management information moh gaber & dr.amr b. el-tawel)

8/8/2019 Management Information moh Gaber & Dr.amr B. El-Tawel)

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Management Information Systems

Dr. Mohamed Gaber

Why study information systems?It can help all kinds of businesses improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their

business processes, managerial decision making & work group collaboration, thus,strengthening their competitive positions on a rapidly changing market plan.

Internet based systems have become a necessary ingredient for business success intoday`s dynamic global environment.

I.T is playing an expanding role in business.

What`s an Information System?Any organized combination of people, hardware, software communications, networks

or Data resources that stores, retrieves, transform and disseminates information in anyorganization.

Information systems Vs Information Technology

INFORMATION SYSTEMS:All components and resources necessary to deliver information and information

processing functions to the organization

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY:Various hardware components necessary for the system to operate

Computer Hardware technology:Includes micro computers, mid-size servers, large mainframe systems, the

input, the outputs & the storage devices that support them

Computer software technology:Including operating system software’s, web browsers, software productivity

suites and software for business applications like customer relationship managementand supply chain.

Telecommunications network technology:Including telecommunications media, processors and software needed to

provide wire based and wireless access and support for the internet and privateinternet based networks.

Data resource management technology:Including database management system software for the developing, access,

and maintenance of the database of an organization



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Role of Information Systems in Business

Classifications of I.S by Scope Functional business systems.

o Support function Strategic Information Systems

o Support processes that provide a firm with strategic products, services &capabilities for competitive advantage.

Cross-functional Information Systemso Integrated combinations of I.S

Measures of success Efficiency

o Minimize costso Minimize timeo Minimize the use of Information Resources

Effectiveness

o Supports an organization business strategieso Enables its business processo Enhance it organizational structureo Increase the customer business value of the enterprise

support strategics forcompetitiveadvantages

support businessdecision making

support businessprocess and operation



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Organizational Structure

Pyramid 1 Management levels pyramid

Top manager

Middle level

mana ers

Operation managers

OperationManagers

LogisticsSales &

MarketingFinancial

departmentProduction

R&D(researchand

Development)

HR(humanresources)

SalesTransactions

•data entry

•controlresponses

Sales TransactionProcessity

•database updates

•inquiry/ responseprocessing

Database

•inventory database

•customer databes•sales database

Inquiries&Displays

•end userwork station



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What is E-Business?It’s the use of internet technology to work and empower business processes,

electronic commerce and enterprise collaboration within a company and its customers,suppliers and other business stake holders.

It’s an online exchange of value

E-Business I.T Infrastructures:

Manufacture& production

Supply changeManagementprocurementdistribution &

logistics

Accounting &finance

Customerrelationshipmanagement

•marketing sales

•customer sales

Engineering &research



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Information , data & communication

Information classifications:By source By frequency

By nature By Use

By level By form

By time By type

By occurance

Source:

Internalo Inside company(sales/finance/HR)

External

o Customers,competitors,..etc Primary data

o Collected by your self by taking permission to Secondary data

o Collected by your self without taking permission to

Nature

Formal info.o Quantitive

Informalo Qualititve

Level : from any level in the organizational structure

Time: historical, recent or future (forecasting)

Frequency:

Continous info.(real time)

Repetition by time(annular, monthly,..etc)

Use: classified by its use

Form:

Written info. Memo Oral info.

Occurance: planned or random

Type:

Retailed info. Summarized info.

Graphical info Charted info.



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Levels of management

Functions of management

Strategic

management

tacticalmanagement

operational management

Organizing

•assign

responsiblity toindividuals andgroups

Directing

•lead bymotivating and

communicating

Controlling

•evaluate andadjust

organizationalperformance

Planning

•establish goals

and developestrategies andtactics

Planing Organizing Directing Controlling

Planning and control of overall organizational

direction by top management

Planning and control of organizational

sub-units by middle management

Planning &control of day to dayoperations by supervisory management



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purchasing accounting Sales Transaction

Inventory ControlWork In ProgressMaterial Planing

Suppliers

Purchase

RowMaterial

ManufacturingFacility

FinishedProduct

s

Sales

Customers

Transaction Processing System:

Purchase order

Receiving notices

Supplier invoices

Payment to suppliers

Work Orders

Inventory Tags

Employees time cards

Employees paychecks

Sales order

Shipping notices

Customer invoices

Customer payments



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Dr. Amr B. El-Tawel

What is a Computer?All computers are systems of Input, Processing, Output, Storage and Control

Components

Types of Computer Systems Micro computer systems

o Personal Computers, network computers, technical Workstations, personaldigital assistants, Information appliances,…etc

Midrange systemso Network servers, minicomputers, web servers, multi systems,…etc

Mainframe systemso Enterprise systems, super servers, transaction processors, supercomputers,

etc

Microcomputer systems Personal computer(PC) – Microcomputer for use by an individual

Professional Workstations – a powerful, networked PC for business professionals Laptop – small, portable PC

Network server –more powerful microcomputers that coordinatetelecommunications and resource sharing in small local area networks and internetand intranet websites

Computer Terminals –depend on servers for software, storage and processingpower

Network Computers –low-cost, sealed microcomputers with no or minimal disk

storage that are linked to the network Information appliance –hand-held microcomputer devices

Pc features o Business Pro o Multimedia heavy o New comer

Midrange Systems

Definition:Primarily high-end network servers and other types of servers that can handle the large-

scale processing of many business applications

Mainframe Systems

Definition:Large, fast, and powerful computer systems

Supercomputer systems

Definition:Extremely powerful computer systems specifically designed for scientific, engineering, andbusiness applications requiring extremely high speeds for massive numeric computations



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Hardware organized by system functions Input devices –convert data into electronic form for direct entry or through a

telecommunications network into a computer system Processing components –primarily the central processing unit (CPU)

o Arithmetic-logic Unit (ALU) –perform arithmetic and logic functions required

to execute software instructions Output devices –convert electronic information produced by the computer system

into human-intelligible form for presentation to end users Storage devices –store data and software instructions needed for processing Control components –primarily the CPU`s Control Unit which interprets software

instructions and transmits directions that control the activities of other components ofthe computer system

Computer processing speeds Millisecond –thousandth of a second

Microsecond –millionth of a second Nanosecond –billionth of a second Picoseconds –trillionth of a second

Computer clock speeds MIPS –million instructions per second Megahertz (MHz) –millions of cycles per second

Gigahertz (GHz) –billions of cycles per second

Throughput

Definition:Ability of microprocessors to perform useful computation or data processing assignmentsduring a given period of time

Depends on: Buses –size of circuitry paths that interconnect microprocessor components Registers –that process instructions Cache –high speed memory



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Input Technologies Keyboard

Pointing Devices Pen-Based Computing

Speech Recognition Systems Optical Scanning

Pointing devices Electronic Mouse –moving mouse on pad moves cursor on screen. Pressing

buttons on mouse activates activities represented by selected icons. Trackball –stationary device with a roller ball on top used to move cursor on screen Pointing stick –small button-like device which moves cursor in direction of pressure

placed on stick Touch pad –small rectangular touch-sensitive surface which moves the cursor in the

direction of finger moves on the pad

Touch screen –video display screen that emits a grid of infrared beams, soundwaves, or a slight electric current that is broken when the screen is touched

Pen-based Computing

Definition:Pressure-sensitive layer index slate-like liquid crystal display screen and software

that digitizes handwriting, hand printing, and hand drawing

Speech recognition systems Discrete –user must pause between each spoken word

Continuous –software can recognize conversationally-paced speech

Optical scanning

Definition:Devices that read text or graphics and convert them into digital input for your

computer

Optical character recognition (OCR)

Definition:The machine identification of printed characters through the use of light-sensitive devices



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Output technologies Video Output Printed Output Voice responses

Video Output Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) –similar to vacuum tubes in television Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) –electronic visual displays that form characters

by applying an electrical charge to selected silicon crystals

Printed Output Inkjet Printers –spray ink onto the page Laser Printers –use an electrostatic process similar to photocopying machine

Binary Representation

Definition:Data are processed and stored in a computer system through the presence or

absence of electronic or magnetic signals in the computer`s circuitry or in the media it uses

Bit vs. Byte Bit –binary digit, which can have a value of either zero or one Byte –basic grouping of bits that the computer operates as a single unit, typically

eight bits

Storage capacity Kilobyte (KB) –one thousand bytes

Megabytes (MB) –one million bytes

Gigabytes (GB) –one billion bytes Terabytes (TB) –one trillion bytes Pet bytes (PB)-one quadrillion bytes

Binary numbering system

Definition:Number system used by computers to perform computations since it has only two

digits



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Direct Vs. Sequential Access Direct {random} access –each storage position has a unique address, each storage

position can be individually accessed without having to search through other storagepositions.

Sequential access –data are recorded one after another on a predetermined

sequence, locating an individual item of data requires searching the recorded datauntil the desired item is located

Semiconductor Memory

Characteristics: Small Fast Shock resistant

Temperature resistant VOLATILE –contents of memory is lost when power is interrupted

Used for primary storage

RAM vs. ROM Random Access Memory (RAM) –each memory position can be both sensed and

changed Read Only Memory (ROM) –can be read but not erased or modified

Firm Ware

Definition

Frequently used programs which are permanently burned into ROM duringmanufacture

Magnetic Disks

Characteristics: Fast Large

Reasonably priced Used for secondary storage

Types of magnetic disks Floppy disks –single disk inside a protective jacket

Hard Disk Drives –several disks, access arms and read/write heads in a sealedmodule

Redundant Array Of Independent Disks (RAID) –disks arrays of interconnectedmicrocomputer hard disk drives



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Application SoftwarePerforms information processing tasks for end users

General-Purpose:Programs that perform common information processing jobs for end users

Application-specific:Support specific applications of end users in business and other fields

How is software developed? Custom software –software applications that are developed within an organization

for use by that organization Commercial Off-the-shelf (COTS) Software –software that is developed by a

software developer with the intention of selling the software in multiple copies

General purpose application software

Software suites Web browsers Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Electronic mail Word processing

Spreadsheets

Database managers Presentation graphics Personal information managers Group ware

Web Browsers

Definition:Software interface used to point and click through the hyperlinked resources of the internet

Graphical user Interface

Definition:Icons, tools and status bars, menus, and so on, which gives an application its look and feel



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Electronic MailSoftware used to send and receive electronic messages and file attachments via the

internet, intranets or extranets

Instant Messaging (IM)

Software used to send and receive electronic messages instantly to facilitate realtime communication and collaboration

Word ProcessingSoftware that supports the creation, editing, revision and printing of documents

Desktop Publishing (DTP)Software that supports the production of materials that look professionally published

Electronic spreadsheets

Definition:

Software that supports the development of electronic worksheets consisting of rowsand columns used for business analysis, planning and modeling

Personal information managerSoftware for end user productivity and collaboration

GroupwareSoftware that helps work groups and teams work together to accomplish group

assignments

Software Alternatives Purchase commercial Off-The-Shelf software Application service providers –companies that own, operate and maintain

application software and the computer system resources required to offer the use ofthe application software for a fee as a service over the internet

Software licensing Purchasing the right to use specific software under the terms of the software

licensing agreement

Protects the vendor`s intellectual property right



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System softwareManages and supports operations of computer systems and networks

System management programsPrograms that manage the hardware, software, network and data resources of

computer systems during the execution of various information processing jobs of end users

System development programsPrograms that help users develop information system programs and procedures and

prepare user programs for computer processing

Operating system

Definition

An integrated system of programs that manages the operations of the CPU, controlsthe input/output and storage resources and activities of the computer system, and providesvarious support services as the computer executes the application programs of users

User interfaceThe part of the operating system that allows you to communicate with it so you canload programs, access files and accomplish other tasks

Types of user interfaces Command-Driven Menu-Driven Graphical User Interfaces

Managing the use

of Hardware

resources

Managing the

accomplishment

of tasks

Managing data

and program

files

Providing a

variety of

support services

UserInterface

ResourceManagement

TaskManagement

FileManagement

Utilities andother

Funtions

Operating System Functions



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Resource Management

Definition

Programs to manage the hardware and networking resources of a computer system,

including its CPU, memory, secondary storage devices, telecommunications processors and

input/output peripherals

Task management

Program that control which task gets access to the CPU and for how much time and

setting priorities to each program

Multitasking –approach that allows for several computing tasks to be performed in a

seemingly simultaneous fashion

File management

Definition

Programs that control the creation, deletion, and access of files of data and programs

as well as keeping track of the physical location of files on a magnetic disks and other

secondary storage devices

Popular operating systems

Microsoft Windows

UNIX

Red Hat Linux

Mac OS X

Other system Management Programs Performance Monitors –programs that monitor and adjust the performance and

usage of one or more computer systems to keep them running efficiently

Security monitors –programs that monitor and control the use of computer

systems and provide warning messages and record evidence of unauthorized

use of computer

Resources



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Programming languages Machine Languages

Assembler Languages

High-Level Languages

Fourth-Generation Languages Object-Oriented Languages

Web Languages

Machine Languages

All program instructions had to be written using binary codes unique to each

computer

Programmers had to have a detailed knowledge of the internal operations of the

specific type of CPU

Assembler Languages

Alphabetic abbreviations and symbols are used to represent operation codes and

storage locations

Language translator programs are required to convert the instructions into

machine instructions

High-Level Languages

Instructions that use brief statements or arithmetic expressions

Each statement generates several machine instructions when translated by

compliers or interpreters

Fourth-generation Languages Nonprocedural –programmers specify results while computer determines the

sequence of instructions that will accomplish those results

Natural Language –very close to human language

Object-Oriented Languages

Ties together data element and the procedures or actions that will be performed

upon them

Web Languages

HTML –a page description language that creates hypertext or hypermediadocuments

XML –describes the contents of Web pages by applying identifying tags or

contextual labels to the data in Web documents

Java –an object-oriented programming language that is simple, secure and

platform independent



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Web ServicesSoftware components that are based on a framework of Web and object-oriented

standards and technologies for using the Web to electronically link the applications of

different user and different computing platforms

Language Translator Programs Assembler –translate the symbolic instruction codes of programs written in an

assembler language into machine language instructions

Compiler –translates high-level language statements

Interpreter –compiler that translates and executes each statement in a program

one at a time

Programming Tools

Graphical programming interfaces

Programming editors

Debuggers

CASE tools

Uses UDDI Web servicesdirectory to locate desired

Web service

Web sevice is translated toXML, which as a platform-

nuetral wrapper

Web service componentscommunicate via SOAP, an

XML-based protocol forconnecting applications and

data

Web service is deliveredback to client in XML

Client application

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