEF. The project has arranged for piped water supply points in the slums which are operated through a water kiosk. Inhabitants of the slum pay 50 FMG for drawing 15 litres of drinkable water from the kiosk, which is managed by a local committee and run by a nearby individual. The funds collected from the sale of water go to pay the water bill to the town, for maintenance of the system and for the salary of the kiosk operator. The old system of household latrines was the “tinette” system, which was a metal drum buried in the ground to collect the faeces. The drum was periodically emptied nearby. The edge of the canal was also used as a defecation area. The project has introduced the twin pit pour flush latrine in this area. 90 household latrines have been built with UNICEF assistance. Water needed for the toilets comes from household level simple suction handpumps, referred to as the “Tanny” pump, made in small fabrication workshops within the slum from second hand reinforcement steel bars and pipes. The manufacturers of the Tanny pump also provide the service of hand-digging shallow (about 5 m deep) small diameter wells, in which the pump is installed. The cost of a well with an installed pump is about FMG 30,000 to FMG 35,000 (roughly US $ 30 to $ 35). The NGO has also constructed some rainwater harvesting tanks and toilets attached to schools. The extended period of rain in this area make rainwater harvesting a very viable water supply option in this area. The NGO has also introduced domestic level bio-sand filters, by which fecal contamination in water can be reduced significantly. Though small, this project has proven the viability of a number of alternative drinking water supply options and has integrated sanitation into its programme.


46

Water Kiosk with Operator (lady with the child)

School Toilet Block

Rainwater harvesting Tank from a School roof

Household level Bio-sand Filter

Household Toilet and bath


47

Manufacture of the “Tanny” pump

The “well drilling tool”

A “Tanny” pump installed

The Tanny pump’s well being drilled


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Annex 1: Terms of Reference For the development of management and maintenance structures and a distribution network of spare parts for the sustainability of boreholes and wells in Madagascar 5 April 2004 Introduction Within the framework of the promotion of appropriate technologies in the water sector, the Ministry of Energy and Mines with its financial partners is developing drilling techniques and wells equipped with hand pumps concentrated particularly in the arid areas of the South of the Province of Tulear. 150 boreholes financed by UNICEF equipped with India Mark II pumps The project was launched in 1994 and was completed in 1996. The majority of the pumps are still functioning. Some gaps persist on the level of the spare parts supply chain. Indeed, because of the absence of a representative of India Mark III in Madagascar, the spare parts distribution chain remains subsidized by the AAEPA Project, which compromises its sustainability. The " 500 boreholes" project was implemented by PAEPAR and financed by the World Bank. The project is in its completion phase. The pumps installed are Vergnet pumps. The service of providing spares part is ensured by a representative of Vergnet in Madagascar. It distributes to the points of sale which are in the villages and are managed by private retailers. The “150 Boreholes” component of the UNDP programme in Great South The project installed India Mark III pumps and the maintenance system is the same as that of the project of 150 boreholes financed by UNICEF. 700 boreholes project financed by the African Development Bank (ADB) Up to now the Ministry of Energy and Mines has not decided on the final choice of the type of pump. The choice is between INDIA III and Vergnet and they wish the consultation to be made quickly as to the final choices of pump to install. In the South of Madagascar, there will soon be 1500 boreholes equipped mainly with Vergnet and India Mark III pumps. There are also a significant number of water points equipped with various types of other pumps: 80 wells in Manakara with India Mark II, 30 wells in Morondava with India III and 50 boreholes of Majunga with Vergnet and some wells with AFRIDEV in North East. Generally UNICEF and the Ministry of Energy and Mines favor the IM II for the reasons that it is easy to maintain and spare parts are cheaper than for Vergnet pumps.


49

In addition to these, local associations, communities and the private sector have developed their own locally adapted pumps, but their performance remains limited. Taratra is promoting the Rope pump which is not technically complex and the price of which is accessible. But there are some questions on water quality, because there are some gaps in the design where pathogenic microorganisms could enter. In Tamatave, the communities have developed a local pump costing less than 100 dollars. The current situation is that the systems of management and maintenance and the types of pumps vary from one project to another. MEDAIR is developing a pump technology in the South which is adapted to local conditions, but also the question is to assure water quality. An evaluation of maintenance systems was carried out by a team from the World Bank in Dakar, Senegal, in 2004. Some recommendations were made and weak points highlighted such as: The spare parts distribution system is not well organized (for example some stock was kept by the mayor, others by the management committee and in some cases the replacement of broken parts waited until the regional authorities visited). The system of payment for spare parts is not clear since restocking is done starting from the subsidized price. The main problem is the lack of a sales representative for India Mark II pumps who could manage all the network of supply spare parts and ensure the setting up intermediary points of distribution. Learning the lessons from this evaluation, in view of the withdrawal of the technical and financial support to the 150 borehole project and others of average and small scale, within the framework of co-operation UNICEF/Govt., it is imperative and urgent to make a technical proposal to the Government through the Ministry of Energy and Mines to plan the reorganization of the management and maintenance and spare parts supply chain for the sustainability of wells and boreholes equipped with hand pumps. Objectives of the Consultancy To understand the process of boreholes/wells programme including its design, implementation and the sustainability and functioning of water infrastructure. To evaluate the structural factors, which require change and improvements in the management and maintenance systems and the supply of spare parts within the framework of 2001-2003 program of Cooperation between the Govt.?/ UNICEF. To evaluate the cost effectiveness of the main hands pumps installed in Madagascar. To prepare a national plan for setting up of a supplies and distribution network for India Mark II spare parts in Madagascar. To evaluate the systems of management and maintenance of various projects in progress or completed to identify their strong and weak points and to draw lessons for the development of a national sustainable plan for wells and boreholes in Madagascar. To prepare a training plan for technicians for the pump India III.


50

Methodology Consultation of documentation The water and sanitation programme 2001-2003 evaluation report. The master plan for the development of water resources in the Great South of Madagascar. The Policy Document for development of the water and sanitation in rural areas Files referring to the 150 boreholes project in Antanimora and the 500 boreholes project financed by the World Bank. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) document. Analysis of training and monitoring tools Curricula of training developed for technicians for the 150 borehole project. Reports of the mid-term and annual reviews of the program as well as the various monitoring reports from field visits. Interviews and discussion groups Collection of qualitative data on the maintenance system and spares parts provision based on the results of discussion with the target population, local associations, NGOs, United Nations Organizations, and commune level and national authorities responsible for the water and sanitation sector. The interviews with the national authorities and the financial partners must include the aspects of choice or selection of the types of pumps which are installed in the country. Assisted/participative self-evaluation of the animation/awareness raising committees, presidents of the water point committees , water technicians, spare parts salesmen and local NGOs. The aspects of sustainability must emphasize the involvement of services in raising awareness and community mobilization (i.e. ‘soft’ aspects), the existence or not of community management structures, people’s willingness to pay, the level of cost recovery which can at least cover operating expenses, servicing and occasional repairs. Field Visits In consultation with the team of the Ministry of Energy and Mines and UNICEF, the consultant will present criteria for the selection of the projects to be visited. The selection criteria will relate to the importance of the project and the comparative experience in connection with the system of management and maintenance as well as the types of pumps installed. A field visit plan will then be finalized.


51

Study Sites The field visits will focus on the zones where the wells and boreholes of the UNICEF programmes and other programmes are concentrated: Antadroy (150 boreholes) Morondava (30 wells and 500 boreholes funded by World Bank) in Tuléar Province Manakara in Fianarantsoa Province (80 wells) Tamatave (Mahonoro and TamataveI pumps) Majunga (50 boreholes) Deliverables A report including a plan of reorganization of the maintenance system and spare parts distribution network, a plan for training technicians to repair wells and boreholes. Duration Four (04) weeks starting from the date of arrival in Madagascar.


52

Annex 2: Comparative costs of O&M of different pumps

India Mark II Rope pump Vergnet Tanny Pump Handpump unit price (US $) 180 300 1000 -Cost of drilling ( US $ per meter ) 400 120 400 -Cost of drilling for 30 m deep 12,000 1,440 12,000 -Total (handpump + drilling) (US$) 12,180 1,740 13400 35Total (handpump + drilling) (FMG) 121,800,000 17,400,000 134,000,000 350,000Annual cost of O&M system 49,143,382 0Cost of spare parts 4,688,100 Total O&M cost 53,831,482

Total cost per pump per year 373,830 145,000 384664.2 116,667

Household participation for the O&M- (FMG/ month) 583 250 500 9722Household participation (FMG/ year) 7,000 3,000 6,000 116,667No. of Households which can cover O&M cost 53 48 64 1

Remarks: 1. Minimum well depths: 30 m for IM II and Vergnet, 12 m for Rope pump, 6 m for the Tanny pump. 2. The Tanny pump and the Rope pump find unsubsidized house-hold level usage and therefore seem to be affordable options. 3. The Rope pump can be installed on existing shallow dug wells. 4. Cost of well construction is an integral part of the cost of the Tanny pump. 5. The India Mark II and the Vergnet pumps need relatively high cost water sources in the form of drilled wells. 6. The Vergnet pump is substantially costlier than the India Mark II. 7. The O&M costs for India Mark II are based on cost data from Antanimora (refer Section 6.4.3) 8. The O&M costs of the Vergnet pumps are based on projections from the PAEPER Project documentation (ref Section 6.4.4)


53

Annex 3: List of persons met by Raj Kumar Daw, 5-29 July 2004, Madagascar

NAME TITLE AGENCY/MINISTRY ADDRESS/E-mail TELEPHONE Nº Jean Herivelo Rakotondrainibe

Secrétaire Général Ministère de l’Energie et des Mines

Ampandrianomby [email protected]

032-07-100-60 020-22-595-61

Razanamihaja Rakotomaharo

Directeur de l’Eau et de l’Assainissement

-do- Direction de l’Eau-Ampandrianomby [email protected]

020-22-403-52 032-07-232-89

Josephine Angele Ravelojaona

Ingenieur Hydrogeologue

-do- Direction de l’Eau et de l’Assainissement Ampandrianomby Tana 101 [email protected]

032-07-190-57 22-417-57

Emmanuel Rabenandrasana

Chief of Branch office

Ministry of Energy and Mines POB 82 -619 Morondava 020-95-521-19 032-04-796-07

Francois Boto Chief of Branch office

Ministry of Energy and Mines Fort Dauphin

Christophe Prevost Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist

The World Bank Water and Urban Central and Western Africa 1818H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA. [email protected]

202458-0881

Annie Savina World Bank - Dakar [email protected] Patrice Joachim Nirina Rakotoniaina

Municipal Engineer World Bank, Madagascar Country Office

Rue Andrimifidy L Razafimanantsoa, Anosy PoB 4140, 101 Tana

22-560-00 [email protected]

Barbra Bentein Representant de Zone

UNICEF 5 rue Robert Ducrocq, BP 732 Behririka. 101 Tana

22-626-45

Franscisco Basili Coordinator Programmes

-do- -do-

Gilbert Nkusi Administrateur du Programme Eau et Assainissement

-do- -do-

Dina Rakotoharifetra Administrateur du Programme Adjoint Eau et Assainissement

-do- -do-

Vololona Razanadraibe Secretary Eau et Assainissement

-do- -do-


54

NAME TITLE AGENCY/MINISTRY ADDRESS/E-mail TELEPHONE Nº Dorcas Pratt Représentante à

Madagascar WATERAID BP 6082-Lot II 77 M Ter, Antsakaviro

Tana 101. [email protected] 22-353-70

Ayumi Urata Chargée des études et des planifications

Agence Japonaise de Coopération Internationale

Près II Y 53 bis, Rue Dr Césaire Rabenoro, Andrainarivo, Tana 101 [email protected]

22-594-10

Hideo Hanamura Représentant du Bureau à Madagascar

Projet de l’Exploitation des Eaux Souterraines Japan Techno Co. td

Sanseido Shinjuku Bldg, 4-15-3, Nishi-Shinjuku, SHINJUKU-KU, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan. [email protected]

81-3-535-1451

Akira Sato Technical Adviser -do- -do- -do- Jean Peuteuil Malagasy Trading Services [email protected] 032-07-231-80 Patrick Pfuetzenreuter Societe ARIS [email protected] Frédéric Felix Directeur SOMECA 26,Rue Patrice Lumumba BP 359

Tana 101 [email protected]

22-254-00

Jean Claude Gonard Responsable Commercial

SMEF- Societe Malgache d’Equipments Frigorifiques

BP 4395, Ouest Ankadimbahoaka, Tana 101 [email protected]

22-308-58, 59, 60

Falimanana Randraimanampisoa

-do- -do- [email protected]

-do-

Andréa Seeling Co-Responsable volet Développement Local

Projet Objectif Sud GRET

BP 01 – Ambovombe Tuléar [email protected]

92-701-02

Adriaan Mol Country Representative

Medair Also : BushProof, Innovative Products-Water & Sanitation Consultants

BP 307 – 614 Fort-Dauphin [email protected]

0330221405

Dr. Gilles Bergeron Hydrogeologist HydromaD 27 cite des profeseurs, Andranovory, BP 6091, Tana. [email protected]

22-356-58 Cell :032-070763-35

Ms. Tianaharivelo Rakoto

HydromaD Antananarivo, [email protected]

Tel : 22.533.10 Cell: 032.04.465.70

Sr. Marie Jean Sr. Superior St. Vincent de Paul School Antanimora Sr. Marie Veronique -do- -do- Olivier Ratsizafy Responsible CGC – Ingenerie de Chine Bekily Br. Edwin Joseph Frère de St Gabriel Eveché St JOSEPH BP 98-501 Toamasina 53-3400-68


55

NAME TITLE AGENCY/MINISTRY ADDRESS/E-mail TELEPHONE Nº [email protected]

0331223467

Mihariherisoa Lalaoarisoa Rasoanaivo

Responsable de la Coordination Régionale

SAHA-Coordination Régionale Menabe Programme de Développement Rural Suisse Madagascar

Ex-Radio taxi Avaradrova–BP 255 Morondava 619 [email protected]

95-527-14

Christian Andriamaroson

Administrateur de projet Assainissement Unicef

UNICEF, Urgence Base Morondava [email protected]

22-626-46 032-05-426-01

Dr. Jean Robert Sokindriaka

Technicien en Santé Publique

UNICEF, Urgence Base Morondava 032-05-426-01

Emilie Raharisoa Assistante au logisticien

UNICEF, Urgence Base Morondava 032-05-426-01

Arsène Raveloson Coordinateur ONG Taratra Tana BP 6315 – Lot II L 107 A Ankadivato, Tana 101. [email protected], Antananarivo

032-07-760-32 22-366-90

Alexis Randrianasolo Responsable Appui Technique

Atelier T+ (Rope Pump factory) Antsakoamasy, Betioky, Sud 22-366-90 032-04-766-07

Eugène Raveloson Responsible of Office

-do- Taratra, Morondava

Solomany Responsible of office -do- Taratra, Ampanihy Alfred -do- -do-


56

Annex 4: List of Participants at the Concluding Workshop le Hintsy’-Ambohimanambola, 29 July 2004

Sl. No.

Name Agency/Ministry/E-Mail Address Phone Number

1. Abdou Salama DPMEM Antsiranana 2. Bien-Aimé Rajaonarison DPMEM Toamasina 53-319-78 3. Jules Arvel Cristoph Ravolahy DPMEM Majunga 4. Rakotoarivony ONG Lalana 5. Rasoatiana Care Tamatave 6. Bernadette Andrianjanaka Association Miarintsoa 7. Dr Jianie Ranaboson ONG RSF Toliara 032-04-434-31 8. Andriatiana Rakoto Association Soarano 032-02-571-51 9. Tiana Rakoto Sté HydromaD

[email protected] 032-04-465-70

10. Jean Henri Remamelo 150 for. Antanimora AAEPA 11. François Boto Dél.MEM Fort-Dauphin 92-210-40 et 033-

14-278-21 12. Charles Raharisolofo DEA/MEM 13. Mananama DPMEM Toliary 44-413-83 ET 033-

12-357-82 14. Raj Kumar Daw WESS, UNICEF, New Delhi, India

[email protected]

15. Dina Rakotoharifetra UNICEF Tana [email protected]

16. Gilbert Nkusi UNICEF, Tana [email protected]

17. Marcel Rakotomavo MEM-DEA [email protected]

22-415-75

18. Jean Claude Gonard SMEF 19. Faly Randriamanampisoa SMEF

[email protected]

20. Jocelyn Randrianandraina SOMECA [email protected]

22-254-00

21. Lantotiana Simon Rakotoniaina SAF/FJKM 22-227-78 22. Fanja S Rakotomandimby FID Direction Générale 23. Victor Mafilaza SAGS/MINSANPF

[email protected] 032-02-418-34

24. Patrice Rakotoniaina Banque Mondiale 22-560-42 25. Dorcas Pratt WaterAid

[email protected]

26. Herivelo Rakotondrainibe SG/MEM 27. Rakotoarimanana MEM/Cabinet 28. Aubert Robinirina DG/MEM 29. Joseph Lambo AES 22-328-89 30. Ayumi Urata JICA 22-594-10 31. Josephine Ravelojaona MEM-DEA-PAEPAR 32. Henri Razananirina DPMEM Fianarantsoa 33. Alexis Randriannasolo Taratra/Atelier T+ 34. Adriaan Mol Médair 35. Edwin Joseph ONG St Gabriel 36. M Patrick Sté ARIS 37. M Deutern Sté ARIS 38. Vololona Razanadraibe UNICEF 39. Roger Ramamonjisoa DEA-MEM 40. William Henri Randriamanga DEA-MEM


57

Annex 5: Technology Selection and Buyer’s Guide for Handpumps

•ii"n"iicef@ nUlln

Technology Selection - and Buyer's Gu ide

Public Doma in Handpumps for Drinking Water

. ka t _foundation -_. --


58

Operation depths of the various Public Domain handpump types

max

imal

wat

er li

ft

No.

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andp

ump,

Indi

a

Mal

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Mal

awi

May

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Pum

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Tar

a P

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Indi

a

Jib

on P

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Ban

glad

esh

Rop

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Mad

agas

car

Rop

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Nic

arag

ua

Wal

imi P

ump,

Tan

zani

a

Indi

a M

ark

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ark

III P

ump

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Pum

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a

Afri

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Han

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Bot

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0 m2 m4 m6 m8 m

10 m12 m14 m16 m18 m20 m22 m24 m26 m28 m30 m32 m34 m36 m38 m40 m42 m44 m46 m48 m50 m52 m54 m56 m58 m60 m62 m64 m66 m68 m70 m72 m74 m76 m78 m80 m82 m84 m86 m88 m90 m92 m94 m96 m98 m

100 m

Shal

low

wel

l

Med

ium

wel

l

Dee

p w

ell

Extr

a de

ep w

ell


59

Annex 6: Madagascar - Country Facts

General Information Government Economy and resources Population and society Transport Practical information Chronology General Information National name Repoblikan'i Madagasikara Republique de Madagascar Republic of Madagascar Area 587,041 sq km/226,656 sq mi Capital Antananarivo Major towns/cities Antsirabe, Mahajanga, Fianarantsoa, Toamasina, Ambatondrazaka Major ports Toamasina, Antsiranana, Toliara, Mahajanga Physical features temperate central highlands; humid valleys and tropical coastal plains; arid in south Government Head of state Marc Ravalomanana from 2002 Head of government Jacques Sylla from 2002 Political system emergent democracy Political executive limited presidency Administrative divisions: six provinces Political parties Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar (AREMA), left of centre; One Should Not Be Judged By One's Works (AVI), left of centre; Rally for Socialism and Democracy (RPSD), left of centre Armed forces 21,000; plus paramilitary gendarmerie of 7,500 (2000) Conscription military service is compulsory for 18 months Death penalty retains the death penalty for ordinary crimes but can be considered abolitionist in practice; date of last known execution 1958 Defense expenditure (GDP) 0.8 (2000) Education expenditure (GDP) 1.8 (1999) Health expenditure (GDP) 1.1 (1998) Economy and Resources

Madagascar is an island in the Indian Ocean off the coast of East

Africa,


60

Currency Malagasy franc/ Ariary (5 FMG = 1 Ariary, approx. 10,000 FMG = US $ 1.00 in 2004) GDP (US) 4.6 billion (2001) Real GDP growth (change on previous year) 6.7 % (2001) GNI (US) 4.2 billion (2001) GNI per capita (PPP) (US) 870 (2001) Consumer price inflation 8.5 (2001) Unemployment 6 (1995 est.) Foreign debt (US) 3.25 billion (2000) Major trading partners France, Japan, Germany, USA, UK, China, Singapore, Mauritius, Iran Resources graphite, chromite, mica, uranium, titanium ore, small quantities of precious stones, bauxite and coal deposits, petroleum reserves Industries food products, textiles and clothing, beverages, chemical products, cement, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals Exports fish, coffee, shrimps and prawns, cloves, vanilla, petroleum products, chromium, cotton fabrics. Principal market France 39.3 (2000) Imports minerals (crude petroleum), chemicals, machinery, vehicles and parts, base metal, electrical equipment. Principal source France 24 (2000) Arable land 4.4 (1998) Agricultural products rice, cassava, mangoes, bananas, potatoes, sugar cane, seed cotton, sisal, vanilla, cloves, coconuts, tropical fruits; cattle-farming; sea-fishing Population and Society Population 17,404,000 (2003 est.) Population growth rate 2.5 (200015) Population density (per sq km) 30 (2003 est.) Urban population (% of total) 31 (2003 est.) Age distribution (% of total population) 0-14: 45%, 15-59: 50%, 60 and more: 5% (2002 est.) Ethnic groups 18 main Malagasy tribes of Malaysian/ Polynesian origin; also French, Chinese, Indians, Pakistanis, and Comorans Language Malagasy, French (both official), local dialects Religion over 50 traditional beliefs, Roman Catholic, Protestant about 40, Muslim 7 Education (compulsory years) 5 Literacy rate 75 (men); 64 (women) (2003 est.) Labour force 75.5 agriculture, 7 industry, 17.5 services (1997 est.) Life expectancy 53 (men); 55 (women) (200005) Child mortality rate (under 5 per 1,000 live births) 136 (2001) Physicians (per 1,000 people) 0.1 (1998 est.) Hospital beds (per 1,000 people) 0.9 (1994 est.) TV sets (per 1,000 people) 23 (1999) Radios (per 1,000 people) 198 (1998) Internet users (per 10,000 people) 28.3 (2002 est.) Personal computer users (per 100 people) 0.3 (2002 est.) Transport Airports five international airports; two domestic airports and 57 airfields open to public air traffic; total passengers carried 635,000 (1999) Railways total length 732 km/455 mi; total passenger journeys 293,000 (1998) Roads total road network 49,837 Km, of which 5,781 Km paved (1999 est.); passenger cars 4.9 per 1,000 people (1998)


61

Practical Information Visa requirements UK visa required. USA visa required Embassy in the UK Consulate of the Republic of Madagascar, 16 Lanark Mansions, Pennard Road, London W12 8DT. Tel (020) 8746 0133; fax (020) 8746 0134 British embassy BP 167, 1er Etage, Immeuble Ny Havana, Cit de 67 Ha, 101 Antananarivo. Tel (+261-20-22) 27749; fax : 26690 Chamber of Commerce Federation des Chambres de Commerce, d'Industrie et d'Agriculture de Madagascar, BP 166, 20 rue Colbert, 101 Antananarivo. Banking hours 0800-1100 and 1400-1600 Mon - Fri Time difference GMT - 3 Chief tourist attractions unspoilt scenery; unusual wildlife; much of Madagascar's flora and fauna is unique to the island there are 3,000 endemic species of butterflies. Major holidays 1 January, 29 March, 1 May, 26 June, 15 August, 1 November, 25, 30 December; variable Ascension Thursday, Good Friday, Easter Monday, White Monday Chronology 6th-10th centuries AD - Settled by migrant Indonesians. 1500 - First visited by European navigators. 17th century - Development of Merina and Sakalava kingdoms in the central highlands and west coast. 1642-74 - France established a coastal settlement at Fort-Dauphin, which they abandoned after a massacre by local inhabitants. Late 18th - early 19th century - Merinas, united by their ruler Andrianampoinimerina, became dominant kingdom; court converted to Christianity. 1861 - Ban on Christianity (imposed in 1828) and entry of Europeans lifted by Merina king, Radama II. 1885 - Became French protectorate. 1895 - Merina army defeated by French and became a colony; slavery abolished. 1942-43 - British troops invaded to overthrow French administration allied to the pro-Nazi Germany Vichy regime and install anti-Nazi Free French government. 1947-48 - Nationalist uprising brutally suppressed by French. 1960 - Independence achieved from France, with Philibert Tsiranana, the leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), as president. 1972 - Merina-dominated army overthrew Tsiranana's government, dominated by the cotier (coastal tribes), as the economy deteriorated. 1975 - Martial law imposed; new one-party state Marxist constitution adopted, with Lt-Commander Didier Ratsiraka as President. 1978 - More than 1,000 people were killed in race riots in Majunga city in the northwest. 1980 Ratsiraka abandoned the Marxist experiment, which had involved nationalization and the severing of ties with France. 1990 - Political opposition was legalized and 36 new parties were created. 1991 - Antigovernment demonstrations were held. Ratsiraka formed a new unity government, which included opposition members. 1992 - Constitutional reform was approved by a referendum. 1995 - A referendum backed the appointment of a Prime Minister by the President, rather than the assembly. 1996 - Didier Ratsiraka was elected president again. 1998 - ARES largest party following election. Tantely Andrianarivo appointed Prime Minister. 2000 - Around 600,000 people were made homeless when cyclones which had been striking southern Africa swept through the island.


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2002 - Former president Didier Ratsiraka fled the country, ending a seven-month-long dispute with his rival, Marc Ravolomanana, over the 2001 presidential election and averting the threat of all-out civil war. Ravolomanana had earlier been confirmed as the legitimate President in a court-supervised recount and had been recognized by the USA and France.

manually operated pumps for drinking water supply in

Documents