Male sterility in Cross Pollinated and Vegetative crops

A.ManivannanScientist (Genetics)

DMR, New Delhi

Male sterility in Sunflower (Helianthus spp)

Genetic Male sterility (GMS)

Complete male sterilityms1-ms5 = male sterility in sunflower recessive gene

Two types of g-mst

Type 1-gmst-Bloomington typeType 2-gmst-Modern type

Cultivated Sunflower variety Karlik-68(Dwarf 68)- two recessive genes msi1,msi2(Stable and complete male sterile)

Partial male sterility –p mst

Source of cms through Interspecific Hybridization

x H.annuusN1

C1

F1 interspecific cross

H.grossessratus N1

C1

N1

C1

CMS- reccessive ms line

X

CGMSH.petiolaris × H.annuus Repeated backcross of H.annuus

results in cms1 which is extensively

used mst in hybrid seed production of sunflower all over the world

H.giganteus× H.annuus Cms3( S cytoplasm source)

H.annuus subspp lenticularis × H.annuus CV commander

Indiana 1

Chemical based male sterility

EthrelGAMendokTIBA

COTTON

Genetic Male Sterility (GMS):

In cotton, GMS has been reported in upland, Egyptian and arboreum cottons.In tetraploid cotton, male sterility is governed by both recessive and dominant genes. However, male sterility governed by recessive genes is used in practical plant breeding

All three types of male sterility occurs (g mst,c mst,gc mst) in cotton

sixteen different genes in tetraploid cottons (13 in G. hirsutum and 3 in G. barbadense) and two in G. arboreum have been identified for genetic male sterility.

Sterility is conditioned by dominant alleles at five loci viz, MS4, MS7, MS10, MS11 and MS12 by recessive allele at other loci viz. msl, ms2, ms3, ms13, ms14

(Dong A), ms15 (Lang A) and ms16 (81 A).

Two male sterile phenotypes viz. ms5ms6 and ms8ms9 are conditioned by duplicate recessive factors.

G. hirsutum line Gregg (MS 399) from USA is the basic source of GMS possessing ms5 ms6 gene for male sterility.

GMS

CMS System

In case of CMS, the originally discovered CMS sources involving G. arboreum and G. anomalum cytoplasmic systems having interaction with ms3 locus were not found effective or stable under different environments.

The only stable and dependable CMS source under varied environment was developed through the utilization of G. harknessii. The complete genome of G.hirsutum was transferred into the G. harknessii cytoplasm.

A single dominant gene ‘Rf’ from G.harknessii is essential for fertility restoration.

Fertility enhancer factor 'E' for this CMS restorer system was obtained from a G.barbadense stock.

The harknessii system is reported to contribute to good agronomic properties and attraction to honey bees.

Sources of Male sterility in Cotton

Source of ms cytoplasm Nuclear genomeG. anomalum, G. arboreum, G. harknessii

G. hirsutum

G. anomalum, G. arboreum Heat sensitive , less stableG. harknessii × G. hirsutum Stable cms all over the

environment

New sources of CMSG. aridum Skovt. × G. hirsutum (D4)G. trilobum × G. hirsutum CMS 8 (D-8)G. sturtianum × G. hirsutum CMS-C1

New sources of CGMSG. anomalum x G. thurberi Cg-mst

MutationG. arboreum, the first spontaneous male sterility mutant was identified in variety DS-5

Chemical based male sterilityFW 450(Sodium B-Dichloro-iso-butyrate) MH-30 (Maleic hydrazide) Ethidium bromide

Male sterility based hybrid Production

GMS system. CPH2 (Suguna), First hybrid based on GMS released at CICR, RS, Coimbatore

G. harknessii based cms with fertility restoration gene sources were used in developing the hybrid CAHH 468 (PKV Hy-3).

MAIZE

T cytoplasm S cytoplasm C cytoplasmDiscovered by Rogers(1944) M.T. Jenkins Beckett(1971)Developed from

OP Mexican maize variety Gold june

Teopod maize Brazilian Maize

Male sterility Stable Unstable StableHMT Susceptibility

Yes No No

Type of mst Sporophytic Gametophytic SporophyticFertility restoration

Fr1,Fr2 - Fr4,Fr5, Fr6

CMS

T cytoplasmic mitochondria, HM T pathotoxin causes the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibiton of oxogluterate oxidation and causes irreverisble swelling

Fertility restoration in maize

CGMS Reported by Rhoades (1931) while working with Peruvian source of maize cytoplasm Interspecific crosses

Coix lacrymus-jobi X Z.maysEuchlaena mexican X Z. maysE.Perennis X Z.mays

Chemcial mst

GA, MH, Mendok, DPX 3778, Mo deficiency

A X B(frfr) (FrFr) ms mf

AB(Frfr)

mf

Method of Hybrid seed production

Single cross Hybrid

T- cytoplasm required two Fr genesC,S-cytoplasm requires one Fr genesMost of the T cytoplasm posses one Fr gene

A X B(frfr) (frfr) ms mf

AB(frfr)ms

X C (FrFr) mf

ABC(Frfr)

mf

Triple cross Hybrid

C X D(frfr) (FrFr) ms mf

CD(Frfr)

mf

A X B(frfr) (frfr) ms mf

AB(frfr)ms

X

ABCD1

(Frfr)mf

1(frfr)ms

:::

Double cross Hybrid

Simple hybrid with cms and restoration

Maintainer line (B-line)N, rfrf

N1

C1

xCMS line (A-line)CMS, rfrf

N1

C1

Large amountsof CMS line N1

C1C2x N2

Male line (C-line)N and RfRf

C1

Fertile F1 hybridCMS, Rfrf

Pearl Millet

CGMSA1 Tift 23 A ( Most of the world hybrids contains

A1 Blood), Burton,1958A2,A3 Not stable cytoplasm

A4 Derived from P.glacum subspecies monodii Does not have effective restorerUsed in forage hybrid production

Cytoplasmic male-sterile

Stamen (anther and filament) and pollen grains are affected

It is divided into:a. Autoplasmic CMS has arisen within a species as a result of spontaneous mutational changes in the cytoplasm, most likely in the mitochondrial genome

b. AlloplasmicCMS has arisen from intergeneric, interpecific or occasionallyintraspecific crosses and where the male sterility can be interpreted as being due to incompatibility or poor co-operationbetween nuclear genome of one species and the organellar

genome another CMS can be a result of interspecific protoplast fusion

Genetic Male Sterility

GMS is governed by two genes either recessive or dominant genes(Kaul,1988)

One more dominant gene is associated with development of male sterility in B.napus type by means of transgenic male sterility

Cytoplasmic Male Sterility

1.Raphanus or ogu system2.Polima or pol system3.Shiga-Thompson or nap system4.Diplotaxis muralis or mur system5.Tournefortii (tour) system6. Moricandia arvensis or mori system7.Chinese juncea or jun system

17 systems are available, only difference is the use of male sterile cytoplasmic sources differs for each system

Nap system– B.napuus cross b/w winter & spring var. pol system – B.napus var polimamur system--Diplotaxis muralis x B.campestris cv Yukinatour system– B.juncea collections

Ogu system:

First discovered in Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus) by Ogura, 1968

B.napus genome was transferred into the back round of R.sativus (mst) through intergeneric crosses followed by back crossing with B.napus.

CMS seedling under low temperature showed chlorosis , because chloroplast of R.sativus is sensitive to cold, it is governed by cp-DNA , but mst is governed by mt DNA.

Protoplast fusion of R.sativus with B.napus carried out to have normal green plants with ogu CMS characterisitics

This system now has been used for developing alloplasmic male sterile line in B.juncea and B.campestris.

Ogu system:

B.napaus

F1 interspecific cross

xRhapanus sativus

F1 Sterile

G-Rs

C-Rs

G-Bn

N-Bn

1/2G-Rs1/2G-Bn

C-Rs

mftmst

Doubling by colchince Fertile amphidiploid

1/2G-Rs1/2G-Bn

C-Rsmst

Development of Male sterile Brassica napus from Rhapanus sativus

1/2G-Rs1/2G-Bn

C-Rs

x G-Bn

N-Bn

G-Bn

C-Rs

B.napus

mst

BC3

Male sterile B.napus

mft

Development of Alloplasmic Male sterile Brassica campestris

xN-Bc

B.campestris

F1 interspecific cross

xG-Bn

S-Rs

G-Bct

N-Bc

1/2G-Bn1/2G-Bc

S-Rs

mftmst

G-BC

S-Rs

BC4

G-Bc G-Bc

Male sterile B.napus

Chemical Male sterility

Enthrel – Brassica juncea

Zinc methy arsenate- B.napus

GA-B.oleracea var capitata

POTATO

Cytoplasm Nuclear genome Reference

S.acaule (4X) S.tuberosum Lamm,1953S.chacoense(4X) S.tuberosum Rammanna and Hersmen(1974)

S.phureja(2x) S.tuberosum Magoon et al.,1958b

S.stoloniferum(4x) S.tuberosum Ross (1961)

S.Verrucosum(2X) S.tuberosum Abdalla (1970)

Inter-specific Hybridization

FW 450(Sodium B-Dichloro-iso-butyrate) MH-30 (Maleic hydrazide) Ethidium bromide

Chemical mutagens

Development of Male sterility

Genome transfer S cytoplasm is in the genome of fr genes

Unreduced Gamete Production

S.tuberosum (2x) × S.tuberosum (4x)

(2x)

F1 (4x)

Protoplast Fusion S cytoplasm is retained

Unreduced (2x) (2x)

F1 (4x)

Di haploid

S.tuberosum (4x) × S.phureja (4x)

(2x) (2x) F1 (4x)

Anther culture

DiHaploid (2x)

Molecular Basis of Cytoplasmic Male sterility

Maintenance of ms determinant in populations. Maternal inheritance (mitochondira) the male sterility determinant (red cytoplasm) and the male fertility determinant (green cytoplasm) are equally transmitted to the next generation