CentralHalflwoodRegion

Man aging Forest amp Wildlife Resources An Integrated Appuach

Brian K Miller Exrenion Wtldlife Spcciahgtt Depan~n1ofF~1~ and N11oral Rcgtuurces Purdue Unhbullcrsiry CoopcrJIIvc Extension Servk-e

in cooperaloon with

V Danie l Stiles and Steven WUds US Fbh and Wildlife Service

Agriculnoral Coonmunicarion Scovlcc Purdue Univc~ily Cooperal ive lxtcnsion Service DesignIIJultlloun Ruraquoltll J lerzdorr Editing Bublra Cooper

Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service Wesr tafaycnc II

US Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Exlcnoion and luhlicHions

111e cooperarivc agcncie programs are open to aU citi~Am without n~middotud to race color -lt~ handicap rchjtoon age or nauonal origin

PubUsh ed 1990

Issued in furtherltnee of Cooperative Extc~oon work Altl of May 8 and june 30 1914 in coopcraroon ith 1hc lS Oepartmcnr of Agncullurl Purdue l niversiry and local govemmcm HA Wadwonh lgtirct1or of CooirHive Exrcnltion Service Purdue Unlvcniry

Photo Credits

Cover photo Brian K Miller lurduc Univcrsily

lnscl RJchard Fields lndiona Oepartmenr of 1arural Rcsourt~ ODIR)

I (tillc pogdjanis E MWer free lance

2 Gcologocal Survey Nalional Mapping Divbion

3 Anne SJ)acie Purdue UniCnily

4 RJcbard Fields IDXR

Richard Fields 10R

6Jobn Underwood Jgturdu l noversoty

7Greg Seplk US Fish amp Wildlire amprvicc

8Greg SepiJlt US Fish amp Wlldlire Service

9Janls E MWer free 13nce

10 LD-JR Oivboon of Foresuy

II JOR Divosoon of foiC1gt11

12 Richard Kl1yers lurduc Unovcrsity

13 RJcbard K Myers Purdue l lnivcrgtily

14 WUUam Chaney lurdue l nhmiddotcniry

1S RJcbard Fields LO--ll

16 Richard K Myers Purdue LnoCII)

17 Richard K Myers Purdut UniwiiY

18 Brian KMWer rurdue Univcrily

19 6rian K11111lcr Purdue Unimiddotcrsoly

20 Richard Fields 101R

81ck Cover Richard K Myers Purdut Univcrsiry

lnSCI RJcbard Fields IDNR

CENTRAL HAROI()()O REGION

Managing Forest amp Wildlife Resources An Integrated Appruach

Wilcllife ma11gement andforest numagemeut are not mutually elclusiue Just the opposite Is true ~fa11y bc1sic wuud lewd mmzageme111 practices beuef1 both forests and wildlife

Managing Forest amp Wildlife Resources n Intc~ratlmiddotd ppntlh

Propetmiddot timber managemettt ca11 etn-icb wildlife populations

1ldlillt md th forch m which th~ live m lmktltlltlody lOjcther The abundantltbull of nuN wildlillmiddot populatioru and altltltgtnltllltd foretcd bnd hae p1rallclcd llt h otlllr throughout hi-tory Th link bet pl1nt and anim1l ltltgt11111unitk lllttrllc till halnKe of nattlll l ndcNmdn1J this b1lnncc help u wllitlt h) lonbullt mlnljcmcnt i 1mmiddot ponant nv utiun that tOtmiddotth thc ahundtnnbull of one popullliCgtn may alter the htlllllaquo ol mcllhr ror ex1mplc an incntc Ill cJ-middotu th pnn ill 1Uon honu for tJ II) lllttiOg fllCiC and IDa)

rcuh 10 an 10lt111lt 111 quirrtbulll ratmiddotmiddot tmiddotonn~ and (xMIJ)tlt klt Hoecr Jn iocngttw 10 deer ngtcknl or 10-ect populamiddot lOth n11~ht hanmiddot 111 athuw 1mpact on urrmulltlinl plant tmiddotunltmmllteS Omiddotcrmiddot crowdmiddotd dltmiddoter tbullplcgtcling ttxkm populaliOO or too man) inlt ~ mt) eat all aailahk lnut twig~ kbullWltmiddot or hrub~ 10iilahle to tlwm whidt 10 turn 1tkcL tlw nmtpoition ol 1lw forct and other w tldhk pcuc ltocgtcl forcltt manaJe mcnt ntelll umdmiddotnng thc need~ of both plant md ~n1m01l n1mmunitie Th hookkt tmiddotpltu~ the h~lmnbull hetwa-n kllifc IJlUlnubulln and thltmiddotll forcstcd hahttat and thlll th unportance of pltgtnihkmiddot lmltmiddott managemcnt

In Absence o f Manageme nt l11e ttll II nt 1 matunnJ lorbullCttnatlt

1 1knw canop) thll Judcs out -unh~ht I

111m tlw fnl unltkrnlgtllh (undeNill l

I lntmiddotrtbulltsltmiddot undeNOlt tree fllW rltmiddotquaring mnrlt unh~ht die whik lnlltmiddot11111 trec tlktbull onmiddotr tht l~tnd lorll mlllmns without 111) dbturshyhance tend tnMd a climax nmd1t10il In a dun furt 1111he ccmrll htrdlJOll rlt~tlnn lhltmiddot tlumtnant tre J-Ctt ll1Cllt knlk trc lgteah and nurk nu furel dtlralt1llllltltl h) ltIll 0)gt111 UlltltNill) tllnUIOUl~ ll fruit-prodUllll)t ~hmlh nr ltkn-c hruhh) arc-as to prondbull llllltlltlt~ltoHr fnr nunv wiltllile JXCK Till ltlim furll lelts diver-tmiddot and 0

111lt numlwr of difilrltnt ldhk ()Ct ie 11 tmiddotm l1ppot1 01 the tgtlllnatctl 2ltgtltltembull II tal bullcnehllllt lldhfc ~peck occulinl in 1lw nntrll lOtrtlIXXI forest none artbull

tllllltlltl) krnm n to requiamiddot old growth ( J(~l + )tmiddotar-l forcl tantk forest ntl m cr 111 emiddot old I1C1dil tilltlUI JO pcrubullnt of lhlt-lt flCne cl -o percent nquan Knional ~Ul-tt~ uf o1 forct It than of0 )ell uklto mtet at lclt pan of thtbulltr hJhtlll lltjUliCillCnt

1tcgt ctmtmllmrrlu OOtl fun1 tXIiIUl~ lltl()bullbull 12

tmd coutalll ot middotr -o J(It~ ofimJJIT11bull 11()()(ll(S

2

CENTRAL HAROI()()O REGION

Managing Forest amp Wildlife Resources An Integrated Appruach

Wilcllife ma11gement andforest numagemeut are not mutually elclusiue Just the opposite Is true ~fa11y bc1sic wuud lewd mmzageme111 practices beuef1 both forests and wildlife

Managing Forest amp Wildlife Resources n Intc~ratlmiddotd ppntlh

Propetmiddot timber managemettt ca11 etn-icb wildlife populations

1ldlillt md th forch m which th~ live m lmktltlltlody lOjcther The abundantltbull of nuN wildlillmiddot populatioru and altltltgtnltllltd foretcd bnd hae p1rallclcd llt h otlllr throughout hi-tory Th link bet pl1nt and anim1l ltltgt11111unitk lllttrllc till halnKe of nattlll l ndcNmdn1J this b1lnncc help u wllitlt h) lonbullt mlnljcmcnt i 1mmiddot ponant nv utiun that tOtmiddotth thc ahundtnnbull of one popullliCgtn may alter the htlllllaquo ol mcllhr ror ex1mplc an incntc Ill cJ-middotu th pnn ill 1Uon honu for tJ II) lllttiOg fllCiC and IDa)

rcuh 10 an 10lt111lt 111 quirrtbulll ratmiddotmiddot tmiddotonn~ and (xMIJ)tlt klt Hoecr Jn iocngttw 10 deer ngtcknl or 10-ect populamiddot lOth n11~ht hanmiddot 111 athuw 1mpact on urrmulltlinl plant tmiddotunltmmllteS Omiddotcrmiddot crowdmiddotd dltmiddoter tbullplcgtcling ttxkm populaliOO or too man) inlt ~ mt) eat all aailahk lnut twig~ kbullWltmiddot or hrub~ 10iilahle to tlwm whidt 10 turn 1tkcL tlw nmtpoition ol 1lw forct and other w tldhk pcuc ltocgtcl forcltt manaJe mcnt ntelll umdmiddotnng thc need~ of both plant md ~n1m01l n1mmunitie Th hookkt tmiddotpltu~ the h~lmnbull hetwa-n kllifc IJlUlnubulln and thltmiddotll forcstcd hahttat and thlll th unportance of pltgtnihkmiddot lmltmiddott managemcnt

In Absence o f Manageme nt l11e ttll II nt 1 matunnJ lorbullCttnatlt

1 1knw canop) thll Judcs out -unh~ht I

111m tlw fnl unltkrnlgtllh (undeNill l

I lntmiddotrtbulltsltmiddot undeNOlt tree fllW rltmiddotquaring mnrlt unh~ht die whik lnlltmiddot11111 trec tlktbull onmiddotr tht l~tnd lorll mlllmns without 111) dbturshyhance tend tnMd a climax nmd1t10il In a dun furt 1111he ccmrll htrdlJOll rlt~tlnn lhltmiddot tlumtnant tre J-Ctt ll1Cllt knlk trc lgteah and nurk nu furel dtlralt1llllltltl h) ltIll 0)gt111 UlltltNill) tllnUIOUl~ ll fruit-prodUllll)t ~hmlh nr ltkn-c hruhh) arc-as to prondbull llllltlltlt~ltoHr fnr nunv wiltllile JXCK Till ltlim furll lelts diver-tmiddot and 0

111lt numlwr of difilrltnt ldhk ()Ct ie 11 tmiddotm l1ppot1 01 the tgtlllnatctl 2ltgtltltembull II tal bullcnehllllt lldhfc ~peck occulinl in 1lw nntrll lOtrtlIXXI forest none artbull

tllllltlltl) krnm n to requiamiddot old growth ( J(~l + )tmiddotar-l forcl tantk forest ntl m cr 111 emiddot old I1C1dil tilltlUI JO pcrubullnt of lhlt-lt flCne cl -o percent nquan Knional ~Ul-tt~ uf o1 forct It than of0 )ell uklto mtet at lclt pan of thtbulltr hJhtlll lltjUliCillCnt

1tcgt ctmtmllmrrlu OOtl fun1 tXIiIUl~ lltl()bullbull 12

tmd coutalll ot middotr -o J(It~ ofimJJIT11bull 11()()(ll(S

2

Managing Forest amp Wildlife Resources n Intc~ratlmiddotd ppntlh

Propetmiddot timber managemettt ca11 etn-icb wildlife populations

1ldlillt md th forch m which th~ live m lmktltlltlody lOjcther The abundantltbull of nuN wildlillmiddot populatioru and altltltgtnltllltd foretcd bnd hae p1rallclcd llt h otlllr throughout hi-tory Th link bet pl1nt and anim1l ltltgt11111unitk lllttrllc till halnKe of nattlll l ndcNmdn1J this b1lnncc help u wllitlt h) lonbullt mlnljcmcnt i 1mmiddot ponant nv utiun that tOtmiddotth thc ahundtnnbull of one popullliCgtn may alter the htlllllaquo ol mcllhr ror ex1mplc an incntc Ill cJ-middotu th pnn ill 1Uon honu for tJ II) lllttiOg fllCiC and IDa)

rcuh 10 an 10lt111lt 111 quirrtbulll ratmiddotmiddot tmiddotonn~ and (xMIJ)tlt klt Hoecr Jn iocngttw 10 deer ngtcknl or 10-ect populamiddot lOth n11~ht hanmiddot 111 athuw 1mpact on urrmulltlinl plant tmiddotunltmmllteS Omiddotcrmiddot crowdmiddotd dltmiddoter tbullplcgtcling ttxkm populaliOO or too man) inlt ~ mt) eat all aailahk lnut twig~ kbullWltmiddot or hrub~ 10iilahle to tlwm whidt 10 turn 1tkcL tlw nmtpoition ol 1lw forct and other w tldhk pcuc ltocgtcl forcltt manaJe mcnt ntelll umdmiddotnng thc need~ of both plant md ~n1m01l n1mmunitie Th hookkt tmiddotpltu~ the h~lmnbull hetwa-n kllifc IJlUlnubulln and thltmiddotll forcstcd hahttat and thlll th unportance of pltgtnihkmiddot lmltmiddott managemcnt

In Absence o f Manageme nt l11e ttll II nt 1 matunnJ lorbullCttnatlt

1 1knw canop) thll Judcs out -unh~ht I

111m tlw fnl unltkrnlgtllh (undeNill l

I lntmiddotrtbulltsltmiddot undeNOlt tree fllW rltmiddotquaring mnrlt unh~ht die whik lnlltmiddot11111 trec tlktbull onmiddotr tht l~tnd lorll mlllmns without 111) dbturshyhance tend tnMd a climax nmd1t10il In a dun furt 1111he ccmrll htrdlJOll rlt~tlnn lhltmiddot tlumtnant tre J-Ctt ll1Cllt knlk trc lgteah and nurk nu furel dtlralt1llllltltl h) ltIll 0)gt111 UlltltNill) tllnUIOUl~ ll fruit-prodUllll)t ~hmlh nr ltkn-c hruhh) arc-as to prondbull llllltlltlt~ltoHr fnr nunv wiltllile JXCK Till ltlim furll lelts diver-tmiddot and 0

111lt numlwr of difilrltnt ldhk ()Ct ie 11 tmiddotm l1ppot1 01 the tgtlllnatctl 2ltgtltltembull II tal bullcnehllllt lldhfc ~peck occulinl in 1lw nntrll lOtrtlIXXI forest none artbull

tllllltlltl) krnm n to requiamiddot old growth ( J(~l + )tmiddotar-l forcl tantk forest ntl m cr 111 emiddot old I1C1dil tilltlUI JO pcrubullnt of lhlt-lt flCne cl -o percent nquan Knional ~Ul-tt~ uf o1 forct It than of0 )ell uklto mtet at lclt pan of thtbulltr hJhtlll lltjUliCillCnt

1tcgt ctmtmllmrrlu OOtl fun1 tXIiIUl~ lltl()bullbull 12

tmd coutalll ot middotr -o J(It~ ofimJJIT11bull 11()()(ll(S

2

FQJlSI II Hdhjibull lla11agemem

All wildlife fXCICs nelt-d food shelter and water md all of these reources must be locncd within the aninub home range liomc range IS the area here lt~ni111lt1 b conl1n~ their activities for exshyam ple a wotxlcock~ homt range is about 40 acres and thtmiddot deers may I~ 2 square mil The set of intemctions txtwccn an animal and tlu en ironment which supplies thtbull three haic nlteds of a ~pedes is called 11 niche 11ch bird or mammal srx-cics ha a speolk niche ithin the forest Ahhough gt(lllle omiddoterlap occurs these n1ches arc unique and allow many wildlife sped to occupr the ~me forest without stmn~-t ~Ompeution for bullmiddotita I reshysource The more niche~ that can be created within 1 foreM the greater the numbltr of ild lillt ~pccics it CJn support

Nature creates a diverity of niches on an irregular basis sorne by means we do not consider socially tcceptahle such as fire In the paM natural events such ts lightning torms tomadoes o r high ind~ ucatlmiddotd a diversit) of habitats in cltntral hardood forests but on a very large gtlt-ale The natural occurrence of fire or md digtturhanclt is erratic and large daslance~ mltO) OltCUr between dislllrshyhances

0Cr time native plant species began to anvade thebulle dbwrbcd sites The firt pltnL 1ltgt colonize a site arc those requirshying full -tanlight (shade-intolerant species) A thay mature nnd cre-ue shade hadtmiddot tolerant species begin ro grow on the itt On abantlomd fannJa nd rhe plant comshy

gtOgtilion dtln~t from old field species to young foregt throu~-th proce~ called nmur1l ~utmiddotltmiddotlion

Ttxlay ~malllmiddotrmiddot land holdings and social and economic nceetb no longer permit us 10 1 llow habitat diversity and fore$ regener~ll ion w hen and where nature dlltgtltmiddot Proper fore~ manageshymenac~ provide a home for numerous pede of wrldhflbull and allow us to usc aimher and f1rltwood that would have hccn lot 1hrough natuml emiddotents

Land dltOIring agrinriiUrc industrializashytion and urban denlopmcm hamiddote placed tn incrcat() unponmt-e on the nmuning forest iintmiddotc the e-arly 1900gt our fore~ts hlmiddote continulbulld to maiUre thus c-auing a decrease in early ~uccessional forer hrhitu

Th e Am erican Woodcock

A Matgemel1 Ewmrplpound 13et~lusc of its wide distrihuaion and

()ecific habitat requirements the Amerishycan ltxgtdcltxk being considered b) the US Fort kite as an indicator )Xcic for other animab rltoquiring early successhysronal hab1tat ty)gtCgt 11tis migrnory gamlbullhird b pr-dominant throughout the erttm Unittd Strtes Although unnoshyticed by mo~l people the middottimberdoodle 1 irs often lt~tlltd breeds in force~ttd lt~rers in mot stmes cast of the Great llrins The woodcock feeds cnaircly on canhworm~ and instct la rvte The hird requires a young forest conta inin( a thick COVll of you ng tiCC stems to pmvide rbullmiddotoshylxlion rrom predators and a In rgc ponion of tht area must have hare soil for tmiddota~c of probing for worms 111ese habitat charrC1eristics arc usually found in youn~ fort gmwth (7 to 30 year old)

In the absence of fore management the woodcock may find a home only an area where frre or wind have crcawd an opening in the forest canop and lllo cd vigorou~ new tree growth to respond to the increa~ed light These new openin~ will ste the woodcockgt nccltls for only

4

J to tO )ll~ Oncc thlt youn~ Lrnmiddot retch thi 1ge they no longer provide the stnKlttremiddot wooltkock rcltJllirc A regular Mtppl) of ne forltst orcning ouuL replanbull tho-c tancls growin~ towtrd muunt) Like many other ildlifc plt the JmcriGtn ooltkod demiddotrcnltL on ~mel forest management in todty ccntrtl htrdwooltl foregt

Youngemiddotr for ltland old fidd wildlifltbull o1xbullningbull and log llndings providemiddot an OIJltning fol the IJltctandu mating llight porfonncd dawn and duk In sparltltmiddotlr vegetated spots (around 60 (XrCllll hcrhtceous COLr) uhon th UIJltnang the male wooltkud Jlltrfonn for hi proplt1h c mate hy -mmong and calling with the ntstl Jgttlnt -ound

gtli~thtl) older for ( li to tO )etr~ old) oftcn contain a spoil cover of grtss golltknmd sedges asters )tnClW jewclshywecd cinqufoil sensitivc ftrob ~nd iuleb on the ground This enironmcnt tdctl for wcxxkock ncting tnd hrcxgtd hahituThe young chock tOid htre wound mel trea of extremclr den ground nler Xoodcock dlKk (anelthc young of mmy forest bird) require feedshying area thHLpennit thcm LU muve fnely with their short legs Thes antbull provide adcqttate overhead cover from llitn prtltIIIOI odquate vbibility at ~round le1 d w pot mammalian prtdllo~ and an adcqune protein-rich supply of in-c(middott- ltanhworms and -cmiddottbullltk ltKxlshyccxk hltmiddottb tnd their brood~ spltmiddotnd mo~l of thoir ummer in a small area ( lO tu -tO acrtbulll -tl oil of thltir hohitu rtbullquirtolWntbull rcpoltMntltd by a fOrltsl with a Mtnd of o i diflerent agegt must IJc IOlmiddotud within this smtll space lrorcr forest mbulltnbulltgellllnl including timiJltr harvcting thonnmg and tunlkr land impro ement add diiLr-il) to the forltsl h) pmmiddotieling llrl) UtTlbullionnl hlhitou in ~anh whlmiddotnmiddot muur tr have )ten nmo1cel A wildlife hiologbt and a forebullLer (Jrking tnglttlwr can imprmmiddote tlw procllltl ivit ) and qtoJ iil) of timlJltr in rorct In tddition they lmiddotm tailor habitat nced and placeshymcnt to uit wildlife spltlt ie

History of Wildlife and Fores t Managemelll

Wildlife Th cntrol hardwood region b home to

more than 6() srccies of mammals iO spltgtcilt of repllllbulls 130 species of hordlt and 30 JXCic of amphibian lluOu~h-

011 higttOr) human influencc tnd the resultin~ chtngcs in the forest composi tion haw chnngcl wild li fe populatoons l3tfort European bullcttkmem suhbullllntid orcning in thlt predominantly unhrokltbulln forest canopy were made only hy strong wind or fare Th natural eCnb strongly hendlttltl ltcntin spltcics requormiddot ing these O(Xn area- wocxlcock dlmiddotcr turkey gmu-c mel many spltgtcie of songbirds ptOple began to open up foresb through land dearing wildlift poptdations omiddottsponded Howcvltr cxnsivc land dlaring and uncontrolled hunting for loud ltOnd market led 10 the elisaprcar-tncc of manr wildlif (Xdlt fmon onud1 of tlwir hitoric rtn(emiddot ltk~middotr

ruiTtd Jrou~ llld turkeys oh e moumtin lion black blta- ph~n(cr

pigeon ~orolino portkcet iiOr)-holkmiddotd woodpclkc common raven and bald eagles In th~ ctrl) 1900s rcgulttions wertbull lnfoomiddotcmiddottbulld 10 cmiddotonorol wildliflmiddot ltxploiwtion At the same timebull aban doncd farm ground wagt returning to young fon~t cgctation

Fomstrymiddot and Sat11ml Rtiotlrces

Nationwide forests provide us with 18 milliott jobs arzd $25 billion in amzual wages

5

J to tO )ll~ Oncc thlt youn~ Lrnmiddot retch thi 1ge they no longer provide the stnKlttremiddot wooltkock rcltJllirc A regular Mtppl) of ne forltst orcning ouuL replanbull tho-c tancls growin~ towtrd muunt) Like many other ildlifc plt the JmcriGtn ooltkod demiddotrcnltL on ~mel forest management in todty ccntrtl htrdwooltl foregt

Youngemiddotr for ltland old fidd wildlifltbull o1xbullningbull and log llndings providemiddot an OIJltning fol the IJltctandu mating llight porfonncd dawn and duk In sparltltmiddotlr vegetated spots (around 60 (XrCllll hcrhtceous COLr) uhon th UIJltnang the male wooltkud Jlltrfonn for hi proplt1h c mate hy -mmong and calling with the ntstl Jgttlnt -ound

gtli~thtl) older for ( li to tO )etr~ old) oftcn contain a spoil cover of grtss golltknmd sedges asters )tnClW jewclshywecd cinqufoil sensitivc ftrob ~nd iuleb on the ground This enironmcnt tdctl for wcxxkock ncting tnd hrcxgtd hahituThe young chock tOid htre wound mel trea of extremclr den ground nler Xoodcock dlKk (anelthc young of mmy forest bird) require feedshying area thHLpennit thcm LU muve fnely with their short legs Thes antbull provide adcqttate overhead cover from llitn prtltIIIOI odquate vbibility at ~round le1 d w pot mammalian prtdllo~ and an adcqune protein-rich supply of in-c(middott- ltanhworms and -cmiddottbullltk ltKxlshyccxk hltmiddottb tnd their brood~ spltmiddotnd mo~l of thoir ummer in a small area ( lO tu -tO acrtbulll -tl oil of thltir hohitu rtbullquirtolWntbull rcpoltMntltd by a fOrltsl with a Mtnd of o i diflerent agegt must IJc IOlmiddotud within this smtll space lrorcr forest mbulltnbulltgellllnl including timiJltr harvcting thonnmg and tunlkr land impro ement add diiLr-il) to the forltsl h) pmmiddotieling llrl) UtTlbullionnl hlhitou in ~anh whlmiddotnmiddot muur tr have )ten nmo1cel A wildlife hiologbt and a forebullLer (Jrking tnglttlwr can imprmmiddote tlw procllltl ivit ) and qtoJ iil) of timlJltr in rorct In tddition they lmiddotm tailor habitat nced and placeshymcnt to uit wildlife spltlt ie

History of Wildlife and Fores t Managemelll

Wildlife Th cntrol hardwood region b home to

more than 6() srccies of mammals iO spltgtcilt of repllllbulls 130 species of hordlt and 30 JXCic of amphibian lluOu~h-

011 higttOr) human influencc tnd the resultin~ chtngcs in the forest composi tion haw chnngcl wild li fe populatoons l3tfort European bullcttkmem suhbullllntid orcning in thlt predominantly unhrokltbulln forest canopy were made only hy strong wind or fare Th natural eCnb strongly hendlttltl ltcntin spltcics requormiddot ing these O(Xn area- wocxlcock dlmiddotcr turkey gmu-c mel many spltgtcie of songbirds ptOple began to open up foresb through land dearing wildlift poptdations omiddottsponded Howcvltr cxnsivc land dlaring and uncontrolled hunting for loud ltOnd market led 10 the elisaprcar-tncc of manr wildlif (Xdlt fmon onud1 of tlwir hitoric rtn(emiddot ltk~middotr

ruiTtd Jrou~ llld turkeys oh e moumtin lion black blta- ph~n(cr

pigeon ~orolino portkcet iiOr)-holkmiddotd woodpclkc common raven and bald eagles In th~ ctrl) 1900s rcgulttions wertbull lnfoomiddotcmiddottbulld 10 cmiddotonorol wildliflmiddot ltxploiwtion At the same timebull aban doncd farm ground wagt returning to young fon~t cgctation

Fomstrymiddot and Sat11ml Rtiotlrces

Nationwide forests provide us with 18 milliott jobs arzd $25 billion in amzual wages

5

Hm~st lflidife Mtmagemem

1979 70da) forestlanfls in I be sowbern bafqltbe cellmiiJarduOod ltRiOII tlttbull more ampxttnShe and lessjimiddotaflshy

mlmtld tiJt111 flitbe 111m of1Je centnt)1bull

Many o f these farms were purchased by the state and federal governments and are now mamtged a~ public forest lands Sinlt many nativ wildl ife species were no longer present 1 o benefit from imshyp-ovcd habiwt ltonditions wildlife nmntgrs reslOred many of lhese wi ldlife species to areas of suitable habitat by CltJpturing animab from -Xisling wild populations and u~mspot1ing them to new areas Today we enjoy rhe results of these effotmiddotts Xihite-ra ikd ltk-r wild turkeys ruffed wous- lxtld agleo and bcavtr) now exist in gltxxl numbers throughout much of their historic range Unfortunately the htrge predmors (black bear mountain Uon and woU) have been lost from most of thei r historic mnge because of their large home-rang~ requircrntnls and pot-ntitl ltonJlicts with pltopk and liveswck prod uction People have assumed the role of these larger predators in the ccosysttm through controlkd hunting and trbullpping seasons

Managers loday are exercising greaL care to ensure thar history docs not rltpem itself and that our w ildlifo md forsl populations main htalthy This effot1 requires scientific management of our existing forest lands tu maintain wildlife hahillttiS

Forests Indians and earl)bull enlcrs dlt~tltd th unshy

broken nativt ccmral hardwood forest 10

create farmland By the 1890s land clearing in the northern llatter half of the region wao nearly completed rhe remaining forested land located primarily in the nun-agricultuml southern hilly areas was cleared tor logging and charshycoal product ion in th early 1900s The

remaining forest land was subjected 10 widespread burning C~nd grt7ing unlil tht 1930s During this period land use patterns began to change as many small nonproductive fam1s located on poor ~oil or highly emdihlc areas were abandoned and reforested mostly through natural plant regrowth

Today there arc 1hou1 100 million acre~ of forcsr h111d in thtgt central hardwood region Despite conl inued dcvelopnwm and urban sprawl funumiddotc net losses of forest Janel wi ll be minimal Portions of rctitmiddoted and highly cerodible cropland an now IJing rtforested Since 19R apshyproximately 100000 acres of cropland in this region enrolled in the Conservation llcscbullvc Program (ClllJ have been plamtd with trees Timber now covers 12 10 77 percem of the landscape in tht central hardwood Slates and most of thltSlt scond growth stands arc approachshying middle-age (40 to 70 rears old) About three-fourthlt of all torestcecl land is conrrollcd by Smllll prival- non-inclusshylrial fortsl uwntrs with varying ohjectiVltS for their land However current harvest patterns arc such that liWrlttge size and quality uf trltlts harvested for fotmiddotcsr producL~ are declining Rcsronsiblo forest managcmem is ltssltnlitl to ensure 111 ampl supply uf high quali1y wood products for future gcncbull-ations

Every Day is Earth Day to a Natural Resource Manager

Todaysforester wildlife biologist or recreation manager applies state-ofshytiJe-art tech11ology in genetics biotechnology tbullemote sensi11g measureshymems engitzee ritzg biology and economics to the art of natural resource mtztzagement

6

FOil II 1c1fe llmiIJIltIIIIIII

TIJbullbullfortbulls t iluus lty plnys lmJXIrltlnt role In our ecottuJ nntlllfeltl)bulllelt rlltmiddot~ 1lttr AIIWrilllll laquoIWtlampth UriOdPllidiiCS

f lltttgtofNI)1~ jitnlilttttbull houlngjl 11Utll1 lbullw luklt alitI plnsllol

laquofiWI 00ltllla1am18 W(gtl- 11 tiiiWitbulllfbullr

Management Benefits Both FOIC1gtts and Wildlife

Our athtnc~~l hchnologtlt Or well uh the naturtltompttihiht) of foreM and wildhfe ddlifl tnanagement and fore mantgentent Iflt not mutually exdunmiddot ltt the oppoltc tntc any haltitmiddot ound land management praclicc henltltt both fore tnd lldlife Some cxamph tnbull prot~-lt lang forctlt from fire and gra7tnl( bgt II ~lltgtltk In falt1 umber managmiddotnwnt tltmiddotlthniltJUl can anmiddotomplh man) ~-o-t lnl ldltle marugetnltgtnt obJlOi mel profdltbull an tdditoonal (gtUIe or inlOflll the landowner Timhbullr nunagtmiddotmtbullnt proctoltmiddote bullbullrlt the mot cfltltwnt md _t-dllttlie toob avtilahilmiddot to tlw land mctntl(lr ith thtmiddotm lind mllll(er- ltJn marup11late a fortmiddott to inOucrue viMta l and biulogiccd di cr-it) ilcllifc hahatat tethelics planI

and an ima l spltlt iegt tmiddotnmpogtUion watmiddotr ytdd ~middotonltgttntlt nmiddottum Jnd trlt~ groth

Value of tanaged rlmbcr

ampbullmfils to Pugtltbull Jantl(lt-lt1 ttmhcr lmd prondc a sount

of inltonw lo ltndo net through timber ltale ami protdc Jl for a ulwanhal work forte lhe nmiddotntrtl lurdwood foregt prtgtltlucc onw ol th- hi~thet quality mot t luthkmiddot htrdcl()l in thtbull world Th rel(ton maJor ource ol matenlttl for hardwoOcJ noorin)t lntbullcr highshyqutJitmiddot tthinltmiddoth rurnttllrc wood panishytioth and flxltlltlgt Othtr tangible

beneflh middot r for hunting righh or recreational Klte- tlltltl nuh from a managmiddotd fotlmiddot-t

lkbulllui 111 II 1dlj(bull lmptbullr lnnlxmiddotr nuntgement c-10 cmiddotntidt

wildlile populatton fltnned Vt)(ctat iC manipulalton can rncnbullt-e habitll dtnmiddotrmiddot $lty ilhin 1 fobullmiddotbullbullt thu incrcasinA thlt richnc- of the plmc- md animal JCC it ca11 uppot1

Value of Managed Wildlife

lkmll~ tillgtlt fmllvllme11 lttU~11)( thlt lotCgtI lor ildlifltbull tlgtltl

hcncJtt tlw tngte Bin( conunk largbullmiddot numllll oJ tn-~t htmuulto trlt~ Eanhwomt tnd nxknh tum onmiddotr the 11l Jnd rltClt kmiddot nutritmiddotnt t tht burrow md lthg lor food The reulllng IOltgtgtcnlttl gtltlll permtt tnd moblurc to penettne tel the trltltmiddotmiddot ilccln rooh tlllm mg trtbulle giO th ~mall mnnmab hhrew micemiddot ancl ole l ltonunw ect harmful to llllt tnd _ 111 ltltd diltibutiot1Trltlt et-lt1 trltmiddot tltpmiddotr-cd h) mct mlll forc-t mamma( ltlttunrmiddotkmke and dupmunkJ thltmiddot) -~-cJ in ltJelllt or gtury

nJc quallily ofpotclllial umiddotood products (growiiiR stock) 11 ourforests has i11creasetl steadily si11ce the early 1900s Curre11t growth rates e-ceed the volllme removed through barvest mul morta lily

8

FOil II 1c1fe llmiIJIltIIIIIII

TIJbullbullfortbulls t iluus lty plnys lmJXIrltlnt role In our ecottuJ nntlllfeltl)bulllelt rlltmiddot~ 1lttr AIIWrilllll laquoIWtlampth UriOdPllidiiCS

f lltttgtofNI)1~ jitnlilttttbull houlngjl 11Utll1 lbullw luklt alitI plnsllol

laquofiWI 00ltllla1am18 W(gtl- 11 tiiiWitbulllfbullr

Management Benefits Both FOIC1gtts and Wildlife

Our athtnc~~l hchnologtlt Or well uh the naturtltompttihiht) of foreM and wildhfe ddlifl tnanagement and fore mantgentent Iflt not mutually exdunmiddot ltt the oppoltc tntc any haltitmiddot ound land management praclicc henltltt both fore tnd lldlife Some cxamph tnbull prot~-lt lang forctlt from fire and gra7tnl( bgt II ~lltgtltk In falt1 umber managmiddotnwnt tltmiddotlthniltJUl can anmiddotomplh man) ~-o-t lnl ldltle marugetnltgtnt obJlOi mel profdltbull an tdditoonal (gtUIe or inlOflll the landowner Timhbullr nunagtmiddotmtbullnt proctoltmiddote bullbullrlt the mot cfltltwnt md _t-dllttlie toob avtilahilmiddot to tlw land mctntl(lr ith thtmiddotm lind mllll(er- ltJn marup11late a fortmiddott to inOucrue viMta l and biulogiccd di cr-it) ilcllifc hahatat tethelics planI

and an ima l spltlt iegt tmiddotnmpogtUion watmiddotr ytdd ~middotonltgttntlt nmiddottum Jnd trlt~ groth

Value of tanaged rlmbcr

ampbullmfils to Pugtltbull Jantl(lt-lt1 ttmhcr lmd prondc a sount

of inltonw lo ltndo net through timber ltale ami protdc Jl for a ulwanhal work forte lhe nmiddotntrtl lurdwood foregt prtgtltlucc onw ol th- hi~thet quality mot t luthkmiddot htrdcl()l in thtbull world Th rel(ton maJor ource ol matenlttl for hardwoOcJ noorin)t lntbullcr highshyqutJitmiddot tthinltmiddoth rurnttllrc wood panishytioth and flxltlltlgt Othtr tangible

beneflh middot r for hunting righh or recreational Klte- tlltltl nuh from a managmiddotd fotlmiddot-t

lkbulllui 111 II 1dlj(bull lmptbullr lnnlxmiddotr nuntgement c-10 cmiddotntidt

wildlile populatton fltnned Vt)(ctat iC manipulalton can rncnbullt-e habitll dtnmiddotrmiddot $lty ilhin 1 fobullmiddotbullbullt thu incrcasinA thlt richnc- of the plmc- md animal JCC it ca11 uppot1

Value of Managed Wildlife

lkmll~ tillgtlt fmllvllme11 lttU~11)( thlt lotCgtI lor ildlifltbull tlgtltl

hcncJtt tlw tngte Bin( conunk largbullmiddot numllll oJ tn-~t htmuulto trlt~ Eanhwomt tnd nxknh tum onmiddotr the 11l Jnd rltClt kmiddot nutritmiddotnt t tht burrow md lthg lor food The reulllng IOltgtgtcnlttl gtltlll permtt tnd moblurc to penettne tel the trltltmiddotmiddot ilccln rooh tlllm mg trtbulle giO th ~mall mnnmab hhrew micemiddot ancl ole l ltonunw ect harmful to llllt tnd _ 111 ltltd diltibutiot1Trltlt et-lt1 trltmiddot tltpmiddotr-cd h) mct mlll forc-t mamma( ltlttunrmiddotkmke and dupmunkJ thltmiddot) -~-cJ in ltJelllt or gtury

nJc quallily ofpotclllial umiddotood products (growiiiR stock) 11 ourforests has i11creasetl steadily si11ce the early 1900s Curre11t growth rates e-ceed the volllme removed through barvest mul morta lily

8

Furest II 1rlfibull Ifa naRement

(plant) indimiddotidual lttd in the oil thus assi~llng in the nuuml rtbullgcncrnion proces- Uird arc 11-o eceUem seed distrihutn hctmiddottugte Ugtngtumed eed deposited in tlw bird droppings may be middotmried mile~ from the oriAinnl seed sou ret Wildlife i~ a nece~gtmy pan of the l(m~l environmcm ncoumging healthy d iverse wildlife pupulmiom benefits the entire forest and can benefit recreation timber product ion md fore~ ae~lhetics

Benefits ICJ POfJ R(C=tlion - huntmg fllung hiking

camping phltgtlltgt(r-tphr ntturc Studyshyand aegtthell trlt tmpontnl fon~t managemem ohjectie lhu c-~n be enhanced through wildlife management A 198S US Fi~h ~nd Wildlife Service su rvey indicated that 77 percent of lhe United States adu lt population particishypated in some form of wakll ife-relared rcltreational activiry

1917 lllvey of Vitoabin residents indicated l hal fa vorile wildlife-rdated

noncotuanpll lt anitties were wildlife ohscrv~llon other than birdgt birdatch ing and feedang wild birds An actiilgt whach doc not intend to remmmiddote a plant or anilual from i1 tnvironmen[ is rcnncd a nonconumptivt activity The urvey responclcmiddotnts ~~icl their mot ivation for parshytidpning in IheM activities vas nnrurc 3pound)shyprtcill ion and a chance to he outdoors Wisconsin nbullbullidcnh (both hunters and nonconsumpt inbull Ugtltrs) indicated a primal) anlereM an the ~ame typt of ildlife II u-er group identified deer md onghird as their favorite wildlife 11w maJOrity of thllt spcoes require carlr ucceontl habitus These finding~ indkue that foregtl management can henelit thtbull twtbulld- of both consumptibulle and nonconsLimplht for~r users In adshydition Vbconsin surYe) respondenh citcd 11ntlinl( availahll time as the major limi tation C)n thlir participation in ahcsc activities IIHy most often participated in illtllifc-relued alttivities within one miltmiddot of tlwir home This respon indishyGlle thll ~und integrated forest wildlife mamtgcamnt on public and primiddotate lands throu~thltgtul the (~nlml hardwood region will crlttlc nltlltlltltl nxmiddot=nionll opponunishytie 10 111l-et Amenca middot growing needs

Management Strategies

Even-aged Management Timber mmagcnaenL falls imo two

majlt)l categorks even-aged managenaent and uncvcaHtfcd management (Sec the ~bnag~ment Chart on page 12) 0middoter time CICn-agltltl nmmgement produces a stand of timhcr where trees are all tlxgtul the -tmc tgc Forete often usc thb manJgltmcnl lralcg~ in the centml

10

Fongtst ll ildlife 1mwgemltbullllt

SIJellertltXJd cut

hmhngtOd rc~ion h 1 1001 to ngenemte -aluahle timber rclt ~uch oak Oaks are a aluahlc t1mher tree mel they produce acorn a nutritiou and highly prefemd food thu b 1 dietary staple of many wild li t( species Oak trees do nm grow in full shaltkmiddot O n It nile soils 01ks have a diftlwh time competing with 91her n1orc aggrtmiddot~iVL lrce ~pecits - maple tulip poplar 1nd rherry Scientbts an seein) a ~hill 1n the Jlcics ltomposition of our fonh and project that in the absence of management oak will be lol a~ a maJOr component of our fon-sts TI1c mogtt gtUcce-ful manaltemcm prtcticc for regcncr1ting oak even-tgcel managemiddot mem Foretllo lc t o major practice in the cvcn-1ged management system shdtcrwood mel cklt~rcut

Shelterwood ctltling ta kes place in two to thbullmiddotee ltmges l)cpcnding on the age and condition of the stand one or two harshyvests are made I 0 to 20 yclt~rs apart 111cSe haJVestlt rmm c bullnarkctahle trees and

lllo bullnactscd sunlight to re~lth the forct lloor -o ntbullw SltCdling ma sprout and gro Kcldual tree~ arc lett to

shelter the your~ ~cdlings as they ltkmiddottmiddotlop Onn cnough trees stJn to gro in the ~tand tlw Jtbullmlining brge trccs arc bullmiddotemovcd J hi final harvcr allows mortbull light into tlw srand and vigorous forc~t

gro ih r~middotulh H) insuling adequate rqcmiddotnruion prcm hcrore rhe final hmmiddottbullr rlw regtullln) fore~t will be domishynatlt-cl h) dtbullmhkbull tree sptCie in onl) IS lO 0 )Ctrshy

tith ltlgt~rcuumf~ u umhcr ilt rcmmmiddotc-cl in a in~lltmiddot cut l11h reclmiltJue lrJ f~Cilcrmiddot 11ltxl a lot of uJtJnsm and ltontromiddoter-) llobullevcr ck~~rcuning 1S a useful tool for

12

ForestI)middot mul mural R(Sounes

aenrc11t

rcgcneruing igorou~ I growl h of Jtadc wleram and inlo lcrum species in muurc and ovcrly-mlltlllt sra r1ds where trlmiddotc gromiddotMh rates ha1c lo11ed andreshyplttemcnt is nen~af) Clcorculting i~ uuall) the most economrcal management me1hod for large pared of land 11tis iJvicuhurJitnttment allow full sunlight to fttch the fore noor throughoul moSt of the day

Clea rcur opening rt high I) ariable in ~ and gthapt and dcpcnd on surroundshyaug trcc heights and stccpnelts of slopes To allow liall sunlighr ro flld1 SO percent ot m arlt-a on lend ground 111th urroundshymg tnc 100 feet tall a d-lfCUI would ha1c to be about 10 acnbulls lolleiCr on t -ltgtulh slope ir may hlmiddot porbll to ha1middote a clearnu as small agt 2 ~tre Full un llbullCtmiddot~ary for regcnera1ing ~nld Jtrnwing Important moderatdy shnltk-tolcrnnt pedes such as ash chen) oHk tulip poplar and walnut lmulediucly afler dcMcutting rapid proutong and nshygrowth of trees occur Thi new forcst is nol hanmiddoteswd unliltr_ reuh lOmmershycrotl ze in 60 to 80 year lngtpcrl) placed narrow or irregttltrly htplbulld clea rnus can crearc nccdcd OJgtcnings in wavily forcstecl areas to provide food browse and cover fm man) wildlife pedes On hnge proxmiddotnil p~riodic dlt-arcuning is required to manag a forest wrlh many differltnt agc~ of trees Careful planning and placement of lhce cuts ueuc dilerc hahiwt fotcring a 1-ariety of wildlife and tree ~pccitgt tnder certain condilions dearcutting b the best method to harve~t existing timber while regeneratshying a new s1and and crelting ~middotsscmiddotntial w ildlife hahirH Clearcut openings can nlo be patches or ~Lrip Thi technique i) not only useful for rcgcnemring shadeshyinlokmiddotmnt hlrdwood ~pccte but also for crealing early succclgtgttonal hahitu for 10ixkock growc deer and ltOnghirds

Uneven -aged Management The st-cond primal) timber management

lrttcg unelen-aged managemenl A~ the name ~uggers this management s1 rnegy rcsuiL~ in a forest composed o f 1 rees of severa I different lttg dae Uing this strategy timber cm he removed for htnC1 The remaining OJgtening ltreatlts bull1liuahle wildlife habitat and timulttegt ne fores1 gro~h middotn gttrateg) i more pral1tl~ll on maller acreagcs hcctusc 1he majorr1y of the parcel remam for~tlt-d all the rrme This stralegy maintain a di1middotermiddot sity or age classes trcc pcdc hahilat type fm wildlife as well eronomic retums and recreational enjoyment over 1 sustnined period

13

lmiddotoresr fildife llallnJiemem

Slt~gle tree sltlecllfgttl

Gmup selecliorr

Two prim~ry cutting mel hotl~ comshymonly uMXIIo alt hieve uncmiddoten-agcd manshyagement an gtin(k tree sekxuon and group selection lndcr single 1rcc ~dcction managmcnl individual lrlt- nrc selected for ltmiddotuning Selccrion m bhltd on criteria 1h11 will achivc inshylcndt-d managcmnl objcctives Crileria fulfilling wildlife habitat ntcd~ may mm includbullng a number of d~n s fruilshyprodlbullcing lrcc~ or opcnbullng per acre To provide quali1y limhtr pnxlucts mamtgcrlt select indindual trees that ill he allo cd 10 grow 10 larger ~i7cs or spcdfgtbull 1rce diameters of -rccies 10 he halmiddotc~led Thi~

method maintains cominuou fort cmbullcr mel cwmually rcsuiLlt in a forcl comshyposed o l gthtdc-tolemm pccitmiddot likt maple and lx-ch Singlc lrtmiddotc mmlagcshymcm allo f rcquent smaller olunw halmiddote~ts Thi YIcm dose)bull muluc~ 1rce dying nnrurally m I he alhcnnbull of m~nagcmcnt anti flON shadc-IOictllll 1 rce ~pccies

Group -electton mtnlt~gltmenl encourshyage periodic halmiddot of mall trec group- lta htlf acre ltgtr lllOrcl ptccd I~ 10 20 )-apa rt Thb )lent crtatcs null orxmiddotning lhmughoul thlt forel that f~()C rcgcnerat ion of tree ~JXltilt nquiring fu ll sunliglu 10 gmw ash chtbullrl) oak llllip roplar and alnu1 To maintain the chamcler of~ ltnd the diumltmiddotr of a urrular opcnin( gthould nm teed 1wo timcs the heigh of the domin~nl lrtlt Thclte peliodic halmiddotet emiddotemually ncate a diverse forc~l tlh wdl-dblribultbulld mall cven-1geltl tree groups of vll) ing llt tanagers oflltn ltombinc group trlte iCil(IIOO ith singk- I ICC eJectiOn Wilhin 1hc ltamc forltsl

Bolh even-aged and untbullnbulln-aged man tgement trucgic ha lt the common ohshyjecl imiddotcs of producing market good~ ensuring regeneration of dc~ired tree peltie tnd mlimaining till dltbullsircd tree diametcr arlll agtbull d isl ributjon lkcouC of I he many site tmiddotonditions mana)(ement objeclivcs and land IJ)CS no in)llc syMcm is bclgt for managing hHdwood lttln~ The proptbullr method lllll htbull -ck-ot-1 and used 1 IltXJito impromiddotc a fore for wildlife habiltt recrcuiontl opshyronunitie or rimhcr produclion Prorcr plannin)( Gill bcncflr umber wildlitc recreuion and income ln on small pared of lmd

14

ForestI)middot mul mural R(Sounes

aenrc11t

rcgcneruing igorou~ I growl h of Jtadc wleram and inlo lcrum species in muurc and ovcrly-mlltlllt sra r1ds where trlmiddotc gromiddotMh rates ha1c lo11ed andreshyplttemcnt is nen~af) Clcorculting i~ uuall) the most economrcal management me1hod for large pared of land 11tis iJvicuhurJitnttment allow full sunlight to fttch the fore noor throughoul moSt of the day

Clea rcur opening rt high I) ariable in ~ and gthapt and dcpcnd on surroundshyaug trcc heights and stccpnelts of slopes To allow liall sunlighr ro flld1 SO percent ot m arlt-a on lend ground 111th urroundshymg tnc 100 feet tall a d-lfCUI would ha1c to be about 10 acnbulls lolleiCr on t -ltgtulh slope ir may hlmiddot porbll to ha1middote a clearnu as small agt 2 ~tre Full un llbullCtmiddot~ary for regcnera1ing ~nld Jtrnwing Important moderatdy shnltk-tolcrnnt pedes such as ash chen) oHk tulip poplar and walnut lmulediucly afler dcMcutting rapid proutong and nshygrowth of trees occur Thi new forcst is nol hanmiddoteswd unliltr_ reuh lOmmershycrotl ze in 60 to 80 year lngtpcrl) placed narrow or irregttltrly htplbulld clea rnus can crearc nccdcd OJgtcnings in wavily forcstecl areas to provide food browse and cover fm man) wildlife pedes On hnge proxmiddotnil p~riodic dlt-arcuning is required to manag a forest wrlh many differltnt agc~ of trees Careful planning and placement of lhce cuts ueuc dilerc hahiwt fotcring a 1-ariety of wildlife and tree ~pccitgt tnder certain condilions dearcutting b the best method to harve~t existing timber while regeneratshying a new s1and and crelting ~middotsscmiddotntial w ildlife hahirH Clearcut openings can nlo be patches or ~Lrip Thi technique i) not only useful for rcgcnemring shadeshyinlokmiddotmnt hlrdwood ~pccte but also for crealing early succclgtgttonal hahitu for 10ixkock growc deer and ltOnghirds

Uneven -aged Management The st-cond primal) timber management

lrttcg unelen-aged managemenl A~ the name ~uggers this management s1 rnegy rcsuiL~ in a forest composed o f 1 rees of severa I different lttg dae Uing this strategy timber cm he removed for htnC1 The remaining OJgtening ltreatlts bull1liuahle wildlife habitat and timulttegt ne fores1 gro~h middotn gttrateg) i more pral1tl~ll on maller acreagcs hcctusc 1he majorr1y of the parcel remam for~tlt-d all the rrme This stralegy maintain a di1middotermiddot sity or age classes trcc pcdc hahilat type fm wildlife as well eronomic retums and recreational enjoyment over 1 sustnined period

13

lmiddotoresr fildife llallnJiemem

Slt~gle tree sltlecllfgttl

Gmup selecliorr

Two prim~ry cutting mel hotl~ comshymonly uMXIIo alt hieve uncmiddoten-agcd manshyagement an gtin(k tree sekxuon and group selection lndcr single 1rcc ~dcction managmcnl individual lrlt- nrc selected for ltmiddotuning Selccrion m bhltd on criteria 1h11 will achivc inshylcndt-d managcmnl objcctives Crileria fulfilling wildlife habitat ntcd~ may mm includbullng a number of d~n s fruilshyprodlbullcing lrcc~ or opcnbullng per acre To provide quali1y limhtr pnxlucts mamtgcrlt select indindual trees that ill he allo cd 10 grow 10 larger ~i7cs or spcdfgtbull 1rce diameters of -rccies 10 he halmiddotc~led Thi~

method maintains cominuou fort cmbullcr mel cwmually rcsuiLlt in a forcl comshyposed o l gthtdc-tolemm pccitmiddot likt maple and lx-ch Singlc lrtmiddotc mmlagcshymcm allo f rcquent smaller olunw halmiddote~ts Thi YIcm dose)bull muluc~ 1rce dying nnrurally m I he alhcnnbull of m~nagcmcnt anti flON shadc-IOictllll 1 rce ~pccies

Group -electton mtnlt~gltmenl encourshyage periodic halmiddot of mall trec group- lta htlf acre ltgtr lllOrcl ptccd I~ 10 20 )-apa rt Thb )lent crtatcs null orxmiddotning lhmughoul thlt forel that f~()C rcgcnerat ion of tree ~JXltilt nquiring fu ll sunliglu 10 gmw ash chtbullrl) oak llllip roplar and alnu1 To maintain the chamcler of~ ltnd the diumltmiddotr of a urrular opcnin( gthould nm teed 1wo timcs the heigh of the domin~nl lrtlt Thclte peliodic halmiddotet emiddotemually ncate a diverse forc~l tlh wdl-dblribultbulld mall cven-1geltl tree groups of vll) ing llt tanagers oflltn ltombinc group trlte iCil(IIOO ith singk- I ICC eJectiOn Wilhin 1hc ltamc forltsl

Bolh even-aged and untbullnbulln-aged man tgement trucgic ha lt the common ohshyjecl imiddotcs of producing market good~ ensuring regeneration of dc~ired tree peltie tnd mlimaining till dltbullsircd tree diametcr arlll agtbull d isl ributjon lkcouC of I he many site tmiddotonditions mana)(ement objeclivcs and land IJ)CS no in)llc syMcm is bclgt for managing hHdwood lttln~ The proptbullr method lllll htbull -ck-ot-1 and used 1 IltXJito impromiddotc a fore for wildlife habiltt recrcuiontl opshyronunitie or rimhcr produclion Prorcr plannin)( Gill bcncflr umber wildlitc recreuion and income ln on small pared of lmd

14

lmiddotoresr fildife llallnJiemem

Slt~gle tree sltlecllfgttl

Gmup selecliorr

Two prim~ry cutting mel hotl~ comshymonly uMXIIo alt hieve uncmiddoten-agcd manshyagement an gtin(k tree sekxuon and group selection lndcr single 1rcc ~dcction managmcnl individual lrlt- nrc selected for ltmiddotuning Selccrion m bhltd on criteria 1h11 will achivc inshylcndt-d managcmnl objcctives Crileria fulfilling wildlife habitat ntcd~ may mm includbullng a number of d~n s fruilshyprodlbullcing lrcc~ or opcnbullng per acre To provide quali1y limhtr pnxlucts mamtgcrlt select indindual trees that ill he allo cd 10 grow 10 larger ~i7cs or spcdfgtbull 1rce diameters of -rccies 10 he halmiddotc~led Thi~

method maintains cominuou fort cmbullcr mel cwmually rcsuiLlt in a forcl comshyposed o l gthtdc-tolemm pccitmiddot likt maple and lx-ch Singlc lrtmiddotc mmlagcshymcm allo f rcquent smaller olunw halmiddote~ts Thi YIcm dose)bull muluc~ 1rce dying nnrurally m I he alhcnnbull of m~nagcmcnt anti flON shadc-IOictllll 1 rce ~pccies

Group -electton mtnlt~gltmenl encourshyage periodic halmiddot of mall trec group- lta htlf acre ltgtr lllOrcl ptccd I~ 10 20 )-apa rt Thb )lent crtatcs null orxmiddotning lhmughoul thlt forel that f~()C rcgcnerat ion of tree ~JXltilt nquiring fu ll sunliglu 10 gmw ash chtbullrl) oak llllip roplar and alnu1 To maintain the chamcler of~ ltnd the diumltmiddotr of a urrular opcnin( gthould nm teed 1wo timcs the heigh of the domin~nl lrtlt Thclte peliodic halmiddotet emiddotemually ncate a diverse forc~l tlh wdl-dblribultbulld mall cven-1geltl tree groups of vll) ing llt tanagers oflltn ltombinc group trlte iCil(IIOO ith singk- I ICC eJectiOn Wilhin 1hc ltamc forltsl

Bolh even-aged and untbullnbulln-aged man tgement trucgic ha lt the common ohshyjecl imiddotcs of producing market good~ ensuring regeneration of dc~ired tree peltie tnd mlimaining till dltbullsircd tree diametcr arlll agtbull d isl ributjon lkcouC of I he many site tmiddotonditions mana)(ement objeclivcs and land IJ)CS no in)llc syMcm is bclgt for managing hHdwood lttln~ The proptbullr method lllll htbull -ck-ot-1 and used 1 IltXJito impromiddotc a fore for wildlife habiltt recrcuiontl opshyronunitie or rimhcr produclion Prorcr plannin)( Gill bcncflr umber wildlitc recreuion and income ln on small pared of lmd

14

Forestty and arum Resources

Summary promiddotide wildlife food Prope r limber

~tu h iplmiddott- management yidcb tho management dol~ nor ime rrupr narurcmiddot mo t lwndit- from our fo-gttd la nd~ proc bur wurk ith thltm lana)lement gttrategiltraquo -ltllnliritbullLII) enshy Treegt likt ildlife trlt Lnbullly a renewshy~ou rage ntwral re pon-cs re uhing in able regtourcc liklt all living things thlt) p lo nt tmiddotnmmu nities tleMred hy lxgtlh h lt limLttmiddotd hfe sp1ns Once thC) havl wildlife and tgteo pllt Thl mlt~ tlued rtmiddotnchnl muunt) both fruit p roductio n lunbcr spt-ltie~ - otk w1inu1 cherry and timber quality decline flo evebullmiddot maple and ah - a ll pro ide fruit owdy-marurtbull trees do prm 1de den

rltquinltl b) most furls ildlife ~pecies ntmiddot and insects for food fo r some Encouragin) luahh) m egt of these Lldlifc pecics EncourJgin~t mature

specilt inn till food source availshy limber long Slrcuns rmub tntl in able to ildlill and promiddotides a supply of rcrnorc trcas inltTe~ts~~ - l rc~t lll and Vater

valuHhle ti mber producL hen thcsc qulliry ae~thetiD and p rovid tgt middotaluable umiddoteegt are htl e 1ed for our nnmiddotd ope nmiddot w ildlife habitat and tmiddoto middotbullr B) huvesting in)ls artbull ncHcd in thlt foregt The rcsllhmiddot the mantrc trees from the rest of the forest inj-1 vijlorous forest gro th ah fies the ar the pmrx r timlt the limber product focxl and cover requirltmltnL of mlthl can be u~td 1nd egeltnhmiddote specie~ and font ild lifc spltcies In Limtmiddot these young forc l giOIh that promiddotidt mo re lufmiddotcrcd areas grow batbullk into aluablc benefit~ 10 w ildlifc will occupy thL runhcr pccieraquo and at thl same time growing ~pace

Management Chart

Mtmagementmethod ___Tbullncbcr benefits Wildlife be11ejitt

Etellmiddotllgtd mnnaxtmt nt - Famiddotcn shadc-to lcrnnt ~pcciet (oal 1ulip poplar chen) a h cu

bull bull1he mo~aic c-rea1ed h) rtCntmiiM Cllt ~urrounded by lWml or older tnCScreate o ltht~ cnltlfOnmcnt which fuUill~ ahc habitu requinnu nts of 1wide amy of wild-life spcctc~

middot Become nlaquotry vhcn adequate advanced rcgenemllon (~1000 CCnh per krt of the desirable peciC greuer lhan 4 ~ flaquotiBII) 1s not avatlabk in the stand

bull Provide ccoctomJc return in two to three IIJ8e - Provide~ fi rewood and Splaquotahy pngtJu~l Use~ wood lost to natural rompctlttc)O

-Encourages vbullgorou gmwth of uiKkIOIY ve~ttauoo necessary for JOOIl pmdmtion hrootl cover and csctpe tOCf

middot Results 10 Mv fOA1nf de~imble fmit and seed masc-prodlk111J l rtefo (oal~ theN)middot ah walnut lttnd tulip poptar)

Clcarcut lJioed when ndvanecd regencrauon pteICnl Provide~ economic rclUm all 31 once Allow- efficient and costacffccti Chmmiddotet

- Encoum~es vbullgorous gfOWth ofunderMory vc~tctntion necc-~ry for food producaion brood t-oer nnd r cope comiddoter

(cspttiall) when mmbullginglnrltc lrmd parcels) bull K~ulh in new rorest ofdesuable ITII4middotptodudng tree~ (OIb therry sh wa1mn and 1uhp poplu)

Unn~n-og~tl mauagemt lll - F30fS shade-toltrMt 5ptcic4 (1-eech maple basswood) - Provi~ a ngulu- COClonuc return fmm timber Slles

On mall land puCels a mix or hadcmiddottoknant and inrolermr m~t-producing ln-s (ook wttlnut chen) mqraquok beech hocl Of) lulip popl3r nnd nlt h) nnd $hrubs (dogwood pecnbriar blackberry ~nfnt- vibrunum and s-pfctbuh) tJJl

be proided -amiddot1thm the lmt 4 tMd

Single rrer ~lccton -Provide~ clfccuve rcg~erar ion of~le-rnlcrnnr ~pccie (bccch tllaJJie ba~~ood)

middotMuntuin contil1uou fore~l canopy a1 all lmle -htelt)C) tQillrol of rore~t specielt i7t

Md d1tribution bull u~s wood I03IIQ muuril compelilion bull Yrotdcs ftlaquoood and ~ptciJlty proclucl

-Provideo habitu for fttIC de1iring comi nuou~ fortotcd environment

-Probullides ~pet1fic den tree snags and frujtmiddotproducmg tree

~ HarvC$1Cd lOP prnidt COef

Group seltcrion Regrnerue~ mall pa1Chef of gt~~h lulc-uuolcram ~pecies wtlhin a Mand comJC(l pnmori ly f)f shade-ro leranl trct$

- l ncre~- control of forcl peccs compo~ition

~ Provide nlaquo ded browse nesting CQcr food and tC3pt

tocr in heumiddoti ly fore lt~ted OnM - lgttobulltdt habitat for 3 wide range or Vlldhfc 1-J)laquo~ bull UM cu-d to~ provide cover

15

Because of the many site conditions management objectives and sta11d types 110

single system is bestfor mauagi11g bardwood stauds Tbe proper method must be selected and used as a tool to improve a forest for wildlife babitat recrealio11al opportunities mmiddot Umber production Proper fJlamzing catt betteflt timbet wildlife recreatiotl and iflcome even 011

small parceLgt oflmzd

Sources of Information

Oark F B andJ G Hutchinson Cdito 19119 Celllrttl Hartltmod Notas ~onh Ccmrnl Forcgtl Experimem Stuion 1992 Folwdl Ave St Paul MN 55 108

Duryea ML and FJDeneke 1989 poundwcmslo11 in Aclfon ConspoundJttlng anti ~uanaginR Our

Nmlon S Forest Nesmmelt oopcrJtive Exhrtltion CrvtCC wahington DC 202w-ClXXl

Hill 00 1987 Sma1Hxxllut 1twagenumt Practilll lorcstry Vol I 1o I P 0 llo 4112 lcxlngton Tl 38351

McComb WL 1912 Foreslfy and 1 1dlfl I lttbtlllt Mcmagementln

Central 1arduOOd~ Journal of Fore-tI) Au~bull pp ~0-492 Bethesd3 ~ID 20814

MUls WL BC FLltolth cr and TW Reisinger 1987 I plant Harclu)()tl Sllviwltllre

A Hlt1iltU ofthe Literatzntbull Matton Bulletin Ko 527 Purdult University WeSI Lafa)ettc I I bull17907

N~ray K 1989 A Comfortable Ptlr111ffgtblp IVidlife anti FOI(S

llmwgemelll Prnctictl forctry middotol I No I PO Box 48l Lexington fl 3835 I

PetchenikJtl I9AA rtscotiSin S ((lifdlife ConlttltlllIICI Study tniversily of Wisconsin lnion Madison 53706

Copies ()jtblfJmblcatrtm can be obltllnrdfmmmiddot Punlmbull nhtortlf f(tUl DtJinbutlon (t~nt~rmiddot

301 Somh ~11d lltt~lt utfltJltIIe IN 47905-11191

Sources of Information

Oark F B andJ G Hutchinson Cdito 19119 Celllrttl Hartltmod Notas ~onh Ccmrnl Forcgtl Experimem Stuion 1992 Folwdl Ave St Paul MN 55 108

Duryea ML and FJDeneke 1989 poundwcmslo11 in Aclfon ConspoundJttlng anti ~uanaginR Our

Nmlon S Forest Nesmmelt oopcrJtive Exhrtltion CrvtCC wahington DC 202w-ClXXl

Hill 00 1987 Sma1Hxxllut 1twagenumt Practilll lorcstry Vol I 1o I P 0 llo 4112 lcxlngton Tl 38351

McComb WL 1912 Foreslfy and 1 1dlfl I lttbtlllt Mcmagementln

Central 1arduOOd~ Journal of Fore-tI) Au~bull pp ~0-492 Bethesd3 ~ID 20814

MUls WL BC FLltolth cr and TW Reisinger 1987 I plant Harclu)()tl Sllviwltllre

A Hlt1iltU ofthe Literatzntbull Matton Bulletin Ko 527 Purdult University WeSI Lafa)ettc I I bull17907

N~ray K 1989 A Comfortable Ptlr111ffgtblp IVidlife anti FOI(S

llmwgemelll Prnctictl forctry middotol I No I PO Box 48l Lexington fl 3835 I

PetchenikJtl I9AA rtscotiSin S ((lifdlife ConlttltlllIICI Study tniversily of Wisconsin lnion Madison 53706

Copies ()jtblfJmblcatrtm can be obltllnrdfmmmiddot Punlmbull nhtortlf f(tUl DtJinbutlon (t~nt~rmiddot

301 Somh ~11d lltt~lt utfltJltIIe IN 47905-11191