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International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 5, May -2015 53 ISSN 2278-7763

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Nature and Life Structure in different Universes

Mali Ram Soni 1Shekhawati Engineering College, Dundlod, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT A number of theories have been postulated to understand the mystery and history of the universe. Among them Big bang, Steady state, String and M-theory are most popularly studied by the scientists. These theories focus on the structure, formation, evolution and function of the universe in the spacetime. Here universe means partition of spacetime into different regions. In other words as per the theory of inflationary cosmology, different regions are called different universes. It predicts that ours is just one of the countless universes to emerge from the same primordial vacuum. Finally the whole spacetime i.e. cosmoverse is divided into various universes depending on their quantum fields as well as dimensions, parameters and physical constants so that they may emerge and evolve. These universes could potentially have different versions of the laws of physics and different values for the fundamental constants of Nature. This paper considers the structure of Nature and natural law selecting whether or not these hypothetical universes can support life with different values for parameters of fundamental constants that deter-mines the life properties. This paper focuses on the particular issue of life structure in different universes. This strategy allows for the question of existence of life in these alternate universes. Furthermore life structure depends on few constants. The value of physical constants should have been fine tuned to make the emergence of life in these universes possible. Keywords : Cosmoverse, spacetime, Natural law, Fundamental constants, Life structure

1 INTRODUCTION number of theories have been postulated to understand the mystery and history of the universe. Among them big bang, Steady state, String and M-theory are most

popularly studied by the scientists. These theories focus on the structure, formation, evolution and function of the uni-verse in the spacetime. Here universe means partition of spacetime into different regions. In other words as per the theory of inflationary cosmology, different regions are called different universes. It predicts that ours is just one of the countless universes to emerge from the same primordial vac-uum. Finally the whole spacetime i.e. cosmoverse is divided into various universes depending on their quantum fields as well as dimensions, parameters and physical constants so that they may emerge and evolve. These universes could poten-tially have different versions of the laws of physics and differ-ent values for the fundamental constants of nature. This paper considers the question of whether or not these hypothetical universes can support life with different values of the funda-mental parameters that determines life properties.

A great deal of previous work has also considered the pos-

sibility of different values of the fundamental constants in these universes, or in a related context, why the values of the constants have their observed values in our universe. It has

been identified that a large number of possible constants could, in principle, vary from universe to universe e.g. galaxy formation, star formation, stellar structure and life forms. This paper focuses on the particular issue of life structure in differ-ent universes. This strategy allows for the question of exist-ence of life in these alternate universes. Furthermore life structure depends on few constants. The value of physical constants should have been fine tuned to make the emergence of life in these universes possible.

As far as our universe is concerned, all natural events, hap-

penings and phenomena are mediated by physical laws and fundamental forces from sub atomic level to super structure level. These include the stellar formation, planets, galaxies, clusters, quasars and massive black holes from main sequence to super giants. So every thing around us from subatomic level to super structure level are predetermined and constitut-ed according to the fundamental constants which are again consequences of unified natural forces like electromagnetic, strong, weak and gravitational effects. Those are once in quantum stage and after symmetry breaking, the universe came into existence and life emerged accordingly. Fundamen-tal forces are different from the natural force. Fundamental forces are meant for structure, formation and evolution of a

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particular universe. These forces are habitable but not stable, so all universes are habitable but not stable. Whereas natural force is stable and always be in quantum stage. The function of the natural force is to create the universe. Though every universe came into existence due to symmetry breaking of natural force from quantum stage to physical stage. But after symmetry breaking, the universe expands at an accelerated rate. The break up of the natural force into physical stage is called fundamental forces. These fundamental forces are again break into fundamental as well as physical constants. These constants are assigned the specific values on which the habitability of the university depends on.

As we have studied from the theory and observations that

the main function of the universe is to emerge life. According to Anthropic principle the purpose of the Nature is to create intelligent life in different universes determined by their phys-ical constants. It means Nature has the super power to emerge and evolve life in different universes. For Nature universe is a requirement in order to produce worlds to emerge and evolve and fulfillment of parameters for the orderly development of all life forms. Here the question arises that how the Nature select the different values for parameters of fundamental con-stants in different universes? And also whether or not these universes could support life..

2 FINDINGS In my previous work discussion has been made on different

life parameters and habitable zones to emerge and evolve life on different planets in our solar system. Similarly here we will discuss different values for parameters of fundamental constants in different universes. We know our sun was born due to the birth of planetary nebula which was selected by supernova and GMC and planets were born due to the birth of sun which was selected by protoplanetary disk. It shows that at the time of birth of our universe, there were other universes existing, which was selected by the hyper gravitational inter-action of natural force outside our universe assuming they exist, many of those universes may contain intricate structure and even some kind of life forms. There are many other uni-verses in addition of our own. Each of these has different properties and different values of the basic constants of phys-ics. It is expected that the number of these universes is ex-tremely large; it would be less surprising that most of them would happen to provide the specific conditions for life. However, one must keep in mind that the likelihood of ever being able to observe evidence of another universe is extreme-ly remote, since information could not pass from one universe to another. Furthermore it is possible that nature set all the physical parameters in such a way that every possibility is realized. It may be possible that the characteristics of these many universes and the production process would have to be fine-tuned in some way to get enough variety of universes to account for our remarkable cosmic home.

The laws of Nature do not apply only to our universe. The

entire cosmoverse (spacetime) follows the same laws and these laws never change. Gravity remains steady, never ran-

dom. The speed of light remains constant. According to the principle of pure universality, Nature decides pure, true, ap-plied and fundamental parameters for every universe for the emergence and evolution. It has been observed that the whole cosmoverse is gravitationally bounded by different universes with their mutual attraction mediated by natural force.

Even over time, these laws consistent. The same laws of na-

ture we find on earth also govern a star billions of light years away. One of the most important numbers of physics, the pro-ton-electron mass ratio, is the same in a galaxy six billion light years away as it is here on Earth. Here the question arises – where the universe came from? Sure nature created the uni-verse just like nature created our sun, our solar system, our planets and all of the life on our planet. The fine-tuning of the universe is seen most clearly in the values of the constants of nature. There are many such constants, the best known of which specify the strength of the four forces of nature: the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, the electromag-netic force and gravity. Two of these in particular, the strong and electromagnetic forces, are responsible for the unusually efficient production of carbon, the element upon which all known life is based. The forces cooperate in such a way as to create a coincidental match up of energy levels, which enables the production of carbon from the fusing of three helium at-oms.

Consider also the strength of gravity. When the Big Bang

occurred billions of years ago, the matter in the universe was randomly distributed. There were no stars, planets or galaxies – just atoms floating about in the dark void of space. As the universe expanded outwards from the Big Bang, gravity pulled ever so gently on the atoms, gathering them into clumps that eventually became stars and galaxies. Our uni-verse is friendly to life, but only because the past fifteen billion years have unfolded in a particular way that led to a habitable planet with liquid water and rich chemistry. The entire bio-logical evolutionary process depends upon the unusual chem-istry of carbon, which allows it to bond to itself, as well as oth-er elements, creating highly complex molecules that are stable over prevailing terrestrial temperatures, and are capable of conveying genetic information. The unique chemistry of car-bon is the ultimate foundation of the capacity of nature to tune itself.

3 ANALYSIS In order to identify a location of the universe as being a part of the cosmoverse, a variety of dimensions, parameters and physical constants must be accounted for. Universes could potentially have different kinds of the laws of forces e.g. dif-ferent values for the fundamental constants of nature with different values of the fundamental parameters that determine the life properties in different universes. There are many physical constants such as speed of light c, the gravitational constant G, Planck’s constant h and Boltzmann’s constant k. The electron mass, proton mass and constants de-

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termining the magnitudes of electromagnetic interaction, strong and weak interaction and gravity are also regarded as fundamental constants. If these forces took on even slightly different strengths, the consequences for life would be devas-tating. Two of these in particular, the strong and electromag-netic forces, are responsible for the unusually efficient produc-tion of carbon, the element upon which all known life is based. The forces cooperate in such a way as to create a coincidental match up of energy level which enables the production of car-bon from the fusing of three helium atoms. The slightest change to either the strong or electromagnetic forces would alter the energy levels, resulting in greatly reduced production of carbon and an ultimately uninhabitable universe. Similarly gravity had to have just the right force – if it was a bit strong-er, it would have pulled all the atoms together into one big ball. The Big Bang would have ended quickly in a Big Crunch. And if gravity was a bit weaker, the expanding universe would have distributed the atoms so widely that they would never have been gathered into stars and galaxies. The strength of gravity has to be exactly for stars to form. Say one billionth of a gram heavier or lighter – the universe becomes so different that there are no stars, galaxies or planets. And without planets, there would be no life. The other constants of nature possess this same feature. The mass of proton is rough-ly 1836.1526 times the mass of the electron. Were this ratio changed by any significant degree, the stability of many com-mon chemicals would be compromised and this would pre-vent the formation of such molecules as DNA, the building block of life. If the magnitude of the strong interaction were slightly higher, the nuclear fusion rates inside stars would be higher than they are now. The star would expand because it would become hotter. Because of the increased fusion rate, the lifetimes of stars would decrease. However, if the strong interaction were somewhat stronger than it is now, these elements would be less abundant because they would more easily fuse to form heavier elements in the stellar interior. Hence, heavy elements would be more abundant. With carbon less abundant, it is doubtful whether carbon-based life would arise in such a uni-verse. A more dramatic change would occur in the nucleosyn-thesis process if the magnitude of strong interaction were de-creased by five percent; a proton and a neutron would not be able to combine to form a deuteron. Deuteron formation is the first step of nuclear synthesis; thus, without the first step, nu-cleosynthesis would not be possible at all. Without a stellar energy source and heavy chemical elements, no life would be possible. If the gravitational constant were larger than its current value, stars would be more tightly bound, with their central tempera-tures increasing. The increase of the central pressure and the temperature of the sun would increase the nuclear energy generation rate. In order to radiate more energy at the surface, the temperature and/or the area of the surface should in-crease. However, the stronger gravity would tend to decrease the surface area. Therefore, the surface temperature of the sun would have to be higher than it is now, emitting the bulk of its energy in ultraviolet radiation. The solar-mass stars would be

like blue giants, unsuitable for supporting life. With stronger gravity, some low-mass stars would emit most of their energy in visible light, suitable for supporting life. However, such stars would not stay in the main-sequence stage long enough to preside over the long evolutionary history of life.

4 CONCLUSION One of the fundamental characteristics of the cosmoverse i.e. spacetime is that different values for parameters of fundamen-tal constants in different universes, apply the same laws of nature everywhere in all universes. In other words, natural laws are inter-universal. As per heliocentric cosmology, natu-ral phenomena are capricious on earth and orderly in other universes. Our universe is not just simply big and old, but intimately connected to the rest of the cosmoverse. So the val-ues of the fundamental physical constants are intimately con-nected to the existence of life on earth. One can assume that our universe is just one of universes that are suitable for life among a large number of universes. There are three variations of the many-universe interpretation. The first is that there are many parallel universes, each being separate and independent from the others. The second is that there are many sequential universes. In the cyclic-universe hypothesis, a new set of phys-ical laws and a new set of physical constants are chosen ran-domly at each big bang. The third variation is that there are many domains in the huge universe, and fundamental con-stants may vary from one domain to another. We can not de-tect other domains, because they are much farther away than 14 billion light years. Scientists rely on the hypothetical existence of hyperspace-time continuum within which quantum mechanical laws gov-ern the generation of many universes. Though quantum me-chanics is applicable within the space-time continuum of our universe. It is under observation whether the hyperspace-time continuum exists and whether we can extrapolate quantum mechanical principle to it. We have learned that life forms on earth are intimately connected. All living organisms on earth share a common origin, common building blocks and the same genetic language. The existence of one species depends on the existence of many other species with a climate, atmosphere, ecosystem and biodiversity perfectly suitable for their habita-tion. As per the theory of natural laws and inter-universal habitabil-ity, the whole cosmoverse is divided into different universal habitable zones and these universal habitable zones are again divided into superclusters, clusters, galaxies and planetary habitable zones, where life emerges on different planets. So from top to bottom same natural laws, with the values of the fundamental physical constants are intimately connected to the life structure, properties and parameters. According to the planetary habitable zones, our planet Earth has been di-vided into different regions of ecosystems and biodiversity for different species and organisms so that life may emerge and evolve. Similarly according to the inter-universal habitability, the whole cosmoverse has been structured into different – dif-ferent universes and in each universe, different values for pa-

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rameters of fundamental physical constants determines the life properties of different species, organisms and other life forms. Let’s study the inter-universal characteristics. All universes are internally connected but externally observable. In other words, all universes are simply connected and compact topol-ogy. According to topology all qualitative properties of the universe including three spatial dimensions are equal in length and energy density is homogeneous and isotropic in every large volume of the space in all directions and externally observable. One can not observe the universe internally. Ac-cordingly to the Henry Poincare Conjecture, the 2-D manifolds have the degree of freedom for 3-dmensional sphere. A 3-sphere is an object with three dimensions that forms the cos-moverse in four dimensions. After considering the properties and characteristics of a universe, it has been observed that the whole cosmoverse is simply connected and compact, having no curvature and it is homeomorphic to a 3-Dimensional sphere.

Here in this figure the whole cosmoverse (Blue colour) has been divided into 4-dimensional objects of 3-sphere and each object is simply connected. All universes (objects) rotate and revolve in this fourth dimension. (Every circle is indication of rotational path of every object) In the third dimension all su-perclusters, clusters and group of galaxires (objects) rotate and revolve (Red colour). In the second dimension (Yellow colour) a number of stars, planets etc. Rotate and revolve on their rotational axis in the gravitationally bounded structure called galaxy. In our case, Milkyway is the galaxy by which all stars and planets have been gravitationally bounded. In the last dimension (green colour) our solar system and planets (ob-jects) rotate and revolve. In other words, we can say that our solar system and various other stars are simply connected to the milkyway galaxy; milkyway galaxy is simply connected to the groups of galaxies, clusters and superclusters. Further-more all these objects are simply connected to our universe and our universe is also connected to other universes rotating in the cosmoverse. At the time of formation of a universe, there would have no physical laws or physical constants constituted but as the uni-verse expand nature select the different values for physical constants and physical laws. Various parameters must be ac-counted for in selecting the physical constants and physical laws for any individual universe. These includes the location

of the universe; interaction of the universal forces (here uni-versal means the forces mediated in that individual universe not for other); distance and energy-matter density; inter-universal habitable zones; life structure and properties of the universal conditions etc. The whole cosmoverse is a 3-dimensional manifold and is compact, has no boundary and is simply connected. Thus it is homeomorphic to a 3-dimnensional sphere. Here every object of first part is simply connected to the object of second part and embedded inside the every rotational path. Similarly ob-ject of second part is also connected to the object of third part and so on. The sequence is from bottom to top. In other words, formation of all stars and planets are in the first part. They all are embedded in the second part i.e. superclusters, clusters, groups and galaxies. All these objects embedded in the third part. And the objects of third part are embedded in the fourth part. Here different universes rotate and revolve. If we embed all objects in the fourth part then the whole cos-moverse seems to be compact, simply connected and having no boundary like a 3-dimensional sphere. One can observe the whole cosmoverse into different shapes at different angles and positions. As shown in the above figure, there may be three possible shapes of the cosmoverse - Round shape, Egg-shape and elliptical shape. It is also noted that the round shape denoted to the whole cosmoverse where all universes exist inside the round, whereas egg-shape denotes to a partic-ular universe. At the time of big bang cosmic egg was expanded, by which super structure of our universe came into existence through cosmic inflation made the cosmoverse into different parts of our universe which have been mentioned above. Every uni-verse form, evolve, exist, rotate and revolve in the fourth part of the 4-dimensional objects of 3-sphere and formation of its superstructure is further expanded into lower parts. This is the reason that universe is called egg-shaped because it seems like egg. This is called the structural distribution of our universe. Every galaxy has its galactic habitable zone to decide which regions are most likely to form solar system. Solar systems decide within star’s planetary habitable zones to provide stable envi-ronment for the life in which the life emerged from planet to planet according to the theory of energy distribution on a planet for life requirement. Ultimately the life structure is found on the planets itself because the photosynthesis, green-ness and other life properties are only available on the planets. It has shown in the Figure that the yellow colour indicates the galaxy Milkyway from where the energy and greenness radi-ates to the solar system. The distant galaxy groups, clusters and superclusters are indicated by red colour which is part of our universe making the whole super structure a part of cos-moverse by indicating the blue colour. It is noted that all universes are part of cosmoverse and em-bedded inside it and not beyond the round shape. Ultimately, we can say that everything is inside the round shape. Here every universe rotates and inside the universe, its superstruc-

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ture like planets, stars, galaxies, groups, clusters and super-clusters are also rotates inside the parallel universes. It is called the singularity of infinite that “we are here and we are also there”. Saying that we are living on the planet earth but planet earth is rotating inside the cosmoverse so we are also there. In the figure, it seems that our universe is expanding but this expansion is not beyond the 3-D space of the universe. Be-cause beyond that universe, another universe is existed like any planet, solar system, galaxy or any other object this is called inter-universal space or the distance between the re-gions of two universes. All universes got energy from the in-ter-universal galactic centre from where all universes formed. Similarly the inter-universal galactic habitable zones are the regions where universes are formed. The location of our uni-verse on the rotational axis of the cosmoverse is 14 billions light years away or 14 billion years old. Some universes are very old and exist more than 100 billion light years away from the inter-universal galactic centre. Some younger universes are very near compared to our universe. Those universes which are very far from the centre, support life with different values of the fundamental parameters that determines rich and intelligent life properties. Our universe has a medium fundamental force which deter-mines slow life properties for the slow emergence of life forms. It means that in our universe there may be a number of life parameters in different galaxies, stars, solar systems and planets where life will grow slowly to very slowly through various life forms. But in very far away universes, very rich and intelligent life has developed due to the fast fundamental forces which determine high quality life properties i.e. qualita-tive strong life parameters and highly developed different life forms rather than slow developed life forms in our universe.

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