makalah resep inggris
TRANSCRIPT
DOCTOR PRESCRIPTION
( RULES OF WRITING RECIPE )
INTRODUCTION
Physician prescription is very important for a doctor in the process of prescribing medications for
their patients . Doctors in realizing rational therapy , requires a systematic step with the motto 5T
( Right medication , Right dose , Right way , and schedule as well as the provision of appropriate
patient BSO and to the right ) . Good prescription must be written in the blank prescriptions lege
artist .
GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF RECIPES
Recipe is defined as a written request from a doctor , dentist or veterinary pharmacy pharmacist
manager ( APA ) to provide and submit the drug for patients in accordance with the norm of
applicable laws . Correct prescription is written in a clear, legible , complete and meet the laws
and rules that apply . Examples of the correct recipe :
dr . Sarah Ayu
SIP . 087/2007
Home address / practice :
Jl . 10 Boxwood Surakarta
Surakarta , June 15, 2008
R / Paracetamol 100 mg
Sacch . lactis q.s
m.f.l.a. pulv.d.t.d. No. . VI
I s.p.r.n.t.d.d.pulv
Pros : Susi ( 2 years )
Address : Penumping half Surakarta
The elements of the recipe :
1 . identity Doctor
The name , license number practice , practice address and home prescribers and can be equipped
with a phone number and days and hours of practice . Usually printed on the prescription form .
2 . The name of the city ( already printed in the blank recipe ) and the date of written
prescriptions
3 . Superscriptio
Written by the symbol R / ( recipe = hope is taken ) . Usually printed in the blank . If it takes
more than one dosage form drug / prescription formula , required writing R / again .
4 . Inscriptio
It is a core part of the recipe , contains the drug name , strength and quantity of drug required and
clearly written
5 . Subscriptio
This section lists the drug dosage form ( BSO ) and in number . Way of writing ( the Latin
abbreviation ) depending on the kind formula recipe used .
example :
- M.f.l.a. pulv . d.t.d.no. X
- M.f.l.a. sole
- M.f.l.a. pulv . No. XX da in caps
6 . Signatura
Contains information about the rules for use of the drug for the patient which includes the
frequency , number of medications and current medications taken , etc. .
Example : stddtab.Iuhpc ( tick one tablet three times a day one hour after eating )
7 . The identity of the patient
Generally already included in the prescription form ( writing pro and age ) . Role in the patient's
name imprinted pro . Should also include the patient's weight so that control can be accurate
dosage by the pharmacy .
PROCEDURE FOR WRITING RECIPE
There is no standard in the world of writing prescriptions . For Indonesia , the recipe is complete
according to the Minister of Health Decree No. RI . 26/2981 ( Chapter III , Article 10 ) includes :
1 . Name , address , driver's license number Practice Physician ( NSIP )
2 . Date of prescription
3 . The name of each drug / drug components
4 . Signs R / on the left side of each prescription
5 . Signatures / initials prescribing doctor
6 . Exclamation marks and initials doctor for a prescription drug containing doses exceeding the
maximum
STEP PRESCRIPTION
1 . The selection of the right drug
In doing practice , doctors must first perform a history and physical examination on patients both
for diagnosis . After that , considering the circumstances ( disease pathology , course of the
disease and its manifestations ) , the goal of therapy with the drug to be determined . Then it will
be done properly drug selection , in order to produce a rational therapy .
It is very important to be considered in selecting drugs :
a. What about the risk -benefit ratio with selected drugs
b. How safety ( side effects , contraindications ) selected drug
c. What type of drug ingredients ( raw materials , standard formula , generic ingredient or
substance patent ) selected
d. Consideration of the cost / price of drugs
Taking into account the above , the drug doctors hoped would be the appropriate
prescription based on the benefits , safety , economy , and suitable for people
In order to realize the rational drug therapy and to improve the effectiveness and efficiency
as well as cost , then a physician need to understand the criteria ingredients in prescription
drugs . The ingredients in the recipe including inscriptio element and part of the raw
material , the standard drug ( drug raw formula / formal , generic preparations ) or finished
material / patent Name of the drug can be selected with the generic name ( official name in
the book Indonesian Pharmacopoeia ) or patent name ( the name given the plant ) . Users
need to pay attention to the type of drug patents and the strength of the active ingredient or
drug composition contained in it so that rational drug selection can be achieved and
pharmacy services do not encounter any problems .
Example : If the therapy should be given Paracetamol drug substance , the raw materials can
be selected ( in the pharmacy ) , bearing the generic preparations ( tablets or syrup
paracetamol or patent preparation )
The number of drug prescriptions written in the old tergatung of administration and
frequency of administration . Parameters required to determine this is a long course of the
disease , the goal of therapy , and the condition of the patient . The number of drugs are
written in Roman numerals for the type of finished dosage / patent
Example : Tab . Sanmol 500 mg no. X or Tab . Sanmol 500 mg da X
Materials / preparation based prescription drug in the legislation can be categorized :
a. Narcotic drug classes or O (ct : codeine , morphine , pethidin )
b . Hard drug classes or G or K Differentiated menajadi 3 :
- Type of certain drugs or Psychotropic Loud ( diazepam and its derivatives )
- Group Hard drugs or K (ct : amoxicillin , ibuprofen )
- Group of mandatory drug pharmacy or OWA (ct : famotidine , allopurinol , topical
gentamycin )
c . Limited free drug classes or W (ct : paracetamol , pyrantel palmoat )
d . Free drug classes ( ct : Vitamin B1 , Vitamin C )
At the writing of narcotic drugs and psychotropic / special ) the amount of the drug is not
enough just to numbers alone , but accompanied by the number of letters , eg X ( DECEM )
and in order to be valid doctor's signature ( not initials ) . This is done to avoid the misuse of
drugs in society .
2 . Determination of mode of administration and dosage appropriate rules a. How drug
delivery Drugs administered in various ways (orally , rectal , parenteral , topical , etc. ) . It is
necessary to determine the mode of administration of drugs :
- The goal of therapy
- The patient's condition
- Physico-chemical properties of drugs
- Bioaviabilitas drug
- The benefits ( profit-and- loss drug delivery )
Preferred mode of administration is the optimal clinical benefit and provide safety for the
patient . Suppose a drug delivery Gentamicyn necessary for systemic purposes , it should be
chosen through parenteral . NSAIDs should be given to people with gastritis do rectal
administration .
b . Rules dose ( dose and schedule of administration ) of drugs
DOSE
The ideal dose is the dose given per individual . It is given that the patient response to the
drug is very individualistic . Determination of the dose needs to consider : 1 ) the condition
of the patient ( such as age , body weight , physiology and organ function ) 2 ) the condition
of the disease ( acute , chronic , heavy / light ) 3 ) therapeutic index drugs ( wide / narrow )
4 ) variation of kinetic drug
5 ) how / child dose calculation formula ( select the most thorough )
Calculation of the ideal dose in children using basic physical size ( weight or body surface
area ) . If the child dose calculated by comparison with the adult dosage , the dose calculation
using the formula children (eg Young , Clark ) , it is necessary to note about the accuracy of
the formula used .
SCHEDULE OF GIVING
This includes the schedule of frequency , dose per unit time and the time / timing of drug
delivery . In the recipes contained in the element Signatura .
FREQUENCY
Means the frequency of how many times the drug is administered to the patient . The number
of part- time administration of the drug dependent , BSO , and therapeutic purposes . Anti-
asthma drugs given when packed ( prn ) namum when to guard against the attacks of asthma
can be administered on a regular basis eg 3 times a day ( tdd ) .
WHEN / TIME GIVING
It is necessary for the administration of certain medications in order to have an optimal effect
, safe and easy to follow patient . For example : The drug absorbsinya distracted by the food
should be given on an empty stomach 1/2 - 1 hour before a meal (1 / 2-1 hac ) , drugs that
irritate the stomach is given after meals ( pc ) and drugs for sleep memepermudah given at
bedtime ( hs ) , etc. .
GIVING OLD
The duration of the course of disease or drug use based treatment guidelines that have been
defined in the literature / RS . Suppose antibiotics within a specified time ( 2 days after
symptoms disappear to avoid germs resistance , symptomatic drug should be given only
when symptoms appear ( prn ) , and in chronic penyaklit ( eg, asthma , hypertension ,
diabetes ) required continuous administration of drugs or throughout life ( ITER! )
3 . Selection of the appropriate BSO
Selection of BSO in prescriptions should be considered that the optimal drug delivery and
affordable prices . Patient adherence factor , factor medicinal properties , bioaviabilitas and
socio-economic factors can be used as an electoral considerations BSO
4 . Selection of the proper prescription formula
There are three prescription formulas that can be used for prescriptions menyusunan doctor (
Formula marginalis , officialis the specialty AAU ) . Selection of the formula needs to
consider :
- Who can guarantee the accuracy of dose ( individual doses )
- The stability of the drug can menajaga
- In order to maintain patient compliance in taking medication
- The cost / affordable prices
5 . Writing prescriptions in the correct prescription blank ( lege artist )
Prescription lege artist intention is clearly written , complete ( contains 6 elements that must
exist in the recipe ) and in accordance with the rules / guidelines as well as the standard
standard Latin abbreviations , the standard form ( size 10-12 cm width , length 15-18 cm )
6 . Provision of information to the right people
How rules must be in writing or complete the prescription , but the doctor also remains to be
explained to the patient . Likewise, the things that need to be delivered or warnings about
drugs and treatment , ie whether the drug should be taken until the end / no , side effects , etc.
. This is done for patient compliance and achieve rational prescribing
GUIDELINES TO WRITING DOCTOR PRESCRIPTION
1 . Prescription blank size ( width 10-12 cm , 15-18 cm long )
2 . Writing the name of the drug ( Part Inscriptio ) :
a. It starts with a capital letter
b . Written in full or with an official abbreviation ( in pharmacopoeia Indonesian or
international nomenclature ) eg : ac . Salic ; acetosal
c . Not written with the chemical name ( eg : time chloride with KCl ) or other abbreviations
with capital letters ( eg clorpromazin with CPZ )
3 . Writing the number of drugs
a. Unit weight : mg ( milligrams ) , g , G ( g )
b . Sataun volume : ml ( milliliters ) , l ( liters )
c . Unit : IU / IU ( International Units )
d . Writing with a number of drugs seed unit using Roman numerals . For example : - Tab
Novalgin no. XII
- Stesolid 5 mg Tab no. X ( DECEM )
- M.fl.a.pulv . dt.d.no. X
e . Writing tools graduated :
Known in the Latin abbreviation : C = tablespoon ( 15 ml volume ) Ex . = Teaspoon ( 5 ml
volume )
Gtt . = Guttae ( 1 drop = 0.05 mL )
Note : Avoid using a teaspoon and eat senok households do not always have the volume to
15 ml and 5 ml tablespoons to teaspoons . Use a plastic spoon ( 5 ml ) or other instrument
( volume 5 , 10 , 15 ml ) liquid sediaaan included in the patent .
f . Meaning percentage ( % )
0.5 grams in 100 grams of preparation0.5 % ( w / w )
0.5 grams in 100 ml of the preparation0.5 % ( w / v )
0.5 ml in 100 ml dosage0.5 % ( v / v )
g . Avoid writing with decimal numbers ( eg, 0 , ... ; 0.0 .... ; 0.00 ... )
4 . a. Writing the power of the drug in finished dosage ( generic / patent ) on the market with
some force , then the force required to be written , for example Tab . Primperan 5 mg or Tab .
Primperan 10 mg
b . Writing the volume of heavy drinking and drug dosage in a tube of topical preparations so
/ patents available some packaging , it must be written , for example :
- Allerin exp . That the volume of 60 ml or 120 ml
- Garamycin cream 5 mg / tube or 15mg/tube
5 . Writing dosage form of the drug ( subscriptio part ) is written not only for formulas
magistralis , but also for the formula and the specialty officialis
For example : m.f.l.a.pulv . No. . X
Antangin mg Tab 250 mg Novalgin Tab X 250 X
6 . Writing dosing schedule / usage rules ( section Signatura )
a. Must be written correctly
For example : s.t.d.d. pulv . I.p.c or s.p.r.n.t.d.d.tab.I
b . To use such a complicated use of " tapering up / down " using sign SUC ( intestinal
cognitus = user already knows ) . Explanation to the patient on a paper written in a language
that is understood .
7 . Each recipe is marked finished writing a cover closing line ( for 1 R / ) or separator
between R / ( to > 2R / ) and initial / signature on each R / .
8 . Prescriptions written once so , should not be in doubt, avoid streaks , smears and
oppression .
9 . Writing a sign Iter ( Itteretur / hope is repeated ) and NI ( Ne Iterretur / should not be
repeated )
Recipes that require pengulanagan can be marked : Iter n X in the top left of the recipe is
repeated for the entire recipe . If not all of the recipes , it is written under each recipe is
repeated .
Prescriptions that should not be repeated , can be marked : NI at top left of recipes for the
entire recipe that should not be repeated . If not all of the recipes , it is written under each
recipe is repeated .
10 . Writing Cito sign or PIM
If a prescription is required in order to be served as soon as the drug is necessary for the
patient , it can be marked Cito recipes or PIM and must be written on the right above recipe .
PRESCRIPTION DRUG DOSAGE AND DETERMINATION OF PRESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION
Prescription medicine physician requires precision dose given and the selection of the right
formula anyway . Prospective physicians must be able to understand how to determine the
proper dose of medication with the correct calculation and must understand the right formula
recipe used to realize a rational therapy .
PRESCRIPTION DRUG DOSAGE IN
Appropriate dose is needed so that the optimal effect of the drugs and the risk of side effects
as small as possible . Magnitude -dose drug therapy is usually included in the range / range of
doses , eg 250 -
500 mg . The range of dose levels showed a safe drug that can be administered in a medical
practice . When the doctor gave doses below / above the range of doses , it can give adverse
effects for the patient and can pose questions to the pharmacy that receives the prescription .
Dose is the amount of prescription drugs in dosage per time for the patient and may be given
several times a day according to the frequency of which is written in the recipe .
Determination of the dose obtained darai therapeutic dose ( usual dose ) that are listed in the
literature . For children the dose is usually imprinted with eg 20-40 mg / kg / day . Thus
extending the dosing adnya carefully for the child . There are several medications that
include dosage for adults only , so if the drug will be given to the child it is necessary
perhituanan by comparing the adult dose , using the formula ( eg, R. Clark , R. Young , etc. )
METHOD OF CALCULATION DOSAGE CHILDREN
There are several ways to calculate child doses . For that reason , chosen to demonstrate
pengetrapan individual doses . For drugs that have a narrow therapeutic range , it requires
high accuracy in determining the dose for children . Example : Calculate dose of
Amoxycillin for children 4 years old with 17 kg BB
Given: Dose BB Amoxycillin children under 20 kg is 20-40 mg / kg / day given in divided
doses every 6-8 hours .
For adult dose is 250-500 mg , given every 6-8 hours .
calculation :
1 . Based on the individual with the physical size of BB :
17 X ( 20-40 ) mg = 340-780 mg / day
When selected given 3 times a day , the dose per administration time = 113.33 to 226.67 mg
2 . Based on an adult dose of the formula Clark
17 X ( 250-500 ) mg = 60.71 to 121.43 mg / times
20
3 . Based on the formula of Young adult dose
4 x ( 250-500 ) mg = 62.5 to 125 mg / times
16
4 . Based on the Table J.Hahn adult dose :
5 . Children 4 years old , weight 13.0 to 16.3 kg = 23% of the adult dose
= 57.5 to 115 mg / times
The above results show that the calculation method produces different doses . Taking into
account the condition of the disease and the condition of the patient , the physician can
determine the size of the dose per time and per day in a recipe .
Suppose decided give 125 mg amoxycillin per time
When the frequency is 3 times a day , the dose is 375 mg per day .
FORMULA RECIPES
There are 3 formulas in prescribing ( magistrlis , and the specialty officinalis ) . Factors to
consider in determining the type of formula that will be used : 1 ) the accuracy of the dose , 2
) drug stability is assured , 3 ) patient compliance , 4 ) ease of getting drugs / preparations ,
5 ) affordable price
FORMULA MAGISTRALIS
This formula is known as racikan.Dalam this recipe , besides the doctor write the
ingredients , also additional material . Additional ingredients are added depending on the
desired dosage . Therefore , it is important note the nature of the drug , pharmaceutical
interactions , dosage forms and kinds of additives that can be used as well as prescribing
guidelines magistralis .
The things that are important to be considered in the formula magistralis :
1 . Ingredients , wherever possible using raw materials . Use of finished dosage / patent
( tablet , syrup , etc. ) often cause problems both in service ( eg can not be smooth , not
homogeneous , and unstable ) as well as rationalization of therapy ( among others, changes in
formula preparation , medication bioaviabilitas changes , changes in absorption , decreased
concentration drugs ) . Mixing materials is more than one kind of interaction should be
considered ( pharmaceutical and pharmacology ) and rationality of drug .
2 . Bntuk preparations to choose from include powders ( pulveres and pulvis adspersorium ) ,
capsule , solution ( abruption , infusion ) , suspension , unguenta , cream and pasta .
3 . Determination of additives ( corrigen saporis , corrigen odoris , corrigen coloris , and
constituent / vehiculum ) .
Sample preparation magistralis prescription formula :
1 . Doctors Siti Beautiful , SIP 087/2008 address at JL . No. Solar . 1 Surakarta on June 15
2008 writing a prescription formula pulveres magistralis the dosage form ( powder ) 10 packs
, each pack containing paracetamol 120 mg . This powder is given to Sari ( 2 years , 12 kg )
with rules of use : when the heat is given 3 times a day , each time a pack
dr . Siti Beautiful
SIP . 087/2008
Home address / practice :
Jl . Solar 1 Surakarta
Surakarta , June 15, 2008
R / Paracetamol 120 mg
Sacch . lactis q.s
m.f.l.a. pulv.d.t.d. No. . X
s.p.r.n.t.d.d.pulv I ( febrile )
Description :
Fetch paracetamol 120 mg and sacch lactis to taste , mix and make according to the rules of
the powder as much as 10 packs , each pack containing 120 mg of paracetamol and sacch
lactis taste . Mark : when the heat can be given 3 times a day 1 wrap
Pros : Sari ( 12 kg ) Age : 2 years
dr . Siti Beautiful
SIP . 087/2008
Home address / practice :
Jl . Solar 1 Surakarta
Surakarta , June 15, 2008
R / Paracetamol 1.2
Sacch . Lactis q.s m.f.l.a. pulv . No. . X s.p.r.n.t.d.d.pulv I ( febrile )
Description :
Fetch paracetamol 1.2 g and sacch lactis taste , mix and make according to the rules of the
powder as much as 10 packs . Mark : when the heat can be given 3 times a day 1 wrap
Pros : Sari
Age : 2 years , 12 kg
2 . Doctors Siti Beautiful , SIP 087/2008 address at JL . No. Solar . 1 Surakarta on June 15,
2008 to write a prescription formula magistralis with ointment dosage forms containing as
much as 20 grams of boric 5 % and use basic ingredients vaseline album . This ointment is
given to Tono ( 20 years )
with the rules of use : given two times a day , for foreign drugs
dr . Siti Beautiful
SIP . 087/2008
Home address / practice :
Jl . Solar 1 Surakarta
Surakarta , June 15, 2008
R / Ac . Boric 5 % vaseline alb . q.s m.f.l.a. ungt . 20 s.b.d.d. u.e
Pros : Tono
Age : 20 years
Recipes with this formula means that the drugs used are generic drugs and generic
preparations available Dalan ( BPOM MOH ) or preparation standards ( Formulary
Indonesia) . By using this formula , means that doctors already know the composition of the
active ingredient and its usefulness . The writing is fast and simple and cheaper.
Example officinalis formula :
1 . Doctors Siti Beautiful , SIP 087/2008 address at JL . No. Solar . 1 Surakarta on June 15,
2008 wrote prescriptions using cough medicine contra tussim Potio nigra , a standard formula
in the formulary Indonesia and given to Bp . Tono to the rules of use : when cough can drink
4 X
one tablespoon a day , for 10 days
dr . Siti Beautiful
SIP . 087/2008
Home address / practice :
Jl . Solar 1 Surakarta
Surakarta , June 15, 2008
R / Pot nigr . c . Tuss . 300 ml s.p.r.n. 4.d.d. C. I ( when coughing )
Description : Doctors munggunakan standard formula in Indonesian formulary . The
composition of the drug :
Pot nigr . c . Tuss . 300 ml
Succus liquiritae 10
Amm . chloride 6
Sol amm.spirt . anis 6
Aqua dest . Ad 300 ml
Use of 4-5 d.d. C.I
Pros : Tono
Age : 20 years
2 . Doctors Siti Beautiful , SIP 087/2008 address at JL . No. Solar . 1 Surakarta on June 15,
2008 wrote prescriptions using the generic logo sediaaan Chlorampenicol eye ointment ( 1 %
) and given to Bp . Tono to the rules of use : 2 X a day applied to the left and right eye ,
morning and afternoon
dr . Siti Beautiful
SIP . 087/2008
Home address / practice :
Jl . Solar 1 Surakarta
Surakarta , June 15, 2008
R / Chloramphenic.ungt.ophth 1 % 5 g s.b.d.d. ungt.ophth . od and os
Description :
With the prescription , the doctor uses a standard formula in the finished dosage generic
logo .
The composition of the drug :
Ungt . Ophth . Chlorampenicol 1 % . Each gram of ointment contains 10 mg Chlorampenicol
eyes , the weight of each tube 5 grams
Pros : Bp . Tono
Age :
the specialty FORMULA
Prescriptions written by this formula is patented drugs from the drug factory . Sometimes
drug manufacturer to make drugs with different dosage , strength , and a combination of
drugs . If the prescription is less clear or incomplete can mengakibatklan errors in service at
the pharmacy .
Examples of the specialty prescription :
1 . Doctors Siti Beautiful , SIP 087/2008 address at JL . No. Solar . 1 Surakarta on June 15,
2008 wrote prescriptions using patent sediaaan Allerin expektorant 120 ml and given to Bp .
Tono to the rules of use : 3 times a day 2 teaspoon ( liquid volume of drugs taken was 10 ml )
.
dr . Siti Beautiful
SIP . 087/2008
Home address / practice :
Jl . Solar 1 Surakarta
Surakarta , June 15, 2008
R / Allerin exp . 120 ml lag I
s.t.d.d. C.th. II
Pros : Bp . Tono
Age :
Description :
With the prescription , the doctor uses the specialty formulas and using drugs with patent
name . Dosage form : syrup
Composition : Each 5 ml of syrup contains : 50 mg Glyceryl guaiacolate
Sodium citrate 180 mg Diphenhydramine HCl 12.5 mg Phenylpropanolamine HCl 12.5 mg
Packaging : Bottle volume of 60 ml and 120 ml
2 . Doctors Siti Beautiful , SIP 087/2008 address at JL . No. Solar . 1 Surakarta on June 15,
2008 wrote prescriptions using patent sediaaan Kalmoxicillin 500 mg caplets of 20 seeds and
given to Bp . Tono to the rules of use : 3 times a day .
dr . Siti Beautiful
SIP . 087/2008
Home address / practice :
Jl . Solar 1 Surakarta
Surakarta , June 15, 2008
R / Capl Kalmoxicillin No. 500 mg . XX
s.t.d.d. Capl . I
Description :
With the prescription , the doctor uses the specialty formulas and using drugs with patent
anam . Dosage form : syrup
Composition : Each caplet contains Amoxycillin trihydrate mg Kalmoxicillin500
In addition to these preparations , there are 250 mg capsules , dry suspension 125 mg / 5 ml
to 60 ml bottles , dry suspension 250 mg / 5 ml to 60 ml bottles , injection ( powder
1g/vial )