managing the hazmat patient - nysvara · 2015-10-06 · • ecg findings – prolonged qt interval...

8
9/29/2015 1 Me You Let’s Talk Hazmat Clues to Hazmat Location and Occupancy Container Shapes and Sizes Placards and Labels Markings and Colors Shipping Papers Senses CDC NIOSH Guide

Upload: others

Post on 13-Jul-2020

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Managing The Hazmat Patient - NYSVARA · 2015-10-06 · • ECG findings – prolonged QT interval – elevated ST segments – inverted Twaves • Sinus tachycardia is the most common

9/29/2015

1

Me

You

Let’s Talk Hazmat

Clues to Hazmat

• Location and Occupancy 

• Container Shapes and Sizes

• Placards and Labels

• Markings and Colors

• Shipping Papers

• Senses

CDC NIOSH Guide

Page 2: Managing The Hazmat Patient - NYSVARA · 2015-10-06 · • ECG findings – prolonged QT interval – elevated ST segments – inverted Twaves • Sinus tachycardia is the most common

9/29/2015

2

The purpose of chemical protective clothing and equipment is to shield or isolate individuals from the chemical, physical, and biological hazards that may be encountered during hazardous materials operations.Source: OSHA

During chemical operations, it is not always apparent when exposure occurs. 

Many chemicals pose invisible hazards and offer no warning properties.

Source: OSHA

Page 3: Managing The Hazmat Patient - NYSVARA · 2015-10-06 · • ECG findings – prolonged QT interval – elevated ST segments – inverted Twaves • Sinus tachycardia is the most common

9/29/2015

3

Scenario

You are dispatched to a male not feeling well at a local financial institution’s headquarters.

Enroute, the dispatcher advises you that they have received three additional calls for patients with similar complaints.

NH3 = ammonia   HCl = hydrochloric acidNaOCl = sodium hypochlorite (bleach)Cl = chlorineCl2 = chlorine gasNH2Cl = chloramineN2H4 = hydrazine

Operating Zones

• Control Zones

–Hot: Incident.  Essential personnel

–Warm (limited access): Necessary personnel

–Cold (Support): Command, Staging, EMS

• Public/Media have no access to any zone

Page 4: Managing The Hazmat Patient - NYSVARA · 2015-10-06 · • ECG findings – prolonged QT interval – elevated ST segments – inverted Twaves • Sinus tachycardia is the most common

9/29/2015

4

Toxidromes

• a syndrome caused by a dangerous level of toxins in the body

• Irritant Gas

• Asphyxiant

• Cholinergic

• Corrosive

• Hydrocarbon & Halogenated Hydrocarbon

Irritant Gas

• Highly Water Soluble

– Ammonia, Formaldehyde, Hydrogen Chloride

– Corrosive solution affects upper airway

• Moderately Water Soluble

– Chlorine

– Corrosive solution affects upper & lower airway

• Slightly Water Soluble

– Phosgene, Nitrogen Dioxide

– Corrosive solution causes delayed pulmonary edema

Irritant Gas

• Ammonia causes liquefactive necrosis

• Hydrogen Chloride in water forms hydrochloric acid.  Result is coagulativenecrosis

Irritant Gas

• Phosgene mixed with water produces hydrochloric acid

• Conjunctivitis• Rhinitis• Pharyngitis• Stridor• Dysphonia• Laryngospasm• Aphonia• Atelectasis

Irritant Gas

• Tachypnea, dyspnea

• Hypoxemia: cardiac ischemia, AMI

• Hypoxemia: anxiety, confusion, seizure, coma

• Diaphoresis, cyanosis, rhinorrhea, lacrimation

• Reflex nausea & vomiting

Inhalation Symptoms

• Bluish color to lips and fingernails• Chest tightness• Choking• Coughing• Coughing up blood• Dizziness• Low blood pressure• Rapid pulse• Shortness of breath• Weakness

Asphyxiant ‐ Simple

• Carbon Dioxide

• Methane

• Propane

• Displace oxygen from atmosphere

Asphyxiant ‐ Systemic

• Isobutyl Nitrite

• Carbon Monoxide

• Hydrogen Cyanide

• Hydrogen Sulfide

• Hydrogen Azide

• Interfere with oxygen transport & utilization

Page 5: Managing The Hazmat Patient - NYSVARA · 2015-10-06 · • ECG findings – prolonged QT interval – elevated ST segments – inverted Twaves • Sinus tachycardia is the most common

9/29/2015

5

Asphyxiants

• Interfere with aerobic metabolism

• Systemic asphyxiants interfere with oxygen transportation at cellular level

• Inhalation

• Absorption

• Ingestion

Asphyxiants

• Carbon Dioxide– Fix the hypoxemia

• Carbon Monoxide– Binds to oxygen, causing remaining oxygen to bind more tightly.  Not released to tissues.

– Oxygen.  Hyperbaric Chamber.

*New onset a‐fib or a‐flutter

Asphyxiants

• Cyanides– Toxic twins

• Sulfides– Sewer gas

– Irritant gas

– Inhibits aerobic metabolism

• Azides– Inhibit aerobic metabolism

– vasodilator

Cholinergic

• Organophosphate Pesticides

• Carbamate Insecticides

• Organophosphate nerve agents

• Inhalation & Absorption

Cholinergic Toxidrome

• Bind to acetylcholinesterase causing accumulation of acetylcholine

• Affects muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

• Muscarinic: SLUDGEM

• Nicotinic: MTWHF

SLUDGEM vs MTWHF

Muscarinic

• Salivation

• Lacrimation

• Urination

• Defecation

• Gastroenteritis

• Emesis

• Muscle Tremors/Miosis

Nicotinic

• Mydriasis

• Tachycardia

• Weakness

• Hypertension

• Fasiculations

CNS

• Anxiety • Crying/Laughing• Restlessness • Confusion • Ataxia • Tremors • Seizures • Coma 

For the Paramedics

• ECG findings 

– prolonged QT interval

– elevated ST segments

– inverted T waves

• Sinus tachycardia is the most common finding

– Sinus bradycardia & PR prolongation with increasing toxicity (excessive parasympathetic activation)

Page 6: Managing The Hazmat Patient - NYSVARA · 2015-10-06 · • ECG findings – prolonged QT interval – elevated ST segments – inverted Twaves • Sinus tachycardia is the most common

9/29/2015

6

Treatment

• Remove all clothing

• Decontaminate

• Airway management

• Pulse oximeter

• Capnography

• Medicate

• DuoDote

– Pralidoxime Chloride 600mg

– Atropine Sulfate 2.1mg

• Diazepam

Corrosives

• Acids

– Hydrochloric acid

– Nitric acid

– Sulfuric acid

• Bases

– Ammonium hydroxide

– Sodium hydroxide

– Potassium hydroxide

Corrosives

• Any chemical that produces chemical burns

• Acid: Litmus red, sour taste

• Base: Litmus blue, bitter taste

Corrosives

• Acids cause coagulative necrosis

– Tissue death.  Limited depth.

• Base’s cause liquefactive necrosis

– Liquefies and destroys tissue.

Corrosives ‐ Treatment

• Secure Airway– Laryngospasm, bronchospasm, edema

• Treat hypovolemia– Third spacing

• Hydrogen Flouride (HF) & White Phosphorous (WP)• IV Calcium for cardiac dysrhythmias

• Morphine for pain

Hydrocarbons & Halogenated Hydrocarbons

• Propane

• Gasoline

• Toluene

• Chloroform

• Respiratory compromise

• “Huffing”

What is in welding fume?

• Metals– Aluminum, Antimony, Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Lead, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silver, Tin, Titanium, Vanadium, Zinc.

• Gases – Shielding

• Argon, Helium, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide. 

– Process• Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Phosgene, Hydrogen Fluoride, Carbon Dioxide

Heavy Metal ‐ Arsenic

• Used medicinally to treat certain types of luekemias

• Often seen in homeopathic remedies and Chinese medicines

• All forms toxic by ingestion

• Absorbed through skin

• Toxic by inhalation

Page 7: Managing The Hazmat Patient - NYSVARA · 2015-10-06 · • ECG findings – prolonged QT interval – elevated ST segments – inverted Twaves • Sinus tachycardia is the most common

9/29/2015

7

Arsenic

• Severe vomiting, Abdominal pain, diarrhea within 3 to 30 minutes if ingested

• Vasodilation, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias

Antidotes ‐ Oxygen

• Hypoxemia

• Tissue Hypoxia

• Asphyxiant Poisoning

– Methemoglobinemia

– CO poison

– Cyanide poison

– Azide & Hydrozoic acid poison

– Hydrogen sulfide & Sulfide poisoning

Antidotes – Hyperbaric Oxygen

• CO > 25% non‐pregnant, > 15% pregnant

• Cyanide poisoning

Antidotes ‐ Atropine

• Organophosphate pesticide poisoning

• Carbamate pesticide poisoning

• Nerve Agent poisoning

• Poison mushrooms

• 1‐2 mg q/5 minutes

amanita muscaria

Antidotes ‐ Pralidoxime

• 2 pam

• Organophosphate pesticide poisoning

• Nerve Agent poisoning

– Tabun, GA 

– Sarin, GB 

– Soman, GD 

– GF 

– VX

Antidotes – Calcium Gluconate

• Hydroflouric acid burns

• Hydrogen Flouride toxicity

– Hypocalcemia

– Hypomagnesemia

– Hyperkalemia

• Adult 10‐30ml IV

• Ped 0.2‐0.3ml/kg IV

Antidotes – Calcium Chloride

• Hydrogen Flouridetoxicity– Hypocalcemia

– Hypomagnesemia

– Hyperkalemia

• Calcium Channel Blocker Overdose

• Calcium Gluconate– 4.6 mEq per 10ml

• Calcium Chloride– 13.6 mEq per 10ml

• IV only

• Adult  0.5gm – 1gm (5‐10ml)

• Ped 0.1 – 0.2 ml

Antidotes – Amyl Nitrite

• Cyanide poisoning (replaced with Cyanokit)

• Sulfide poisoning (questionable)

Antidotes – Sodium Nitrite

• Cyanide poisoning (replaced with Cyanokit)

• Sulfide poisoning (questionable)

– Instead use IV fluids and vasopressors to treat hypovolemia

Page 8: Managing The Hazmat Patient - NYSVARA · 2015-10-06 · • ECG findings – prolonged QT interval – elevated ST segments – inverted Twaves • Sinus tachycardia is the most common

9/29/2015

8

Antidotes – Sodium Thiosulfate

• Cyanide poisoning

• Changes cyanide into thiocyanate.

– Thiocyanate excreted in urine

Antidotes ‐ Pyridoxine

• Hydrazine Poisoning

– Seizures not responding to benzodiazepines

– 25mg/kg over 5 minutes

• Enables brain to regenerate gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)

End Note……