management of plant diseases. outline review the disease triangle the disease cycle management...
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Management of Plant Diseases
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Outline
Review the disease triangle
The disease cycle
Management strategies
Interrupting the disease cycle
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The Disease Triangle
Envi
ronm
ent Pathogen
Host
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The Disease Triangle
Soybean rust
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Disease Cycle
Survival Inoculum produced
Dispersal
Infection Colonization Symptoms
Production of survival
structures
Adapted from P. Vincelli, 2005
Management = interrupt the disease cycle
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What causes plant diseases?
Nematodes
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
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Fungi Bacteria Viruses NematodesSurvival Crop residue
SoilAlt. hosts-
Crop residueSoilAlt. hostsInsect vectors
--Alt. hostsInsect vectors
Crop residueSoil--
Dispersal WindRainInsects
WindRainInsects
--Insects
TillageEquipmentWater run-off
Infection DirectlyWoundsInsect feeding
-WoundsInsect feeding
--Insect feeding
Directly--
Comparison of Disease Cycles
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Management Practices
Variety selection
Manage insects, weeds, and nematodes
Cultural practices (rotation, tillage, planting date, etc.)
Reduce plant stress (population, weed management, fertility)
Fungicides(seed treatments, foliar fungicides)
GOAL: interrupt the disease cycle
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Management Practices
Resistance- prevents colonization and disease
development
Variety selection
B. Matthews, ARSSCN Management Guide, 1999
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Resistance- reduces build up of inoculum
Variety selection
Resistant variety has smaller and yellowish-
green color lesions
Susceptible variety has large lesions
Management Practices
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Seed quality- plant seed that is high quality
Variety selection
Management Practices
Planting infected seed can inhibit germination, slow seedling growth, or introduce new pathogens into a field.
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Manage weeds, insects, and nematodes Weeds
- increase inoculum- “improve” microclimate for spore production
Desmodium species (tick trefoils) are an alternate source of some viruses
Management Practices
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Insects- source of inoculum- provide entry wounds for
pathogens
Management Practices
Manage weeds, insects, and nematodes
© Marlin E. Rice
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Nematodes- interact with other pathogens
The presence of soybean cyst nematode can increase other soybean diseases like brown stem rot and sudden death syndrome.
Management Practices
Manage weeds, insects, and nematodes
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Crop rotation- prevents build up of inoculum
Cultural practices
Competition for foodDestroyed/suppressed
Management Practices
Photo by Brenda Collins, Http://glaucus.org.uk/Fungi-LC.html
Photo courtesy Dr. Randy Martin, Bioworks, inc.
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Tillage - decreases surface residue (foliar disease inoculum)- conservation tillage increases soil moisture
Management Practices
Cultural practices
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Planting date - escape infection
- escape severe disease
Harvest date- remove plants from field before disease becomes
problematic
Management Practices
Cultural practices
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High populations - compete for light, water, and nutrients
Heavy weed pressure - competition
Fertility - adequate nitrogen and potassium
Management Practices
Reduce plant stress
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Fungicides Seed treatments
- protect roots from soilborne pathogens
Management Practices
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Fungicides Foliar fungicides
- stop infection and colonization of host
Penetration Growth SporulationPustule
formationSpore
germination
Management Practices
Syngenta
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Fungicides Foliar fungicides
Management Practices
CONSIDERATIONS• Cropping history and percent surface crop residue affect
the risk of disease. Many pathogens survive in crop residue, which can be a source of inoculum.
• Varieties vary in their susceptibility to diseases.• Disease presence early in the season may result in greater
yield loss than diseases that occur later in the season.• Fungicides do not affect diseases caused by bacteria,
viruses, or nematodes.• Profitability of a fungicide application depends on the price
of grain and the cost of application.
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Survival Inoculum produced
Dispersal
Infection Colonization Symptoms
Production of survival
structures
How does management interrupt the disease cycle?
Interrupting the disease cycle
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Survival Inoculum produced
Dispersal
Infection Colonization Symptoms
Production of survival
structures
Rotation; tillage; planting high quality seed
Interrupting the disease cycle
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Survival Inoculum produced
Dispersal
Infection Colonization Symptoms
Production of survival
structures
Interrupting the disease cycle
Variety resistance; fungicides
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Summary
The disease cycle for all pathogens is essentially the same.
Effective management strategies break the disease cycle.
An understanding of the disease cycle will help implement management strategies.