MALAYSIAMALAYSIA’’S AND INDONESIAS AND INDONESIA’’S S NAVAL DEVELOPMENTNAVAL DEVELOPMENT

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSISA COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

CENTRE FOR MARITIME SECURITY AND DIPLOMACY CENTRE FOR MARITIME SECURITY AND DIPLOMACY (MIMA)(MIMA)

ObjectivesObjectives

•• To study the current capabilities and To study the current capabilities and operational requirements of the respective operational requirements of the respective naviesnavies

•• To comparatively analyse the To comparatively analyse the developments of the RMN and TNIdevelopments of the RMN and TNI--ALAL

•• To understand their naval strategies and To understand their naval strategies and policies policies

IntroductionIntroduction

•• Maritime History embraces naval historyMaritime History embraces naval history•• Maritime Discipline involves science, technology, Maritime Discipline involves science, technology,

cartography, industry, economics, trade, politics, cartography, industry, economics, trade, politics, international affairs, imperial growthinternational affairs, imperial growth

•• The Dictionary of Seas defines The Dictionary of Seas defines ““NavalNaval”” as Pertaining to as Pertaining to Ships or to a navyShips or to a navy

•• ““NavyNavy”” is defined as is defined as ““The ships and seaman of a The ships and seaman of a countrycountry”” but often referring only to war vesselsbut often referring only to war vessels

•• Modern naval discipline looks at navies not only within Modern naval discipline looks at navies not only within their contexts or as an instruments of particular nationtheir contexts or as an instruments of particular nation--states, but also from wider international and states, but also from wider international and comparative perspectives orcomparative perspectives or

•• Chronological developments of specific events or longChronological developments of specific events or long--term development of naviesterm development of navies

Navies in International RelationsNavies in International Relations•• Important factor in international relations of nationImportant factor in international relations of nation--statesstates•• Ancient GreeceAncient Greece-- the utility of navies for political purpose was known the utility of navies for political purpose was known

as as ““thalassocarcythalassocarcy”” which means supremacywhich means supremacy•• In Asia, India was a maritime and naval power from the 2In Asia, India was a maritime and naval power from the 2nd Century BC nd Century BC

through 14th through 14th

•• China was a sea power in the 9China was a sea power in the 9thth --1414thth centurycentury•• China later became one of the greatest naval powers between 1100China later became one of the greatest naval powers between 1100

and 1450and 1450•• End of Cold War: rapid power reshuffles in many regionsEnd of Cold War: rapid power reshuffles in many regions•• Large naval powersLarge naval powers-- US, Russian Navy, Royal Navy scaled down 40US, Russian Navy, Royal Navy scaled down 40--

50%50%•• Presently navies in Middle East, Persian Gulf and SEA are converPresently navies in Middle East, Persian Gulf and SEA are conversant sant

in Littoral Warfare, using fast attack craft and fast patrol boain Littoral Warfare, using fast attack craft and fast patrol boatsts•• Now moving towards modernizing their naval fleetsNow moving towards modernizing their naval fleets•• Due To:Due To:

a)a) dynamic shifts in the climate of maritime securitydynamic shifts in the climate of maritime securityb)b) fast growing technology, politics and geofast growing technology, politics and geo--economicseconomicsc)c) International Laws: UNCLOS International Laws: UNCLOS

Types of NaviesTypes of Navies•• Power projection navies Power projection navies –– offensive operations offensive operations

capability against another country capability against another country ––US, Russia, UK US, Russia, UK France, JapanFrance, Japan

•• Coastal Defence navies Coastal Defence navies -- defence against attacks defence against attacks from sea, limited power, consists of small warshipsfrom sea, limited power, consists of small warships

•• Constabulary navies Constabulary navies -- coastal states have legal coastal states have legal control over marine resources, protection of EEZ, control over marine resources, protection of EEZ, control of illegal activities such as sea robberies, control of illegal activities such as sea robberies, piracy, smugglingpiracy, smuggling

•• Malaysia Malaysia –– category of navy capable of both category of navy capable of both offshore surveillance and coastal defenceoffshore surveillance and coastal defence

•• Indonesia Indonesia –– coastal defence force, geographycoastal defence force, geography--huge huge archipelago defines the constabulary mission of EEZ archipelago defines the constabulary mission of EEZ surveillance surveillance

ROYAL MALAYSIAN NAVYROYAL MALAYSIAN NAVY•• Humble Origins Humble Origins –– formation of Straits Settlement Naval formation of Straits Settlement Naval

Volunteer Reserve in Singapore by the British in 1934Volunteer Reserve in Singapore by the British in 1934•• 1939, WW II 1939, WW II –– naval forces were strengthened to protect the naval forces were strengthened to protect the

security of Singapore and Federation of Malayasecurity of Singapore and Federation of Malaya•• Formation of Formation of ““Malay Section of The Royal NavyMalay Section of The Royal Navy”” known as known as

Royal Malay NavyRoyal Malay Navy•• 1947 1947 -- Britain disbands this unit due to economic turmoilBritain disbands this unit due to economic turmoil•• Britain realised that the defence of Malayan territorial waters Britain realised that the defence of Malayan territorial waters

was crucial was crucial –– Malayan Naval Forces formed in 1949Malayan Naval Forces formed in 1949•• 1953 1953 -- Queen Elizebeth II awarded Royal status Queen Elizebeth II awarded Royal status –– Royal Royal

Malayan NavyMalayan Navy•• 1957 Federation of Malaya 1957 Federation of Malaya –– independence, British handed independence, British handed

over Royal Malayan Navy to Malayan Government over Royal Malayan Navy to Malayan Government •• 1958 1958 -- official ceremony for the raising of RMN official ceremony for the raising of RMN •• 1963 1963 -- Formation of Malaysia, Royal Malayan Navy assumed Formation of Malaysia, Royal Malayan Navy assumed

new title new title –– Royal Malaysian Navy or Tentera Laut DiRaja Royal Malaysian Navy or Tentera Laut DiRaja Malaysia.Malaysia.

Roles of RMNRoles of RMN

•• Defence of Malaysian Maritime interestsDefence of Malaysian Maritime interests•• Ensure maritime sovereignty of the nationEnsure maritime sovereignty of the nation•• Wartime Role Wartime Role -- destruction of enemy forces at seadestruction of enemy forces at sea•• Defending SLOCDefending SLOC•• Protecting shipping and seaward defence of offshore oil Protecting shipping and seaward defence of offshore oil

rigsrigs•• Destruction of any naval threats to MalaysiaDestruction of any naval threats to Malaysia•• Peacetime RolesPeacetime Roles-- conduct training for war, protecting conduct training for war, protecting

offshore resources, hydrographic survey, assisting civil offshore resources, hydrographic survey, assisting civil agencies in antiagencies in anti--piracy operations, protection of EEZpiracy operations, protection of EEZ

•• Secondary peacetime role Secondary peacetime role -- support the Army and Air support the Army and Air Force, searchForce, search--andand--rescue, attending to disaster relief rescue, attending to disaster relief missions and supporting national foreign policy missions and supporting national foreign policy objectivesobjectives

RMN BasesRMN Bases

•• Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia –– Main Base in Lumut (HQ) Main Base in Lumut (HQ) dockyard, training centre , naval air station. dockyard, training centre , naval air station. Tanjung Gelang (Kuantan), PenangTanjung Gelang (Kuantan), Penang

•• East Malaysia East Malaysia -- Labuan, Sungai Antu SandakanLabuan, Sungai Antu Sandakan•• Spratly Island Spratly Island –– Stesen Lima, LayangStesen Lima, Layang--Layang Layang

(Swallow Reef), Stesen Uniform on Terumbu Ubi (Swallow Reef), Stesen Uniform on Terumbu Ubi (Ardasier Reef)(Ardasier Reef)

•• New Naval Base in Teluk Sepanggar launched on New Naval Base in Teluk Sepanggar launched on 1/3/041/3/04

Malaysian Defence IndustryMalaysian Defence Industry•• Malaysia is one of the most successful economies in ASEANMalaysia is one of the most successful economies in ASEAN•• 66thth MM’’sia Plan sia Plan -- government embarked on modernisation government embarked on modernisation

programme for national defenceprogramme for national defence•• Committed approximately US$ 3.6 billion for force Committed approximately US$ 3.6 billion for force

modernisationmodernisation•• Govt procurement programme for purchasing latest Govt procurement programme for purchasing latest

technologies for the defence industrytechnologies for the defence industry•• 66thth MM’’sia Plan primarily focused towards the RMN sia Plan primarily focused towards the RMN •• RMN focus on costRMN focus on cost--effectiveness effectiveness •• Categorised as acquisition of capital assets for the future Categorised as acquisition of capital assets for the future

fleet and acquisition of equipment for current fleetfleet and acquisition of equipment for current fleet•• 88thth MM’’sia Plan (2001sia Plan (2001--2005) has seen introduction of new 2005) has seen introduction of new

assets such as NGPVs, Super Lynx 300 and Fennecassets such as NGPVs, Super Lynx 300 and Fennec•• The production of 6 The production of 6 NGPVsNGPVs for RMN is valued up to US$2 for RMN is valued up to US$2

billionbillion•• 2 Scorpene submarines & 1 2 Scorpene submarines & 1 AgostaAgosta 70B from 70B from ArmarisArmaris of of

France to be delivered in 2008France to be delivered in 2008

TLDM warship and helicopter involved in OperationsTLDM warship and helicopter involved in Operationsin the Straits of Malaccain the Straits of Malacca

2 Scorpene Submarines equipped with SM 39 2 Scorpene Submarines equipped with SM 39 ExocetExocet Block Block 2 anti2 anti--ship missiles and Black Shark Torpedoes to be ship missiles and Black Shark Torpedoes to be commissioned by the RMN in 2008.commissioned by the RMN in 2008.

Royal Malaysian Navy Fleet InventoryRoyal Malaysian Navy Fleet Inventory

1972-19734Fast Attack Craft – MissilePerdana (La Combattante II)

19794Fast Attack Craft – MissileHandalan (Spica M)

1985-19872Offshore Patrol VesselMusytari

19842CorvetteKasturi (Type FS 1500)

1997-19994CorvetteLaksamana

19711FrigateRahmat

19992FrigateF-2000 Jebat Batch-1-class

20040+6New-Generation Patrol VesselMeko 100RMN

2007-20082005

21

SubmarinesScorpene SSKAgosta 70B

DeliveredQuantityRoleType

n/a9TugVarious

19891Sail Training ShipTunas Samudera

19731Training ShipHang Tuah (Type 41/61)

19781Survey ShipMutiara

1980s7Coastal Supply ShipVarious

19711Diving TenderDuyong

1980-19832Multirole supportSri Indera Sakti

1986-130Assault CraftDamen

1974-198428TransportLCM/LCP/LCU

19741Landing Ship TankNewport

19854MinehunterMahamiru (Lerici)

1964/196818Patrol CraftSabah and Kris

1976/19776Fast Attack Craft - GunJerong

19944Maritime surveillance operated by RMAF

B 200T Super King

20046Maritime HelicopterFennec AS 555 SN

2003-20046Maritime HelicopterSuper Lynx 300

DeliveredQuantityRoleType

Naval AviationNaval Aviation

Development of RMNDevelopment of RMN

•• Development based on 15Development based on 15--year Strategic Development year Strategic Development Master Plan Master Plan

•• Force planning considerations focusing on capability, Force planning considerations focusing on capability, technology, fiscal and current policies addressing the technology, fiscal and current policies addressing the nationnation’’s maritime security needss maritime security needs

•• Objectives of development Objectives of development –– new assets to replace older new assets to replace older ones, upgrade existing assets, enhance capabilities in ones, upgrade existing assets, enhance capabilities in line with technology developmentsline with technology developments

•• ModernisationsModernisations of fleet includes the upgrading of four of fleet includes the upgrading of four LaksamanaLaksamana--class corvettes, enhancement of the anti class corvettes, enhancement of the anti ship strike capability on the ship strike capability on the KasturiKasturi & & LekirLekir frigates by frigates by replacing the Exocet MM38 antireplacing the Exocet MM38 anti--ship missiles with MM40ship missiles with MM40

•• Mine warfare given new outlook Mine warfare given new outlook -- replacement of replacement of existing sonar and remoteexisting sonar and remote--controlled Mine Disposal controlled Mine Disposal Vehicle system on board the Vehicle system on board the LericiLerici-- class MCMVsclass MCMVs

Tentera Nasional IndonesiaTentera Nasional Indonesia--ALAL•• The Indonesian Navy was established on 22/8/1945The Indonesian Navy was established on 22/8/1945•• Initially was Agency of PeopleInitially was Agency of People’’s Security Sea Service s Security Sea Service

which was developed by the alumni of Maritime College which was developed by the alumni of Maritime College and Dutch Naval Academyand Dutch Naval Academy

•• ABRI was established on 5/10/1970 ABRI was established on 5/10/1970 –– AngkatanAngkatan Laut Laut Republik Indonesia (ALRI)Republik Indonesia (ALRI)

•• Changed to Tentera Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut Changed to Tentera Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut (TNI(TNI--AL)AL)

•• ALRI conducted sea expeditions to various areas of Java ALRI conducted sea expeditions to various areas of Java to establish naval bases,marine forces and naval training to establish naval bases,marine forces and naval training schoolsschools

•• Dutch recognized the sovereignty of Indonesia on 1949 Dutch recognized the sovereignty of Indonesia on 1949 and ALRI consolidated its forces as a modern navyand ALRI consolidated its forces as a modern navy

•• At that time, it was equipped with exAt that time, it was equipped with ex--Koninklijke Marine Koninklijke Marine vessels, including corvettes and destroyersvessels, including corvettes and destroyers

ContCont……

•• The milestone was the establishment of a fleet to The milestone was the establishment of a fleet to organiseorganise and operate increased weapon materials and operate increased weapon materials

•• The Navy initially had craft that was once operated by The Navy initially had craft that was once operated by European and Royal Australian NavyEuropean and Royal Australian Navy

•• In 1959 the Navy began to acquire craft from Soviet In 1959 the Navy began to acquire craft from Soviet Union and East EuropeUnion and East Europe

•• Naval capabilities increased during the confrontation Naval capabilities increased during the confrontation ––cruisers, destroyers, frigates, fast attack (missile craft) cruisers, destroyers, frigates, fast attack (missile craft) and submarines were acquired and submarines were acquired

•• Between 1978Between 1978--1992 the Navy obtained 2 submarines 1992 the Navy obtained 2 submarines from Federal Republic of Germany, light frigates from from Federal Republic of Germany, light frigates from The Netherlands and Britain, and fast attack craft from The Netherlands and Britain, and fast attack craft from Republic of KoreaRepublic of Korea

Roles of TNIRoles of TNI--ALAL

•• Secure and defend Indonesian archipelagoSecure and defend Indonesian archipelago•• Wartime RoleWartime Role–– act with Air Force to act with Air Force to

interdict invading forces from EEZinterdict invading forces from EEZ•• Defensive operations against those that Defensive operations against those that

penetrate the EEZpenetrate the EEZ•• Peacetime RolesPeacetime Roles-- policing EEZ, combating policing EEZ, combating

piracy and smugglingpiracy and smuggling

Naval DevelopmentsNaval Developments•• 19651965--1966 brought 1966 brought SoehatroSoehatro’’ss New Order regime to power New Order regime to power –– US US

became the most important supplier of became the most important supplier of defencedefence equipmentequipment•• Aftermath of violence in East Timor in 1999, US, Australia and Aftermath of violence in East Timor in 1999, US, Australia and

UK suspended arms sales to IndonesiaUK suspended arms sales to Indonesia•• In 1999, Indonesia decided to give priority to the expansion andIn 1999, Indonesia decided to give priority to the expansion and

modernisationmodernisation of TNIof TNI--ALAL•• 2000 2000 defencedefence budget budget –– purchase of 2 Parchampurchase of 2 Parcham--class corvettes class corvettes

and fast patrol boat approvedand fast patrol boat approved•• 2001 2001 DefenceDefence White Paper specifically excluded expansion of the White Paper specifically excluded expansion of the

Marine Corps, but no major acquisitions Marine Corps, but no major acquisitions authorisedauthorised for the Navyfor the Navy•• Large portion of 2003 Large portion of 2003 defencedefence budget allocated for the Navybudget allocated for the Navy•• In 2003 the Navy announced plans to acquire 4 submarines from In 2003 the Navy announced plans to acquire 4 submarines from

South Korea and 4 corvettes from The NetherlandsSouth Korea and 4 corvettes from The Netherlands•• Current force Current force modernisationmodernisation priority is to enhance maritime priority is to enhance maritime

aviation surveillance, acquire additional fast patrol craft for aviation surveillance, acquire additional fast patrol craft for countercounter--piracy and smuggling operations, and upgrade sealift piracy and smuggling operations, and upgrade sealift capabilitiescapabilities

•• Force Force modernisationmodernisation plan between 2005plan between 2005--2013 needs 2013 needs approximately $1.95 billion approximately $1.95 billion

Cont’d…

•• DefenceDefence procurements facing budget constraints procurements facing budget constraints that may scuttle some of the planned purchasesthat may scuttle some of the planned purchases

•• ModernisationModernisation plans and upgrading of plans and upgrading of defencedefenceequipment is important for tackling maritime threats equipment is important for tackling maritime threats such as piracy, smuggling , separatist conflicts in such as piracy, smuggling , separatist conflicts in AcehAceh and Western Papua, and safeguarding EEZ and Western Papua, and safeguarding EEZ assets like hydrocarbons exploration sites assets like hydrocarbons exploration sites

•• Currently only 20Currently only 20--25% of the Navy25% of the Navy’’s inventory is s inventory is operationaloperational

•• Force Force modernisationmodernisation constraints due to internal constraints due to internal security challenges due to the the sociosecurity challenges due to the the socio--political political fallout from the 1997 economic crisis, and religious, fallout from the 1997 economic crisis, and religious, communal and separatist violencecommunal and separatist violence

•• These conditions have constrained the power These conditions have constrained the power projection capabilities of the TNIprojection capabilities of the TNI--ALAL

Landing Ship Tank19611Teluk Amboina LST

Landing Ship Tank1961/19701Teluk Bone (ex-US512

Fast Transport1993/2Boeing Jetfoil

Coastal Patrol Craft1987/199666Kal Kangean

Small Patrol Craft1968/19969Sibaru (ex-Attack)

Large Patrol Craft1997/19984PB57 Mk V

Large Patrol Craft1990/19912Pandrong (PB57 Mk IV)

Large Patrol Craft1988/19954Kakap (PB57)

Large Patrol Craft1988/19934Andau (PB57 Mk II)

Large Patrol Craft2000-20042+2Todak (PB57)

Fast Attack Craft -Missile

1979/19804Dagger

Corvette1993/199616Kapitan Patimura

Frigate1973/19744Claud Jones

Training Frigate19811KI Hajar Dewantara

Frigate1985/19862Tribal

Frigate1986/19906Van Speijk

Frigate1979/19803Fatahillah

RoleDeliveredQuantityType

Indonesian Navy Fleet InventoryIndonesian Navy Fleet Inventory

Command/Support Ship

19611MultatuliResearch Ship1989/19953Baruna JayaSurvey Ship19861Hecla

Minesweeper -Coastal

19939(3)Kondor II (Type 89)

Ocean Minesweeper

19642T 43

Mine Warfare Vessel

19882Pulau Rengat

Landing Craft Mechanised

1960-60LCM/LCVP

Landing Ship Medium

1994/199514Frosch 1 (Type 108)

Landing Craft Utility

1978/19803Indonesian LCU

Landing Ship Tank

1981/19826Teluk Semangka(Tacoma)

Fleet Tug19611Rakota (ex-Us Cherokee

Fleet Tug19961SoputanBuoy Tendern/a2Majang/MizanCable Laying Ship19521BidukSail Training Ship19531DewarutjiTransport19781Tanjung OisinaTransport19932Frosch II (Type 109)Transport1963/19642TiszaCoastal Tanker19592KhobiReplenishment Tanker19921RoverReplenishment Tanker19651SorongRepair Ship19711AchelousResearch Ship19671BurujulasadResearch Ship19631Jalanidhi

Command/Support Ship

19611Multatuli

Diesel-Electric Submarine19812Cakra (Class 209)

RoleDeliveredQuantityType

Naval Aviation

Transport-3(2)EC-120 Colibri

Transport-2(2)Mi-17

Transport-8(2)Mi-2

Shipborne Survey/Liaison1010NBO 105C

Search and Rescue44HU-16B

Shipborne Survey/Liaison44Bell 47J

ASW/Assault/Utility Helicopter2727NAS-322 Super Puma

Short-Range Maritime Patrol66Searchmaster L

Short-Range Maritime Patrol1010Searchmaster B

Medium-Range Maritime Patrol1512/6Nomad

Medium-Range Maritime Patrol-6CN-235 MPA

Shipborne ASW/MR Helicopter9(1)10Wasp HAS Mk 1

RoleIn ServiceQuantityType

Submarines

Coast Guard

Customs Patrol Craft1980-48Lürssen 28 m

Customs Patrol Craft1979/817CMN 28 m

Customs Patrol Craft1975/8117Chantiers 28 m

RoleDeliveredQuantityType

Maritime Security Agency

NoteThe Maritime Security Agency was established in 1978 to control Indonesia's 200-mile EEZ and to maintain offshore navigational aids.

Harbour Patrol Craft1978/9410PAT

Search-and-Rescue19824Golok

Search-and-Rescue19815Kujang

RoleDeliveredQuantityType

Marines

Anti-Aircraft Gunn/an/a57mm S-60Anti-Aircraft Gunn/an/a40mm Bofors L/70Multiple Rocket Launchern/an/a140mm BM-14Mortarn/an/a81mm Pindad/M29Towed Artillery2828122mm M-38Towed Artillery1818105mm LG-1 Mk11Armoured Personnel Carrier7575BTR-50PArmoured Personnel Carrier2525AMX-10PInfantry Fighting Vehicle1010AMX-10 PAC-90Reconnaissance Vehicle2020BRDM-2Light Tank80100PT-76

RoleIn ServiceQuantityType

Source: JaneSource: Jane’’s Sentinel Security Assessment, Southeast Asia, Indonesia/Navy, s Sentinel Security Assessment, Southeast Asia, Indonesia/Navy, 2323--DecDec--20032003

Comparative AnalysisComparative Analysis

•• Future threats at sea against SEA not from other Future threats at sea against SEA not from other conventional navies of other nationconventional navies of other nation--statesstates

•• Threats will arise from nonThreats will arise from non--state actorsstate actors

•• Necessary for navies to revamp and find new definitions Necessary for navies to revamp and find new definitions for their roles in modern security contextfor their roles in modern security context

•• Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency in March 2005 Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency in March 2005 is a milestone is a milestone -- RMN will assist and train the MMEARMN will assist and train the MMEA

•• Major changes in the roles of RMN Major changes in the roles of RMN –– focus fully on war focus fully on war fighting and maintaining a balanced fleetfighting and maintaining a balanced fleet

•• Versatile fleet with highVersatile fleet with high--level of combat readiness will be level of combat readiness will be priority for RMNpriority for RMN

•• Indonesia with huge archipelago and numerous Indonesia with huge archipelago and numerous nonnon--state actors and their activities at sea has a state actors and their activities at sea has a bigger challengebigger challenge

•• TNITNI--AL has to reAL has to re--equip itself for both its policing equip itself for both its policing role and its naval war fighting prioritiesrole and its naval war fighting priorities

•• Indonesian Navy does not have enough Indonesian Navy does not have enough resources to monitor all of the countryresources to monitor all of the country’’s s territorial waters & EEZterritorial waters & EEZ

•• Thus the TNIThus the TNI--AL will have to priorities its roles, AL will have to priorities its roles, and focus on acquiring requisite capabilities and focus on acquiring requisite capabilities according to its emerging security needsaccording to its emerging security needs

•• Both RMN and TNIBoth RMN and TNI--AL should acquire NGPVs, hovercraft AL should acquire NGPVs, hovercraft and offshore patrol vessels, with helicopters, unmanned and offshore patrol vessels, with helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles and airborne maritime patrol platforms for aerial vehicles and airborne maritime patrol platforms for longlong--range patrols and reconnaissancerange patrols and reconnaissance

•• Helicopters and hovercraft are extremely useful in lowHelicopters and hovercraft are extremely useful in low--intensity conflicts whether on land or at sea with the intensity conflicts whether on land or at sea with the ability to navigate across all types of terrain and ability to navigate across all types of terrain and transport personnel for various operational purposestransport personnel for various operational purposes

•• LongLong--term cooperation between neighboring states, term cooperation between neighboring states, coordinated patrols and effective and efficient coordinated patrols and effective and efficient intelligence sharing and security operations between intelligence sharing and security operations between RMN and TNIRMN and TNI--AL AL

ConclusionConclusion•• Why Malaysia and Indonesia require attack aircraft, Why Malaysia and Indonesia require attack aircraft,

surface combatants and antisurface combatants and anti--ship missiles?ship missiles?•• -- Important maritime region Important maritime region

•• anxious to exercise sovereignty over territorial watersanxious to exercise sovereignty over territorial waters•• To guard against the plunder of offshore maritime To guard against the plunder of offshore maritime

resourcesresources•• To clamp down on piracy, smuggling & maintain To clamp down on piracy, smuggling & maintain

internal securityinternal security•• South China Sea South China Sea -- potential oil and mineral wealth potential oil and mineral wealth ––

claimants have overlapping bilateral claims, some of claimants have overlapping bilateral claims, some of which have already given rise to show of naval which have already given rise to show of naval presence presence

•• Recent threat of maritime terrorism has caused rapid Recent threat of maritime terrorism has caused rapid reassessments of national security demandsreassessments of national security demands

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