managing contaminated animal and plant materials

ManagingContaminated Animaland Plant Materials

Field Guide on Best Practices

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Introduction Introduction,PurposeandOverview..........................................5 DecisionTree..............................................................................7

General Considerations AnimalandPlantMaterials......................................................12 Planning....................................................................................19 Procedures................................................................................2� SafetyandBiosecurity..............................................................�5 Cost...........................................................................................70

Best Practices and Guidelines for Specific Methods Thermal.....................................................................................7� Burial......................................................................................120 Composting.............................................................................162 Rendering................................................................................208 AlkalineHydrolysis................................................................2�� Digestion.................................................................................261 EmergingMethods.................................................................294

Contents5

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IntroductionManaging Contaminated Animal and

Plant Materials: Field Guide on Best Prac-ticespresentstheinformationrequiredforthesafe,effectiveandeconomicaldisposalofcontaminatedanimalandplantmaterials.Managementofthesematerialsonalargescalepresentsmajorchallengesforemergencypersonnelrespondingtodiseases,naturalandaccidentalincidentsoractsofterrorismagainstenterprisesengagedinfoodproduc-tion,processingordistribution.

PurposeThisbookwasdesignedtobeusedas

areferencefortrainingandoperationsinpreparinganddisposingofcontaminatedanimalandplantmaterials.ItwasproducedbytheTechnicalSupportWorkingGroup,inconjunctionwiththeU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,andtheEnvironmentalProtec-

tionAgency,forlandowners,privateindustry,animalproducersandlocal,state,federalandmilitarygovernmentagencies.

Respondersshouldapplythisinformationinconjunctionwiththeirprevioustrainingandexperience, site-specific regulatory and envi-ronmentalfactors,andstandardproceduresandpoliciesalreadyinplace.Becauseeverysituationhasuniquechallenges,respondersmust be flexible enough to adjust to the situ-ationathandusingtheresourcesavailabletothem.

This field guide is intended to be a source ofideasandinformationonmethodsandtechnologiesforthedisposalofcontaminatedanimalsandplantsandisnotintendedtobeall-inclusive.Theinformationgivenisforeducationalandguidancepurposesonly.Ref-erencetobusinesses,commercialproductsortradenamesismadewiththeunderstanding

6

Introductionthatnodiscriminationisintendedandnoen-dorsementbytheTechnicalSupportWorkingGrouporanyotherU.S.Governmentagencyisimplied.

OverviewSevendisposaloptionsarediscussed

inthisguide:thermal,burial,composting,rendering,alkalinehydrolysis,digestionandemergingtechnologies.The“GeneralConsiderations”chapterpertainstoalloftheseoptions.Thedisposalmethodsarediscussedinseparatechapters,mostofwhichincludesixcolor-codedsections:Summaryofthedisposalmethod(purple),Regulatorysynopsis(yellow),Planning(blue),Procedures(lightblue),Safety(red),Biosecurity(lightgreen),Environment(brown)andCost(green).

Thisformatwasdesignedtohelppracti-tionersandincidentcommanderscomparethevariousdisposalmethodsforevidence-basedandconsensus-baseddecisionmaking.Deci-siontreestoaidinchoosingtheappropriatedisposalmethodareincludedforcontami-natedanimals(Fig.1)andplants(Fig.2).Atablelistingmethodsconsiderationsisalsoincludedinmostchapterstofurtheradvancethedecision-makingprocess.

Incident command structure: Beforebe-ginninganydisposalmethod,respondersmustobtainapprovalfromthelocal,stateorfederalauthoritiesprovidingleadershipattheincidentcommandpost.Theproperprocedureforalocal/countyincidentcommandteamtofollowwhenmanaginganimalcarcasseswillcomefromtheincidentcommanderanddependonthemagnitudeoftheincident,thetypeofagentandthepotentialeconomicimpact.

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Figure 1. Decisiontreeforcontaminatedanimaldisposal.

An animal carcass disposal emergency is declared.

Pathogen presentI. Prion/TSE (mad cow, BSE, CWD or scrapie)II. Spore-forming bacteria (anthrax)III. Virus (avian influenza)

Outbreak site is near residential and public areas, water wells, busy roads, etc.

(see setback distances*)

Select offsite location (see site selection criteria*)

Provide biosecure transportation.

Pathogen Type IChoice PriorityFFIb 1FAHd 2

Pathogen Type IIChoice PriorityRenderinga 1FFIb 2ACBc 3FAHd 4MAHe 5TBg 6LFi 7OABl 8

Pathogen Type IIIChoice PriorityRenderinga 1FFIb 2ACBc 3FAHd 4TBg 5OWCh 6LFi 7OABl 8

Outbreak site is near residential and public

areas, water wells, busy roads, etc.

(see setback distances*)

Provide biosecure transportation if needed.

Pathogen Type I Pathogen Type II Pathogen Type III Choice Priority Choice Priority Choice Priority FFIb 1 Renderinga 1 IWCf 1 FAHd 2 FFIb 2 TBg 2 MAHe 3 ACBc 3 OWCh 3 FAHd 4 LFi 4 MAHe 5 Renderinga 5 TBg 6 FFIb 6 LFi 8 ACBc 7 OABl 9 OABl 8

The disposal site meets the selection criteria.*

Select an offsite location (see site selection criteria*).

Provide biosecure transportation.

Choice PriorityRenderinga 1FFIb 2ACBc 3TBg 4OWCh 5LFi, n 6MBj 7

Transport to the staging area.

Choice PriorityRenderinga 1FFIb 2ACBc 3TBg 4OWCh 5LFi, n 6MBj 7OABm 10

Abbreviations

ACB Air-curtain burning BSE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy CWD Chronic wasting disease FAH Fixed alkaline hydrolysis FFI Fixed facility incinerationIWC In-house windrow compostingLF Landfilling MAH Mobile alkaline hydrolysis MB Mass burial OAB Open-air burningOWC Outdoor windrow composting TB Trench burialTSE Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

YesYes Then

No

No

No

No YesYes

Yes

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IntroductionaNo storage is necessary for carcasses ≤ 200 t (400 cattlecarcasses);otherwise,plantostoretheextracarcasses.Thethroughputofarenderingplantisabout100t/24h.

bNo storage is necessary for carcasses ≤ 12 t (24 cattle carcasses) and if the throughput of the fixed facil-ityincineratorisabout6t/24h;otherwise,plantostoretheextracarcasses.Fixedfacilityincinerationofcarcasseseliminatestheconsumptionofwaterfordisposalprocess.

cNo storage is necessary for carcasses ≤ 200 t (400 cattlecarcasses);otherwise,plantostoretheextracarcasses.Throughputofanair-curtainburningsystemisabout100t/24h.

dNostorageisnecessaryforprion-infectedcarcasses≤ 15 t and non-prion-infected carcasses ≤ 30 t if the throughput of fixed alkaline hydrolysis is about 15 t/24handabout�0t/24h,respectively;otherwise,plantostoretheextracarcasses.Waterconsumptionis a limiting factor in fixed alkaline hydrolysis and mobilealkalinehydrolysis(0.5–2lb/1lbofcarcass).To dispose of the effluent of fixed alkaline hydrolysis inmunicipalwastetreatmentfacilities(MWTF),itis

necessarytoacidifyanddiluteitandobtainpermis-sionfromauthorizedpersonnelintheMWTF.

eNostorageisnecessaryforprion-infectedcarcasses≤ 6 t and non-prion-infected carcasses ≤ 12 t if the throughputofmobilealkalinehydrolysisisabout6t/24handabout12t/24h,respectively;otherwise,storetheextracarcasses.On-siteuseofmobilealka-linehydrolysiseliminatesthebiosecuretransportationcostsbutrequiresskilleddrivers/operators.

fNotransportationisnecessary.Nostorageisnecessaryfor carcasses ≤ 200 t (about 200,000 chickens); otherwise,plantostoretheextracarcasses.Thethroughputofin-housewindrowcompostingdependsonthesizeofthepoultryhouseandavailableequip-ment.Forexample,10skid-steerscanmakeawindrow(12ftwideand6fttall)compostingpileforabout400tofcarcasseswithin2daysofoperation.

gNo storage is necessary for carcasses ≤ 800 tons (1,600cattlecarcasses);otherwise,plantostoretheextracarcasses.Atrenchdiggerwith1yd�bucketca-pacitywilltrenchandburyabout800tonsofcarcasseswithin2days.

hNo storage is necessary for carcasses ≤ 200 t (400

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cattlecarcasses);otherwise,plantostoretheextracarcasses.Thethroughputofwindrowcompostingdependsonthesizeofcarcasses,preprocessing(car-cassgrinding)andavailableequipment.Forexample,10skid-steerscanmakeawindrow(12ftwideand6fttall)compostingpileforabout400tofcarcasseswithin2daysofoperation.

iNo storage is necessary for carcasses ≤ 200 t (400 cattlecarcasses);otherwise,plantostoretheextracar-casses. The throughput of carcass landfilling depends on the size of the Type I (modern) landfill, transporta-tion vehicles and processing machinery. Most landfills haveacapacityoflessthan100t/day.

jCarcassmassburialcapacitydependsontheavail-abilityofequipment,personnelandtherequiredpitdimensions.

k,lThecapacitiesforcarcassbincompostinganddiges-tionarelimited;thesemethodsarenotappropriatefordisposalofalargequantityofdeadanimals.

mCarcassopen-airburningisthelastchoicefordisposalofcarcasses,anditscapacitydependsonthetrenchlength.

nLandfilling costs:

1.Thechargecanrangefrom$10to$50perton,not

includingcostsfortransportingthecarcassestothelandfill. Source: Nebraska Department of Environ-mentalQuality,2004.

2. The actual price of using a landfill in California was$42.55/tonfordeadstock.Source:PersonalcommunicationswithMatthewHickman,RiversideCountyWasteManagementDepartment,MorenoValley,CA.August21,2006).

*Carcass disposal site specifications and regulations for thermaldestruction,burialandcompostingmethods:

• Performthermaldestructionoflargenumbersofanimalcarcasses(usuallymorethan1,000cattlecarcasses)atadistanceof2miles(�km)fromresidentialbuildings,roadsandutilities(wires/lines)andfromthepublic,religious,historicalandarchaeologicalareasfortheair-curtainburningandopen-airburningsystems.Ifpossible,considerleaving the same distance from crop fields and wildlife.Thiswillprotectthepublicfromsmokeinhalation and excessive heat and prevent fire dam-agetoproperty,plantsandwildlife.

• ConsulttheUSDANaturalResourcesConservationServiceandevaluatethesiteforwatertableandpropersoilconditions.

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Introduction• Userefractoryboxesforair-curtainburningsys-

temswherethesitehasahighwatertable(<2ftfromthebottomofaplannedtrench)orrockysoiland where the construction of trenches is difficult andcostly.

• Whenchoosinganappropriatesiteforcarcassburial,considersitesthatareaminimumof150ftfromprivatewells,springs,watercourses,sink-holes,streams,springs(oranysourceofwaterusedfordomesticpurposes)andpublicareas;200ft

fromresidencesorpropertylines;500ftfrompub-licwells;1,000ftfortheburialofdisease-infectedcarcassesfromwater-supplywells;and1,�25ftfrompublicroads,highwaysandparks.

• Thecompostingsiteshouldbeatleast�ftabovethehighwatertableleveland�00ftfromsensi-tivewaterresources(suchasstreams,ponds,wells,etc.).Itshouldhave1–�%slopetoprovideproperdrainageandpreventpondingofwater.

1111

A plant disposal emergency has been declared.

Y = yes

N = no

Highly contagious pathogen (APHIS1 Select Agent)?

Environmental issues (such as air quality)?

Crops dried and suitable for burning?

Annual field cropsCrops in large areas

with very limited transportation options

Perennial field cropsCrops, including trees

and lumber, with limited transportation options

Nursery greenhouse plantsTransportation options

available

Field burning Field burial Natural disposal Open-air burning Landfilling

Figure 2. Decisiontreeforcontaminatedplantdisposal.

1USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, http://www.aphis.usda.gov

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General ConsiderationsManymanagementpracticesareavailable

forthedisposalofcontaminatedplantsandanimals.The“best”methoddependsonthecircumstancesathand.Factorsthataffectthechoiceofdisposalmethodinclude:

• Thenatureoftheincidentoroutbreak(suchasspeciesofanimalandtypeofpathogen)

• Sitecharacteristics• Amountofcontaminatedmaterialstobe

handled• Local,stateandfederalregulatorycon-

straints• Facilitiesavailable

Whenplanningaresponsetoanincidentoroutbreak,practitionersandincidentcom-mandteamsalsomustconsider:

• Workerhealthandsafety• Security• Transportation• Equipment• Environmentalimpacts• Publicperception• DirectandindirectcostsInformationaboutthesefactorscanguide

decisionmakersinselectingthemostappro-priate disposal method for a specific contami-natedmaterial,pathogenandlocation.

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Disposal of contaminated plant materialsToprotecttheU.S.agriculturalindustry,it

isvitalthatplantpathogens(disease-causingorganisms)andcontaminatedplantsbede-stroyedordisposedofeffectively.

Akeydifferencebetweeninfectiouspathogensofplantsandthoseofanimalsisthatplantpathogensrarelyinfecthumans.Afewisolatedcasesofhumaninfectionshavebeenfoundinimmuno-compromisedpatients.Iftheappropriateprotectivegearandcom-monsenseareused,humaninfectionbyplantpathogensisunlikely.

Themostpracticalandeconomicallyfea-sibletechniquesfordisposingofcontaminat-ed plants are described in detail in the specific methodssectionsinthisguide:

• Thermal destruction methods (field burning,open-airburning)

• Burial methods (field burial, landfilling)

• Evolvingandalternativemethods(no-tillagecroppingsystem,croprotation)

Toselectthebestdisposalmethods,usersneedtohaveabaselineunderstandingof:

• The classifications of plant materials• Plantdiseasesandepidemiology• Thegeneralconsiderationsforhandling

contaminatedplantmaterialsThismanualprovidesinformationonthe

bestpracticesanddisposalmethodsforcontam-inatedplantmaterials.Itisnotintendedtobeaguideforgeneralcrop-diseasemanagement.

IntheUnitedStates,diversegroupsofplantsarecultivated,importedandprocessed.Table1categorizestheseplantsintothreemajor groups: annual field crops, perennial field crops and nursery greenhouse plants. The groupsareorganizedaccordingtothedisposalmethodologiesoutlinedinthisguide.

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Table 1. Characteristics,disease-controlconsiderationsanddisposalissuesofplantgroupscultivated,processedand/orimportedintheUnitedStates.

Consideration Annual field crops Perennial field crops Nursery greenhouse plants

Examples Cotton, corn, soybeans, tomatoes, tobacco, wheat and potatoes

Grapes, citrus, pome fruits (apples, pears), stone fruits (almonds, peaches, plums) and lumber

Geraniums, pansies and other seasonal plants in single- and multi-season greenhouses

General characteristics

• Planted in large areas across the U.S.• Generally produced in the U.S. and a significant portion exported• Not cost-effective to harvest and transport for disposal purposes

• Can be planted in large areas but not at the scale of annual field crops• Typically woody plants and relatively of larger size • Because of the plant size, transportation can be an issue

• High-value plants• Restricted production/ distribution locations • Shipping-friendly• Significant portion imported from foreign countries

Disease control • Most pathogens that can contaminate these crops have already been introduced to the U.S.• Key disease control strategies include the use of resistant hybrids and proper cultural practices

• Prone to insect and virus damage• New pathogens from other continents can be introduced • Because of the crops’ high economic value, pesticides and fungicides are used to control diseases

• Vulnerable to new, introduced pathogens (particularly imported plants)• Strict quarantine measures enforced

Key disposal issues

• Large area of production• Difficulty of harvesting and transporting infected crops • High epidemic potential

• Larger crop size• Transportation difficulty• Disposal location (if burning or burial is planned)

• New pathogen introduction• Rapid diagnosis necessary • Disposal location

General Considerations

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Beforedisposal,animalcarcassesmustbepreprocessedandthenmovedfromthedisas-terareatothedisposalsite.

Carcasspreprocessinginvolvesthebio-securehandlinganddisinfectionofcontami-natedanimalcarcasses.Thisstepincludesnotonlycollectingthedeadanimals,butalsosometimespreparingthem,suchasgrinding,packingandsterilizingthecarcassesandstor-ingtheminenclosedcontainers.

Carcasstransportationisthemovementofthosedeadbodiesfromadisasterareatothedisposalsite.

Theobjectivesofpreprocessingandtrans-portationaretoproperlyprepareandtransportinfectedanimalcarcassestoprevent:

• Thetransmissionofdiseasestootheranimalsorhumans

• Theproductionofexcessiveodors• Thecontaminationofsoil,water,airand

plants

Thecarcassesmustbecollectedandhandledhygienicallyandwithoutphysicallydamagingthemduringtransportation.

Tocontrolthespreadofinfectiousdis-eases,itisimportantthatdyinganddeceasedanimalsbecollectedandremovedfromlive-stockandpoultryoperationsquickly.Delay-ing the removal of carcasses to fixed facility sites(suchasrendering,incineration,alkalinehydrolysisanddigestionplants)maycausethediseaseagentstobespreadtotheenviron-ment.

Components neededDuringacatastrophicanimalevent,car-

casspreprocessingandtransportationrequireseveralmaincomponents:

• Suitabledisinfectingmaterials• Trainedworkers• Appropriateequipmentforpreprocess-

ing

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• Transportingvehicles• Fuel• ElectricityPackingandhandlingequipmentthatis

designed to manage a specific type of animal carcasses,suchascattle,mayormaynotbeappropriatefordealingwithamassdie-offofotherspecies,suchaspoultry.

Theloadingandtransportationrequire-mentswillbeaffectedbythephysicalcondi-tionofthediseasedanimalsorcarcassesandthelocationoftheselecteddisposalsites.Deterioratedordecomposedcarcassesandsometypesofdiseaseinfectionsmaycallforcertainportabledisposalequipment,suchasa portable gasifier and mobile alkaline hydro-lysisapparatus,ortheymayrequireon-sitedisposalmethods,suchastrenchburialandoutsidewindrowcomposting.

Normally,deadanimalsaretransportedoverlongdistancesfordisposalonlyifthey

arefreshcarcasseswithnosignsofdeteriora-tion.Smallerinfectedcarcassesarecollectedandtransferredquicklytotheassigneddis-posalsitesincontainersabletohold25,000pounds.However,largercarcasses(cattle)mustbereducedinsizeandstoredintem-perature-controlledvehiclesonsiteuntiltheycanbetransportedtoacentralprocessingordisposalfacility.

Carcasseswithdisease-causingorgan-ismsrequirespecialvehicularcontainersthataresealedandequippedwithliquidcollec-tionand/orabsorptionsystems.Toreducethespreadofpathogenicmicroorganisms,thevehiclestransportinganimalcarcassesmayrequire air-filtration systems.

Coldstorageofcarcassesreducesodors,reduceschemicalandmicrobialactivities,ex-tendstheamountoftimeneededfordisposal,preventsscavengingandkeepsthecarcassesoutofsight.


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Somelargepoultryandswineproducersfreezefarm-animalcarcassesinportablecold-storage units. Once filled, the units can be hauledawaytocentraldisposalsites.Howev-er,thisprocesshashighinstallationandutilitycostsandrequiresdefrostingifthesubsequentprocessingincludessizereduction.

Carcasspreprocessingprovidesrawma-terialsforrendering,lacticacidfermentationandbiogasgeneration.Italsominimizestheriskoftransmittingdiseaseduringtransportthroughpopulatedoranimalproductionareas.Figure1isaschematicofhowthepreprocess-

ingmodelmightworkforinfectedanimalcarcasses.

Althoughthedecontaminationproceduresdescribedreducethethreatofdiseasetrans-mission,keepinmindthatanimalcatastroph-icemergenciesarerare,andworkerswithoutpropertrainingandeducationmayhesitatetodisinfectthecarcasses.

Also,largeamountsoflitter,manureandbeddingmayaccompanythecarcasses.Be-causeoftheamountoforganicmatterpresent,thecarcassdecontaminationmaybeineffec-tive.

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Figure 1. A schematic flow of farm-animal carcasses in storage, preprocessing and transportation.Whendealingwithacommunicablediseasesuchasbovinespongiformencephalitis,itmaybenecessarytoprocessallthestoredmanureonthefarm(Pullen, 2004).

Example: Bovine spongiform encephalitis is discovered on a 60-cow dairy

Normal: Store manure solids. Periodic transfer of solids to cropland

Temporary holding of organic feedstock

Final processing at central site

On-farm storage of normal mortality

On-farm preprocessing (ground, liquefied and sterilized)

Energy

Mass depopulation

ManureStorage

Disease outbreak: Transfer all manure

Minimal residue

Mineral fertilizers for area farms


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Planning General Considerations

Planning considerationsManagingthedisposalofalargenumberof

contaminatedanimalcarcassesrequiresaprop-erplantomatchtheselecteddisposalmethod.Takethesestepstoensurethesafetyandbio-securityoftheworkers,thegeneralpublicandtheenvironmentduringthecollection,storage,handlingandtransportationstages:

• Consultwithfederal,state,countyandcity officials to find the most appropriate routesfortransportingthedeadanimalsfromthefarm-animaloperationstothecarcassdisposalsites.

• Consultwithyourstate’sregulatoryagenciesfortheminimumsetbackdis-tancesrequiredtolocatethetemporarystorageandpickupareasofinfectedfarmanimals.Theymustbeplacedfarfromthepublic,homes,healthyanimalsandroutinelytraveledroads.

• Setuptheentiresystemofcarcasspro-cessingandtransportunderveterinarysupervision.Thiswillhelppreventand/orcontrolthespreadofinfectiousdiseases,especiallyanthrax.

• Followthissection’sbiosecurityguide-linesforcleaninganddisinfectingallcontainersandvehiclesbeforetheyleavetheaffectedpremisesandagainafterthematerialshavebeenunloadedatthedisposalsite.

• Provideampletemporarystorageforthedeadanimalsiftheyarelocatedinawarmclimate,ifequipmentisinaccessibleforhandlingandtransportation,ifcontrol-lingwildanimals(suchascoyotesorferalpigs)isimpossible,ifdiseasevectorssuchasinsectsexistorifmorepreparationtimeisrequiredforthedisposalprocess.

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• Toachievesuitableconditionsformov-ingthecarcassestoaprocessingfacility,considerpickingupthecarcassesdailyandbringingshort-termfreezingunitstothefarm.Rememberthatneitheroftheseoptionseliminatesactivepatho-genicmicroorganisms.

• Keeprecordsofskilledpersonnel(suchascontractors,operatorsanddrivers)whocanprovidemechanicalhandling,storageandconveyanceofinfectedani-malcarcasses.

• Briefandtrainthesupervisors,equip-mentoperatorsanddriversaboutallpertinentenvironmental,transportationandpublichealthregulations.

• Trainthepersonnelonhowtousepersonalprotectiveequipmentandtocollectandhandlediseasedanimalsandcarcassesinthevariousstagesofpre-processingandtransportation.

• Traintheworkersacrossthemultiplecity,countyandstatejurisdictions.Alsoedu-catethemabouttheregulationsonpublichealth,thedisplacementofcarcassesandtheprotectionoftheenvironmentinthosejurisdictions.

• PreventworkhazardsbyusingOccupa-tionalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)standardsforthepeopleworkingincarcasspreprocessingandtransportation.

• Keepandupdateatransportationrouteguideformovinglargenumbersofcar-cassesinanemergency.

• Provideequipmentandvehicles,includingcranes,heavytrucks,tractors,bulldozers,front-endloaders,shovelsandcontainers(suchasroll-offordrop-off),tolift,move,loadandtransportthecarcasses.Table2listssomeofthecontractorsthatcol-lect,handle,decontaminateandtransportcarcasses.Also,somepoultryproduction


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units, rendering plants and landfilling companieshavetransportationsystemsthatcanbeusedforhaulingdeadani-malstodisposalsites.InNebraska,con-tractorscantransportupto1.2millionpoundsofcarcassesadayfromdisasterareastorenderingplants.

• Plantouselargeoff-roadhaulersinemergencysituationsifthetravelroute

allowsthem.Thegreatercapacityofthesehaulersreducesthenumberofloadsandtrips.

• Maintainandupdatealistofcommer-cialdead-animalhaulers.AgenciessuchastheCaliforniaDepartmentofFoodandAgricultureprovidethisinformationontheirWebsites.

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Table 2. Examplesofcontractorsthatcollect,handle,decontaminateand/ortransportcarcasses.

Company Nature and throughput of the work Contact information

Subcontractors of Tetra Tech EM Inc.* Collection, handling and transportation of up to 2,400 tons/day

8030 Flint StreetLenexa, KS 66214Phone: 913-894-2600

Sanitec® Microwave Healthcare Waste Disinfection System

Decontamination of more than 14 tons of carcasses/day

1250 24th St., NW Suite 350Washington, DC 20007Phone: 202-263-3630www.sanitecindustries.com

Contractors of Riverside County Waste Management (landfilling company)

Carcass transportation and disposal of up to 80 tons/day

14290 Frederick St.Moreno Valley, CA 92553Phone: 909-468-3308http://www.rivcowm.org

Phillips and Jordan Inc. Transportation of up to 1,200 tons/day P.O. Drawer 604, 191 P&J Rd.Robbinsville, NC 28771Phone: 800-511-6027www.pandj.com

These are examples only and not an exhaustive list. Endorsement of companies, individuals or their services mentioned is not intended, nor is criticism implied of similar companies, individuals or services that are not mentioned. *Source: Telephone conversations with Edward Hubert and David A. Zimmermann, ([email protected]) of Tetra Tech, Sept. 18, 2006.


2�2�

Procedures General Considerations

Procedures for collection and storageFollowtheseproceduresforcollecting

andstoringcontaminatedcarcassesandothermaterials:

• Securethecarcassesandotheritemsawaitingpreprocessing,transportationanddisposaltopreventunauthorizedac-cessbypeople,accessbyscavengersandpotentialdiseasespreadtosusceptiblespecies.

• Useaclosedbuildingorcold-storagefa-cility as a first priority for collecting and storingfarmcarcasses.Alsocontrolthewastewaterrunofffromthecold-storagefacilities.

• Becauseofthebiosecurityaspectsofstoringtheweightsofinfectedcarcass-es,keeprecordsontheweightsofthecarcassesenteringandexitingthecoldstoragefacilities.

• Whenpossible,wrapthecarcassesse-curelyinplasticandpacktheminlargecontainers,suchaslinedwoodencrates,inadesignatedstoragearea.

• Ifacatastrophiceventoccursorifad-equatedisposalfacilitiesareunavailable,storethecarcassesinabarn,shedorothercoveredspacetoprotectthemfromsnoworrain.Whenthestoragetemperaturesarebetween46and68ºF(8and20ºC),storethecarcassesfornomorethan72hours;storethemforlessthanaweekattem-peraturesbetween�2and45ºF(0and7ºC).Storethecarcassesoutsideduringthewinteroraslongastheambienttempera-tureisbelowfreezing(�2ºF,or0ºC).

• Tominimizetheamountofenergyrequiredforrefrigeration,transportthefrozencar-cassesinsealed,insulatedtrucks.

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• Usestationaryair-conditionedunitswheneverthemobileunitsarenotequippedwithrefrigerationsystemsandittakesmorethan1or2daystoloadthedeadlivestockintotruckcontainers.

• Beforeloadingandafterunloading,thoroughlycleanthestoragefacilitiesinsideandouttopreventcontaminationwithinthefacilitiesandinthesurround-ingareas.Sanitizethefacilitieswithdisinfectantssuchashypochloriteorotherapproveddisinfectant.

• Selectadry,coolareadownwindfromotheragriculturalandnonagriculturaloperationstosetupthetemporarystor-agefacility.Donotlocatethisfacilitynearpropertylinesorroads.

• Tostorecarcassestemporarily,usestor-agesystemssuchaspreconstructedroll-offcontainers,Dumpstersand/orpossiblysilagetrenches.Figures2and�showthegeneralviewsofthesestoragesystems.

• Useearth-movingequipmenttostorethecarcassesinpilesonorabovethegroundsurface.

• Useimperviousmaterialssuchaspoly-ethyleneorcompactedclaytopreventseepagefrompiledcarcassesfromenteringthesoil.Controlwaterpenetra-tionintoandrunofffromoutdoorpilesbybuildingtemporarydikes(Fig.4).

• Coverthecarcasspilewithsoiltopre-ventscavenginganddiseasetransmis-sionduringtemporarystorage.


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Figure 2. ADumpster(Left, courtesy of Teena Middleton, Ag ProVision Company, Kenans-ville, NC)thatcanbeusedforstorageandaroll-offcontainer(Courtesy of Kent Munden, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Clifton, TX)thatcanbeusedfortranspor-tationofcarcasses.

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Figure 3. Trenchsilagestorageusedtostorecarcassestemporarily(Courtesy of Teena Middleton, Ag ProVision Company, Kenansville, NC).

Soil

1 plastic

film

2 plastic

film

Tires, planks, bales of hay

Plastic cover sheet

EarthEarth Silage

Slope1.5% 1.5%

SoilSoil


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Figure 4. Temporarystorage(for1to2days)ofpoultrycarcasseswithabermtocontrolwaterrunoffandrun-on(Courtesy of Kent Munden, USDA-APHIS, Clifton, TX).

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Handling Whenhandlingdiseasedanimalsorcar-

casses,useequipmentsuchastrucks,bins,backhoes,tractorsandfront-endloaderswithdifferentbucketsizes(1to4cubicyards)tolift,moveandloadthecarcassesandrelatedmaterials.

Useatractorwithafront-endloadertoplacethelivestockbodiesincontainers(Fig.5).Foreaseinloading,keep7feetofclear-anceonallsidesofeachcontainer.

Considerthephysicalconditionsofthediseasedcarcasses,andusetheappropriate

equipmentsothattheycanbehandledanddisplacedcarefullywithoutdestroyingthem.

Usethehandlingequipmenttocarryonlythecarcassesandrelatedco-disposalmaterials(suchassoilinburialsystems,trashinland-filling systems and carbon sources in thermal destructionandcompostingsystems)tothedisposal site or when unloading the finished wastematerials.Donotusethehandlingequipmenttomoveanymaterialsnotrelatedtoordesignatedfortheselectedcarcass-dis-posalmethods.


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Figure 5. Twoviewsofloadingpoultrycarcassesintoplastic-linedcontainersfortranspor-tationtoadisposalsite.(Courtesy of Kent Munden, USDA-APHIS, Clifton, TX).

Figure 5. Two views of loading poultry carcasses into a plastic lined container for transportation to disposal site (Courtesy of Kent Munden, USDA-APHIS, Clifton, Texas).

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�0

Transportation Totransportcarcassesfromanaffected

areatothedisposalsite,useplannedtravelroutestolimithumanexposureanddiseasetransmissionandminimizenegativepublicperception.

Obtainanyrequiredpermissionsforpeoplehaulingdeadanimalscommercially.StatessuchasGeorgiarequirethatsuchpermitsbeobtainedfromthestatedepartmentofagriculture.

Usecleanablecontainers,suchasdrop-offcontainersorfront-dumpcontainertrucks,forloadingthecarcassesandtransportingthemtothedisposalsite(Fig.6).Bringtheemptycontainersbacktotheloadingarea.

Provideaseparateexitformovingtheinfectedcarcassesoutofananimalfeeding

operation.Pickupanynondiseasedcarcasseswithin72hoursoftheanimals’demise.

Infectedbirdcarcassessuchasthosein-fected with avian influenza should be trans-ferredfromtheaffectedpremisestooff-sitelocations.Useleak-proofcontainers.Afterloadingthecarcassesintocontainerslinedwithmaterialssuchaspolyethyleneplasticsheets,coverthecontainerstopreventodorproblems,diseasetransmissionandnegativepublicperception(Figs.7and8).

Protectthedriversandoperatorsfromcontaminationbydisinfectingthecabins,lock-ers,clothingandfootwear.Decontaminatethetrucksastheyleavetheeventsitetotraveltothedisposalsite.


�1�1

Figure 6. Viewsofacompletelysealedmobilecontainer(A),amechanicalloadingsystem(B),adrop-offcontainer(C)andafront-dumptruck(D)usedtotemporarilystoreandtransportbiomassmaterials(Courtesy of Kent Munden, USDA-APHIS, Clifton, TX).

A B

C D

�1

�2

Supervisethedepartureofthetransportvehiclesfromthefarm,theirtravelroutesandtheirarrivalatthedisposalplantorsite.Pro-vide an escort vehicle carrying first-aid equip-ment,additionalplasticcoversandemergencyequipmenttoassistcarcasstransportationvehiclesduringtravelemergencies.Askforadesignatedgovernmentrepresentativetoac-companythetransportvehiclesforbiosecurityreasons.

Guardthecarcassloadagainstpossibletheftsbyterroristsseekingtocauseharm,spreaddiseaseorspreadcontamination.

Tolimitvehiclerefuelingandminimizethenumberofstopsneeded,selectadisposalsitenearthediseasesite.

Carcassesshouldberemovedquicklyandproperly.Alwaysconsiderthatthespreadofpathogenicmicroorganismsduringroutinepickupandtransportationofdeadanimalstoadisposalsitepresentsasubstantialthreat.

Iftheaveragetemperatureofthecontainerrisesabove70ºF,donottransportthedeadanimalsforrenderingtositesmorethan150milesaway.


��

Figure 7. Two views of plastic-lined trailers before and after they were filled with poultry carcasses. Note the plastic sheets to cover the carcasses (after the trailer was filled) for biosecurity duringhaulingandtransportation.(Courtesy of Kent Munden, USDA-APHIS, Clifton, TX).

��

�4

Figure 8. Aviewofthedecontaminationandcoveringprocessofatransportingtruckcon-taininginfectedpoultrycarcasses(Courtesy of Kent Munden, USDA-APHIS, Clifton, TX).

Figure 7. Two views of plastic lined trailers before and after filling with poultry carcasses. Note, the plastic sheets to cover carcasses (after filling) for bio-security during hauling and transportation and one view of decontamination and covering process of a transporting truck containing infected poultry carcasses (Courtesy of Kent Munden, USDA-APHIS, Clifton, Texas).


�5�5

Safety and BiosecuritySafety programs

Themajorfocusofasafetyprogramistopreventdeathsandtominimizetheincidenceandseverityofinjuriestoworkersengagedinwaste-disposaloperations,includingthedisposalofcontaminatedplantandanimalmaterials.Safetyprogramsinvolvetheuseofadministrativecontrols,engineeringcontrolsandpersonalprotectiveequipment.

Whenadministrativeandengineeringcontrols—eitheraloneorincombination—donotachievetherequiredlevelofpersonnelsafety,usepersonalprotectiveequipmenttominimizetheworkers’exposuretocontami-nantsordiseaseagents.Thisequipmentlimits

thediseaseagents’contactwithbodysurfaceareas,reducingthelikelihoodofinjuryorill-nessandthespreadofthediseaseagents.

Useadministrativeandengineeringcon-trolsasmuchaspossibletomanagesafety;personalprotectiveequipmentshouldbeusedonlyasalastresort.Theuseofpersonalpro-tectiveequipment,particularlyforrespiratoryprotection, carries a significant administrative burdeninthattheworkerswearingrespiratorsshould be medically qualified, be fit-tested us-ingthemaskstheyintendtowearonsite,andundergoongoingmedicalmonitoring,bothon-andoff-site.

�6

Administrative controls Establishaperimeteraroundthedisposal

site.Regardlessoftheperimeter’sdesign,carefullyplanalanethroughwhichthepersonnelcandecontaminatethemselvesandtheirvehiclesandequipmenttoreducethespreadofthepathogens.

Theperimetershouldhaveonlyoneen-tranceandoneexit.Theentranceandexitsitesmaybeinthesamelocation,ortheymaybeseparatedsothatthecontaminatedmaterialisbroughtinona“dirty”side,andashorsani-tizedwasteisremovedfroma“clean”side.

Useaccessrosterstolimitthenumberofpersonnelworkingonsitetotheminimumnecessarytocompleteagiventask.

Whendevelopinganaccessroster,con-sider:

• Themedical,physicalandprofessionalqualifications required

• Anyneedforpersonalprotectiveequip-ment

• Thescopeandsizeofthedisposaltask• The number of qualified personnel

availableEarlyintheplanningandinitialphasesof

theoperation,youmustestablish,clarifyandenforcetherulesforwhomayenterandexit,andhow,whenandwheretheentryandexitmaytakeplace.Stresstheserulescontinu-allythroughouttheoperation.Controllingthevisitorsandworkersassignedtothesiteisofparamountimportance,bothtoensureperson-nelsafetyandtoavoidspreadingdiseases.

Safety and Biosecurity

�7�7

Health and safety plan TheU.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealth

Administration(OSHA),throughtheHazard-ousWasteOperationsProgram(HAZWOPER),hassetrequirementsandrecommendationsforpeopleengagedinhazardouswasteoperationsinvolvingdisease-causingorganisms.(CodeofFederalRegulations,Part21,Chapter1910,http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hazardouswaste/ index.html).

Whendevelopingahealthandsafetyplan,refertotheOSHAstandard,butalsoconsultwith experienced and qualified personnel beforeanyincidentoccurs.Personnelsuchas

thosepossessingcurrentOSHAHAZWOPERcertifications of at least the technician level are qualified to develop health and safety plansforlarge,elaboratedisposaloperationsusingmanypersonnel.Acommonsourceofsuch people is the local fire department. In-formationonthiscredentialisavailableatorthrough the Academy of Certified Hazardous MaterialsManagers(http://www.achmm.org).

Thehealthandsafetyplanisanimportantdocumentforworkerprotectionandmustbegivencarefulthought.Itshouldbedevelopedaspartofthepre-incidentplanningphase.

�7

�8

Engineering controls Decontamination lanes and protocols

Youcangreatlyreducethelikelihoodofdiseasespreadbydecontaminatingworkersandequipmentbeforetheyexitthedisposalsite.Althoughdecontaminationprotocolsvary,allshouldconsideratleastthreeaspects:

Decontamination procedures, pro-cesses and technologies: First,includethedecontaminationprocedures,processesandtechnologiesthathavebeendeterminedtobeeffectiveorarerecommendedbyanappropri-atefederaland/orstateregulatoryagency.

Forexample,usedisinfectantsregisteredbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)tocleananddisinfectequipment,vehicles,farmpremisesandpersonalprotec-tiveequipment.Ifaforeignanimaldiseaseisinvolved,EPA-registereddisinfectantsmaybe

availableforuse;ifnot,theU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)AnimalandPlantHealthInspectionServicehasexemptionsinplaceallowingcertaincommonchemicalstobeusedagainstawiderangeofforeignani-maldiseases.

UsethedecontaminationagentsthathavebeenlicensedundertheFederalInsecticide,Fungicide,andRodenticideAct(FIFRA)foruse on the specific organism of concern. The licensingprocessincludesapplicationmeth-odstoensurethatthedecontaminationisef-fective.Ifnotenoughofthedecontaminationagentisavailableforthatparticularpathogen,youwillneedtoobtaina“crisisexemption”fromtheEPAtouseanotherdecontaminant.

Thechoiceofdecontaminationagentshouldbebasedontheorganismorpathogen


�9�9

ofconcern,theavailabilityofdecontami-nationsolutions,thelogisticsofacquiringanddisposingofeitherrawordilutedwastegeneratedfromthedecontaminationprocess,andthestaytime(theamountoftimerequiredforthedecontaminationsolutiontoremaininplaceontheequipmentorpersonnelformaximumeffectiveness).Table�providesguidanceonchoosingdecontaminationagentsbasedonthesefactors.

Support requirements for the decon-tamination process:Often,especiallyin

largeroperations,thepersonnelperformingtheactualdisposaloperationsmustfocusonthosetasksexclusively,withlittletimetocon-ductdecontaminationoperationsaswell.

Indisposaloperationsrequiringhigherlevelsofpersonalprotectiveequipment(suchasOSHALevelB,inwhichair-supplyingrespiratorsareused),theamountoftimethatworkersmayspendonsiteisrestrictedbytherateatwhichtheyusepressurizedbreath-ingair.Thisperiodisgenerally less than 45 minutes.

�9

40

Virus Product

Foot-and-mouth disease virus

Oxonia Active

Virkon S

Vesicular stomatitis virus

D125

Biosentry 904

Alcide Exspor 4:1:1 – BASE / Alcide Brand LD 10:1:1 BASE

Virkon S

African swine fever virus

Pheno Cen Germicidal Detergent

Low Ph Phenolic 256

Virkon S

Avian influenza virus, avian influenza virus Type A, and/or avian influenza A\turkey\Wisconsin

Odo-Ban Ready-To-Use, Odo-Ban

Johnson’s Forward Cleaner, Johnson’s Blue Chip Germicidal Cleaner for Hospitals

(Continued on next page)

Table 3.Disinfectantsfederallyapprovedforuseagainstvirusesofhighlycontagiousdiseases.

Virus Product

Ucarsan 442 Sanitizer, Ucarsan 414 Sanitizer

HI-TOR Germicidal Detergent

Quanto Germicidal Detergent

Formulation HS-652Q, Formulation HS-821Q

HS-867Q, HS-267Q Germicidal Cleaner and Deodorant

Formulation HH-652 Q

Virex II/128, Virex II Ready To Use, Virex II 64, Virex 11/256

BTC 2125 M 10% Solution, Scented 10% BTC 2125M Disinfectant, BTC 2125 M 20% Solution

Quat 44, Quat rinse

Maquat 10, 20-M, 50DS, 10 FQPA, 256 EBC, 128 EBC, 64 EBC, MQ2525M-14, 10-B, FP

D125

Public Places, Public Places Towelette

CCX-151


4141

Virus Product

D-128

Bioguard 453

Disinfectant D.C. 100

Maxima 128, Maxima 256, Maxima RTU

Broadspec 256

Q5.5-5.5NPB-2.5HW

7.5% BTC 885 Disinfectant/Sanitizer

Bardac 205M-7.5B

Lonza Formulations Y-59, S-21, S-18, R-82, S-18F, R-82F, S-21F, DC-103

Bardac 205M-50, 205M-10, 205M-1.30, (R) 205M-14.08, 205M-2.6, 205M-5.2,

Maquat MQ651-AS, 615-HD, 5.5-M, 7.5-M, 86-M, 750-M, 710-M, A

Sanox II

Quik Control

Microban QGC

DC & R Disinfectant

Pheno Cen Germicidal Detergent, Pheno-Cen Spray Disinfectant/Deodorant


Virus Product

Low Ph Phenolic 256

Phenocide 256, Phenocide 128

Phenolic Disinfectant HG

Tek-Trol Disinfectant Cleaner Concentrate

Advantage 256 Cleaner Disinfectant Deodorant

LPH Master Product

Tri-Cen

Ucarsan Sanitizer 420, Ucarsan Sanitizer 4128

Virkon S

Classical swine fever virus (hog cholera virus)


Tri-Cen

Q5.5-5.5NPB-2.5HW

Low Ph Phenolic 256

Ucarsan Sanitizer 420, 4128

Environ 4-D

Fort Dodge Nolvasan Solution

Table 3.(Continued).

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42

Virus Product

Nolvasan S

Virkon S

Newcastle disease virus

DC & R Disinfectant

Vesphene II SE

Vesta-Syde Interim Instrument Decontamination Solution

LPH Master Product

Process Vesphene II ST

Amerse II

Beaucoup Germicidal Detergent

Matar II

1-Stroke Environ


Bio-Phene Liquid Disinfectant


Mikro-Quat

Odo-Ban Ready-To-Use, Odo-Ban (Continued on next page)

Virus Product

Johnson Blue Chip Germicidal Cleaner for Hospitals

Grenadier

BTC 2125M 20% Solution

Quat 44

Maquat 10, 20-M, 50DS, 10 FQPA, 256 EBC, 128 EBC, 64 EBC

D125

Public Places, Public Places Towelette

CCX-151

Bioguard 453

Formulation HS-652Q, Formulation HS-821Q

FMB 1210-5 Quat

HL-867 Q

HS-267Q Germicidal Cleaner and Disinfectant

FMB 1210-8 Quat Concentrated Germicide



4�4�

Virus Product

Formulation HS-1210 Disinfectant/Sanitizer (3.85%), (50%), (14.08%)

Virex II/128, Virex II Ready to Use, Virex II 64, Virex II 256

Biosentry 904

Process NPD

Bardac 205M-7.5B

Lonza Formulation S-21, S-18, R-82, S-18F, R-82F, S-21F, DC-103

Bardac 205M-50, 205M-10, 205M-1.30, (R) 205M-14.08, 205M RTU, 205M-2.6, 205M-5.2, 205M-23

Maquat MQ615-AS, 615-HD, 5.5M, 7.5M, 86M, 750M, 710M

Microban QGC


Nolvasan S

Mikroklene, Mikroklene DF

Oxonia Active

Virus Product

Phenocide 256, Phenocide 128

Phenolic Disinfectant HG

Virkon S

Nipah virus

—

Swine vesicular disease virus

—

Rinderpest virus

—

Peste des petits ruminants virus

—

Pseudorabies virus

DC & R Disinfectant


Low Ph Phenolic 256

Vesphene II SE



4�

44


Virus Product

LPH Master Product

Vesta-Syde Interim Instrument Decontamina-tion Solution

Amerse II

1-Stroke Environ


Bio-Phene Liquid Disinfectant

Advantage 256 Cleaner Disinfectant Deodorant

Tri-Cen

Odo-Ban Ready-To-Use, Odo-Ban

Johnson Blue Chip Germicidal Cleaner for Hospitals

Grenadier

Veterinarian Type Disinfectant, 20% Veterinarian Type Disinfectant

Quat 44

Maquat 20-M, 10 FQPA, 256EBC, 128EBC, 64EBC

Virus Product

D125

Public Places

Public Places Towelette

CCX-151

Disinfectant D.C. 100

Ascend

Q-Cide

TOR II

ACLD-256, ACLD-128, ACLD-64

HD-64, HD-256

BR-62B

No. 800 Husky Germicidal Cleaner

NEU-Quat 64

A-428-N, A-456-N, A-464-N

Formulation HWS-256, HWS-128, HWS-64, HWS-512

Kennelsol



4545

Virus Product

Virex II/128, Virex II Ready to Use, Virex II 64, Virex II/256

Biosentry 904

Burnshine Germicidal Solution

Sani-Cloth Germicidal Wipes, Sani-Cloth Germicidal Disposable Cloth, Sani-Cloth Plus Germicidal Disposable Cloth

Q5.5-5.5NPB-2.5HW

Q 7.0-9.0 NPB-4.0

BTC 885 Neutral Disinfectant Cleaners 256, 32, 64

Nutral Q

Quat 20

Bardac 205M-7.5B


Virus Product

Lonza Formulation S-21, S-18, S-82, R-82, S-18F, R-82F, S-21F, DC-103

Bardac 205M-50, 205M-10, 205M-1.30, (r)205M-14.08, 205M RTU, 205M-2.6, 205M-5.2, 205M-23

Maquat 615-HD, 5.5-M, 7.5-M, 86-M, 256 MN, 128 MN, 64 MN, 32 MN, 750-M, 710-M

Microban QGC


Nolvasan S

25 RTU


Virkon S

Source: Jeff Kempter, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

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Disposal of the hazardous waste gener-ated from the decontamination process: Alldisposableprotectiveclothingmustbediscardedbeforetheworkersexitthesite.Aftertheclothinghasbeencollected,itmustbeincineratedorautoclavedtopreventthespreadofdisease.

Decontaminationprotocolsshouldbedevel-opedorselectedbyappropriatelytrainedper-sonnel (HAZWOPER-certified or equivalent).

Work zonesAt least five types of worksites should be

established(Fig.9):Site perimeter and work zones:Thees-

tablishmentandmaintenanceoftheworkzonedescribedinthisguideareintendedtomeettherequirementsoftheOSHAHAZWOPERstandard.AsdiscussedunderAdministrativecontrols,aworkzoneisestablishedto:

• Reducetheaccidentalspreadofhazard-oussubstancesbyworkersorequipment

• Confine work activities to the appropri-ateareas

• Facilitatethelocationandevacuationofpersonnelincaseofemergency

Exclusion zone:Theareawherecontami-nationispresent.Inthisguide,itistheareawherecontaminatedanimalandplantmateri-alsareplacedfordisposal.

Contamination reduction zone:Thetransitionzonebetweenthecontaminatedareaandthecleanarea.

Support zone:Theuncontaminatedareawhereworkersshouldnotbeexposedtocon-taminatedmaterialsorconditions.Thisareaisanappropriatelocationforthecommandpost.

Contamination reduction corridor:Anareawithatleasttwolinesofdecontaminationstations,oneforpersonnelandoneforequip-ment(seetheDecontaminationsection).


4747

Access control points are physicalorvirtual “gates” that control the flow of work-ersandequipmentinandoutoftheexclusionzone(Fig.9).

Establishthecommand post and con-tamination reduction corridor upwind of the exclusion zone. Giventhatsomedisposaloperationsmaycontinuefordaysandthatthewinddirectionmaychange,youmayusehistoricalwinddata(availablefromanareameteorologist)forplanningpurposestoobtainthemostprobablewinddirectionforapartic-ular season in a specific geographical region.

Figure 9. Aschematicofdecontamina-tionareacontainingappropriateworksites.

For information, refer to EPA publication 9285.2–15FS, contact your EPA Regional Office, or consult with a HAZWOPER certified technician, often found in larger municipal fire departments.

Hotline

Contamination control line

Access control points

Command post

Prevailing wind direction

Exclusion zone

Contamination reduction zone

Support zone

Contamination reduction corridor

Area dimension is not to scale.

47

48

Security Thephysicalconstructionofaboundary

orperimeterisanengineeringcontrol.Thelevelofphysicalsecurityrequiredforapar-ticularoperationdependslargelyon:

• Thescopeofthedisposalprocess• Thelengthoftimethedisposalopera-

tionwillbeataparticularlocation• Thelikelihoodofscavengersorcurious

peopleventuringontothesite• Theavailabilityofappropriatefencing

material

Forexample,thermaldestructionofalargenumberofcattleusingalow-through-puttechniquemaynecessitatethepilingofcarcassesonsiteuntiltheycanbedestroyedappropriately.

Theimportanceofprotectingthedis-easedcarcassesfromscavengingmammalsandbirdscannotbeoverstated,especiallyforcasesinwhichthediseasesarecausedbypathogenshighlyresistanttoenvironmentaldegradation,suchasinthecaseoffoot-and-mouthdisease.


4949

Contamination reduction corridor Decontaminatingworkersandequipment

beforetheyexitthedisposalsitegreatlyreducesthelikelihoodofdiseasespreadtounaffectedanimalsatothersites.Inthecaseofzoonoticdiseases,itcanalsopreventthespreadofdiseasetohumans.

Althoughdecontaminationprotocolsvary,allshouldconsiderthedecontamina-tionprocedures,processesandtechnologies;thedisposalofthehazardouswastegeneratedfromthoseprocesses;andpersonnel.

AsdiscussedintheEngineeringcontrolssectiononpage�8,itisimportantthatyouusedecontaminationprocedures,processesandtechnologiesthathavebeendeterminedtobeeffectiveorarerecommendedbyanappro-priatefederaland/orstateregulatoryagency.UseFIFRA-licenseddecontaminationagents

for use on the specific organism of concern. Ifnotenoughofthedecontaminationagentisavailableforthatparticularpathogen,acrisisexemptionwillbeneededfromtheEPAtouseanotherdecontaminant.

Thedecontaminationprocessrequiressuppliesandequipment.Duringtheeventplanningphase,stockpilesuppliesanddecon-taminationsolutions.SeeTable4forpotentialrequirements.Theimportanceoflogisticsplanningwellbeforeaneventfordecon-taminationsuppliesandequipmentcannotbeoverstated.

Thedisposalofhazardouswastegeneratedfromthedecontaminationprocessentailsthor-oughlydecontaminatingthenondisposableitemsorequipmentbeforeremovingthemfromtheworksite.Beforeexitingthecon-

49

50

taminationreductioncorridor,workersshoulddiscardorstoreinappropriatecontainers(suchasliddedrubbertrashcanslinedwith8-milgarbagebags)alldisposableequipmentandprotectiveclothing.

AsdiscussedintheEngineeringcontrolssection,incinerateorautoclavealldisposableclothingandequipmenttopreventthespreadofdisease.

Note: Therunofffromthecontaminationreductionzoneiscontaminatedandshouldbecollectedanddisposedofaccordingtolocal,stateandfederalenvironmentalregulationsincoordinationwithlocal,stateandfederalof-ficials and guidelines.

PersonnelThepersonnelrequiredfor24-hourcon-

tinuousoperationsshouldincludeatleasttwoteamsof10peopleeach,workingineithertwo12-hourshiftsorfour6-hourshifts.GuidelinesfortheuseofpersonnelindecontaminationoperationsarehighlightedinTable5.

Thedecontaminationofpersonnel—es-peciallywhenhigherlevelsofprotectionandpersonalprotectiveequipmentareused—isamajorconsiderationandrequiresadditionalpersonnelbeyondthoseusedforactualdis-posaloperations.Likewise,medicalmonitor-ingbyanemergencymedicaltechnicianorparamedicisadvisedand,insomeoperations,requiredbylaw.


5151

Table 4. Team equipment planning (modified from the National Animal HealthEmergencyManagementSystem’s“OperationalGuidelinesforCleaningandDisinfection,”Draft,November2005).

Equipment Nondisposable items(per team)

Disposable items(per team-day1)

Decontamination equipment

Power spray unit and tank 2

Spray nozzles 4

Safety can (5 gal with gas) 2

Hose (¾ in x 50 ft) 5

Garbage bags (8 mil; 50 gal) 20

Pressurized garden sprayers 4

Safety equipment

Pressure eyewash station (alkaline hydrolysis) 1

Disposable eyewash bottles 1

Bottled water (2 gal/person/day) 20

First aid kit 0.5

Stretcher/litter 0.5

Miscellaneous equipment

Multi-tool with knife blade 10

This team equipment planning table assumes two teams of 10 people each in a 24-hour period, each working a 12-hour shift.1Team-day is the number of units one team will use in a 12-hour day, based on the assumptions above.

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52

Safety and BiosecurityTable 5.Guidelinesfortheuseofpersonnelindecontaminationoperations.

Function # People required

Estimated time required

Dry removal of straw and other materials from the equipment; physical removal of mud, blood and other materials

4 10 min

High-pressure rinse 4 10 min

Detergent application and soak time 4 20 min

Final rinse 4 10 min

Drip-dry 0 10 min

Application of decontaminant/disinfectant 4 10 min

Emergency medical monitoring (people not conducting decontamination functions)

2 n/a

Backup (people suited up and ready to enter the contamination reduction zone to serve as rescue personnel; they should remain at rest unless needed)

2 n/a

Total 12 70 min

Text in blue indicates the functions that can be conducted simultaneously so that the workers conducting the high-pressure rinse can immediately follow those performing dry removal as it is completed on a particular area or component of machinery.

5�5�

Decontamination guidelines Decontaminationprotocolsshouldbe

developed or selected by qualified personnel (HAZWOPER-certified or equivalent). The majorconsiderationsindecontaminatingequipmentandpersonnelfollow.

VehiclesTokeepthetransportascleanaspossible,

thoroughlyspraytheanimalcarcasseswithwaterorwatermixedwithdetergenttoremoveas much gross filth as possible before loading themintothevehicles.

Lineeachvehiclewithatarp,suchasan8-mildisposablepolyethyleneplasticsheet,andsealthetruckatthetop.Theplasticsheet(s)mustbelargeenoughtocoverthecarcassesandtobesecuredtothesidesandendsoftheboxorDumpster.

Placealayerofanabsorbentmaterial,suchaswoodshavingsorsawdust,ontopoftheplasticlinertopreventpunctures,suchasbythe

hornsorhooves.Aftertransport,disinfectallthetrucks,

trailersandotherequipmentusedtotransportthediseasedcarcassesormaterials.Ifavehiclemustentertheexclusionzone,itmustbecom-pletelydecontaminatedthroughthecontamina-tionreductionzonebeforeleavingthesite.Theminimumequipmentnecessaryforadequatedecontaminationincludes:

• Long-handled,stiffbristlebrushes• 5-gallon buckets half-filled with an appro-

priatedisinfectant• Appropriatepersonalprotectiveequipment

(seetheplanningguidelinesforpersonalprotectiveequipment)

• Containersformixingthedisinfectantsand/ordecontaminants

• High-pressure,heated-watersprayers(at200psi)forphysicallyremovingmud,blood,soilandothercontaminants

5�

54

Safety and BiosecurityDisinfect vehicles in this order:

Step1.Completelyremoveanystraw,feed,woodchips,manureorotherdrymatter,usingshovels,forksorsimilartools,beforeapplyinganyliquidsolutiontothevehicle.

Step2.Usestiffbrushestodislodgeanymud,bloodoranimalpartsfromthewheels,tiresorotherpartsofthevehicle.Rinsethemwithwaterat100to115°F(�8to46°C).Note:Avisiblycleansurfaceisabsolutelynecessarybeforedisinfectionanddecontami-nationcanbeeffective.

Step�.Allowthevehicletodrip-dryforabout10minutes.

Step4.Spraydowntheentirevehiclewithanappropriatedisinfectingagent,allowingforappropriatesoaktimes.

Step5.Rinsethevehicleagainwithwateratanincreasedtemperatureof120to170°F(49to77°C).

Ifthedriveroranypassengersexitthevehicleateitherthedisposalsiteorthecarcass/plantmaterialpickupsiteanddonotdecontaminatethemselvesbeforereenteringthe truck cab, disinfect the rubber floor mats, dashboard,steeringwheel,gearstickandseats.Sprayanapprovedpesticideinsidethecabofthevehicletokillanyinsectsthatcouldbecomevectors/vehiclesforthedisease.

Beforereenteringthecab,allpersonnelshouldremoveanycontaminatedclothingandwashwithantisepticsoapandwaterbeforeleavingthesite.

If possible, maintain the biosecurity of the interior of the vehicle by providing enough ground personnel (such as those to open tailgates) so that the driver need not exit the vehicle at any time in the exclusion and contamination reduction zones.

5555

Other equipmentDisinfectallsmallequipmentitemsused

intheworkzonebeforeremovingthemfromtheworkzone.Donotuseshovels,axes,hammers,stiffbrushesorothertoolsthathavewoodenhandles.Fiberglassorplasticcompo-nentsaremucheasiertodecontaminate.

Thesamedecontaminationprotocolmustbeusedforsmallequipmentasforworkers:Allsoil,mud,bloodandothercontaminantsmustbephysicallyremovedwithbrushesandinitiallyrinsedfromtheequipment.Anappro-priatedisinfectionsolutionmustbeappliedatthepropervolume,allowedadequatestaytimeandrinsedthoroughlywithcleanwater.

Personnel decontamination Allpersonnelwhoentertheworkzone

mustexitthroughthecontaminationreductioncorridorandbeadequatelydecontaminatedtoavoidspreadingdiseaseagentsoff-siteand,inthecaseofzoonoticdiseaseagents,toavoideitherbecomingavectorforacontagiousdis-easeorcontractingthediseaseofconcern.

Figure10presentsalayoutforamultipur-posedecontaminationlineandguidelinesforsetting it up. However, multiple site-specific factorsshouldalsobeconsidered.

Thegreenlinerepresentsthepathtakenbyworkersexitingtheworkzonethroughthecontaminationreductionzone.Theredlinerepresentsthepathtakenifacasualtyoccursintheworkzone.

Workersshouldfollowthisprocedureforroutine(nonemergency)personneldecontami-nation:

Step1.Iftheouterglovesaremadeofasyntheticmaterialandnotofleather,rinseanddisinfectthem.Iftheyaremadeofleather

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56

Safety and Biosecurityorotherliquidpermeablematerial,droptheglovesinabucketfordisposalorautoclaving.

Step2.Droptheequipmentintotheequip-mentdropbasinandcleananddisinfecttheequipment.

Step�.Stepintothebootdecontamination(decon)basinandremoveanygrosscontami-nationusingastiff-bristled,long-handledbrush.Note:Usea“handhold,”fashionedfromT-posts,woodorothersturdymaterialatthebootdeconstation.Thiswillhelppreventfallswhenworkersareentering,standinginandexitingthebasin.Uponcompletionofgrossremovalofcontaminants,stepoutofthebasin,movingtowardtheareaofleastcon-tamination(tothe“clean”sideofthecontami-nationreductionzone).

Step4.Iftheouterprotectivesuitisnotdisposableorisliquidpermeable,stepintothedecontaminationshowerarea.Ifampleper-

sonnelareavailable,oneperson(dressedinalevelofprotectiononeleveldownfromtheworkersbeingdecontaminated—forexample,iftheworkersareinLevelB,thedecontami-nationpersonnelmaybeinLevelC)maydisinfecttheotherworkersbyusingasimplepressurized garden sprayer filled with an appropriatedisinfectant.Thispersonshouldthoroughlycovertheotherworkers’outerpro-tectiveensembleswiththedisinfectantandallowtherecommendedsoak/staytime.Make every effort to avoid getting disinfectant spray on the respirator. Note:Steps4and5areunnecessaryiftheworkersarewearingdisposableouterprotectivesuits.

Step5.Stepintotherinseshower,wherealldisinfectantisremovedwithcleanwater.

Step6.Disinfectandrinsetheoutergloves,thenstepintothebootdisinfectionbasin.Theworkersshouldsteptothetankex-

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changeareaiftheyarewearingOSHALevelAorBgearandareplanningtoreentertheworkzonewithoutundergoingfulldecontam-ination.Stepoutofthebasinmovingtowardtheareaofleastcontamination(tothecleansideofthecontaminationreductionzone).

Step7.Removetheouterprotectivegar-mentanddiscarditintoanapprovedcontain-er.Removethisoutergarmentfromtheinsideouttoavoidcontaminatingtheskinortheinnersetofclothingitems.Providinganother

workertoassistinthisprocessinthedeconlinewillnotonlyhelppreventcontamina-tionbutwillalsoassisttheworkerswhomayalreadybephysicallyandmentallyexhausted.

Step8.Removetheinnergloves.Step9.Removetheinnersuit(ifoneis

worn).Step10.Removetherespirator(ifoneis

used)andplaceitinanapprovedcontainerfordisposalorreuse.Stepacrossthecontamina-tioncontrolline.

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Safety and BiosecurityFigure 10. Schematicofamultipurposedecontaminationline.

E

D

BACEquipment

dropGlove

decon/rinse

Gross boot decon basin

Hand hold

Hot line

Contaminationreduction zone

Emergency decon line

Outer glove decon/rinseFirst aid/cut out

equipment

Hand hold

Winddirection

Outersuit drop

Contamination control line

SCBA*/mask drop

Hand decon/rinse

Inner suit drop

Inner glove drop

Decon shower

Rinse shower

Tank exchange (Levels A/B)

Liquid control line

F

GH

I

J

*SCBA: Self-contained breathing apparatus

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Personal protective equipmentSeveralfactorsaffecttheprocessof

selectinganappropriateprotectiveensemble:thetasksbeingperformed;thephysical,chemicalandbiologicalhazardstowhichtheworkersareexposed;andthelogisticalsup-port that must accompany a specific protective level.

Forexample,workersinthermaldestruc-tionoperationsmayrequireprotectionfromphysicalhazardssuchashighheatandheavyequipment,fromchemicalhazardssuchasdecontaminationsolutions,andfrombiologi-calagentssuchasaerosolizedanthraxspores.Onechoiceforanappropriateprotectiveen-semblemightbeOSHALevelC,whichcouldincludethefollowing:

• Ahalf-orfull-facepieceair-purifyingrespirator with a filter that can remove anthraxspores.TherespiratormustbeapprovedbyNationalInstituteforOc-

cupationalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH).Note: See29CFR1910.1�4cforguide-linesonestablishingandmaintainingarespiratoryprotectionprogram.

• Eyeprotectionifafullfacepiecerespi-ratorisnotused

• Hooded,chemical-resistantcoveralls• Outerandinnerglovesthatarechemical

resistant• Outerbootswithchemical-resistant

steeltoesandshanks• Outerbootcoversthataredisposable

andchemicalresistant• HardhatHowever,forworkerswhomightbere-

quired to enter confined spaces or areas of low oxygenconcentrationorhighconcentrationsoftoxicgases,theensembleshouldincludeapositive-pressure,full-facepiece,self-con-tainedbreathingapparatus(SCBA),oraposi-

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Safety and Biosecuritytive-pressure-suppliedairrespirator(airline)withanescapeSCBA(OSHALevelB).Asa final option, consider selecting a supplied-airrespiratorbecausethelogisticsburdenofmaintaininganadequateandsafeairsupply

andtheaddedphysicalburdensofcarryingairtanksaregreat.

Specific recommendations for personal protective equipment are highlighted under each disposal method.

Equipment planning factors Tables4,6and7listtherecommended

equipmenttoensurehealthandsafetyindisposaloperations.Notethatifacatastrophicoutbreakofplantoranimaldiseaseoccurs,certainpiecesofpersonalprotectiveequip-ment may be difficult to obtain. If space and resourcesareavailable,acquireandstorea5-to7-daysupplyofbasicitemssuchasglovesandboots.

Thedatainthesetablesassume24-hour

operationsand12-hourshiftseachday.Theseestimatesaccountfortheoccasionalequip-mentfailure(suchastornglovesorboots),excessivelycontaminatedordamagedper-sonalprotectionequipmentthatmustbedestroyedinsteadofreusedandtheinevitableunknownincidentthatoccursduringanyhaz-ardouswastedisposaloperation.Thesetablesaremeanttoserveasguidelinesandarenotcomprehensiveformostoperations.

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Figure 11.Fourlevelsofpersonalprotectiveequipment.

Level A Level A affords the greatest level of skin, respiratory and eye protection:• A positive-pressure, full-facepiece, self-contained

breathing apparatus or a positive-pressure-supplied air respirator with an escape self-contained breathing apparatus, approved by NIOSH

• A totally encapsulating chemical-protective suit• Coveralls1 • Long underwear1 • Outer chemical-resistant gloves• Inner chemical-resistant gloves• Chemical-resistant boots with

steel toes and shanks• Hard hat (under the suit).1

• Disposable protective suit, gloves and boots (depending on the suit construction, it may be worn over a totally encapsulating suit)

1Optional, as applicable

Level B Level B offers the highest level of respiratory protection but a lesser level of skin protection:• A positive-pressure, full-facepiece, self-

contained breathing apparatus or a positive-pressure-supplied air respirator with an escape self-contained breathing apparatus (NIOSH-approved)

• Hooded chemical-resistant clothing (overalls, a long-sleeved jacket; coveralls, a one- or two-piece chemical-splash suit and disposable, chemical-resistant overalls)

• Coveralls1 • Outer chemical-resistant gloves• Inner chemical-resistant gloves• Chemical-resistant boots with

steel toes and shanks• Disposable, chemical-resistant

outer boot covers• Hard hat• Face shield 1Optional, as applicable


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Level C Level C is used when the concentration(s) and type(s) of airborne substance(s) are known and the criteria for using air-purifying respirators are met:• Full-face or half-mask air-purifying respirators

(NIOSH approved)• Hooded, chemical-resistant clothing (overalls, a

long-sleeved jacket, coveralls, a one- or two-piece chemical-splash suit, and disposable chemical-resistant overalls)

• Coveralls1

• Outer chemical-resistant gloves• Inner chemical-resistant gloves• Outer, chemical-resistant boots

with steel toes and shanks• Outer disposable, chemical-

resistant boot covers1

• Hard hat1

• Escape mask1 • Face shield1 1Optional, as applicable

Level D Level D is a work uniform affording minimal

protection; it is used for nuisance contamination only:

• Coveralls1

• Gloves1 • Outer, chemical-resistant boots/shoes with steel

toes and shanks • Outer, chemical-resistant boots • Safety glasses or chemical splash goggles• Hard hat1 • Escape mask1 • Face shield1 1Optional, as applicable

Figure 11.(Continued).

6�6�

Table 6.Personalprotectiveequipmentplanning.

Equipment Nondisposable items (per team)

Disposable items (per person-day1)

Hand protection

Leather gloves (specific to work) 4

Gloves (heavy butyl rubber) 1–2

Gloves (nitrile; worn under leather) 10–12

Foot protection

Steel toe/steel shank leather work boots 2 pairs

Steel toe/steel shank butyl rubber boots 2 pairs

Head protection

Hard hat 1

Waterproof hat 1

Respiratory protection

SCBA positive-pressure respirator 1

Supplied-air positive-pressure respirator 1

Air-purifying respirator 1

Powered air-purifying respirator 1

Filter cartridges for respirators 0.25

Disposable N95/N100 respirators 4–6


6�

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Disposable items (per person-day1)

Chemical protective overgarment

Butyl rubber apron 2

Protective eyewear

Indirectly vented chemical goggles 2 pairs

Safety glasses (with side shields) 2 pairs

Polystyrene face shield (caustic solutions) 1

Hearing protection

Disposable earplugs 4–6 pairs

Earmuffs 2 pairs

Protective suit (Tyvek, cloth or other material)

Disposable (Level C or D) 3

Decontaminable (Level A or B) 2

Spare clothing

Surgical scrubs or disposable protective suits 2 sets

Spare pair of shoes (supplied by workers) 1 pair

Miscellaneous equipment

Multi-tool with knife blade 1 1Person-day is the number of units one person will use in a day, based on the assumptions above.


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Claw hammer 2

Pliers 2

Screwdriver (2 flathead; 2 Phillips) 4

Adjustable end wrench 2

Crowbar/wrecking bar 2

Hatchet 2

Axe 2

Wire brush (with scraper nose) 2 dozen

Fiber brush (long-handled) 5

Plastic bucket (5-gal) 6


Sponge 2 dozen

Tent 2

Shovel (flat-billed) 4

Broom (heavy) 3

Shop vacuum 1

Electrical cord (12-ga, 100 ft) 1

Post hole digger 2

Garden rake 2

Fork (manure) 2

Scraper (long-handled) 2

Table 7. Recommended tools for a crew of 10 people (Modified from the National Animal HealthEmergencyManagementSystem’s“OperationalGuidelinesforCleaningandDisinfec-tion,”Draft,November2005).

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Heat stress monitoring and measurementPortableheatstressmetersormonitors

areusedtomeasureheatconditions.Theseinstrumentscancalculateboththeindoorandoutdoorwetbulbglobetemperature(WBGT)indexes,whichconsiderthecombinedef-fectsofradiantheatingfromthesun,relativehumidityandairtemperature.

Withthismeasurementandinformationonthetypeofworkbeingperformed,heatstressmeterscanhelpindeterminingthelengthoftimeapersoncansafelyworkorremaininaparticularhotenvironment.Theresultantdatacanprovideguidanceonwork/restcycles.

InTable8,examplesoflightworkmightincludetheassemblyoftoolsorclericalworkdoneintheoperationscenter.Moderateworkmightincludetheoperationofheavyequip-

mentsuchastrucksandloaders.Heavyworkwouldincludethephysicalmanipulationofcontaminatedmaterialsortheperformanceofdecontaminationoperationsontheground.

Asanexample,consideraworkerwearingTyvekandperformingmoderatework.Atheo-reticalheatstressmeterprovidesavalueof87°F.BecausetheworkeriswearingTyvek,subtract10.8°F(Table9)fromtheWBGTvalueof87°F,resultingin76.2°F.

Tostaywithinthepermissibleheatex-posurethresholdlimitvalueof76.2°Fforworkersperformingmoderatework,accord-ingtoTable8thispersonwouldneedtobeonacycleof25percentwork,75percentrestforeachhourworked(15minutesofwork,45minutesofrest).


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Table 8.Heatstressmonitoringduringworkerperformance.

Permissible heat exposure threshold limit values Work load

Work/rest regimen Light Moderate Heavy

Continuous work 86 °F (30.0 °C) 80 °F (26.7 °C) 77 °F (25.0 °C)

75% work, 25% rest, each hour 87 °F (30.6 °C) 82 °F (28.0 °C) 78 °F (25.9 °C)



These values apply to physically fit and acclimatized individuals wearing light summer clothing. As contaminated material disposal operations will undoubtedly require heavier clothing that impedes sweat or has a higher insulation value, the permissible heat exposure values above must be reduced by the corrections shown in Table 9.

Source: OSHA Technical Manual, Section III, Chapter 4 (TED 01–00–015)

Table 9. Wetbulbglobetemperatureindexcorrectionfactorsforworkerperformancewhilewearingheavierprotectiveclothing.

Clothing type WBGT1 index correction (°F)

Summer lightweight working clothing (such as operations center personnel) 0

Cotton coveralls (such as truck drivers) –3.6

Winter work clothing (such as for operations in winter) –7.2

Water barrier, permeable (such as workers wearing Tyvek or similar protective ensemble) –10.8

Fully encapsulating suit, gloves, boots and hood (such as OSHA Level A or B) –18.0 1 WGBT: Wet bulb globe temperature

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Heat index: An alternative measure to assess conditions causing heat stress

Theheatindexshowstherelationshipbetweentherelativeeffectsoftemperatureandhumidity.Theindexcanbeusedasasecond-choiceapproachifnoheatstressmeterorwetbulbglobetemperaturethermometerisavailable.UseTable10onlywhenawetbulbglobetemperaturethermometerorheatstressmeter and qualified operators are unavailable.

Astheheatindexdoesnottakeintoac-counttheheatresultingfromradiantenergyfromthesun,addaconservativeestimateof15ºFtotheenvironmentaltemperaturevaluetakenfromthischartwhenworkersareindirect sunlight. After a value is identified in Table10,useTables8and9toobtainanesti-mateofthework/restcycle.

Sample calculation:Theenvironmentalconditionsatadisposalsiteare80ºFand20

percentrelativehumidity,withtheworkersindirectsunlight.Theheatindexvalue(ob-tainedfromTable10andadding10ºFtotheenvironmentaltemperaturetoaccountforthedirectsunlightexposure)is87ºF.

AccordingtoTable8,aworkerdressedinaTyveksuitwithboots,glovesandahardhat(WBGTcorrectionfactorof-10.8ºF)per-formingmoderateworkwouldneedawork-restcycleof25percentwork/75percentrestforeachhourworked.Because of the person-al protective equipment correction factor of 10.8 °F (Table 9), this worker can continue with this work/rest cycle as long as the heat index or wet bulb globe temperature does not exceed 76.2 °F. Formoreinformation,visithttp://www.OSHA.gov.


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Table 10.Heatindexusedasanalternativemeasuretoassessconditionscausingheatstress.

Heat index

Environmental temperature °F (°C)

70° (21)

75° (24)

80° (27)

85° (29)

90° (32)

95° (35)

100° (38)

105° (41)

110° (43)

115° (46)

120° (49)

Relative humidity Apparent temperature ºF (C)

0% 64 (18) 69 (20) 73 (23) 78 (26) 83 (28) 87 (31) 91 (33) 95 (35) 99 (37) 103 (39) 107 (42)

10% 65 (18) 70 (21) 75 (24) 80 (27) 85 (29) 90 (33) 95 (35) 100 (38) 105 (41) 111 (44) 116 (47)

20% 66 (19) 72 (22) 77 (25) 82 (28) 87 (30) 93 (33) 99 (37) 105 (41) 112 (44) 120 (49)

30% 67 (19) 73 (23) 78 (26) 84 (29) 90 (33) 96 (36) 104 (40) 113 (45) 123 (51)

40% 68 (20) 74 (23) 79 (26) 86 (30) 93 (34) 101 (38) 110 (43) 123 (56)

50% 69 (20) 75 (24) 81 (27) 88 (31) 96 (36) 107 (42) 120 (49)

60% 70 (21) 76 (24) 82 (28) 90 (33) 100 (38) 114 (46)

70% 70 (21) 77 (25) 85 (29) 93 (34) 106 (41) 124 (51)

80% 71 (22) 78 (26) 86 (30) 97 (36) 113 (45)

90% 71 (22) 79 (26) 88

Apparent temperature Heat-stress risk with physical activity and/or prolonged exposure

90–104 °F (32–40 °C) Heat cramps or heat exhaustion possible

105–130 °F (31–54 °C) Heat cramps or heat exhaustion likely; heat stroke possible

Above 130 °F (54 °C) Heat stroke very likely

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Cost General Considerations

Economic factorsTherelevanteconomicandcostfactors

toevaluatecanbeseparatedintodirectandindirectcosts(Tables11and12).

Direct costsinvolvedirectdisposal-

relatedoperations,transportation,facilities,energy,storageandsecurity.

Indirect costsarerelatedtoincreaseddis-easeincidence,environmentalimpacts,publicperceptionandindirectincomeloss.

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Table 11. Directcostsincurredfrominstallationandoperatingdisposalactivities.Category ExpenseOperation costs • Energy

• Labor• Chemicals• Personal protective equipment• Decontamination equipment/chemicals• Cost of livestock or crops destroyed by disease, or to prevent spread of disease• Disposal of treatment residue (such as ash or finished compost)

Facilities, permitting and other capital equipment

• Permit fees and legal costs for obtaining disposal sites• Hauling in facilities• Any portable disposal facilities adopted• Installing new disposal facilities

Security • Labor• Fencing• Site entry/exit procedures/decontamination

Transportation Costs relating to:• Transporting animal carcasses or plants that must be moved• Loading/unloading• Leasing/ownership• Fuel• Labor• Educating truck operators/drivers/supervisors• Preventive activities, including livestock relocations, along the transport route to reduce the possibility of disease spread• Security associated with transport

Storage Costs relating to:• Maintaining the carcasses or plants awaiting disposal• Security to keep out wildlife• Odor control• Landscape appearance maintenance

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Table 12. Indirectcostsassociatedwithdisposalactivities.

Category ExpenseDisease-related Added costs of infections spread by:

• Leakage during transport of carcasses and contaminated plants • Incomplete decontamination • Wildlife incursion into the disposal operation• Disease management activities (such as vaccinations) to reduce the disposal-related costs to the

environment and/or because of public perception• Security costs along the transportation routes if the carcasses are to be moved

Environmental • Air pollution• Water pollution• Soil contamination• Loss of future returns to land employed for disposal• Harm to wildlife and/or fisheries

Public perception • Increased legal fees resulting from public opposition• Changes in income because of shifting public opinions resulting from disposal activities, including reduced:

– Tourism – Regional economic activity– Domestic meat sales – International meat export sales

Income Loss of business in areas where disposal activities are undertaken or transport routes pass through

Note: Certain disposal methods may have unique indirect costs. For example, alkaline hydrolysis disposal incurs costs resulting from increased commission of support equipment because of alkaline exposure. Some methods may also incur additional indirect costs because of soil disturbances and erosion caused by the operation of heavy machinery and trucks.

Cost General Considerations

managing contaminated animal and plant materials

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