Managing secondary pests post-OP insecticides

Ric Bessin

Extension Entomologist

Uniqueness of KY Agriculture:

• 5th largest number of farms in US, 86,000

• 39th in farm size,163 acres (US Census 2012)

• 92,000 miles of rivers and streams, second only to Alaska

• Agriculture in KY has a significant impact on water quality in the state (Kentucky Division of Water 2006, 2010)

• 120 Counties (3rd), each with CES office

• Diverse Agriculture

Kentucky Agriculture

Marketing Fruit

• Mostly retail sales

• Producers must develop their own markets

• On farm-markets can be lucrative…• Location, location, location

• May not have legal access to all IPM tools

• Registration of new technologies are often limited to high production states• States require annual pesticide registration

• KY: $250/year/product

• Mating disruption

• Biopesticides

Issues with or Small Industry

Photo: ipm.illinois.edu

General Orchard Pest Management in KY

• Weather dependent• Very wet, 5 to 7 day intervals between sprays

• Dry, 10 to 14 day intervals between sprays

• Majority are alternate middle row spraying• Not as long between sprays, counting on blow through between rows

• Frequency ?

• Every middle spraying• Less frequent

Persistent Problems: Alkaline Water and Hydrolysis of Pesticides

• Would like spray pH to be 6 as some pesticides are very sensitive to pH• Captan, Imidan (high pH)

• Some breakdown over time in water• Entrust, SpinTor

• Testing of water at commercial orchards• pH 7.2 to 9.3

Alternative to OPs: 4 case studies (2010 and 2011)

• 4 demonstration orchards across the state compared a non-OP program to programs with Ops• Half orchard managed by grower, half by UK

• Assail, Altcor, Avaunt, Belt, Calypso, Danitol, Delegate, Intrepid, and Voliam Flexi substituted for Guthion/Imidan

• Evaluate quality and economics at end of season

Codling Moth

• Key pest

• 3 generations

“Planned” Non-OP Programs

• Orchard A and C• Avaunt @ petal fall

• Calypso for 1st CM gen

• Altacor for 2nd CM gen

• Delegate for 3rd CM gen

• Orchard B and D• Avaunt @ petalfall

• Voliam Flexi for 1st CM gen

• Belt for 2nd CM gen

• Delegate for 3rd CM gen

2014. J. Wise, A. VanWoerkom, L. Gut.Arthropod Management Tests(Michigan)

• Guthion/Imidan

• Danitol

• Delegate

• Warrior

• Altacor

• Assail

• Calypso 200 to 250 DD

• Belay

• Proclaim

• Intrepid 150 to 200 DD

• Esteem 100 DD

• Rimon 50 to 150 DD

250 DD

What Matters?

Trapping indicates when (if) to spray

Timing to get most from your spray

2010 and 2011

• Two very WET years

• Spray intervals shortened due to rainfall events, as much as 8 to 10 inches in one storm

• Very high CM numbers at the start in two orchards with constant moth activity in 2010

Weekly pheromone trap captures of CM in OP and non-OP blocks during2010 in Orchard A.

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2010 Codling Moth - Orchard A

Non-OP

OP

Weekly pheromone trap captures of CM in OP and non-OP blocks during2011 in Orchard A.

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Codling Moth - Orch. A 2011

2nd yr no OP

1st yr no OP

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Codling Moth - Orchard D

Non-OP

OP

Weekly pheromone trap captures of CM in OP and non-OP blocks during2010 in Orchard D.

Weekly pheromone trap captures of CM in OP and non-OP blocks during2011 in Orchard D.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

6-A

pr

13

-Ap

r

20

-Ap

r

27

-Ap

r

4-M

ay

11

-May

18

-May

25

-May

1-J

un

8-J

un

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-Ju

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-Ju

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29

-Ju

n

6-J

ul

13

-Ju

l

20

-Ju

l

27

-Ju

l

3-A

ug

10

-Au

g

17

-Au

g

24

-Au

g

31

-Au

g

7-S

ep

14

-Se

p

21

-Se

p

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-Se

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ths/

trap

/we

ek

Codling Moth - Orch. D 2011

2nd yr no OP

1st yr no OP

Orch. A Orch. A Orch. B Orch. B Orch. C Orch. C Orch. D Orch. D

Mid Late Mid Late Mid Late Mid Late

Non-OP (2010) 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 4

OP (2010) 3 12 0 0 1 2 6 14

Non-OP (2011) 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 1

OP (2011 B & C) 4 2 2 1 0 3 2 3

0

2

4

6

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12

14

16

% C

M/O

FM S

tin

gs

2010/2011 Mid & Late Season Fruit Evaluation

Managing secondary pests?

Recognizing Pests

ID-219

available on line

European Red Mite & Two-spotted Spider Mite

Predation very important, sprays that remove predators favor mite outbreaks (preventing problems)

Slightly Toxic Moderately Toxic Highly Toxic

ImidanAltacorAssailCentaurCyd-X (NT)DiazinonEntrustEsteemExirelIntrepidNeemRimon

ActaraAdmireAgri-MekAvauntBelayDelegateLorsbanSupracideSurround

AsanaBaythroidDanitolLannatePermethrinProaxisSevinVydateWarrior

AcramiteApolloKanemiteSaveyVendex

Agri-MekEnvidorPortalZeal

DicofolNexter

General Mite Manage Strategy

1. Delayed Dormant Oil @ about 2%Green tip to ½ inch green

2. Minimize sprays highly toxic to mite predators

3. Many growers using low rate (0.5%) of oil routinelyAvoiding Captan, Sevin and other sulfur containing sprays

4. Monitor of mite activity/damage

5. Use miticide only when/if needed

Woolly Apple Aphid

Infrequent outbreaks, but can be serious

Resident underground populations

Causes galls of roots and stems

Outbreaks often follow disruptive sprays

- often follows periodical cicada

Woolly Apple Aphid

Want to eliminate above ground populations- below ground damaging

Easy to spot, but check if active- looks at bark injures- looks around crown of trees

Infest trees may have yellowed leaves

Rootstock resistance: M. 111 or Malling Merton series

No control for below ground aphids

Woolly Apple Aphid

Recommended insecticides (MX398)

Diazinon G

Admire G - Soil applied

Movento G

Closer NR

Beleaf NR

Other insecticides (P)

Imidan, Sivanto, Asana, Danitol, Warrior,Sevin, Lannate, Vydate

Woolly Apple Aphid Efficacy Trial, 2016J. Wise, A. VanWoerkom, & L. Gut

Arthropod Management Tests, Volume 42, Issue 1, 1 January 2017

20-yr-old ‘Golden Delicious’

100 gpa

A- June 24B – Aug 17C – Aug 31

Control of Woolly Apple Aphid, 2008

E. Beers & R. Talley

30-yr-old block

‘Oregon Spur’ & ‘Red Delicious’

Arthropod Management Tests, Volume 34, Issue 1, 1 January 2009

San Jose Scale

Resident in most orchards at low levels

Often noticed while pruning, on new wood

- also at harvest on green fruit

Look for red tissue under bark

Saliva is toxic to hosts

San Jose Scale StrategiesSticky tape and pheromone traps work

- monitor of crawlers and adults- degree day model available

Dormant oil to smother nymphs

Most growers now use Esteem at ½” green- also helps with rosy apple aphid- 2nd cover alternative timing

Diazinon, Admire, Assail, Centaur, Movento, and Sivanto are also recommended

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

2 wide white bands on antennae

Smooth ‘shoulders’

White triangles

Very wide host range

2010/11 (6 counties)

2011/12 (2 counties)

2012/13 (19 counties)

2013/14 (29 counties)

2014/2015 (2 counties)

2016/2017 (2 counties)

Suspected

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Timeline66/120 counties

Knoxville, TN

Cincinnati, OH

Jeffersonville, IN

Nashville, TN

Detected/nuisance

Ag problems reported

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Ag Problem Areas

Basically – Pest is widespread and is increasing slowly

BMSB Monitoring

• Presence, abundance, & seasonal activity

• Sweep nets/ beating trays

• Black light traps

• Pyramid traps• Aggregation pheromone identified

Pheromone Trapping

Research Recap: USDA SCRI project

• T. Leskey et al. 2014 (USDA ARS WV) found that a threshold of 10 BMSB/trap/week resulted in the same level of injury to apples as weekly BMSB sprays and reduced the number of applications by 40%. Two years of data.

Black Pyramid traps with the Tréce dual lures

BMSB is an IPM Disrupter

Effective insecticides damage predators of other pests

- may promote outbreaks of other secondary pests

Need to limit these applications to only as needed

Relief in the Future• Also came to US accidently as well

• Found in NY, MD, VA, NJ, DC, WA, PA, OR

• Kills 50% or more of BMSB eggs in Asia

1/10 of an inch

Parasitized eggs die and turn black

“Samurai” wasp

Rosy Apple Aphid

Several years since it has been a problem

- due to change in chemicals?

- due to Esteem at ½” green for SJS?

- delayed dormant oil?

Rotating to Different Modes of Action - Apples

23Envidor

6Agri-Mek

10BZeal

21ANexter

21Portal

10AApolloSavey

UNAcramite

23Movento

22Avaunt

3Asana

BaythroidDanitolPounceProaxisWarrior

1ASevin

LannateVydate

18 ConfirmIntrepid

15Rimon

29Beleaf

28AltacorExirel

5Entrust

Delegate

4AActaraAdmireAssailBelay

1BDiazinonImidanLorsban

Spuracide

Numbers represent IRAC Mode of Action groups

Insecticides

Miticides16

Centaur7C

Esteem

23Movento 12B

Vendex

4DSivanto

6Proclaim

20BKanemite

25Nealta

4CCloser