major plastics properties
DESCRIPTION
Major Plastics Properties in pdfTRANSCRIPT
Properties Acetal (POM) Copoly Acetal (POM) Homopoly
1.37 to 1.43 1.33 to 4.84
1.5 to 27 --
272000 to 428000 359000 to 458000
1880 to 2950 2480 to 3160
6160 to 9460 7620 to 10700
42.5 to 65.2 52.5 to 73.5
1.0 to 200 3.0 to 71
Rockwell Hardness 80 to 117 93 to 120
0.738 to 1.70 0.694 to 2.39
39.4 to 90.5 37.0 to 128
309 to 323 320 to 342
154 to 162 160 to 172
210 to 234 196 to 277
98.9 to 112 91.0 to 136
Specific Gravity (g/cm³)
Melt Mass Flow Rate (g/10 min)
Flexural Modulus (psi)(ratio of stress to strain)
Flexural Modulus (MPa)(ratio of stress to strain)
Tensile Strength (psi)
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Tensile Elongation (%)
Notched Izod Impact (ft·lb/in)
Notched Izod Impact (J/m)
DTUL at 66 psi (0.45 MPa) (°F)(deflectiontemperature underload - HDT)
DTUL at 66 psi (0.45 MPa) (°C)(deflectiontemperature underload - HDT)
DTUL at 264 psi (1.8 MPa) (°F)(deflectiontemperature underload - HDT)
DTUL at 264 psi (1.8 MPa) (°C)(deflectiontemperature underload - HDT)
5.6E-6 to 0.14 0.000055 to 0.000067
0.000010 to 0.25 0.000100 to 0.00012
0.018 to 0.023 0.019 to 0.020
1.5 to 27 --
174 to 250 174 to 186
78.9 to 121 78.9 to 85.3
2.0 to 4.5 1.9 to 3.5
0.15 to 0.20 0.2
20 to 25 20 to 25
7550 to 15700 12000 to 15600
52.0 to 108 82.7 to 108
336 to 401 372 to 391
169 to 205 189 to 199
372 to 401 371 to 388
189 to 205 188 to 198
369 to 402 371 to 401
187 to 206 188 to 205
CLTE, Flow (in/in/°F)Coefficients of Linear ThermalExpansion
CLTE, Flow (cm/cm/°C)Coefficients of Linear ThermalExpansion
Mold Shrinkage, Flow (in/in) or (mm/mm)
Melt Mass Flow Rate (g/10 min)
Drying Temperature (°F)
Drying Temperature (°C)
Drying Time (hr)
Suggested Max Moisture (%)
Suggested Max Regrind (%)
Injection Pressure (psi)
Injection Pressure (MPa)
Rear Temperature (°F)
Rear Temperature (°C)
Middle Temperature (°F)
Middle Temperature (°C)
Front Temperature (°F)
Front Temperature (°C)
369 to 405 400 to 405
187 to 207 205 to 207
373 to 412 390 to 420
189 to 211 199 to 216
120 to 204 117 to 201
48.9 to 95.8 47.2 to 93.9
Nozzle Temperature (°F)
Nozzle Temperature (°C)
Processing (Melt) Temp (°F)
Processing (Melt) Temp (°C)
Mold Temperature (°F)
Mold Temperature (°C)
Acrylic (PMMA) Acrylic (SMMA) Acrylic, Unspecified PMMA+PVC
1.15 to 1.19 1.04 to 1.09 1.11 to 1.19 1.34 to 1.35
0.30 to 4.6 0.40 to 9.1 -- 34
162000 to 500000 285000 to 493000 210000 to 500000 293000 to 372000
1120 to 3450 1960 to 3400 1450 to 3450 2020 to 2560
5310 to 11800 4000 to 9290 3800 to 10200 5740 to 6160
36.6 to 81.1 27.6 to 64.0 26.2 to 70.3 39.6 to 42.5
0.0 to 7.3 2.0 to 59 2.7 to 250 55 to 170
44 to 102 61 to 86 74 to 123 87 to 111
0.200 to 1.16 0.340 to 3.00 0.397 to 0.455 0.600 to 18.0
10.7 to 61.9 18.1 to 160 21.2 to 24.3 32.0 to 961
176 to 218 188 167 to 203 162 to 178
80.0 to 103 86.7 75.0 to 95.0 72.2 to 81.1
170 to 219 187 to 201 153 to 221 151 to 174
76.5 to 104 86.2 to 94.1 67.2 to 105 65.9 to 79.1
0.000025 to 0.000061 -- 0.000034 to 0.000059 0
0.000045 to 0.00011 -- 0.000062 to 0.00011 0
0.0035 to 0.0060 0.0039 to 0.0040 0.0040 to 0.0059 0.0030 to 0.0050
0.30 to 4.6 0.40 to 9.1 -- 34
171 to 185 149 to 180 200 130 to 145
77.0 to 85.0 65.0 to 82.2 93.3 54.4 to 62.8
2.5 to 5.0 2.0 to 2.1 4 4
0.097 to 0.30 -- -- --
25 -- -- --
10500 to 16000 15000 12500 --
72.4 to 110 103 86.2 --
378 to 491 384 to 391 -- --
192 to 255 195 to 199 -- --
427 to 476 395 to 420 -- 350
220 to 247 201 to 216 -- 177
438 to 474 404 to 441 -- 350
226 to 246 207 to 227 -- 177
429 to 476 380 to 440 -- --
220 to 247 193 to 227 -- --
435 to 475 429 to 441 393 395 to 400
224 to 246 221 to 227 200 202 to 204
140 to 171 104 to 116 200 115
59.9 to 77.1 40.2 to 46.5 93.3 46.1
PC PC Alloy PC+Acrylic PC+PBT
1.20E-6 to 30.0 1.14 to 1.22 1.15 1.18 to 1.24
3.0 to 27 1.3 to 36 1.5 to 15 6.2 to 26
276000 to 386000 281000 to 362000 280000 to 361000 210000 to 390000
1900 to 2660 1940 to 2490 1930 to 2490 1450 to 2690
7610 to 10200 7150 to 9040 6000 to 9100 5480 to 8850
52.5 to 70.0 49.3 to 62.3 41.4 to 62.7 37.7 to 61.0
0.0 to 120 1.7 to 94 3.7 to 11 1.5 to 150
70 to 121 117 to 121 44 to 46 89 to 119
0.00 to 18.0 1.45 to 15.0 3.27 to 30.0 0.618 to 16.5
0.00 to 961 77.3 to 801 175 to 1600 33.0 to 880
269 to 290 254 to 280 215 to 253 213 to 260
132 to 143 123 to 138 102 to 123 101 to 127
243 to 285 177 to 265 209 to 216 137 to 225
117 to 140 80.6 to 129 98.2 to 102 58.1 to 107
0.000029 to 0.000049 0.000035 to 0.000039 0 1.7E-6 to 1.0
0.000052 to 0.000087 0.000063 to 0.000070 0 3.0E-6 to 1.9
0.00060 to 0.16 0.0060 to 0.0061 0.0059 to 0.0071 0.0047 to 0.010
3.0 to 27 1.3 to 36 1.5 to 15 6.2 to 26
216 to 263 224 to 248 180 to 182 201 to 232
102 to 128 107 to 120 82.2 to 83.2 93.8 to 111
2.8 to 4.3 3.5 to 6.0 3.5 to 4.5 2.0 to 5.1
0.019 to 0.020 0.0100 to 0.020 -- 0.020 to 0.022
20 20 -- 5 to 25
1300 to 20400 12500 to 15000 9000 to 10100 9430 to 15000
8.96 to 140 86.2 to 103 62.1 to 69.3 65.0 to 103
485 to 576 481 to 508 418 to 421 463 to 493
252 to 302 249 to 264 215 to 216 239 to 256
517 to 593 482 to 520 464 to 465 483 to 502
269 to 312 250 to 271 240 to 241 251 to 261
539 to 611 491 to 536 485 to 486 499 to 512
282 to 321 255 to 280 252 260 to 267
532 to 606 544 to 545 484 to 485 484 to 506
278 to 319 284 to 285 251 to 252 251 to 263
540 to 586 499 to 522 440 to 487 494 to 517
282 to 308 259 to 272 227 to 253 257 to 270
175 to 215 138 to 172 120 to 180 157 to 221
79.7 to 102 59.0 to 77.5 48.9 to 82.2 69.3 to 105
PC+PET PC+Polyester PC+PPC PC+TPU
1.19 to 1.22 1.19 to 1.20 1.2 1.20 to 1.22
8.0 to 35 3.0 to 22 5.6 to 30 9.2 to 21
266000 to 353000 231000 to 336000 307000 to 334000 3900 to 151000
1830 to 2440 1600 to 2310 2120 to 2300 26.9 to 1040
6420 to 8170 6460 to 9020 8680 to 10200 1640 to 6050
44.2 to 56.3 44.5 to 62.2 59.8 to 70.0 11.3 to 41.7
3.0 to 54 2.0 to 150 6.0 to 86 120 to 180
115 to 121 114 to 118 85 to 122 --
0.937 to 18.1 0.0937 to 21.0 2.25 to 11.2 1.00 to 18.0
50.0 to 966 5.00 to 1120 120 to 600 53.4 to 961
238 to 278 172 to 257 298 to 300 207 to 229
115 to 137 77.9 to 125 148 to 149 97.3 to 109
189 to 251 165 to 236 257 to 288 138 to 167
87.0 to 122 73.8 to 113 125 to 142 59.0 to 75.3
0.000024 to 0.000047 0.000032 to 0.000064 0.000033 to 0.86 0.000050 to 0.000089
0.000043 to 0.000084 0.000058 to 0.00011 0.000060 to 1.5 0.000090 to 0.00016
0.0049 to 0.0091 0.0050 to 0.0076 0.01 0.0078 to 0.012
8.0 to 35 3.0 to 22 5.6 to 30 9.2 to 21
207 to 244 159 to 192 248 to 250 200 to 220
97.0 to 118 70.8 to 88.9 120 to 121 93.3 to 105
3.0 to 8.7 4.0 to 4.1 3.0 to 3.5 0.033 to 2.0
0.019 to 0.020 0.02 0.02 0.03
20 -- -- 20
14900 to 15100 15000 -- 9500 to 10500
103 to 104 103 -- 65.5 to 72.4
477 to 506 469 to 485 545 to 570 375 to 440
247 to 264 243 to 252 285 to 299 191 to 227
486 to 514 479 to 545 563 to 590 380 to 450
252 to 268 248 to 285 295 to 310 193 to 232
488 to 522 488 to 501 581 to 610 385 to 450
253 to 272 253 to 260 305 to 321 196 to 232
491 to 515 488 to 501 563 to 600 393 to 463
255 to 268 253 to 260 295 to 316 200 to 239
513 to 520 488 to 516 581 to 610 393 to 465
267 to 271 253 to 269 305 to 321 200 to 241
175 to 177 123 to 125 210 to 230 84.9 to 95.0
79.2 to 80.4 50.6 to 51.8 98.9 to 110 29.4 to 35.0
PPC Nylon 11 Nylon 12 Nylon 12 Elast
1.2 1.03 to 1.04 0.978 to 1.23 1.01 to 1.02
2.0 to 3.0 -- -- 7.0 to 20
294000 to 341000 41800 to 200000 16000 to 334000 17600 to 47400
2030 to 2350 288 to 1380 110 to 2310 121 to 327
9280 to 11300 5740 to 10000 2610 to 9090 1160 to 7040
64.0 to 78.0 39.6 to 69.0 18.0 to 62.7 8.00 to 48.6
6.0 to 120 5.0 to 58 0.40 to 210 17 to 400
85 to 127 78 to 108 79 to 115 --
1.57 to 12.0 0.300 to 7.65 0.206 to 10.1 1.78 to 1.85
84.0 to 641 16.0 to 408 11.0 to 540 94.9 to 98.5
329 290 to 305 175 to 380 124 to 240
165 144 to 152 79.2 to 193 51.0 to 116
270 to 302 112 to 130 104 to 138 113 to 114
132 to 150 44.7 to 54.6 40.0 to 58.8 45.0 to 45.3
0.000033 to 0.000051 0.000047 to 0.000071 4.2E-6 to 0.00013 0.000050 to 0.00013
0.000060 to 0.000092 0.000085 to 0.00013 7.5E-6 to 0.00023 0.000090 to 0.00023
0.0075 to 0.0090 0.012 to 0.015 0.0047 to 0.019 0.0040 to 0.0085
2.0 to 3.0 -- -- 7.0 to 20
250 to 266 175 to 176 175 to 212 179 to 230
121 to 130 79.4 to 80.0 79.4 to 100 81.5 to 110
3.5 3.9 to 12 3.0 to 10 3.5 to 4.1
0.02 0.1 0.020 to 0.50 0.030 to 0.10
-- 20 20 --
-- 12400 to 12500 12400 to 12700 --
-- 85.3 to 86.2 85.7 to 87.5 --
590 to 640 390 to 480 425 to 465 356 to 410
310 to 338 199 to 249 218 to 241 180 to 210
608 to 660 410 to 480 426 to 475 374 to 428
320 to 349 210 to 249 219 to 246 190 to 220
626 to 680 430 to 480 425 to 484 383 to 437
330 to 360 221 to 249 218 to 251 195 to 225
626 to 670 430 442 to 477 383 to 428
330 to 354 221 228 to 247 195 to 220
649 to 680 493 452 to 527 390 to 455
343 to 360 256 233 to 275 199 to 235
210 to 235 125 100 to 188 68.0 to 87.8
98.9 to 113 51.6 to 51.7 38.0 to 86.5 20.0 to 31.0
Nylon 46 Nylon 6 Nylon 6 Alloy Nylon 6 Elast
1.17 to 1.19 0.920 to 1.17 1.03 to 1.14 1.01 to 1.18
-- -- -- 6.0 to 7.0
50800 to 490000 290 to 453000 13000 to 430000 10000 to 508000
350 to 3380 2.00 to 3130 89.6 to 2960 69.0 to 3500
5550 to 14600 2980 to 13300 3140 to 12400 870 to 12600
38.3 to 101 20.6 to 91.7 21.6 to 85.5 6.00 to 86.6
0.56 to 53 -1.0 to 74 4.0 to 64 20 to 270
90 to 100 101 to 123 -- 74 to 120
0.750 to 1.59 0.300 to 11.2 1.00 to 1.38 5.60 to 10.4
40.0 to 85.1 16.0 to 596 53.4 to 73.4 299 to 555
429 to 556 295 to 420 140 to 374 102 to 374
220 to 291 146 to 216 60.0 to 190 39.0 to 190
318 to 380 119 to 178 122 to 167 95.0 to 212
159 to 193 48.3 to 81.4 50.0 to 75.0 35.0 to 100
0.000038 to 0.000050 5.6E-6 to 0.00011 0.000052 to 0.000094 0.000088 to 0.000090
0.000068 to 0.000090 0.000010 to 0.00020 0.000093 to 0.00017 0
0.0033 to 0.083 0.000100 to 0.044 0.0080 to 0.012 0.0030 to 0.022
-- -- -- 6.0 to 7.0
193 to 219 173 to 180 160 176
89.6 to 104 78.5 to 82.3 71.1 80
4.0 to 12 1.9 to 5.1 5 8
0.050 to 0.053 0.095 to 0.20 -- 0.1
20 19 to 26 -- --
9430 to 12700 1000 to 16400 -- 5080 to 9430
65.0 to 87.5 6.89 to 113 -- 35.0 to 65.0
572 to 573 436 to 506 430 --
300 to 301 224 to 264 221 --
585 to 591 442 to 490 445 --
307 to 310 228 to 254 229 --
590 to 596 443 to 513 465 --
310 to 313 228 to 267 241 --
554 to 608 423 to 514 485 --
290 to 320 217 to 268 252 --
590 to 595 360 to 597 480 419 to 595
310 to 313 182 to 314 249 215 to 313
212 to 238 138 to 177 95 122 to 194
99.8 to 114 58.7 to 80.3 35 50.0 to 90.0
Nylon 6/3T Nylon 6/6T Nylon 6+ABS Nylon 610
1.12 1.16 1.06 to 1.08 1.07 to 1.17
-- -- 6.0 to 7.0 --
-- 421000 145000 to 315000 180000 to 315000
-- 2900 1000 to 2170 1240 to 2170
13000 to 13100 13100 to 14500 4330 to 6620 5780 to 9020
89.8 to 90.0 90.0 to 100.0 29.9 to 45.6 39.9 to 62.2
7.4 to 51 8.0 to 12 3.2 to 100 3.3 to 300
-- -- 90 to 105 90 to 116
-- -- 0.182 to 15.0 0.700 to 3.81
-- -- 9.70 to 801 37.4 to 203
282 to 285 -- 190 to 387 318 to 356
139 to 140 -- 87.8 to 197 159 to 180
246 to 249 212 145 to 305 134 to 156
119 to 120 100 62.5 to 152 56.9 to 68.7
0 0 0.000055 to 0.000056 0.000044 to 0.000067
0.000050 to 0.000051 0 0.000100 to 0.00010 0.000079 to 0.00012
0.0045 to 0.0046 0.01 0.0079 to 0.010 0.0030 to 0.020
-- -- 6.0 to 7.0 --
-- -- 176 to 178 175 to 180
-- -- 79.9 to 81.3 79.4 to 82.2
-- -- 3.0 to 3.5 2.0 to 4.0
-- -- 0.2 0.020 to 0.20
-- -- -- --
-- -- 900 1250 to 14000
-- -- 6.21 8.62 to 96.5
-- -- 490 to 491 420 to 451
-- -- 254 to 255 216 to 233
-- -- 508 to 509 430 to 471
-- -- 264 to 265 221 to 244
-- -- 473 to 527 440 to 490
-- -- 245 to 275 227 to 254
-- -- 473 480 to 490
-- -- 245 249 to 255
-- 617 446 to 505 480 to 550
-- 325 230 to 263 249 to 288
-- 176 131 to 158 125 to 190
-- 80 55.0 to 70.0 51.7 to 87.8
Nylon 612 Nylon 66 Nylon 66 Alloy Nylon 66/6 Nylon 6T
1.01 to 1.35 0.390 to 4.11 1.13 to 1.14 1.10 to 1.14 --
-- 10 -- -- --
43500 to 409000 85300 to 510000 399000 to 451000 98300 to 458000 --
300 to 2820 588 to 3520 2750 to 3110 678 to 3150 --
1310 to 28500 5000 to 14000 11000 to 12900 3340 to 12600 --
9.00 to 196 34.5 to 96.5 75.5 to 88.7 23.0 to 86.8 --
2.5 to 62 0.70 to 56 19 to 50 3.0 to 52 --
113 to 115 78 to 123 -- 112 to 120 --
0.393 to 1.53 0.0843 to 1.32 0.892 to 1.11 0.483 to 2.03 --
21.0 to 81.6 4.50 to 70.3 47.6 to 59.4 25.8 to 109 --
117 to 331 348 to 465 320 296 to 449 --
47.2 to 166 176 to 241 160 146 to 231 --
104 to 207 137 to 217 149 to 176 117 to 196 --
40.0 to 97.1 58.4 to 103 65.0 to 80.0 47.2 to 91.1 --
0.000027 to 0.00010 0.000025 to 0.000076 0 0.000038 to 0.000053 --
0.000049 to 0.00018 0.000046 to 0.00014 0 0.000068 to 0.000096 --
0.0010 to 0.060 0.00015 to 0.075 0.015 to 0.017 0.0099 to 0.016 --
-- 10 -- -- --
170 to 180 165 to 196 -- 176 to 177 --
76.7 to 82.2 73.8 to 91.3 -- 80.0 to 80.4 --
2.9 to 4.1 2.8 to 5.3 -- 2.8 to 3.0 --
0.020 to 0.25 0.15 to 0.20 -- 0.099 to 0.20 --
25 20 to 25 -- 20 --
14000 to 14300 12100 to 15000 -- 1160 to 7380 --
96.3 to 98.7 83.7 to 104 -- 8.00 to 50.9 --
440 to 550 496 to 543 -- 471 to 519 --
227 to 288 258 to 284 -- 244 to 270 --
445 to 525 515 to 556 -- 470 to 1110 --
229 to 274 268 to 291 -- 243 to 600 --
440 to 515 499 to 569 -- 490 to 529 --
227 to 268 259 to 299 -- 254 to 276 --
450 to 555 498 to 557 -- 490 to 545 --
232 to 291 259 to 292 -- 254 to 285 --
470 to 513 515 to 565 -- 503 to 537 --
243 to 267 268 to 296 -- 262 to 281 --
157 to 176 147 to 191 -- 157 to 176 --
69.4 to 79.8 63.8 to 88.1 -- 69.4 to 80.0 --
Nylon 9T Nylon Copolymer Nylon, Unspecified Nylon+PP
1.14 1.10 to 1.21 0.990 to 1.20 0.957 to 1.05
-- -- 0.52 to 6.5 1.0 to 7.5
435000 294000 to 1.16E+6 43500 to 510000 126000 to 295000
3000 2030 to 8000 300 to 3520 869 to 2030
13100 2900 to 23200 2430 to 16600 3190 to 7400
90 20.0 to 160 16.7 to 115 22.0 to 51.0
15 2.1 to 69 2.5 to 200 4.0 to 95
118 -- 119 to 120 --
0.38 0.993 to 2.70 0.627 to 1.62 2.00 to 15.0
20 53.0 to 144 33.5 to 86.4 107 to 801
-- 122 to 410 238 to 362 140 to 284
-- 50.0 to 210 115 to 183 60.0 to 140
275 118 to 392 124 to 388 131 to 135
135 48.0 to 200 51.3 to 198 54.9 to 57.0
-- 0.000011 to 0.000056 0.000012 to 0.000071 0
-- 0.000020 to 0.00010 0.000022 to 0.00013 0
0.01 0.00040 to 0.0052 0.0013 to 0.022 0.013 to 0.021
-- -- 0.52 to 6.5 1.0 to 7.5
-- 160 to 176 174 to 180 167 to 194
-- 71.1 to 80.0 78.7 to 82.5 75.0 to 90.0
-- 5.0 to 18 3.0 to 9.1 2.9 to 3.0
-- 0.1 0.020 to 0.20 --
-- -- -- --
-- -- 6530 to 14200 --
-- -- 45.0 to 98.1 --
-- 410 to 500 534 to 539 380 to 391
-- 210 to 260 279 to 282 193 to 200
-- 430 to 500 506 to 558 400 to 410
-- 221 to 260 263 to 292 204 to 210
-- 440 to 500 508 to 573 430 to 440
-- 227 to 260 264 to 301 221 to 227
-- 445 to 500 500 to 536 450 to 460
-- 229 to 260 260 to 280 232 to 238
-- 435 to 518 507 to 620 446 to 474
-- 224 to 270 264 to 327 230 to 245
-- 45.0 to 230 100 to 300 100 to 168
-- 7.22 to 110 37.8 to 149 37.8 to 75.8
Nylon+PPE Nylon+TPE PAMXD6 PPA PBT
1.08 to 1.10 1.07 to 1.13 -- 1.10 to 1.16 1.30 to 1.34
4.0 to 27 3 -- 20 to 310 20 to 26
277000 to 345000 63500 to 68100 -- 219000 to 536000 202000 to 390000
1910 to 2380 438 to 469 -- 1510 to 3700 1400 to 2690
6350 to 9950 7500 to 8420 -- 6680 to 12500 4900 to 9240
43.8 to 68.6 51.7 to 58.1 -- 46.0 to 86.3 33.8 to 63.7
7.0 to 100 300 to 500 -- 1.5 to 31 0.70 to 52
110 -- -- 110 to 128 86 to 120
0.749 to 4.98 1.60 to 16.1 -- 0.300 to 18.2 0.187 to 1.26
40.0 to 266 85.4 to 859 -- 16.0 to 972 10.00 to 67.5
273 to 385 -- -- 307 to 454 226 to 358
134 to 196 -- -- 153 to 234 108 to 181
239 to 390 -- -- 218 to 284 112 to 161
115 to 199 -- -- 103 to 140 44.5 to 71.5
0.000044 to 0.000051 -- 0 0.000026 to 0.000053 5.0E-8 to 0.00019
0.000079 to 0.000091 -- 0 0.000046 to 0.000095 9.0E-8 to 0.00035
0.0098 to 0.014 0.0080 to 0.012 -- 0.013 to 0.020 0.0010 to 0.48
4.0 to 27 3 -- 20 to 310 20 to 26
203 to 222 160 -- 175 to 275 236 to 269
95.0 to 106 71.1 -- 79.4 to 135 113 to 132
3.0 to 3.5 5 -- 4.0 to 6.1 3.0 to 5.1
0 -- -- 0.045 to 0.15 0.020 to 0.043
20 -- -- -- 19 to 26
-- -- -- 14000 to 15000 10700 to 12600
-- -- -- 96.5 to 103 74.0 to 86.8
535 430 -- 579 to 618 445 to 476
279 221 -- 304 to 325 229 to 246
540 445 -- 518 to 635 446 to 492
282 229 -- 270 to 335 230 to 256
545 465 -- 612 to 615 464 to 496
285 241 -- 322 to 324 240 to 258
550 485 -- 518 to 653 463 to 491
288 252 -- 270 to 345 239 to 255
491 to 554 480 -- 592 to 631 462 to 501
255 to 290 249 -- 311 to 333 239 to 260
149 to 177 95 -- 172 to 320 137 to 182
65.0 to 80.6 35 -- 78.0 to 160 58.4 to 83.3
PBT Alloy PBT+ASA PBT+PET PCT PET
1.07 to 1.35 -- 1.64 to 1.79 1.2 1.32 to 1.41
-- -- 5.0 to 43 12 --
227000 to 472000 -- 501000 to 1.77E+6 326000 to 3.39E+6 226000 to 476000
1570 to 3260 -- 3450 to 12200 2250 to 23400 1560 to 3280
4970 to 7160 -- 0.00 to 17000 8700 to 92800 3340 to 36300
34.3 to 49.4 -- 0.00 to 117 60.0 to 640 23.0 to 250
2.8 to 31 -- 0.0 to 5.0 5.8 to 140 2.5 to 210
85 -- 80 to 120 -- 88 to 120
1.47 to 15.0 -- 0.393 to 1.91 13.4 0.262 to 1.51
78.5 to 801 -- 21.0 to 102 713 14.0 to 80.4
212 to 225 -- 396 to 425 -- 147 to 415
100 to 107 -- 202 to 219 -- 63.9 to 213
158 to 212 -- 177 to 428 223 136 to 446
70.0 to 100 -- 80.5 to 220 106 57.8 to 230
0.000038 to 0.000039 -- 9.4E-6 to 0.0010 0.000050 to 0.000058 9.4E-6 to 0.000086
0.000068 to 0.000070 -- 0.000017 to 0.0018 0.000090 to 0.00010 0.000017 to 0.00015
0.0055 to 0.0057 -- 0.0038 to 0.012 0.01 0.0029 to 0.020
-- -- 5.0 to 43 12 --
203 to 212 -- 250 to 284 163 248 to 356
95.0 to 100 -- 121 to 140 72.5 120 to 180
3.5 -- 3.0 to 5.0 4 5
-- -- 0.020 to 0.040 0.02 0.0030 to 0.20
-- -- -- -- --
11400 -- -- -- 14500
78.4 -- -- -- 100
401 -- 480 480 474 to 493
205 -- 249 249 246 to 256
446 -- 480 to 490 505 484 to 511
230 -- 249 to 254 263 251 to 266
464 -- 490 to 500 515 495 to 527
240 -- 254 to 260 268 257 to 275
464 -- 505 to 510 515 485 to 500
240 -- 263 to 266 268 252 to 260
464 -- 509 to 515 515 493 to 545
240 -- 265 to 268 268 256 to 285
158 -- 175 to 176 125 59.0 to 145
70 -- 79.2 to 80.0 51.7 15.0 to 62.8
PETG Polyester Alloy Polyester, TP PTT ABS
1.25 to 1.27 1.72 1.18 to 1.41 1.29 to 1.43
4.0 to 35 -- -- --
300000 to 315000 1.16E+06 225000 to 377000 397000 to 400000
2070 to 2170 8000 1550 to 2600 2740 to 2760
3750 to 7360 7250 3190 to 9110 6380 to 8900
25.9 to 50.7 50 22.0 to 62.8 44.0 to 61.4
4.0 to 79 -- 2.0 to 130 9.8 to 10 0.0 to 56
106 to 117 -- 103 to 115 -- 93 to 115
0.0700 to 26.8 -- 0.400 to 9.40 0.500 to 0.607
3.74 to 1430 -- 21.4 to 502 26.7 to 32.4
153 to 158 -- 155 to 168 --
67.0 to 70.1 -- 68.5 to 75.6 --
140 to 147 -- 140 to 155 140 to 151
59.9 to 64.0 -- 60.0 to 68.5 60.0 to 66.0
0.600 to 26.6
0.20 to 30
240000 to
451000
1650 to 3110
5.50 to 16400
0.0379 to 113
0.462 to 7.53
24.7 to 402
176 to 222
79.8 to 105
165 to 217
73.9 to 103
0.000038 to 0.000051 -- 3.9E-6 to 0.00070 --
0.000069 to 0.000092 -- 7.0E-6 to 0.0013 --
0.0035 to 0.0051 0.0055 to 0.0075 0.0030 to 0.0063 0.011 to 0.025
4.0 to 35 -- -- --
149 to 161 -- 153 to 315 260
65.0 to 71.5 -- 67.2 to 157 127
4.9 to 9.0 -- 3.0 to 6.0 5 2.0 to 3.6
0.05 0.1 -- --
-- -- -- -- 5 to 20
12500 to 14100 -- -- 12500
86.0 to 97.5 -- -- 86.0 to 86.2
410 to 450 -- 352 448 to 485
210 to 232 -- 178 231 to 252
472 to 473 -- 343 448 to 485
245 -- 173 231 to 252
450 to 473 -- 334 448 to 485
232 to 245 -- 168 231 to 252
1.0E-5 to 0.011
0.000018 to 0.020
0.000055 to 0.014
0.20 to 30
174 to 190
79.0 to 88.0
0.0100 to 0.15
11700 to 15400
80.9 to 106
338 to 478
170 to 248
398 to 466
203 to 241
379 to 491
193 to 255
473 -- 334 --
245 -- 168 --
497 to 500 -- 488 to 546 475
258 to 260 -- 253 to 286 246
80.0 to 104 -- 71.6 to 126 220
26.7 to 40.1 -- 22.0 to 52.0 104
371 to 501
188 to 260
414 to 475
212 to 246
121 to 168
49.2 to 75.4
ABS+PBT ABS+PC ABS+PVC Epoxy Vinyl Ester
1.01 to 2.00 1.02 to 1.24
2.5 to 36 7.0 to 51 -- --
9.96 to 1.80E+6 480000 to 520000
0.0686 to 12400 3310 to 3590
0.900 to 10100 9070 to 13300
0.00621 to 69.8 62.6 to 91.7
35 to 40 0.40 to 7.9 2.8 to 8.0
64 to 110 109 to 118 --
0.00646 to 1.01 --
0.345 to 53.7 --
119 to 470 245
48.1 to 243 118
75.0 to 480 203 to 302
23.9 to 249 95.0 to 150
ABS+Nylon
1.04 to 1.07
1.07 to 1.38
0.898 to 28.9
1.17 to 1.34
0.20 to 30
2.0 to 150
98600 to 326000
214000 to
394000
279000 to
410000
279000 to
300000
680 to 2250
1480 to 2710
1920 to 2830
1920 to 2060
4210 to 7440
4530 to 7110
3050 to 14000
4490 to 6400
29.0 to 51.3
31.2 to 49.0
21.0 to 96.7
30.9 to 44.1
3.0 to 210
3.3 to 100
2.0 to 100
90 to 110
105 to 117
109 to 120
1.00 to 16.2
0.562 to 10.3
0.468 to 13.5
0.600 to 15.0
53.4 to 865
30.0 to 550
25.0 to 722
32.0 to 801
171 to 215
171 to 419
192 to 268
153 to 190
77.4 to 102
77.0 to 215
88.7 to 131
67.2 to 87.8
136 to 196
162 to 216
176 to 250
154 to 175
57.5 to 91.3
72.5 to 102
79.8 to 121
67.8 to 79.4
0 3.2E-6 to 0.000065 0.000017 to 0.000065
0 5.8E-6 to 0.00012 0.000031 to 0.00012
0.00010 to 0.0051 0.083 to 0.085
2.5 to 36 7.0 to 51 -- --
160 -- --
71.1 -- --
1 -- --
-- -- -- --
5 to 20 -- 5 to 25 25 -- --
1250 4170 to 4250 --
8.62 28.7 to 29.3 --
363 -- --
184 -- --
373 -- --
189 -- --
378 -- --
192 -- --
0.000055 to 0.011
0.000017 to
0.000057
4.4E-6 to 8400
0.000099 to 0.020
0.000030 to
0.00010
8.0E-6 to 15000
0.00030 to 0.022
0.0054 to 0.013
0.0 to 0.016
0.0055 to 0.0060
0.20 to 30
2.0 to 150
158 to 186
185 to 221
173 to 232
70.0 to 85.8
85.0 to 105
78.5 to 111
3.0 to 4.0
3.0 to 4.0
3.0 to 4.1
0.050 to 0.35
0.020 to 0.043
7250 to 9000
12300 to 15200
1150 to 15200
50.0 to 62.1
85.0 to 105
7.93 to 105
462 to 500
392 to 491
419 to 518
239 to 260
200 to 255
215 to 270
463 to 514
430 to 491
443 to 526
240 to 268
221 to 255
228 to 275
464 to 509
460 to 491
461 to 539
240 to 265
238 to 255
239 to 282
375 -- --
191 -- --
410 303 --
210 150 to 151 --
90 -- 330
32.2 -- 166
490 to 491
446 to 509
479 to 552
254 to 255
230 to 265
248 to 289
481 to 509
459 to 483
478 to 551
249 to 265
237 to 250
248 to 288
139 to 176
105 to 185
138 to 178
59.3 to 80.0
40.6 to 85.0
58.9 to 81.1
CPE ECTFE EPE EVA HDPE
1.16 1.67 to 1.68 0.910 to 0.962 0.926 to 0.960 0.932 to 0.971
-- -- 0.85 to 1.2 0.15 to 21 0.020 to 9.0
-- 239000 to 245000 -- 276 to 14700 87000 to 218000
-- 1650 to 1690 -- 1.90 to 101 600 to 1500
1400 to 3250 4270 to 7890 1030 to 8410 174 to 4640 12.0 to 33900
9.65 to 22.4 29.5 to 54.4 7.10 to 58.0 1.20 to 32.0 0.0827 to 234
290 to 800 4.0 to 260 540 to 730 8.0 to 910 1.0 to 1000
-- 90 to 94 -- 38 to 40 50 to 65
3.67 2.03 to 3.88 -- -- 0.281 to 7.77
196 108 to 207 -- -- 15.0 to 415
-- 192 to 194 -- 98.6 to 113 148 to 184
-- 88.8 to 90.1 -- 37.0 to 45.0 64.6 to 84.3
163 149 to 170 -- 73.4 to 95.0 102 to 159
72.5 64.8 to 76.9 -- 23.0 to 35.0 39.1 to 70.6
-- 0.000056 to 0.000057 -- 0 0.000051 to 0.00012
-- 0 -- 0 0.000093 to 0.00022
-- 0.023 to 0.025 -- 0.012 to 0.022 0.0077 to 0.030
-- -- 0.85 to 1.2 0.15 to 21 0.020 to 9.0
-- -- -- 140 to 141 174 to 176
-- -- -- 60.0 to 60.6 78.8 to 79.8
-- -- -- 7.9 to 8.0 2.0 to 3.0
-- -- -- -- 0.050 to 0.30
-- 15 -- -- 10 to 100
-- 1200 to 1500 -- 1310 to 10000 12400 to 20000
-- 8.27 to 10.3 -- 9.00 to 68.9 85.4 to 138
-- 399 to 450 -- 250 to 254 383 to 452
-- 204 to 232 -- 121 to 123 195 to 234
-- 441 to 470 -- 300 to 302 417 to 473
-- 227 to 243 -- 149 to 150 214 to 245
-- 469 to 500 -- 350 to 351 371 to 477
-- 243 to 260 -- 177 189 to 247
-- 469 to 490 -- 350 to 352 390 to 479
-- 243 to 254 -- 177 to 178 199 to 248
-- 517 to 520 428 to 520 208 to 446 356 to 478
-- 269 to 271 220 to 271 97.5 to 230 180 to 248
-- 89.6 to 250 -- 68.0 to 356 50.0 to 115
-- 32.0 to 121 -- 20.0 to 180 10.0 to 45.8
HDPE Copolymer HDPE, HMW HDPE, MMW HMWPE
0.945 to 0.957 0.943 to 0.960 0.946 to 0.962 0.96
0.050 to 1.0 0.027 to 11 0.028 to 2.8 --
100000 to 200000 119000 to 222000 115000 to 189000 145000 to 235000
690 to 1380 819 to 1530 793 to 1300 1000 to 1620
1800 to 5190 3070 to 5390 2600 to 8040 3980 to 4060
12.4 to 35.8 21.2 to 37.2 17.9 to 55.4 27.4 to 28.0
7.0 to 810 6.6 to 800 10 to 870 10 to 69
-- 49 41 to 52 51 to 55
0.480 to 4.12 7.21 to 10.3 16.9 to 19.7 3.03 to 3.63
25.6 to 220 385 to 548 900 to 1050 162 to 194
140 to 165 156 to 173 158 176
59.7 to 74.0 68.9 to 78.1 70.0 to 70.1 79.9 to 80.0
100 171 to 172 166 111
38 77.0 to 77.8 74.4 44
0.000070 to 0.000071 0.000066 to 0.00010 0.000066 to 0.000100 0.000070 to 0.00035
0 0.00012 to 0.00018 0.00012 to 0.00018 0.00013 to 0.00062
0.03 0.025 to 0.030 -- 0.02
0.050 to 1.0 0.027 to 11 0.028 to 2.8 --
-- -- -- --
-- -- -- --
-- -- -- --
-- -- -- --
30 to 40 25 -- --
14200 19600 to 20000 -- 14200
98 135 to 138 -- 98.1
448 to 450 385 -- 410
231 to 232 196 -- 210
467 to 470 420 -- 473
242 to 243 216 -- 245
472 to 475 440 -- 518
245 to 246 227 -- 270
472 to 475 430 -- 518
245 to 246 221 -- 270
401 to 438 425 -- --
205 to 225 218 -- --
54.5 to 99.5 50 -- 89.6
12.5 to 37.5 10 -- 32
LDPE LDPE+LLDPE LLDPE LMDPE MDPE
0.891 to 0.953 0.918 to 0.925 0.915 to 0.946 0.933 to 0.940 0.929 to 0.953
0.12 to 58 0.30 to 35 0.20 to 4.1 0.60 to 8.0 0.040 to 6.4
13300 to 52400 -- 16000 to 123000 70200 to 118000 82400 to 120000
91.8 to 361 -- 110 to 846 484 to 812 568 to 831
300 to 5010 2170 to 4560 470 to 6720 2010 to 3630 1880 to 4760
2.07 to 34.5 15.0 to 31.4 3.24 to 46.4 13.8 to 25.1 13.0 to 32.8
3.0 to 710 530 to 960 1.0 to 900 11 to 1000 4.0 to 900
40 to 93 -- -- -- --
7.82 to 8.63 -- 0.900 to 34.4 0.937 to 4.29 0.281 to 34.1
417 to 460 -- 48.0 to 1840 50.0 to 229 15.0 to 1820
99.8 to 203 -- 112 to 148 126 to 163 116 to 148
37.7 to 95.0 -- 44.4 to 64.4 52.0 to 72.8 46.8 to 64.5
104 to 110 -- 93.2 to 167 104 99.1 to 108
40.2 to 43.2 -- 34.0 to 75.0 40.0 to 40.1 37.3 to 42.0
0.000100 to 0.00013 -- 0.000047 to 0.00011 0 0.000056 to 0.00016
0.00018 to 0.00023 -- 0.000084 to 0.00020 0 0.00010 to 0.00028
0.015 to 0.030 -- 0.015 to 0.020 -- --
0.12 to 58 0.30 to 35 0.20 to 4.1 0.60 to 8.0 0.040 to 6.4
175 to 180 -- 110 to 194 -- --
79.3 to 82.2 -- 43.3 to 90.0 -- --
2.0 to 3.1 -- 1.5 to 3.0 -- --
-- -- 0.05 -- --
100 -- -- -- --
925 to 15000 -- 900 to 10200 -- --
6.37 to 103 -- 6.21 to 70.0 -- --
324 to 402 -- 349 to 351 365 to 392 329
162 to 205 -- 176 to 177 185 to 200 165
349 to 401 -- 373 to 375 365 to 392 329
176 to 205 -- 190 to 191 185 to 200 165
349 to 401 -- 364 to 400 365 to 392 329
176 to 205 -- 185 to 204 185 to 200 165
350 to 426 -- 400 to 403 -- --
177 to 219 -- 204 to 206 -- --
327 to 432 -- 356 to 464 462 to 491 401 to 446
164 to 222 -- 180 to 240 239 to 255 205 to 230
59.0 to 110 -- 63.5 to 95.0 77 --
15.0 to 43.5 -- 17.5 to 35.0 25 --
mPE PE Copolymer PE, Unspecified UHMWPE ULDPE
-- 0.929 to 0.966 0.899 to 0.965 0.918 to 0.958 0.904 to 0.912
0.93 to 3.6 0.080 to 6.1 0.10 to 5.3 0.10 to 0.69 0.95 to 4.1
-- 2610 to 190000 11600 to 223000 64000 to 152000 --
-- 18.0 to 1310 80.0 to 1540 441 to 1050 --
830 to 7250 933 to 3830 1150 to 4100 2470 to 5920 522 to 6680
5.72 to 50.0 6.43 to 26.4 7.91 to 28.3 17.0 to 40.8 3.60 to 46.1
460 to 740 6.0 to 30 0.70 to 770 10 to 360 490 to 760
-- -- 113 50 to 66 --
-- -- 0.500 to 10.7 14.9 to 15.6 --
-- -- 26.7 to 571 797 to 835 --
-- -- 73.0 to 158 149 to 204 --
-- -- 22.8 to 70.0 65.0 to 95.6 --
-- -- 73.0 to 121 108 to 119 --
-- -- 22.8 to 49.2 42.0 to 48.2 --
-- 0.00010 to 0.00011 0.000068 to 0.000096 0.000082 to 0.00020 --
-- 0.00018 to 0.00020 0.00012 to 0.00017 0.00015 to 0.00036 --
-- 0.012 to 0.016 0.020 to 0.030 0.0060 to 0.030 --
0.93 to 3.6 0.080 to 6.1 0.10 to 5.3 0.10 to 0.69 0.95 to 4.1
-- -- 180 -- --
-- -- 82.1 to 82.2 -- --
-- -- 4 -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- 440 555 --
-- -- 227 291 --
-- -- 440 550 --
-- -- 227 288 --
-- -- 440 540 --
-- -- 227 282 --
-- -- -- 560 --
-- -- -- 293 --
-- -- 448 to 450 545 --
-- -- 231 to 232 285 --
-- -- 113 to 114 113 --
-- -- 44.7 to 45.4 44.7 --
VLDPE XLPE PAI PI, TP COC
0.884 to 0.914 0.912 to 0.945 1.34 to 1.59 1.31 to 1.37 1.02
0.090 to 3.1 0.32 to 2.2 -- 0.0 to 12 10 to 36
4300 to 22000 1400 to 105000 599000 to 757000 393000 to 1.31E+6 348000 to 464000
29.6 to 152 9.65 to 724 4130 to 5220 2710 to 9000 2400 to 3200
500 to 7550 2150 to 3190 9990 to 27800 9820 to 22600 6660 to 9140
3.45 to 52.1 14.8 to 22.0 68.9 to 192 67.7 to 156 45.9 to 63.0
490 to 930 190 to 510 0.80 to 15 1.5 to 19 1.1 to 3.6
-- -- 69 to 120 95 to 129 --
-- -- 0.500 to 4.30 0.00 to 1.43 0.468 to 0.478
-- -- 26.7 to 230 0.00 to 76.1 25.0 to 25.5
-- 151 -- 482 to 506 167 to 304
-- 66 -- 250 to 263 75.0 to 151
-- -- 532 to 534 434 to 493 140 to 275
-- -- 278 to 279 224 to 256 60.0 to 135
-- -- 0.000014 to 0.000020 0.0 to 0.000029 --
-- -- 0.000025 to 0.000036 0.0 to 0.000052 --
0.01 -- 0.0014 to 0.0073 0.0089 to 0.011 0.01
0.090 to 3.1 0.32 to 2.2 -- 0.0 to 12 10 to 36
-- -- 350 347 to 348 --
-- -- 177 175 --
-- -- 3 5.0 to 5.1 --
-- -- 0.05 0.02 --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- 23800 to 24000 11600
-- -- -- 164 to 165 80
356 -- 580 698 to 725 401 to 509
180 -- 304 370 to 385 205 to 265
356 -- -- 721 to 748 419 to 536
180 -- -- 383 to 398 215 to 280
356 -- -- 738 to 761 437 to 554
180 -- -- 392 to 405 225 to 290
-- -- 700 730 to 761 455 to 554
-- -- 371 388 to 405 235 to 290
416 to 450 -- -- 739 to 766 428 to 563
213 to 232 -- -- 393 to 408 220 to 295
77 -- 405 325 to 326 131 to 284
25 -- 207 163 to 164 55.0 to 140
PAO Polyolefin, Unspecified PP Alloy PP Copoly
0.858 to 0.871 0.854 to 1.14 0.897 to 0.899 0.835 to 0.970
0.40 to 18 0.040 to 20 4.1 to 5.6 0.20 to 36
-- 2030 to 315000 52700 to 80000 124000 to 240000
-- 14.0 to 2170 364 to 552 857 to 1650
49.3 to 339 290 to 21900 24700 to 34700 1750 to 4380
0.340 to 2.33 2.00 to 151 170 to 239 12.1 to 30.2
400 2.0 to 800 63 to 140 1.7 to 23
-- 20 to 120 66 64 to 106
-- 0.131 to 15.3 1.19 to 9.74 0.184 to 9.74
-- 7.00 to 818 63.7 to 520 9.80 to 520
-- 133 to 233 167 to 284 156 to 251
-- 56.3 to 111 75.0 to 140 69.2 to 122
-- 113 to 256 158 to 316 108 to 202
-- 45.1 to 124 70.0 to 158 42.4 to 94.6
-- 0.000026 to 0.00011 -- -0.0012 to 0.00021
-- 0.000048 to 0.00020 -- -0.0022 to 0.00039
-- 0.0042 to 0.015 0.036 to 0.071 0.012 to 0.019
0.40 to 18 0.040 to 20 4.1 to 5.6 0.20 to 36
-- 164 to 167 -- 165 to 196
-- 73.5 to 74.8 -- 73.7 to 91.0
-- 1.4 to 1.5 -- 1.0 to 3.0
-- 0.05 -- 0.050 to 0.20
-- 20 -- 19 to 100
-- 770 to 1110 -- 800 to 12500
-- 5.31 to 7.63 -- 5.52 to 86.3
-- 395 to 427 -- 372 to 431
-- 202 to 219 -- 189 to 222
-- 400 to 437 -- 405 to 442
-- 204 to 225 -- 207 to 228
-- 400 to 447 -- 374 to 451
-- 204 to 231 -- 190 to 233
-- 410 to 441 -- 410 to 460
-- 210 to 227 -- 210 to 238
-- 208 to 433 -- 409 to 476
-- 97.5 to 223 -- 209 to 247
-- 85.0 to 105 -- 66.1 to 129
-- 29.4 to 40.7 -- 19.0 to 53.8
PP Homopoly PP Impact Copoly PP Random Copoly PP, High Crystal
0.899 to 0.948 0.898 to 0.910 0.890 to 0.919 0.900 to 0.914
0.27 to 49 0.20 to 38 0.20 to 36 0.80 to 37
160000 to 319000 4350 to 467000 101000 to 203000 183000 to 314000
1100 to 2200 30.0 to 3220 699 to 1400 1260 to 2160
4240 to 5660 2660 to 4210 2390 to 4790 2510 to 6120
29.3 to 39.0 18.4 to 29.0 16.5 to 33.0 17.3 to 42.2
1.0 to 26 2.0 to 24 5.0 to 27 3.6 to 25
90 to 111 64 to 101 79 to 101 85 to 115
0.100 to 0.898 0.0468 to 37.5 0.187 to 1.85 0.300 to 1.64
5.34 to 47.9 2.50 to 2000 10.00 to 98.8 16.0 to 87.6
180 to 261 164 to 242 148 to 213 210 to 277
82.0 to 127 73.6 to 117 64.3 to 101 98.8 to 136
123 to 233 114 to 138 117 to 194 125 to 133
50.6 to 112 45.5 to 58.6 47.4 to 90.0 51.6 to 56.2
0.000016 to 0.00061 0.000033 to 0.000072 0.000054 to 0.000083 --
0.000029 to 0.0011 0.000060 to 0.00013 0.000097 to 0.00015 --
0.012 to 0.018 0.013 to 0.017 0.013 to 0.018 0.013 to 0.016
0.27 to 49 0.20 to 38 0.20 to 36 0.80 to 37
167 to 185 166 to 212 -- 194
75.0 to 85.1 74.5 to 100 -- 90
1.0 to 3.0 1.0 to 4.0 -- 2
0.2 0.05 -- --
20 to 30 -- -- --
950 to 15000 640 to 24900 1000 to 11400 8530 to 25700
6.55 to 103 4.41 to 172 6.89 to 78.5 58.8 to 178
349 to 488 341 to 430 350 to 430 354 to 374
176 to 253 172 to 221 177 to 221 179 to 190
383 to 488 373 to 460 400 to 450 382 to 429
195 to 253 189 to 238 204 to 232 194 to 220
383 to 491 412 to 498 417 to 470 410 to 464
195 to 255 211 to 259 214 to 243 210 to 240
370 to 475 401 to 474 410 to 473 392 to 455
188 to 246 205 to 246 210 to 245 200 to 235
413 to 480 325 to 483 399 to 482 423 to 464
211 to 249 163 to 250 204 to 250 217 to 240
35.0 to 140 90.0 to 120 74.8 to 105 99.5 to 144
1.67 to 60.0 32.2 to 48.9 23.8 to 40.4 37.5 to 62.2
PP, HMS PP, Unspecified PP+EPDM
0.895 to 0.912 0.790 to 1.13 0.935 to 0.986 0.0155 to 0.514 1.03 to 1.05
0.070 to 3.1 0.10 to 24 -- -- 0.20 to 20
127000 to 279000 95100 to 314000 -- -- 312000 to 508000
879 to 1930 656 to 2160 -- -- 2150 to 3500
3780 to 5800 1400 to 5350 435 to 3480 -- 2710 to 8100
26.0 to 40.0 9.67 to 36.9 3.00 to 24.0 -- 18.7 to 55.9
6.0 to 18 0.57 to 560 390 to 1200 -- 1.0 to 21
80 to 94 80 to 106 -- -- 58 to 122
0.500 to 13.2 0.127 to 2.17 -- -- 0.0900 to 0.526
26.7 to 704 6.78 to 116 -- -- 4.81 to 28.1
186 to 232 158 to 280 -- -- 165 to 212
85.5 to 111 70.0 to 138 -- -- 74.0 to 100
124 to 230 110 to 151 -- -- 159 to 208
51.0 to 110 43.2 to 66.1 -- -- 70.5 to 98.0
PS (EPS)Polystyrene
PS (GPPS)Polystyrene
-- 0.000017 to 0.000089 -- 0 0.000039 to 0.000050
-- 0.000030 to 0.00016 -- 0 0.000070 to 0.000090
0.01 0.000060 to 0.041 -- -- 0.0036 to 0.0060
0.070 to 3.1 0.10 to 24 -- -- 0.20 to 20
-- 158 to 186 176 -- 140 to 181
-- 70.0 to 85.5 80.0 to 80.1 -- 60.0 to 82.5
-- 1.8 to 3.1 3 -- 1.5 to 3.1
-- 0.017 to 0.20 -- -- 0.02
-- 20 -- -- 20 to 30
-- 6920 to 13000 -- -- 4350 to 22500
-- 47.7 to 90.0 -- -- 30.0 to 155
-- 104 to 478 390 to 734 -- 320 to 456
-- 40.0 to 248 199 to 390 -- 160 to 236
-- 104 to 478 390 to 734 -- 381 to 455
-- 40.0 to 248 199 to 390 -- 194 to 235
-- 104 to 478 390 to 734 -- 402 to 456
-- 40.0 to 248 199 to 390 -- 206 to 235
-- 365 to 475 400 to 752 -- 417 to 457
-- 185 to 246 204 to 400 -- 214 to 236
220 to 240 373 to 448 400 to 409 -- 417 to 457
104 to 116 190 to 231 204 to 209 -- 214 to 236
-- 84.2 to 152 103 to 106 -- 86.0 to 140
-- 29.0 to 66.5 39.3 to 40.9 -- 30.0 to 60.2
1.03 to 1.06 1.06 to 1.18 1.04 1.02 to 1.16
0.50 to 14 7.6 to 10 2.0 to 14 5.7 to 10
182000 to 363000 240000 to 338000 308000 to 403000 218000 to 366000
1250 to 2500 1650 to 2330 2120 to 2780 1500 to 2530
2180 to 5080 1720 to 4300 2860 to 5910 2030 to 8210
15.0 to 35.0 11.8 to 29.6 19.7 to 40.8 14.0 to 56.6
0.80 to 67 1.0 to 41 1.2 to 50 2.0 to 41
40 to 113 55 to 75 45 to 119 55 to 56
0.367 to 7.71 1.38 to 2.42 0.799 to 1.61 0.281 to 3.55
19.6 to 411 73.4 to 129 42.7 to 86.1 15.0 to 190
167 to 208 160 to 198 185 to 226 192 to 194
75.0 to 97.8 71.0 to 92.0 85.0 to 108 88.9 to 90.0
157 to 194 156 to 191 164 to 197 160 to 189
69.2 to 90.1 68.9 to 88.3 73.5 to 91.5 71.0 to 87.0
PS (HIPS)Polystyrene
PS (IRPS)Polystyrene
PS (MIPS)Polystyrene
PS (Specialty)Polystyrene
5.8E-8 to 0.00010 0.000042 to 0.000047 0.000028 to 0.00013 --
1.0E-7 to 0.00019 0.000075 to 0.000085 0.000050 to 0.00024 --
0.0044 to 0.0060 0.0040 to 0.0055 0.0039 to 0.0061 0.0045 to 0.0061
0.50 to 14 7.6 to 10 2.0 to 14 5.7 to 10
140 to 181 158 140 to 167 158 to 167
60.0 to 82.9 69.8 to 70.0 60.0 to 75.0 70.0 to 75.2
1.5 to 2.0 2 1.5 1.5 to 2.0
0.1 -- -- --
20 to 30 25 -- --
4100 to 22500 11000 15200 12500
28.3 to 155 75.8 105 86.2
336 to 456 380 356 to 392 338 to 435
169 to 235 193 180 to 200 170 to 224
374 to 454 420 383 to 410 383 to 384
190 to 235 216 195 to 210 195 to 196
392 to 450 440 401 to 437 406 to 410
200 to 232 227 205 to 225 208 to 210
418 to 445 440 392 to 428 392 to 393
214 to 229 227 200 to 220 200
425 to 457 419 to 482 419 to 451 426 to 428
218 to 236 215 to 250 215 to 233 219 to 220
94.5 to 142 122 to 140 95.0 to 140 113 to 122
34.7 to 61.1 50.0 to 60.0 35.0 to 60.0 45.0 to 50.2
1.03 to 1.27 0.0199 to 1.02 1.03 to 1.15 1.01 to 1.44 1.37
2 4.0 to 5.0 -- -- --
220000 to 500000 145000 to 210000 290000 to 406000 363000 to 1.23E+6 398000 to 400000
1520 to 3450 1000 to 1450 2000 to 2800 2500 to 8500 2740 to 2760
2470 to 11600 38.0 to 3190 4350 to 7250 5080 to 16700 8500 to 13000
17.0 to 80.0 0.262 to 22.0 30.0 to 50.0 35.0 to 115 58.6 to 89.6
2.0 to 50 3.0 to 100 15 to 45 1.9 to 20 6.5 to 10
-- -- 50 60 to 75 120
0.506 to 4.00 -- -- -- 1.20 to 1.60
27.0 to 214 -- -- -- 64.1 to 85.4
170 to 205 -- 199 to 239 230 to 511 405
76.7 to 96.0 -- 93.0 to 115 110 to 266 207
155 to 175 154 176 to 212 203 to 455 400
68.3 to 79.4 68 80.0 to 100 95.0 to 235 204
PS AlloyPolystyrene
PS+PEPolystyrene
PS+SPSPolystyrene
SPSPolystyrene
PASPolysulfone
0 -- 0 0.000014 to 0.000051 0
0 -- 0 0.000025 to 0.000092 0
0.0030 to 0.010 0 0.0050 to 0.0070 0.0030 to 0.020 0.0060 to 0.010
2 4.0 to 5.0 -- -- --
180 -- 158 to 176 176 300
82.2 -- 70.0 to 80.0 80 149
2 -- 3.0 to 4.0 3.0 to 3.5 6
-- -- -- -- 0.04
-- -- -- -- 20
12500 -- -- -- 17400 to 17500
86.0 to 86.4 -- -- -- 120 to 121
430 -- 464 to 500 518 699 to 700
221 -- 240 to 260 270 371
430 -- 482 to 518 536 700
221 -- 250 to 270 280 371
430 -- 500 to 518 554 700
221 -- 260 to 270 290 371
-- -- 500 to 518 554 --
-- -- 260 to 270 290 --
445 -- 518 to 572 572 to 590 --
229 -- 270 to 300 300 to 310 --
125 to 126 -- 122 to 149 158 to 307 299 to 300
51.8 to 52.0 -- 50.0 to 65.0 70.0 to 153 148 to 149
1.36 to 1.37 1.28 to 1.37 1.23 to 1.24 0.907 to 1.45
12 to 30 11 to 30 3.8 to 17 3.0 to 20
325000 to 452000 333000 to 405000 368000 to 407000 5500 to 390000
2240 to 3120 2300 to 2790 2540 to 2810 37.9 to 2690
8020 to 13100 10100 to 11000 7090 to 11800 11.0 to 9010
55.3 to 90.2 69.6 to 75.9 48.9 to 81.2 0.0758 to 62.1
3.5 to 50 6.9 to 90 3.7 to 77 2.0 to 54
120 80 to 120 119 to 120 111
0.500 to 1.75 12.7 to 13.0 0.800 to 1.72 0.01000 to 1.61
26.7 to 93.4 678 to 694 42.7 to 91.8 0.534 to 85.9
405 to 418 417 351 to 358 120 to 221
207 to 214 214 177 to 181 48.9 to 105
382 to 401 360 to 406 338 to 349 129 to 197
194 to 205 182 to 208 170 to 176 53.7 to 91.9
PESPolysulfone
PPSUPolysulfone
PSUPolysulfone
PUR, UnspecifiedPolyurethane (PUR)
0.000026 to 0.000033 0.000030 to 0.000032 0.000030 to 0.000031 0.000055 to 0.00010
0.000047 to 0.000059 0.000055 to 0.000057 0.000054 to 0.000056
0.000100 to 0.00018
0.0059 to 0.014 0.0050 to 0.0071 0.0058 to 0.010 0.00010 to 0.013
12 to 30 11 to 30 3.8 to 17 3.0 to 20
274 to 351 300 to 301 274 to 300 150 to 225
134 to 177 149 to 150 134 to 14965.6 to 107
2.5 to 6.0 2.5 to 4.1 3.0 to 4.0 3.0 to 5.0
0.020 to 0.050 -- 0.020 to 0.10 0.02
20 -- 20 --
1160 to 17600 15000 1160 to 17500 12500
8.00 to 121 103 8.00 to 12186.2
599 to 700 685 597 to 632 --
315 to 371 363 314 to 334--
653 to 700 695 614 to 632 338
345 to 371 368 324 to 334170
653 to 700 705 630 to 638 --
345 to 371 374 332 to 336--
653 to 680 695 620 to 653 392
345 to 360 368 327 to 345200
670 to 690 706 to 710 664 to 691 68.0 to 459
354 to 366 375 to 377 351 to 36620.0 to 237
274 to 313 274 to 303 250 to 303 86.0 to 215
134 to 156 135 to 150 121 to 15030.0 to 101
1.13 1.04 to 1.21 1.15 to 1.23 1.22 to 1.23 1.20 to 1.25 1.16 to 1.27
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- 366000 to 446000 -- --
-- -- -- 2520 to 3080 -- --
3600 to 7200 250 to 3400 2470 to 8600 5630 to 13600 1790 to 7640 5200 to 9000
24.8 to 49.6 1.72 to 23.4 17.0 to 59.3 38.8 to 93.6 12.3 to 52.6 35.9 to 62.1
310 to 530 75 to 630 220 to 890 6.8 to 650 390 to 700 280 to 710
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- 0.795 to 1.84 -- --
-- -- -- 42.4 to 98.2 -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- 127 to 191 -- --
-- -- -- 52.8 to 88.2 -- --
PUR-Capro/MDI
Polyurethane (PUR)
PUR-Est/eth,MDI
Polyurethane (PUR)
PUR-Est/eth,TDI
Polyurethane (PUR)
PUR-EsterPolyurethane (PUR)
PUR-Ester/MDI
Polyurethane (PUR)
PUR-Ester/TDIPolyurethane
(PUR)
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- 0.0019 to 0.0051 0.010 to 0.016 0.01 0.010 to 0.013 0.011 to 0.016
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- 228 140 212 to 257 220 to 235
-- -- 109 60 100 to 125 104 to 113
1.02 to 1.07 1.11 to 1.23 0.998 to 1.13 1.03 to 1.21 0.239 to 1.22
-- -- -- -- --
100000 -- -- 81000 to 116000 15000 to 309000
689 -- -- 558 to 800 103 to 2130
3000 to 6750 569 to 6700 142 to 7600 2000 to 9000 560 to 7500
20.7 to 46.5 3.92 to 46.2 0.979 to 52.4 13.8 to 62.1 3.86 to 51.7
180 to 850 500 to 750 190 to 580 180 to 570 7.0 to 21
-- -- -- -- --
14 -- -- 1.10 to 20.0 0.9
747 -- -- 58.7 to 1070 48
-- -- -- 365 158 to 221
-- -- -- 185 70.0 to 105
-- -- -- 135 --
-- -- -- 57.2 --
PUR-Eth,aliphat
Polyurethane (PUR)
PUR-EtherPolyurethane
(PUR)
PUR-Ether/MDI
Polyurethane (PUR)
PUR-Ether/TDIPolyurethane (PUR)
PUR-MDIPolyurethane (PUR)
-- -- -- 0.000050 to 0.00010 0.000040 to 0.000056
-- -- -- 0.000090 to 0.00018 0.000072 to 0.00010
0.013 to 0.020 0.01 0.0010 to 0.020 0.012 to 0.020 0.0040 to 0.0080
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- 92.5 to 110
-- -- -- -- 33.6 to 43.3
-- -- 122 to 248 142 to 228 160 to 161
-- -- 50.0 to 120 61.1 to 109 70.8 to 71.6
CPVC PVC Alloy PVC Elastomer
1.01 to 1.21 1.46 to 1.52 1.15 to 1.29 1.08 to 1.31
-- 5.0 to 21 28 3.6 to 30
-- 306000 to 420000 273000 to 352000 190000
-- 2110 to 2890 1880 to 2420 1310
924 to 3580 6430 to 8140 1220 to 6410 230 to 3050
6.37 to 24.7 44.4 to 56.2 8.38 to 44.2 1.59 to 21.0
130 to 710 3.0 to 6.2 15 to 420 300 to 500
-- 112 to 118 110 --
-- 1.49 to 5.60 0.630 to 14.1 19
-- 79.3 to 299 33.6 to 752 1010
-- 221 to 230 181 to 201 135
-- 105 to 110 82.8 to 93.9 57.2
-- 184 to 230 161 to 190 --
84.4 to 110 71.7 to 87.8 --
PUR-TDIPolyurethane
(PUR)
-- 0.000032 to 0.000040 0.000036 to 0.000050 --
--
0.000058 to 0.000073 0.000064 to 0.000090 --
0.00050 to 0.014 0.0059 to 0.0060 0.0035 to 0.0050 0.017 to 0.018
-- 5.0 to 21 28 3.6 to 30
-- -- 155 178
---- 68.3 81.1
-- -- 2 2.5
-- -- -- --
-- -- -- 20
-- -- -- 12400
---- -- 85.5
-- -- 290 311 to 375
---- 143 155 to 191
-- -- 300 335 to 375
---- 149 168 to 191
-- -- 310 335 to 375
---- 154 168 to 191
-- -- 330 347
---- 166 175
95.0 to 111 398 to 399 399 to 405 300 to 380
35.0 to 43.9203 to 204 204 to 207 149 to 193
-- -- -- 75.0 to 109
---- -- 23.9 to 42.5
PVC Homopolymer PVC, Flexible PVC, Rigid PVC, Semi-Rigid
0.360 to 1.40 1.14 to 1.45 0.767 to 1.47 1.29 to 1.58
-- 0.42 to 130 1.4 to 41 19 to 87
-- 42000 to 450000 320000 to 460000 55000 to 278000
-- 290 to 3100 2210 to 3170 379 to 1920
-- 110 to 4930 5450 to 7880 2170 to 4540
-- 0.758 to 34.0 37.6 to 54.3 15.0 to 31.3
-- 240 to 450 2.6 to 66 190 to 300
-- 115 89 to 116 --
-- 2.00 to 37.1 0.300 to 20.0 0.500 to 1.50
-- 107 to 1980 16.0 to 1070 26.7 to 80.1
-- 117 to 149 147 to 174 106 to 111
-- 47.0 to 65.0 64.0 to 79.1 41.1 to 43.9
-- 153 to 182 137 to 168 97.0 to 97.1
-- 67.0 to 83.2 58.1 to 75.4 36.1 to 36.2
-- 0 0.000029 to 0.000041 0.000040 to 0.000042
-- 0 0.000052 to 0.000074 0.000073 to 0.000075
-- 0.0095 to 0.021 0.0035 to 0.0036 0.01
-- 0.42 to 130 1.4 to 41 19 to 87
-- -- 150 --
-- -- 65.6 --
-- -- 3 --
-- -- -- --
-- -- 50 --
-- -- 16000 --
-- -- 110 --
-- 280 to 290 324 to 325 --
-- 138 to 143 162 to 163 --
-- 300 to 310 359 to 360 --
-- 149 to 154 182 --
-- 310 to 320 369 to 370 --
-- 154 to 160 187 to 188 --
-- 320 to 340 365 --
-- 160 to 171 185 --
-- 329 to 392 367 to 403 370 to 381
-- 165 to 200 186 to 206 188 to 194
-- 75.0 to 85.0 89.6 to 90.0 --
-- 23.9 to 29.4 32.0 to 32.2 --
PVC, Unspecified PVC+NBR PVC+PUR PVDC
0.530 to 1.85 1.18 to 1.33 1.16 to 1.26 --
6.2 to 42 0.46 to 42 -- --
280000 to 425000 -- -- --
1930 to 2930 -- -- --
220 to 23800 422 to 2580 1430 to 2740 1740 to 14500
1.52 to 164 2.91 to 17.8 9.83 to 18.9 12.0 to 99.8
210 to 450 350 to 470 390 to 600 42 to 470
106 to 116 -- -- --
0.401 to 22.2 -- -- --
21.4 to 1180 -- -- --
201 to 220 -- -- --
94.1 to 105 -- -- --
143 to 206 -- -- --
61.4 to 96.7 -- -- --
0.000038 to 0.000048 -- -- --
0.000068 to 0.000087 -- -- --
0.0035 to 0.0041 -- -- --
6.2 to 42 0.46 to 42 -- --
-- -- -- --
-- -- -- --
-- -- -- --
-- -- -- --
30 -- -- --
-- -- -- --
-- -- -- --
328 to 338 290 -- --
165 to 170 143 -- --
337 to 338 300 -- --
170 149 -- --
338 to 347 310 -- --
170 to 175 154 -- --
356 310 -- --
180 154 -- --
319 to 370 388 to 390 315 to 350 --
159 to 188 198 to 199 157 to 177 --
104 -- -- --
40 -- -- --
Major Plastic Properties
Properties General Nylon
Grade (Manufacturers)
Semi crystalline Semi crystalline
0.005–0.015
0.5-1.5
Applications
Density (g/cm3) 1.13
Water Absorbtion (mg)
Elongation % 150% at break
Hardness
Moulding Temperature 530 °F
Maximum Temperature 210°F - 99°C
Minimum Temperature 94°F -70°C
Polyamide (PA - Nylon)PA 6
Capron 8202
Zytel (Dupont)Ultramid (BASF)Miramid (BASF)
MorphologyCauses of Molded-Part Variation -material- Warpage due to material use, 27 pages.pdf
Linear Mold Shrinkageinches/inch or mm/mmCauses of Molded-Part Variation -material- Warpage due to material use, 27 pages.pdf
% ShrinkageCauses of Molded-Part Variation -material- Warpage due to material use, 27 pages.pdf
Typical Butt Weld Tensile Strength Retention Values in % (source LNP)72 pages,2003NMW_Design_with_Plastics.pdfPage 34 of 72
Maximum Operating Temperature
Thermal Expansion in/in./-Fx105
4.5 in/in/°F x 10-5
(8.1 mm/mm/°C x 10-5)
Max usage temperature
420°F - 216°C 230°C–280°C
Tensile Strength 5,800 psi
Wear Resistance High High
167°F (75°C)
Brittle Temperature
Hardness
Annealing Temperature
Special Applications
Fatigue Properties
Max Continous usage temperature
Melting Point 612 pages, Book, Handbook of Plastics Technologies110.pdf, page 34 of 612
HDT(Heat Deflection Temperature - DTUL)Note : 1.82 MPA = 264 PSI)
65°C in 1.82 MPA = 264 PSI
Glass Transition Temerature (GTT)
dimensionalstability
Creep
Stiffness
Water resistance
Effect of Moisture
Mold Shrinkage High High
Toughness
Ductility
Chemical Resistance
Vapor permeability
Machinaibility Excellent
Cost high high
Thermal Stability
0 30 29
41 11 12
Moisture / water Absobtion
More0.6% - 1.2%
More than PA660.6% - 1.2%
22
D:\Engineering\Engineering 1\plastic design\Injection moulding\101_plastic_injection_molding_engineering_manufacturing-2, 3 pages.pdf
Semi crystalline Semi crystalline Semi crystalline
0.008–0.015
0.8-1.5
91 89 60
40 / 76
60% at break
Polyamide (PA - Nylon)PA 66
Nylon 6610% reinforcement
Nylon 6630% reinforcement
1.14 g/cm3
260°C–290°C
High High High
485°F 490°F
167°F (75°C)
-112°F, -80°C
82.2°C, 180°F in 264 PSI,
High
Excellent
high high high
26 37 37
15 4 4
Less than PA60.6% - 1.2%
D:\Engineering\Engineering 1\plastic design\Injection moulding\101_plastic_injection_molding_engineering_manufacturing-2, 3 pages.pdf
Poly Acteal (POM)
Semi crystalline Semi crystalline Semi crystalline
0.003–0.005 0.020–0.025 0.010–0.025
0.3-0.5 2-2.5 1.0–2.5
86
1.42 0.905 g/cm3
13 10-60% at break
200°
76 ShoreD
180°F 80°C 275°F 135°C
-40°F -40°C 32°F 0°C
PA With 30% Glass Fiber
Poly Propylene (PP)Unfilled
Delrin Homo (Dupont)Celcon copoly (Ticona)
5.8 in/in/°F x 10-5
(10.4 mm/mm/°C x 10-5)
3.8 X I0-5(mm/mnrK)
5 in/in/°F x 10-5
(9 mm/mm/°C x 10-5)
100 - 110°C
160-175°C / 320-347°F
8,800 psi
136°C in 264 PSI, 70°C
0°F, -18°C
72 Shore D
100°C
Food Processing
Good
Good
190°C–215°C (Homo)175°C–220°C (Co)
General - 320°F 160°C
(atactic) −20°C(isotactic) 100°C
Gear, to resist wear & tear
Better than Nylon
Better than Nylon
Better than Nylon
Less Effect than Nylon
Good
Excellent
39 21 19
2 20 22
Copoly 0.2%Homo 0.25%
Very very less in all plastics<0.1%
generallyless than PE
40% talc filled PP 40% CaCO2 filled PP
Semi crystalline Semi crystalline Semi crystalline
0.008–0.015 0.007–0.014
0.8–1.5 0.7–1.4
47
Poly Propylene (PP)20% Glass fiber
160-175°C / 320-347°F
Food Processing Food Processing Food Processing
38 38 39
3 3 2
Semi crystalline Amorphous Amorphous
0.002-0.006
34 80 40
Poly Propylene (PP)40% Glass fiber
Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymers (SAN)No Reinforcement
Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymers (SAN)
30% Glass fiber
200°C–270°C
100-105°C
Food Processing
39 36 40
2 5 1
Lexan (GE)
Amorphous Amorphous Amorphous
0.005–0.007 0.002–0.005 0.001–0.002
0.5–0.7 0.2–0.5 0.1–0.2
CD's
99 86 62
1.19
110% at break
290°
135°C (service)
-100 °C (service)
Poly Carbonate (PC)Unfilled
Poly Carbonate (PC)10% Glass fiber
Poly Carbonate (PC)30% Glass fiber
3.753.9 in/in/°F x 10-5
(7 mm/mm/°C x 10-5)
115 - 125°C
125°C
280°C–320°C
Low Low Low
302°F (150°C)
-215°F, -137°C
129°C in 1.82 MPA = 264 PSI
0.1 - 0.3%
23 37 36
18 4 5
Poly Urathane (PU) ABS
Udel (Solvay)
Amorphous Amorphous Amorphous Amorphous
0.01 0.010-0.020 0.003–0.008
0.3–0.8
100 62
1.24 1.12-1.24 1.05
50 3.2
325° 200°
3.1
150-180 °C 108°C (Service)
-50 °C (working) -60°C
Poly Sulphone (PSU)
No Reinforcement
Poly Sulphone (PSU)
30% Glass fiber
Polysulfone is used in applications requiring good high-temperature resistance such ascoffee carafes, piping, sterilizing equipment, and microwave oven cookware.377 The good
hydrolytic stability of polysulfone is important in these applications. Polysulfone is alsoused in electrical applications for connectors, switches, and circuit boards and in reverse
osmosis applications as a membrane support
rollers or wheels, exterior body parts, drive belts,and hydraulic sealsPolyurethanes can be used in film applications such as textile laminates
for clothing and protective coatings for hospital beds. They are also used in tubingand hose in both unreinforced and reinforced forms because of their low-temperature
properties and toughness.
5 in/in/°F x 10-5
(9 mm/mm/°C x 10-
5)
151°C 220°C–260°C
70 Mpa 5000 psi 4,300 psi
185°C 219°F (104°C)
-60°F, -51°C
Foam Products
350°C–380°C
barrel temp. 310 to 400°C, mold temp
100 to 170°C
174°C in 1.82 MPA = 264 PSI
88°C, 193°F in 1.82 MPA = 264 PSI
0.23% 0.27%
medium
26 40 32 28
15 1 9 13
LDPE HDPE Polystyrene (PS) PPE
Semi crystalline Semi crystalline Amorphous Amorphous
0.007-0.009 0.015 - 0.040 0.004–0.007 0.004–0.008
1.5-4.0 0.4–0.7 0.4–0.8
600 900
160° 180°
9.2 8.5
440°F 440°F 500°F
176°F 80°C 248°F 120°C 93°C
58°F -50°C -148°F -100°C
0.910 to 0.925 g/cm3
0.926 to 0.940 g/cm3
1.05 g/cm3
60 - 75°C 70 - 80°C 60 - 70°C
180°C–280°C 205°C–280°C 190°C
2600-10200 psi
75-80°C also cited 219°F (104°C)
-85 to -35°C -100 to -70°C 200°F, 93°C
43°C in 1.82 MPA = 264 PSI
74°C in 1.82 MPA = 264 PSI
93°C in 1.82 MPA = 264 PSI
Excellent X-ray resistance
<0.1%
High High
High High
Excellent Excellent
Low Low
Excellent Fair
medium medium low
21 20 25 39
20 21 16 2
<0.1%Very Low
<0.1%Very Low
PMMA
Semi crystalline Semi crystalline Semi crystalline Amorphous
0.002-0.008
0.2-0.8
83 38 20
1.19
5% at break
PPSNo Reinforcement
PPS10% Glass fiber
PPS40% Glass fiber
6.3 10~5 mm/mm-K3.8 in/in/°F x 10-5
(6.8 mm/mm/°C x 10-5)
210°C–270°C
250°F, 121°C
92°C in 1.82 MPA = 264 PSI
0.02% 0.20%
Excellent
medium
39 40 40 30
2 1 1 11
Teflon (PTFE)
Torlon (Solvay)
Semi crystalline Semi crystalline Semi crystalline Both
0.02 < 0.007 0.033-0.053
3.3 - 5.3 %
1.3 1.6 2.16
150% at break
1.89 (10~5 mm/mm-K)9.9(IO"5 mm/mm-K)
Up to 500 °C (Service)
PBT(Polyester)
PBT + 40% Glass Fiber
(Polyester)
Polyamide-imide (PAI)
hydraulic bushings and seals, mechanicalparts for electronics, and engine components, laminating resin for spacecraft, a decorative finish for kitchen equipment, and as
wire enamel
6 in/in/°F x 10-5
(10.8 mm/mm/°C x 10-5)
Mold 230°CMelt 355°C
300 °F (149 °C) (Service)
70°C -250°C to +250°C
220°C–260°C
280°C
266°F (130°C) 270°C-285°C
Should be done
Machining
54°C in 1.82 MPA = 264 PSI
232°C in 1.82 MPA = 264 PSI
0.08% <0.01 %
Good
Excellent
Medium Medium
32 36 30 35
9 5 11 6
Polyimide (PI) PVC PET PEEK
Kapton (Dupont)
Both Amorphous Semi crystalline Semi crystalline
1.42 1.42 1.32
Up to 500 °C (Service) 158°F 70°C
-10 °C (Service) -13°F -25°C
The first application of polyimides was for wire enamel.262 Applications for polyimidesinclude bearings for appliances and aircraft, seals, and gaskets. Film versions are usedin flexible wiring and electric motor insulation. Printed circuit boards are also fabricated
with polyimides
176°F 80°C 334°C
75-90 Mpa 6,500 psi
160°C
482°F (250°C) 176°F (80°C) 143°C
replacements for metal and
glass
0.50%
Medium
32 34 41 36
9 7 0 5
Excellent - exceptional
PEEK 30% GF
Semi crystalline
1.5
334°C
315°C
143°C
0.10%
36
5
Extreme Poly Propylene (PP) Nylon (PA) Teflon (PTFE)
Moisture Absorption Low High --
Machinability -- -- High
Glass Transition Temp. -- -- --
Coefficient of Friciton -- Low
Abrasion Resistance -- -- --
Chemical Resistance -- -- High
Polystyrene (PS) PVC Polyetherimide (PEI) Polyethersulfone (PES)
-- -- -- --
-- -- -- --
Low Low High High
-- -- -- --
-- -- -- --
-- -- -- --
UHMWPE
--
--
--
High
--
Low(Next to PTFE)
Amorphous (PC, PS, PVC…)Amorphous vs. Semicryastalline Thermoplastics72 pages,2003NMW_Design_with_Plastics.pdfpage 11 of 72
• Low mold shrinkage• Limited chemical resistance• Light transmission (many)• High coefficient of friction• Toughness or brittle ?• Stiff or flexible ?• Other properties ?
Semi-crystalline (PE, PP…)• Higher mold shrinkage• Good chemical resistance• Opaque or translucent• Low coefficient of friction• Toughness (most) ?• Stiff or flexible ?• Other properties ?
Relationships between Polymer Properties and Morphology
Property Crystalline AmorphousLight transmission Less HighSolvent resistance High LowLubricity High LowDimensional stability High LowMold shrinkage High LowResistance to dynamic fatigue High LowFacility to form high strength fibers High NoneThermal expansion coefficient High LowMelting temperature Sharp AbsentDependence of properties on temperature High Low
Engineering Thermoplastics, Overview, 22 pages.pdfPage 4/22
Ultimate strength measures the highest stress value during the tensile test.
Polyamide-imides can be used from cryogenic temperatures to nearly 260°C.
Property Crystalline Crystalline Amorphous Liquid CrystallineSpecific Gravity Higher Lower HigherTensile Strength Higher Lower HighestTensile Modulus Higher Lower HighestDuctility, Elongation Lower Higher LowestResistance to Creep Higher Lower HighMax. Usage Temp. Higher Lower HighShrinkage and Warpage Higher Lower LowestFlow Higher Lower HighestChemical Resistance Lower Higher Highest
Plastics-Design, 84 pages.pdf14/84
Molten amorphous polymer - Shrinkage due to thermal contraction onlyMolten semi-crystalline polymer (amorphous in the melt state) - Shrinkage due to thermal contraction and re-crystallization MoldcoolingAmorphous vs. Semicryastalline Thermoplastics72 pages,2003NMW_Design_with_Plastics.pdfpage 38 of 72
Higher mold temperatureIncreasesCrystallinity (crystalline resins)Shrinkage (all resins)Heat distortion temperature (crystalline resins)
DecreasesMolded in stresses(all resins)Impact strength(crystalline resins)
Homopolymer polypropylene is stronger and stiffer than copolymer.Copolymer polypropylene is a bit softer, but it is tougher and more durable thanhomopolymer polypropylene. Copolymer polypropylene tends to have betterstress crack resistance and low temperature toughness than homopolymer.
The copolymers have generally similar properties, but the homopolymermay have slightly better mechanical properties, and higher melting point, butpoorer thermal stability and poorer alkali resistance.
Ultraviolet light may cause degradation in Plastics, which can be reduced by the additionof carbon black.
Nylon has a very sharp melting point and low melt viscosity, which is advantageous in injection molding but causes difficulty in extrusion and blowmolding.
PAI should be annealed after molding at gradually increased temperatures
The most common method of processing HDPE is blow molding
molecular weight distribution (MWD)
Polyurethanes are available as both thermosets and thermoplastics.
Polyimides are used in high-performance applications as replacements for metal andglass.
One weakness of polypropylene is its low-temperature brittlenessbehavior, with the polymer becoming brittle near 0°C
In SAN The polymers generally containbetween 20 to 30 percent acrylonitrile.333 The acrylonitrile content of the polymer influencesthe final properties with tensile strength, elongation, and heat distortion temperatureincreasing as the amount of acrylonitrile in the copolymer increases.
Toughness - ability to withstand both plastic and elastic deformationStiffness - resistance of a material to elastic deformation or deflectionHardness - the ability of material to resist scratching, abrasion, indentation & penetration
• Polyethylene Terepthalate Glycol (PETG)• Cellulose Acetate Butyrate (CAB)
Amorphous Engineering Thermoplastics• Polycarbonate (PC)• Polyphenylene Oxide (Modified PPO)• Polyphenylene Ether (Modified PPE)• Thermoplastic Urethane (TPU)
Amorphous High Performance Thermoplastics• Polysulfone (PSU)• Polyetherimide (PEI)• Polyethersulfone (PES)• Polyarylsulfone (PAS)
Semi-Crystalline Commodity Thermoplastics • Polyethylene (PE)– High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)– Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)• Polypropylene (PP)• Polymethylpentene (PMP)
Semi-Crystalline Engineering Thermoplastics• Polyamide (PA - Nylon)• Acetal (POM)• Polyethylene Terepthalate (PET)• Polybutylene Terepthalate (PBT)• Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMW-PE)
Semi-Crystalline High Performance Thermoplastics • Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)• Polytetra Fluoroethylene (PTFE)• Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE)
Thermosets :• Phenol Formaldehyde,• Urea Formaldehyde,• Melamine Formaldehyde,• Unsaturated Polyester Resin• Poly Bismaleimides etc.,
Some important termsTg - Glass transition temperatureTm - sharp melting transitionTC – Crystallization temperaturecryogenic temperatures to nearly 260°C.MD - Machine direction - Drawing in the longitudinal machine direction (MD)TD - Transverse direction - Drawing in the transverse direction (TD)MWD - molecular weight distributionIUPAC – International union of Pure and Applied ChemistryLCP – Liquid Crystal PolymerRTI – Relative Temperature IndexRTM – Resin Transfer MouldingRIM – Reaction Injection MouldingRRIM – Rainforced Reaction Injection MouldingDTUL – Deflection Temperature Under LoadHDT – Heat Distortion TemperatureCLTE – Coefficient of Linear Thermal ExpansionBMC – Bulk Molding CompoundSMC – Sheet Molding CompoundLPMC – Low Pressure Molding Compound
Plastic Memory
Each time a plastic is reheated it will attempt to return to its original flat shape unless it has been over heated or damaged. This is called a plastic memory
Polyimides have excellent physical properties and are used in applications where parts are exposed to harsh environments
Polyimide is used for Aircraft Engine Cooling Tube
PC can replace ferrous or glass products
PC is also used in safety helmets, riot shields, aircraft canopies, traffic light lens housings, and automotive battery cases.
PIPMMAPMPPOMPPPPEPPMIPPOPPSPPSUPPTPSPSFPSOPTFEPTMTPUPVAcPVAlPVBPVCPVCAPVDCPVDFPVFPVF2PVFMPVKPVOHPVTSANSHIPS
Plastic name A / S Brand Name Company / Make / ManufacturerPolyetherimides (PEI) A Ultem General ElectricPolytrimethylene Terephthalate (PTT) -- Corterra Shell ChemicalsPolyamide (PA) S Zytel DupontPolyacetal (POM) S Delrin DupontPolycarbonate (PC) A Lexan General ElectricPBT Crastin DupontPET Rynite Dupont
Polyamide-imide polymers find application in hydraulic bushings and seals, mechanical parts for electronics, and engine components. The polymer in solution has application as a laminating resin for spacecraft, a decorative finish for kitchen equipment, and as wire enamel.
PC alone is widely used as vacuum cleaner housings, household appliance housings, and power tools. These are arenas where PC’s high impact strength, heat resistance, durability, and high-quality finish justify its expense.
The Speedosystem Bearing block material Zinc die casting is replaced by SAN 20% GF
The PPS also provided better corrosion resistance against aggressive fuels than the previously used die-cast aluminum.PET, Polycarbonate is used for blow mould the water bottle.
PolyAcetal (POM) is used for tank units where the material is going to immersed in petrol, For this application PBT is also used.
Polyester Resin is used for nylonPolystyrene is used for manufacture CD Case.LDPE is used for manufacture Carrier bag.
PU is used for Shoe soles.
The simplest polyolefin is polyethylene (PE).By volume, plastics production exceeds steel production.Phenolic plastics and epoxy resins are thermosets
The headlight lens is made from polycarbonate. PC gives excellent transparency with impact resistance which helps to avoid breakage of headlight. Polycarbonate plastic is used because of its tensile strength and the ability to be manufactured to conform to the front end styling of a vehicle. Although it's a very hard plastic, it's also very porous so during manufacturing a protective silicone hard coat is applied to the headlight lens. This silicone hard coat is supposed to protect the headlight lens from intense sun, heat, road chemicals, bugs, humidity and acid rain, etc.
Nylon 6,6 is used as an engineering resin in a variety of molding applications such as gears, bearings, rollers, and door latches because of its good abrasion resistance and self-lubricating tendencies.
LCPs are typically selected for connectors because of their high thermal performance, ease of mold filling in thin cross sections and their dimensional stabilityAsk the Expert.mht
Corterra (Polytrimethylene Terephthalate – PTT, Brand name of cell chemicals) is used in the textile and carpet industries, which take advantage of its stain resistance, wearability as a result of high resilience and elastic recovery, color fastness, and soft hand
Polyetherimide is used in a variety of applications. Electrical applications include printed circuit substrates and burn-in sockets. In the automotive industry, PEI is used for under-the-hood temperature sensors and lamp sockets. PEI sheet has also been used to form an aircraft cargo vent. The dimensional stability of this polymer allows its use for large flat parts such in hard disks for computers.
Polyurethanes find application in many areas. They can be used as impact modifiers for other plastics. Other applications include rollers or wheels, exterior body parts, drive belts, and hydraulic seals.Polyurethanes can be used in film applications such as textile laminates for clothing and protective coatings for hospital beds. They are also used in tubing and hose in both unreinforced and reinforced forms because of their low-temperature properties and toughness. Their abrasion resistance allows them to be used in applications such as athletic shoe soles and ski boots. Polyurethanes are also used as coatings for wire and cable.
Plastics are Visco-elastic materials (With respect to Strain rate)Plastics are Brittle-Ductile materials (With respect to Temperature)
Weld LinesThe hairline grooves on the surface of a molded part where flow fronts join during filling, called weld lines or knit lines, cause potential cosmetic flaws and reduced mechanical performance (see figure 2-8). Because few polymer chains cross the boundary when the flow fronts butt, the tensile and impact strength in the weld-line area is reduced. The resulting notches on the weld line also act as stress concentrators, further reducing impact strength.Additionally, if the flow fronts are covered with a film from additives or a layer of impurities, they may notbind properly, which again can reduce impact and tensile strength. Weld-line strength in thermoplasticsvaries with specific resin and processing parameters, such as flow-front temperature, distance from the gate, filling pressure, and level of packing. For instance, Makrolon polycarbonate resins usually have exceptional weld-line tensile strength, typically over 95% of the strength without weld lines. Other resins can suffer over 50% loss of tensile strength at the weld line.
86 pages, Bayer, engineering polymers, material selection, thermo plastics & plouterthanes, a design guide MaterialSelection_12-1995,pdf, page 19117 pages, design_of_plastic_products, triangle, book.pdf, Page 57
CELCON NATURAL 98.36DELRIN (NATURAL) 83.40NORYL 20% GF, (GFN2) 234.73NORYL BLACK N110-701 234.73NYLON 66, 33% GF NATURAL 159.36NYLON 6, 30% GF BLACK 108.37NYLON 6, 30% GF NATURAL 119.46NYLON 6, COLOUR BLACK 98.84NYLON 6 NATURAL 108.14PC AMBER 245.35PC BLACK 224.10PC BLACK NOVAREX 423.79PC BLUE 277.22PC CLEAR LEXAN - 143 R 181.61PC CLEAR NOVAREX IMPORTED 423.79PC CLEAR PANLITE IMPORTED 195.04PC GREEN 245.65PC MILKY WHITE IMPORTED 397.57PC MILKY WHITE 923R 277.22PC RED IMPORTED 423.79PC RED 245.35PC SHEET 0.5 MM PER SQ. METER IMPORTED 237.08PC SHEET 0.5 MM PER SQ. METER INDEGENIOUS 297.10PC SHEET 1.0 MM PER SQ. METER IMPORTED 474.17PC SHEET 1.5 MM PER SQ. METER IMPORTED 678.00PBT 30% GF NATURAL 147.75PBT 40% GF NATURAL IMPORTED 492.15PBT NATURAL; DURANEX PB5 7400W IMPORTED 334.93PBT NATURAL GR DURANEX 2002 IMPORTED 262.40POLYACETAL CELCON BLACK – GRINDING 133.80POLYACETAL DURACON NATURAL GR M90 106.06POLAMIDE FILM, 125 MICRONS, IMPORTED 11321.83POLYCARBONATE CLEAR CALIBRE 303-15 181.61
POM“warm to the touch” feel
988 pages, Book, plastics materials & processes, a concise encyclopedia Plastics Materials and Processes.pdf, Page No. 34
612 pages, Book, Handbook of Plastics Technologies110.pdf, page no. 1.17The Remainder of the energy generated from the frictional heat generated by the mechanical motion of the screw ; this mechanism is called `Viscous dissipation’.
Anisotropic shrinkage of fiber-reinforced polymers can be attributed to the fact that the fibers become oriented in the flow-shear field during injection molding. The shrinkage anisotropy, defined as the difference between the shrinkage parallel and perpendicular to the flow.
Thermal expansion of a Lexan® 121, an unfilled polycarbonate, showing equivalent expansion in both in-flow and cross-flow directions. (Courtesy of GE Plastics.)
The glass transition temperature, Tg, is the temperature where the polymer chains have enough energy to slip easily past their neighboring chains. At temperatures well above Tg, the polymer has sufficient mobility to flow under processing stresses.
Unlike the homopolymer, copolymers can be processed by many methods, including extrusion, blow molding, and injection molding.
Acrylic fibers have good abrasion resistance, flex life, and toughness, and high strength. They have good resistance to stains and moisture.
Polyamide-imides can be used from cryogenic temperatures to nearly 260°C. They have the temperature resistance of the polyimides but better mechanical properties, including good stiffness and creep resistance.
PAI polymers are inherently flame retardant, with little smoke produced when they are burned. The polymer has good chemical resistance, but at high temperatures it can be affected by strong acids, bases, and steam. PAI has a heat deflection temperature of 280°C, along with good wear and friction properties. Polyamide-imides also have good radiation resistance and are more stable than standard nylons under different humidity conditions. The polymer has one of the highest glass transition temperatures, in the range of 270 to 285°C.
Adding carbon black leads to UV resistance
Carbon Fillers are added to increase the thermal conductivity of thermoplastics
PC can replace ferrous or glass productsPolyethylene (PE) is the highest-volume polymer in the world.
Polyimides will burn, but they have self-extinguishing properties.
What is the plastic material you will be used at 90°C and subjected to continuous creep (Continuous Tensile load) ? Design head – IFB automotive
He told `Delrin’.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
What is the difference between PA6 & Nylon6 ? Sr. Person in design – IFB automotive
PA6 - A particular Plastic Material NameNylon6 - Brand name of the Plastic material
I made an example of Polycarbonate (PC) with Lexan
Addition PolymerizationInvolves a simple addition of monomer molecules to each other without the loss of any atoms from the original molecule
Condensation PolymerizationInvolves a reaction between bifunctional reactants in which a small molecule is eliminated during each step of the polymer building reaction
introduction EBB 220, 42 pages.ppt, page 11 & 12
HomopolymerPolymer consisting of multiples of the same repeating units as PolyethyleneExample : Delrin [homopolymer of Poly Acetal (POM)]
CopolymerResulted products from two different monomers (e,g A and B) polymerized togetherExample : Celcon, Duracon, Lucel [Copolymer of Poly Acetal (POM)], ABS
TerpolymersPolymers obtained from three different monomers (e.g. A, B and C)Example : ACS
introduction EBB 220, 42 pages.ppt, page 14
Polystyrene - Good for vacuum forming
PTFE (Teflon) is added as a internal lubrication material in Delrin
MonomerThe basic chemical unit of polymer, is called a monomer (beads in necklace)Eg. Vinyl chloride, ethylene glycol, lactic acid, amino acids, glucose etc.,
Molecule with minimum functionality of two that reacts to form the structural units of the polymer.
OligomerThese are compounds having a few (unlike “many” in case of Polymers) monomers joined together by covalent bonds (usually less than 50 repeating units). Eg. Oligonucleotides, peptides etc.,
Short chain synthesized from reaction of several monomers.Eg. Dimmer, trimer, tetramer
Macromolecules Refers to very large molecules. Since polymers are generally composed of thousands of monomers, each polymer molecule is very large. Thus polymers are also termed as macromolecules
Sometimes polymers are called "macromolecules" - "macro" means "large" à polymers must be very large molecules
PolymerMacromolecule generated through sequential reaction of a small number of elementary units.
Introduction to Polymers chemcical - chapter1, 49 pages.pdf, page 5, 6introduction EBB 220, 42 pages.ppt, page 8
Even though ABS plastics are used largely for mechanical purposes, they also have good electrical properties that are fairly constant over a wide range of frequencies. These properties are little affected by temperature and atmospheric humidity in the acceptable operating range of temperatures. The final properties will be influenced to some extent by the conditions under which the material is processed to the final product; for example, molding at a high temperature improves the gloss and heat resistance of the product whereas the highest impact resistance and strength are obtained by molding at low temperature.
CFRP - carbon fibre reinforced plasticsGFRP - Glass fibre reinforced plasticsTFPP - Talc filled polypropelene
Delrin, the world’s first acetal resin, is a highly versatile engineering plastic with metal-like properties.
Reference : dupont delrin acetal resin 230323c, 65 pages.pdf, Page 5
DFMEA OUTPUTSRPN: Risk Assessment NumberIdentification of Critical and Significant Characteristics
The type of nylon (nylon 6, nylon 10, etc.) is indicative of the number of carbon atomsin the repeat unit. Many different types of nylons can be prepared, depending on the startingmonomers used. The type of nylon is determined by the number of carbon atoms in themonomers used in the polymerization. The number of carbon atoms between the amidelinkages also controls the properties of the polymer. When only one monomer is used (lactamor amino acid), the nylon is identified with only one number (nylon 6, nylon 12).When two monomers are used in the preparation, the nylon will be identified using twonumbers (nylon 6,6, nylon 6,12).91 This is shown in Fig. 2.9. The first number refers to thenumber of carbon atoms in the diamine used (a) and the second number refers to the numberof carbon atoms in the diacid monomer (b + 2), due to the two carbons in the carbonylgroup.92The amide groups are polar groups and significantly affect the polymer properties. Thepresence of these groups allows for hydrogen bonding between chains, improving the interchainattraction. This gives nylon polymers good mechanical properties. The polar natureof nylons also improves the bondability of the materials, while the flexible aliphaticcarbon groups give nylons low melt viscosity for easy processing.93 This structure alsogives polymers that are tough above their glass transition temperature.94
612 pages, Book, Handbook of Plastics Technologies110.pdfPage 65 of 612
Glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastics(FRTPs) help to simplify these problems. For instance, 40 percent glass fiberreinforcednylon outperforms its unreinforced version by exhibiting 2-1 2 timesgreater tensile and Izod impact strengths, 4 times greater flexural modulus and only1/5 of the tensile creep.
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)Polymers come in many forms, including plastics, rubber, and fibers. Plastics are stifferthan rubber yet have reduced low-temperature properties. Generally, a plastic differs froma rubbery material due to the location of its glass transition temperature (Tg). A plastic hasa Tg above room temperature, while a rubber has a Tg below room temperature. Tg is mostclearly defined by evaluating the classic relationship of elastic modulus to temperature forpolymers as presented in Fig. 1.5.
612 pages, Book, Handbook of Plastics Technologies110.pdfpage 12 of 612
exceeds the binding energy between neighboring molecules and growth of organized solid crystal begins. Formation of an ordered system takes certain amount of time since molecules must move from their current location to energetically preferred point at crystal nodes. As temperature falls, molecular motion slows further down and, if cooling rate is fast enough, molecules never reach their destination — the substance enters into dynamic arrest and a disordered, glassy solid (or supercooled liquid) forms. In fact Kauzmann has argued that if such an arrest did not happen at still lower temperatues a thermodynamically paradoxical situation would arise, where the undercooled liquid would have to be denser and of a lower enthalpy than the crystalline phase. Such arrest apparently takes place at certain temperature, which is called the glass transition temperature, Tg.
A full discussion of Tg requires an understanding of mechanical loss mechanisms (vibrational and resonance modes) of specific (usually common in a given material) functional groups and molecular arrangements. Factors such as heat treatment and molecular re-arrangement, vacancies, induced strain and other factors affecting the condition of a material may have an effect on Tg ranging from the subtle to the dramatic. Tg is dependent on the viscoelastic materials properties, and so varies with rate of applied load. The silicone silly putty is a good example of this: pull slowly and it flows; hit it with a hammer and it shatters.
In contrast to the melting points of crystalline materials the glass transition temperature is therefore somewhat dependent on the time-scale of the imposed change. To some extent time and temperature are interchangeable quantities when dealing with glasses, a fact often expressed in the time-temperature superposition prrinciple. An alternative way to discuss the same issue is to say that a glass transition temperature is only truly a point on the temperature scale if the change is imposed at one particular frequency. This is why the ability to modulate the temperature in a DSC experiment has made determining Tg considerably more precise. Since Tg is cooling-rate (or frequency) dependent as the glass is formed, the glass transition is not considered a true thermodynamic phase transition by many in the field. They reserve this epithet rather for a transition that is sharp and history-independent.
In polymers, Tg is often expressed as the temperature at which the Gibbs free energy is such that the activation energy for the cooperative movement of 50 or so elements of the polymer is exceeded. This allows molecular chains to slide past each other when a force is applied. From this definition, we can see that the introduction of relatively stiff chemical groups (such as benzene rings) will interfere with the flowing process and hence increase Tg. With thermoplastics, the stiffness of the material will drop due to this effect. This is shown in the figure below. It can be seen that when the glass temperature has been reached, the stiffness stays the same for a while, till the material melts. This region is called the rubber plateau.
Image:Rubberplateau.jpgTg can be significantly decreased by addition of plasticizers into the polymer matrix. Smaller molecules of plasticizer embed themselves between the polymer chains, increasing the spacing and free volume, and allowing them to move past one another even at lower temperatures. The "new-car smell" is due to the initial outgassing of volatile small-molecule plasticizers used to modify interior plastics
Acetal is the most important of all plastics. It offers long term dimensional stability and excellent lubricity. It is often used in gears for office equipment, irrigation equipment, autos, appliances, clocks and meters.
PBT produces extremely smooth surfaces in molding and is often used in housing.
Nylon offers toughness and wears well against other plastics. They are often used in worm gears and housings.
PPS offers high stiffness, dimensional stability and extended fatigue life.
LPC works well in small, precision gears under light loads, such as watch gears.
Plastic gear materialsPlastics – A General Review - Plastics, 66 pages.doc35/99
The Advantages of Delrin®• Most frequently used polymer for gears• Superior dimensional stability and low water absorption• Superior strength, modulus, flexural fatigue endurance, and high surface hardness• Lower coefficient of friction against steel• Available in a variety of lubricated compositions for improved friction and wear performance
The Advantages of Zytel®• Performs at higher service temperatures• Resin of choice for worm gears• Used as a dissimilar material against Delrin® to reduce gear wear and noise• Lower surface hardness and modulus which reduces mesh noise against steel• Better resistance to mild acids and bases• Provides more forgiving, tougher gear teeth
The most commonly used compositions of Delrin® and Zytel® for gears are provided in
Delrin Vs. nylon Comparision ChartDupont - Engineering Polymers for High Performance Gears - Gear_Brochure_11_06, 26 pages.pdf7/26
HDT is also called DTUL (deflection temperature under load)Engineering Thermoplastics, Overview, 22 pages.pdfPage 11/22
Brittleness is the opposite of toughness. As a rule,reinforced thermoplastics show higher stiffness andlower impact properties,or more brittleness thanunfilled plastics.Honeywell Plastics Design Solutions Guide plastic, 92 pages.pdf82/92
Glass Transition TemperatureAt the glass transition temperature, Tg, a material undergoes a significant change in properties. Generally, below the glass transition temperature, the material has a stiff, glassy, brittle response to loads, while above the Tg, it has a more ductile, rubbery response.Plastics-Design, 84 pages.pdf31/84
>Tg Plastic = ductile, rubbery< Tg Plastic = Stiff, glossy, brittle< Stiff, glossy, brittle to > ductile, rubbery
Vicat Softening PointThis is the temperature at which a small, circular, heated, lightly loaded probe penetrates a specific distance into a thermoplastic test specimen. Figure 4.01 shows a typical test apparatus. This test is useful for crystalline materials, but is of somewhat limited value for amorphous thermoplastics, which tend to creep during the test. This test indicates the ability ofa thermoplastic to withstand a short-term contact with a heated surface.Plastics-Design, 84 pages.pdf31/84
Nonuniform mold shrinkage behavior is an undesirable phenomenon in injection molding since it can lead to the following:• Distortions of the finished part (warpage)• Difficulties in hitting the target dimensions• Higher internal stress levels
Shrinkage and Warpage, 8 pages5/8
Plastic is Brittle Ductile with respect to Temperature material i.e., if temperature is less means than it will be Brittle, if temperature is more means than it will be Brittle,
Amorphous vs. Semicryastalline Thermoplastics72 pages,2003NMW_Design_with_Plastics.pdfpage 11 of 72
Relationships between Polymer Properties and MorphologyEngineering Thermoplastics, Overview, 22 pages.pdf4/22
Engineering Thermoplastics, Overview, 22 pages.pdfPage 4/22
Table 2. Relationships between Polymer Properties and MorphologyProperty Crystalline AmorphousLight transmission High None to lowSolvent resistance High LowLubricity High LowDimensional stability High LowMold shrinkage High LowResistance to dynamic fatigue High LowFacility to form high strength fibers High NoneThermal expansion coefficient High LowMelting temperature Sharp AbsentDependence of properties on temperature High Low
Crystalline Polymers vs. Amorphous PolymersPlastic & Thermoplastic Elastomer Materials 05_Plastic-Thermoplastic, 7 pages.pdf4/7
Crystalline Polymers vs. Amorphous PolymersPlastics-Design, 84 pages.pdf14/84
Designer Check ListHanser The Complete Part Design 20060608_26681914-85_3-446-40309-4_Leseprobe01, 12 pages.pdf6/12
Design checklistTicona, DesignChecklistres72dpi, 1 pages.pdf
Goodfellow Polymer properties, Tab303a, 24 pages.pdfPlastics various charts - Electric, chemical, mechincal, physical & thermal properties,
Thermoplastics Vs. various chemical compoounds resistance chartPlastic & Thermoplastic Elastomer Materials 05_Plastic-Thermoplastic, 7 pages6/7
Chemical resistance of various materials by chemical classesPlastics-Design, 84 pages.pdf41/84
Chemical Resistance of Engineering ThermoplasticsEngineering Thermoplastics, Overview, 22 pages.pdf19/22
Approximate,* in Dollars per Cubic Inch of Plastics - price - cost - rupee117 pages, design_of_plastic_products, triangle, book.pdfpage 16 of 117
Price cosr rupees Chart for Various Plastics:Plastics – A General Review - Plastics, 66 pages.doc41/99
Approximate,* in Dollars per Cubic Inch of Plastics - cost, price117 pages, design_of_plastic_products, triangle, book.pdf8.16 - 16/117
engineering thermoplastics high performance thermoplastics price cost ruppes chartEngineering Thermoplastics, Overview, 22 pages.pdfPage 16/22
Material properties listPrice Ruppe costPlastic Materials Guide - pm_guide, 6 pages.pdf
Commonly used Polymers in Injection Molding - properties - with cost rupee priceInjection Molding Basics mfg-injection-molding, 50 pages.pdf4/50
Injection Molding Costs.pptParameters of the Molding Process-m142_c12-param, 31 pages.ppt31/31
Cost, Price, rupee chartplastic raw materials.xls
SOLID PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS - definitionsGood for Theoritical definitions - all plastics612 pages, Book, Handbook of Plastics Technologies110.pdfpage 12 of 612
86 pages, Bayer, engineering polymers, material selection, thermo plastics & plouterthanes, a des.pdflot of definitionsUNDERSTANDING ENGINEERING PLASTICS 6/86MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF PLASTICS 13/86
Various definitions117 pages, design_of_plastic_products, triangle, book.pdf8.21 - 21/117
Physical Properties and Terminology - definitionsHoneywell Plastics Design Solutions Guide plastic, 92 pages.pdf82/92
Definitionsides-Getting the Most Out of Your Data - By Michael Sepesepe, 29 pages.pdfall pages
definitionsMechanical Property of Plastics, 7 pages.doc
Properties & DefinitionsPlastics-Design, 84 pages.pdf15/84
Definitions Melting point & Glass transiiton temp. gdtWeek 1 Visco-elasticity, 71 pages.ppt9/71
Glass Transition temperature (Definition inside flextural modulus definition 10/29)ides-Getting the Most Out of Your Data - By Michael Sepesepe, 29 pages.pdfall pages
various fasteners to join plastics72 pages,2003NMW_Design_with_Plastics.pdfpage 60 of 72
Mechanical fasteners136 pages, General Design Principles for DuPont Engineering Polymers H76838page 70 of 136
Guidelines for self-tapping fasteners:Honeywell Plastics Design Solutions Guide plastic, 92 pages.pdf48/92
Bolt assembly, stress problems and solutionsPlastics-Design, 84 pages.pdf76/84
Structural Design FormulaeStructural Design Formulae-L12565_4, 24 pages.pdf13/24
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF self tapping screw FASTENERS Honeywell, Smart Structure and Integrated System, Reinforced Nylon and Aluminum Self-Tapping Scre.doc.pdf2/21
Effect of Glass fiber filler in Poly carbonateides-Getting the Most Out of Your Data - By Michael Sepesepe, 29 pages.pdfall pages
Detail of rectangular edge gates & another gatesLNP_Injection_Molding.pdf11 of 36
Various gate51 pages, A Troubleshooting Forum & Workshop on Injection Molded Parts-Presentation_ITP 09.pdfpage 10 of 51
Schematic of different gating systems51 pages, A Troubleshooting Forum & Workshop on Injection Molded Parts-Presentation_ITP 09.pdfpage 10 of 51
Types of gate : Sprue, Pin, Edge, Ring, Diaphram, Fan, Film & tab
612 pages, Book, Handbook of Plastics Technologies110.pdf, page no. 32
Three-plate runner system guidelines.- gate design170 pages, Part and Mold Design Guide,.pdf139/170
Plastic gear materialsPlastics – A General Review - Plastics, 66 pages.doc35/99
Delrin Vs. nylon Gear Comparision ChartDupont - Engineering Polymers for High Performance Gears - Gear_Brochure_11_06, 26 pages.pdf7/26
For detailed diagram of injection moulding machinelecture 16 plastics 3.pdfpage 1 of 5
For detailed diagram of injection moulding machineLNP_Injection_Molding.pdf8 & 9 of 36
Equipment factor chartLNP_Injection_Molding.pdf20 of 36
Multi-shot injection molding213Compatible72 pages,2003NMW_Design_with_Plastics.pdfpage 17 of 72
Co-injection Molded Parts72 pages,2003NMW_Design_with_Plastics.pdfpage 18 of 72
Gas Assist Injection Molding72 pages,2003NMW_Design_with_Plastics.pdfpage 19 of 72
“Metal” Injection Molding (MIM)72 pages,2003NMW_Design_with_Plastics.pdfpage 20 of 72
Part Cooling calculations72 pages,2003NMW_Design_with_Plastics.pdfpage 36 of 72
Sidewall openings molded without any special mold action72 pages,2003NMW_Design_with_Plastics.pdfpage 50 of 72
Approximate Clamp forces for injection shot capabilities170 pages, Troble shooting in plastic injection molding machines-njit-etd1993-013, book.pdfpage 50 of 170
Liquid injection moulding170 pages, Troble shooting in plastic injection molding machines-njit-etd1993-013, book.pdfpage 74 of 170
Aspects of gas-injection mouldingGas-Injection Moulding with DuPont engineering polymers - GasInj_e, 8 pagespage 8 of 8
Rotational molding117 pages, design_of_plastic_products, triangle, book.pdfpage 103 of 117
Typical processing conditions for glass reinforced compoundsLNP_Injection_Molding.pdfpage 4 of 36
polyamide-imide TORLON_Molding_Guide, 16 pages.pdfTrainglepage 2 of 16
Injection Molding Guidelines for Unfilled Materials612 pages, Book, Handbook of Plastics Technologies110page 33 of 612
Bonding for Thermoplastic Combinations in Multicomponent Injection Molding612 pages, Book, Handbook of Plastics Technologies110page 39 of 612
Coinjection moulding – sandwhich moulding Page no. 36117 pages, design_of_plastic_products, triangle, book.pdf, page 33
Suggested Drying Conditions for Generic Thermoplastic ResinsHarper Ch. A., Petrie E. M. - Plastics Materials and Processes. A Concise Encyclopedia(2003)(974), handbook.pdfpage 175 of 988
HOT-RUNNER SYSTEMS170 pages, Part and Mold Design Guide,.pdf148/170
Hot runnersProduct and mould design - completed product__mold_design, 19 pages.pdf11/19
Hot runner technologyATI Hot Runner Technology Today-Systems, Developments, Trends, hot_runner, 12 pages.pdf
Hot runner systemsRealize the potential, feel the difference, Injection moulding guide, im, 33 pages.pdf17/33
injection-molding-processing-guide.pdfpage 6 of 14
LNP_Injection_Molding.pdfpage 4 of 36
mde_injection_molding_troubleshooting_guide.pdf2 of 11
51 pages, A Troubleshooting Forum & Workshop on Injection Molded Parts-Presentation_ITP 09.pdfpage 12 of 51 super
Various molding defects72 pages,2003NMW_Design_with_Plastics.pdfpage 28 of 72
Processing steps via a fishbone diagram.complete injection molding process, 27 pages.pdfpage 18 of 27
Dupont Hytrel thermoplastic polyester elastomer Injection Molding Guide H81091, 37 pages.pdfpage 26 of 37
Troubleshooting Tips for Injection Blow Molding.pdfEquistar - Troubleshooting Tips for Injection Blow Molding - Troubleshooting Injection Blow, 3 pa.pdf
NYLON RESINS - CORRECTING MOLDING PROBLEMS - A TROUBLE SHOOTING GUIDEfirestone - nylon resins correcting molding problems a trouble shooting guide-Injection Molding, .pdf
firestone - nylon resins correcting molding problems a trouble shooting guide-Injection Molding, .pdfpage 5 of 12
LNP_Injection_Molding.pdfInjection molding trouble shooting guide for LNP* engineering compoundspage 4 of 36
Torlon Polyamide imide Trouble shooting guidepolyamide-imide TORLON_Molding_Guide, 16 pages.pdfpage 10 of 16
L12565_2.pdfpage 2 of 4
Injection moulding truble shootingShrinkage and Warpage, 8 pages
Udel Polysupone Injection moulding truble shooting - Indication ChartSolvay-polysulpone-Udel_Design_Guide, 80 pages.pdf65/80
Injection moulding troubl shooting - Indication ChartBASF-Injection Molding-Trouble Shooting Guidelines-injmoldtroubleshooting, 1 pages.pdf
GE Injection moulding mini guide - Shwon with photoGE Injection moulding mini guide 8654, 43 pages.pdf
injection moulding Troubleshooting - with photoGE plastics injection moulding mini guide - injection process design aids, 41 pages.pdf23/41
Trouble shooting of injection moulding-korea engg. plastics-kh-m-04-0, 7 pages
injection moulding Troubleshooting with photoHuntsman-Processing Parameters-Injection molding-Injection_Molding110705, 10 pages.pdf8/10
injection moulding Troubleshooting - Indication Chartinjection moulding trouble shooting chart- molding troubleshooting, 1 pages.pdf
injection moulding Troubleshooting - Indication ChartInjection_Troubleshooting_Guide, 1 pages.pdf
injection moulding Troubleshooting mde_injection_molding_troubleshooting_guide, 11 pages.pdf2/11
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting GuidePerformance Plastics Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting Guide - trouble_shooting_guide, 3 pages.pdf
Injection Molding TroubleshootingRealize the potential, feel the difference, Injection moulding guide, im, 33 pages.pdf29/33
Injection Molding Troubleshooting - Indication ChartRTP Company Trouble-Shooting Guide - trouble, 1 pages.pdf1/1
Injection Molding Troubleshooting - Indication ChartInjection Molding Troubleshooting Guide - inject1, 1 pages
Advanced composites Material Processing Guidelines and Troubleshooting Guide ACP Material Process12/17
`Troubleshooting' search by windows F3D:\Engineering\Engineering 1\plastic design\www.ides.com\experts\ides-experts plastic processing-bob hatchThis is for free lance reading and exploring from free time
injection moulding Troubleshooting Inj molding, 12 pages.doc7/12
injection moulding Troubleshooting injection moulding trouble shooting guide for Eastar polymers - PPD407, 29 pages.pdf
Cannot be copied, to be converted to ms wordand to be done., To be incorporated
For Drafts, Ribs, bosses & gussets diagramLNP_Injection_Molding.pdfpage 6 of 36
Rib Design117 pages, design_of_plastic_products, triangle, book.pdfpage 55 of 117
insert guide lines, 9 pages.doc
Boss Design117 pages, design_of_plastic_products, triangle, book.pdfpage 60 of 117
Part Design for Insert Molding136 pages, General Design Principles for DuPont Engineering Polymers H76838page 18 of 136
Delrin Gear Design136 pages, General Design Principles for DuPont Engineering Polymers H76838page 51 of 136
Self tapping Screw & Plastic part Boss38 pages, engg plastics, Joining Guide.pdf Page no. 9 of 38, Refer Figure 5
Rib Design Guideline170 pages, Part and Mold Design Guide,.pdf25/170
Boss Design Guideline170 pages, Part and Mold Design Guide,.pdf26/170
Stuctural design, beam bending formulas170 pages, Part and Mold Design Guide,.pdf62/170
Designing for Uniform WallsDesigning for Ribbed WallsDesigning without Stress ConcentrationGate LocationDesigning for AssemblyDesigning with Clearance on Threads
Dupont plastic part design list H81079, 6 pages.pdfAll pages
Various srructural formulasHoneywell Plastics Design Solutions Guide plastic, 92 pages.pdf20/92
Section properties for some common cross-sectionsPlastics-Design, 84 pages.pdf45/84
Design of bossesPlastics-Design, 84 pages.pdf63/84
Boss Designplastics part design and mouldability -pdc1, 23 pages.pdf20/23
GE plastics - injection moulding design guideline - completed GE GUIDELINE, 15 pages.pdf
Rib, Gusset, Boss designProduct and mould design - completed product__mold_design, 19 pages.pdf4/19
Boss design (For self tapping screws & ultrasonic welding)Solvay-polysulpone-Udel_Design_Guide, 80 pages.pdf76/80
Guidelines for Machining Engineering Plastics.pdfGuidelines for Machining Engineering Plastics, 2 pages.pdf
Plastic Numbering (bottle)Plastics - History, Types & Processing an_Insight_Into_Plastics, 7 pages,pdf4 / 7
Scientists who discovered the plastic materials with years:List of Acronyms for plastics:Plastics – A General Review - Plastics, 66 pages.doc3/66
Properties chartMechanicalPropertiesofPlastics.pdfall pages / 4 pages
Higher mold temperature chartLNP_Injection_Molding.pdf17 of 36
Polypropelene properties170 pages, Troble shooting in plastic injection molding machines-njit-etd1993-013, book.pdfpage 135 of 170
Typical properties of PC Lexan 141R234 pages, shrinkage and ejection forces in injection moulded products AJPONTES_thesis.pdfpage 100 of 234
Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expansion (CLTE) for Common Materials86 pages, Bayer, engineering polymers, material selection, thermo plastics & plouterthanes, a des.PDFPAGE 42 OF 86
Property Vs. Recommended Materials117 pages, design_of_plastic_products, triangle, book.pdfpage 14 of 117
Celcon™Acetal M90 Copolymer—Typical Properties117 pages, design_of_plastic_products, triangle, book.pdfpage 20 of 117
THERMOPLASTIC PROPERTIESplastics_properties_2.pdf
Nylon grades properties comparison chartnylon (PA)\NYLON PLASTIC.mht
Comparative Properties of Thermoplastics612 pages, Book, Handbook of Plastics Technologies110page 15 of 612
plastic & elastomers identification chart - New ID chart, 1 pages
Thermoforming Process Temperatures for Selected Materials612 pages, Book, Handbook of Plastics Technologies110.pdfpage 47 of 612
Properties of Reinforced Nylon 6,6612 pages, Book, Handbook of Plastics Technologies110.pdfpage 338 of 612
WATER ABSORPTION chartwater-absorption-plastics.pdf
Brittle Temperature chart of plasticsHarper Ch. A., Petrie E. M. - Plastics Materials and Processes. A Concise Encyclopedia(2003)(974), handbook.pdfpage 96 of 988
Mechanical Engineers' Handbook (www.eBookByte.com) Ch-08.pdfsuper properties of various materials
Important Properties of Plastics and Listing of Plastics SuppliersHarper Ch. A., Petrie E. M. - Plastics Materials and Processes. A Concise Encyclopedia(2003)(974), handbook.pdfpage 645 of 988
Delrin Data sheetAcetal products quadrant bearingAndWear2, 2 pages.pdf
Plastics propeties comparision chartCurbell - Product and comparision chart - Curbell_Plastics_Properties_Chart, 2 pages.pdf
Plastics Available for Processes chart117 pages, design_of_plastic_products, triangle, book.pdf8.41 - 41/117
Coefficients of Table 3-8 Linear Thermal Expansion (CLTE) for Common Materials170 pages, Part and Mold Design Guide,.pdf79/170
Producers and Trade Names of Engineering ThermoplasticsEngineering Thermoplastics, Overview, 22 pages.pdfPage 6/22
Property Comparison for Selected PlasticsHanser The Complete Part Design 20060608_26681914-85_3-446-40309-4_Leseprobe01, 12 pages.pdf5/12
Thermal Conductivities of Solids, Liquids and Gases with TemperatureHoneywell Plastics Design Solutions Guide plastic, 92 pages.pdf60/92
plastic - Material properties - 330-333, 4 pages.pdfall pages
Properties of PEEKEngineering Thermoplastics, Overview, 22 pages.pdf21/22
Approximate drilling speed and feed rate for 1/4 – 3/8 in. hole in various thermoplasticsPlastics-Design, 84 pages.pdf81/84
Typical Properties* of Udel Polysulfone (U.S. Units)Solvay-polysulpone-Udel_Design_Guide, 80 pages11/80
Material properties listRutland plastics - Material Properties and Applications - materials summary table, 2 pages
PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC MATERIALSproperties & choice of plastic material - Material_Specs, 3 pages.pdf
Material Properties and Applications Rutland plastics - Material Properties and Applications - materials summary table, 2 pages.pdf
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Torlon PAI Material propertiesTorlon_Design_Guide, 53 pages.pdf9/53
Material name Abbreviation Trade names Description ApplicationsInj Molding (detailed), 25 pages.doc12/25
Injection Molding Parameters-Melt TemperatureParameters of the Molding Process-m142_c12-param, 31 pages.ppt6/31
Plastic propertiesTypical Property Data to Compare Types of Plastics, pages.mht
Snap fits136 pages, General Design Principles for DuPont Engineering Polymers H76838page 76 of 136
Snap fit design170 pages, Part and Mold Design Guide,.pdf84/170
Snap fit designHanser Designing with Plastics 20060105_261515524-85_3-446-22590-0_Leseprobe_2, 15 pages.pdf4/15
Snap fit designHoneywell Plastics Design Solutions Guide plastic, 92 pages.pdf20/92
Snap fit designPlastics-Design, 84 pages.pdf66/84
Test Type Vs. Standard117 pages, design_of_plastic_products, triangle, book.pdf8.27 - 27/117
Properties, Units and Standard Methods of Measurement of Engineering ThermoplasticsEngineering Thermoplastics, Overview, 22 pages.pdfPage 10/22
ISO and ASTM Test MethodsHoneywell Plastics Design Solutions Guide plastic, 92 pages.pdf88/92
Approximate Part Size Ranges for the Principal Processes117 pages, design_of_plastic_products, triangle, book.pdfpage 42 of 117
Suggested Wall Thicknesses for Thermoplastic Molding Materials117 pages, design_of_plastic_products, triangle, book.pdfpage 97 of 117
Approximate Part Size Ranges for the Principal Processes117 pages, design_of_plastic_products, triangle, book.pdf8.42 - 42/117
Typical Nominal Thickness for Various ThermoplasticsDesign Considerations For Injection Molded Parts, Designing_In_Plastics_Part_1_02_339res72dpi, 6 .pdf2 / 6
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Tolerance Guide for Plastic Profile Extrusions117 pages, design_of_plastic_products, triangle, book.pdfpage 93 of 117
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Triangle chartSolvay-polysulpone-Udel_Design_Guide, 80 pages.pdf2/80
Triangle chartClassification of Plastics triangle, techinfop3, 1 pages1/1
Traingle chartthermoplastics_selection_guide, 1 pages, triangle.pdf
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Polyethylene Shrinkage Changes from Part and Process ChangesCauses of Molded-Part Variation -material- Warpage due to material use, 27 pages.pdfpage 6 of 27
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Weld profile136 pages, General Design Principles for DuPont Engineering Polymers H76838page 92 of 136
Formula for thermally induced stress38 pages, engg plastics, Joining Guide.pdf, page 13 of 38
Slots in inclined walls without side core72 pages,2003NMW_Design_with_Plastics.pdf, Page 50Also refer : 136 pages, General Design Principles for DuPont Engineering Polymers H76838.pdf, Page 13 170 pages, Part and Mold Design Guide.pdf, Page 35
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Properties of Glass FibersHarper Ch. A., Petrie E. M. - Plastics Materials and Processes. A Concise Encyclopedia(2003)(974), handbook.pdfpage 261 of 988
Know Your Material, machine & Mold
Hot Plate Temperatures to Weld Plastics and Plastic FilmsHarper Ch. A., Petrie E. M. - Plastics Materials and Processes. A Concise Encyclopedia(2003)(974), handbook.pdfpage 280 of 988
Film Selection Chart988 pages, Book, plastics materials & processes, a concise encyclopedia Plastics Materials and Pr.pdfpage 15 of 988
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ExxonMobil™ Polypropylene Resins (Unfilled)Typical Processing Conditions
check list
check list
Chemical
Chemical
Chemical
Chemical
Amorphous vs. Semicryastalline
Amorphous vs. Semicryastalline
Amorphous vs. Semicryastalline
Amorphous vs. Semicryastalline
Amorphous vs. Semicryastalline
Cost
Cost
Cost
Cost
Cost
Cost
Cost
Cost
Definitions
Definitions
Definitions
Definitions
Definitions
Definitions
Definitions
Definitions
Definitions
Fastener
Fastener
Fastener
Fastener
Fastener
Fastener
Filler
Gate Design
Gate Design
Gate Design
Gate Design
Gate Design
Gear Design
Gear Design
GIM
GIM
GIM
GIM
GIM
GIM
GIM
GIM
GIM
GIM
GIM
GIM
GIM
GIM
GIM
GIM
GIM
GIM
GIM
Hot Runner
Hot Runner
Hot Runner
Hot Runner
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
mech design
mech design
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting
mech design
mech design
mech design
mech design
mech design
mech design
mech design
mech design
mech design
mech design
mech design
mech design
mech design
mech design
mech design
mech design
mech design
Numbering
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Cost
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Properties Chart
Snap Fit
Snap Fit
Snap Fit
Snap Fit
Snap Fit
Test Standards
Test Standards
Test Standards
Thickness
Thickness
Thickness
Thickness
Thickness
tolearnce
tolearnce
tolearnce
Triangle Digram
Triangle Digram
Triangle Digram
Triangle Digram
Triangle Digram
Triangle Digram
Triangle Digram
Triangle Digram
Properties Chart
GIM
Defect
Brittleness
Brittleness
Brittleness
PART BRITTLENESS
Brittleness
Brittle parts
Brittleness
Warped parts
Warping
WARPED PARTS
Warpage / Disportion
PART WARPAGE
Warpage or part deformation
Warpage/ part distortion
Warpage
Warpage, part distortion
Warpage
Flashing
Flashing
Flash
Flashing
Flashing
Flashing/Burr
Flashing
PART FLASHES
Flashing
PART FLASHING
Flash
Flashing
Burn marks
Burns
Burn marks
Burn Marks
BURN MARKS
Burn marks
Burn marks
Burn marks
Weak weld-lines
Weak weld-lines
Burning, charringor black specks
Weak weld-lines
weld-lines
POOR WELDS/WELD LINES
Poor Weld Line Strength
POOR KNIT LINES
Sticking in mold
Sticking in mold
Weld lines (Knit lines)
Sticking in mold
PARTS STICKING IN MOLD
Parts sticking in mold
Sprue Sticking
SPRUE STICKING
Glass fibre streaks
Sticking in sprue bushing
Surface imperfections (frosty surface or white marks)
Sinks or voids
PART SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS
Surface Imperfections(Glass on surface, mineral bloom)
Sink marks
Voids
Sinks and Voids
VOIDS OR SINKSVoids occur inside thepart. Sinks pull awayfrom the mold wall.
Sinks or voids
Sink marks
Internal voids
Sink Mark
SINK MARKS
Voids (Bubbles)
Bubbles
Voids
BUBBLESPart surface bulgesabove a bubble
VOIDS/BUBBLES
LAMINATION AT THE GATE
Dimensional inconsistency
Shot-to-shotdimensional change
Dimensions Out of Specification
DIMENSIONAL VARIATIONS
Dimensional inconsistency
Dimensional inconsistency
Shorts
Dimensionalvariations
PART SHORTSNo burn marks
Short shots
Short Shots
Short Shuts & poor surface finish
Short shot, recordgroove effect
Short Shots
Short Shot
Short Shots
Inconsistent Shot
PART SHORTSand has burn marks
Progressivelyshorter shots
SHORT SHOTS
Short shots—at thestart of injectionmolding operation—injection ram isbottoming
Short shots—at thestart of the injectionmolding operation—injection ram is notbottoming
Short shots—aftera period of successfulinjectionmolding operations
Black Specks
Black specks
Short shots—occur periodicallyduring injectionmolding operations
Blisters, bubbles
Blisters/Bubbles
Blister
Blister
Burns in gate area
Cracking/Crazing
Burns at the end of fill
CRAZING/CRACKING
Crazing
Delaminating
Delamination
Delaminating
Discoloration
Non-Uniform Color
Discoloration/ Burning
NON-UNIFORMCOLOR
MATERIAL DISCOLORATION
Poor colordispersion
Flow lines
FLOW LINES/MARKS
Flow marks
Nozzle Drooling
Excessive Cycle Time
FLOW MARKSBack fillsShadowingFolds
NOZZLE DROOL
Splay
Silver streak
Splay (Silver Streaking)
SPLAY/SILVER STREAKING
Surface Defects (Streaks)
SURFACE DEFECTSSilver streaking or splaymarks
SURFACE DEFECTSUneven shineBeach marks
Brown streak &Black spots
Burnt streaks(brown)
Streaks
Moisture streaks
Jettinga „snake-like or spiral-shaped“ pattern on the surface of a molede part.
Jetting
Jetting
Jetting
Shrinkage
Sink Marks
Excessiveshrinkage
Sinks, shrinkmarks, voids,bubbles
Sinks
Bubbles & Voids
Voids or Sinks
Sink Marks
Ejector marks
EJECTOR PIN MARKS
Ejection difficulties
Contamination
Scratches
Embedded contaminates
Degradation
Polymer degradation
NOZZLE FREEZE OFF
Surface defectson the moldedarticle
Cavity notfilling
Post blowing
In-Mold Shrinkage
Blisters, bubbles
Blister
Blush / flow marks
Flow marks
Blush / flow marks
Gate blush
Gate Blush
Diesel effect
Delamination
Burn marks / diesel effect
Dimensions of part
Discolouration
Flash
Flash
Flashing
Flash
Jetting
JETTING
Pitting
Record grooves
Sticking in cavity
PART STICKS IN”A” HALF orSTATIONARY SIDEOF THE TOOL
PART STICKSDURING EJECTION
Sticking on core
Sticking of sprue
Short shot
Short shots
Sink marks
Silver streaks
Color Streaks
Colour Streaks
Splay / streaks
Splay Marks
Streaking
Splay
Gate splay
Stringing
Stringiness
Tiger Striping
Voids
Voids
Weld line
Weld lines / knit lines
Weld Line
Weld Lines
Weld line
Unmelted Particles
Screw Slip
Screw Stall
Cold slug
Dark spots
Tails & Hooksespecially near raisedengraving etc.
Cloudy / milkytransparent parts
Unusually lowmaximum servicetemperature
Off-Color Part or Odor
Gloss Differences
Gate smear
Wrinkle near gate
Pits
BURNT SMELLParts have a yellowcast
Cause
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Wet materialOverheating
Molded-in-stressesPoor part designWeld-lines
Wet material
A. Low melt temperature B. Polymer degradation due to overheating. C. Excessive moisture in resin D. Contamination or excessiveE. Excessive regrind. F. Slow injection rateG. Improper location of gate H. Gate size too small
1. Moisture in material2. Excessive melt temperature3. Melt temperature to low4. Contamination5. Excessive amounts of regrind6. Improper gate size/location
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Part temperature differentialExcessive shrinkageOrientation of materialPoor part designEjection problem
Cooling is too short, material is too hot, lack of cooling around the tool, incorrect water temperatures (the parts bow inwards towards the hot side of the tool)
Anisotropic shrinkage.
High molded-in stress.
A. Low melt temperatureB. Parts ejected too hotC. Varying wall thicknessD. Non-uniform filling E. Improperly designed knockout system F. Poor pressure distributionG. OverpackingH. Lost contact with cavity surface.
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A. Molded-in stresses are too highdue to:1.Excessive packing of the cavity2. Cavities being filled too slowly3. Melt temperature being toolow or non-homogenousB. Part is being ejected while stilltoo hotC. Ejector mechanism is improperlydesignedD. Part is improperly designed(non-uniform walls)E. Gates are improperly locatedand/or designedF. Undercuts, ribs, bosses, threads,etc., are improperly designedG. Mold cooling is inadequate(Capacity of the cooling systemis too low, cooling circuits in themold halves are not balanced,heat transfer is poor)H. Moveable mold components(cores) have shifted or becomemisaligned I. Runner system is inadequate
partwrong part designpart too heavymachineinsufficient cooling timetoo high injection pressuremouldwrong gate location:different shrinkage in different flow directionstoo big undercutsinadequate ejector pinscavity too hotmaterialorientation of fillerswrong material choice
1. Part ejected while too hot2. Shrinkage differential due to non-uniform shrinkage3. Melt temperature too low4. Shrinkage differential due to non-uniform wall thickness5. Insufficient pack and hold times or pressures6. Ejection system poorly designed7. Differential mold cooling
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--
Inadequate clamp tonnageHigh Injection PressureMisaligned platenExcessive vent depth
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1. Excessive melt/mold temperature2. Excessive packing of material3. Injection pressure to high4. Projected area to large for available tonnage5. Uneven or poor parting line and mating surface6. Mold clamping pressure not properly adjusted7. Non- uniform cavity pressure due to unbalanced filling
--
Inadequate clamp tonnageHigh Injection PressureMisaligned platenExcessive vent depth
Too much injection pressure.Too much material.Material viscosity too low.Tool too loose.Not enough clamp capacity.
A. Excessive pressure. B. Temperature excessively high. C. Overpacking. D. Injection force greater than available clamping forces. E. Clamping pressure too low. F. Mold deficiencies. G. Insufficient venting.H. Foreign matter left in mold. I. Improper mating of mold surfaces
Dieseling in the mold
--
Boost time too longClamp pressure too lowMold damaged or misalignedWet material
A. Injection pressure is too high B. Too much material is being C. Material is too hotD. Clamp end of press is out of adjustmentE. Flash or foreign material is acting as a high spot onmating surfaces of the moldF. Mold surfaces, cores and/or cavity inserts are out of register.G. Mold or platens are warped H. Clearance in vents, knockouts, etc., is too greatI. Venting is insufficient or blocked thereby forcing material from the cavity areaJ. Injection pressure is unevenly K. Projected cavity area is too large for the available clamping clamping pressure.Pressure
Air trapped in cavityBarrel or nozzle overheatingShear heatContamination
Hang-up in molding machine
Tool lacks venting, injection speed is too high
--
A. High melt temperatureB. Injection rate too rapidC. Entrapped air in mold.D. High moisture content in resin
Air trapped in cavityBarrel or nozzle overheatingShear heatContamination
Hang-up in molding machine
Vents cloggedInsufficient ventingFill rate too fast
A. Material is too hotB. Molten resin is exposed to air inthe machine due to starving thefeed section or entraining air inthe screw feedC. Vents are inadequate or blockedD. Material is entering the cavitiestoo rapidlyE.Material is hanging up in theheating cylinder and/or nozzle(generally indicated by specks orstreaks in the molded item)F. Regrind is of questionable qualityG. Previous polymer or purgematerial has not been completelyremoved
Insufficient ventingInjection speed or mold temperature too lowIncorrect gate location
Insufficient ventingInjection speed or mold temperature too lowIncorrect gate location
--
---
1. Melt temperature too low2. Mold temperature too low3. Insufficient pressure at weld line4. Air trapped in mold5. Injection rate to slow6. Flow distance from gate to weld line area excessive
A. Low melt temperature. B. Cold mold C. Insufficient pressure D. Entrapped Air E. Excessive lubricant/mold release F. Excessive distance from gate to weld lines
--
Poor venting.
Too cool a melt.
Over packing
Mold design
Over packing
Mold design
--
A. Overpacking. B. Parts too hot.C. Low nozzle temperature. D. Insufficient knockout E. Insufficient mold release F. Inadequate sprue pullerG. Improper mold surface finish H. Inadequate draft or cavities/sprue I. Cavity misalignment/core shifting. J. Cavity pressure non-uniform 1. Redesign runner-gate system for (multi-cavity mold) K. Surface imperfections and undercuts in mold.
1. Over packing material in mold2. Insufficient draft on cavities/sprue3. Part to hot for ejection4. Undercuts to big to allow part release5. Molded part sticking to stationary half of mold6. Knockout
--
--
1. Nozzle orifice is larger then sprue orifice2. Insufficient taper on sprue bushing3. Imperfections on inside of sprue4. Over packing material in sprue5. Nozzle temperature to low to provide clean break
A. Improperly fitted sprue nozzle interface. B. Sprue bushing taper insufficient C. Pitted surfaces D. Inadequate pull back E. Overpacking in sprue.F. Sprue diameter excessive G. Low nozzle temperature
Injection speed too lowCold melt/cold moldWet material
A. Low melt temperature. B. Cold mold C. Slow injection rate. D. Insufficient material in mold E. Water or condensation on mold F. Excess lubrication on mold surface G. Moisture in resinH. Mold surface defects.
1. Melt temperature to low2. Mold temperature to low3. Insufficient packing of the part4. Insufficient material in mold5. Injection rate to slow6. Water on mold surface7. Excessive build up of lubricant on mold8. Moisture in material9. Inadequate venting
Holding pressure or time too lowInsufficient feedGate freezing off or located improperly
---
---
Material shrinkage & insufficient supply of molten material.
Not enough pack pressure during material solidification.
1. Improper part design2. Insufficient pack and hold times3. Insufficient volume of material4. Gate freezes off prior to properly packing out part
--
--
Wet materialGate too smallRunner too smallRunner too longInjection rate too slowHold time too shortHold pressure too lowResin melt or mold too coldInsufficient ventingJetting
--
A. Insufficient pressure on parts. B. Insufficient material packed into cavity. C. High melt temperature. D. Premature freezing of gate. E. Parts ejected too hot. F. Heavy sections adjacent
--
---
Gas entrapment
---
---
Loss of control of shrinkage
A. Excessive moisture in resin B. High melt temperature.C. High internal shrinkage due to insufficient material in cavity.
A. Low melt temperature. B. Cold mold C. Slow injection rate D. Low holding pressure.E. Small gate size.
Shot to Shot variationMelt temperature variationInadequate packing
--
A. Inconsistent molding conditions. B. Machine control malfunctions or inadequate controls, resulting in temperature variations. C. Resin feed non-uniform D. Non-Uniform cavity pressure due to unbalanced runner. E. Poor part design.F. Material variations.
1. Non-uniform feeding of material2. Insufficient packing of part3. Regrind levels inconsistent4. Melt pressure variations5. Unbalanced runner system
A.Non-uniform feed due to:1.Variation in machine operation2.Variation in the materialB.Cylinder temperatures arecycling too broadly C. Cycles are inconsistentD. Machine capacity is too smallE.Mold temperatures inadequatelycontrolled• Check location of coring.
Inadequate shot size.Vents blocked.
Not enough material.
Blockage in flow atthe feed-throat.
Not enough injection pressure.
Material too high in viscosity.
--
--
---
1. Melt temperature to low2. Mold temperature to low3. Insufficient material volume4. Air entrapment causing resistance to fill5. Restricted flow of material to cavity
---
--
--
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Gas trapping/ poorventing.
Residence time too longBarrel temperature too highShot size too small
A. low melt temperature.B. Cold mold. C. Insufficient pressure on material in cavity pressure.D. Inadequate feeding of material E. Entrapped air/resistance to fillF. Flow to cavity restrictedG. Unbalanced flow (in multicavity mold) H. Poor part design.
1) Shortage of material2) Machine capacity is too small3) Polymer melt is slipping past the screw (ram)
A. Injection time is too shortB. Injection pressure is too lowC. Cylinder temperature is too lowD. Heater bands on the nozzle or cylinder are inoperativeE. Nozzle, sprue or gates are blocked or frozenF. Excessive resistance to flow in the sprue bushing, runners, vents consistent with machine shot capacityand/or gatesG. Material viscosity is too high (melt index is too low)
A. Check Items D and E in Section II B. Loss of injection pressure C. Venting is inadequate (usually accompanied by burned orcharred spots on molded part)D. Shortage of materialE. Interrupted feedF. Polymer is sticking in the feed throat
A. Cylinder temperature controller is cycling too broadlyB. Cycles are inconsistent
1. Contamination in material2. Heater Band malfunction3. Contamination from previous run
4. Degraded Polymer
machine· down time too long· barrel switched offover a long periodof time· poor purging of barrel· dirty plasticizing unit· inadequate nozzle
mould· dead edges in gate/runner systemmaterial· granule impurities· degradation by other resins· pick-up of degradedmaterial from cylinder wallduring cooling
machine· injection pressure too low· inadequate functioning of back flow valve· suck-back too long· plasticizing too fast· air trap in the hopper feed· improper feed
mould· volatiles and trapped gas· mould temperature too low· thin to thick transitionmaterial· melt overheating
1. Moisture in material
2. Air Entrapment
3. Degraded polymer
Tool or material is too hot, often caused by a lack of cooling around the tool or a faulty heater
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1. Burrs or sharp corners at the gate2. Gate size to small3. Color concentrate shear sensitive
1. Plugged vents2. Over clamping3. Inadequate vents4. Melt temperature to high5. Injection rate to fast
1. Contamination2. Part removal3. Packing excessive material into the mold4. Non-uniform or too cold of a mold temperature5. Chemical contamination
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A. Excessive packing resulting in highly stressed area at gate. B. Low mold temperature C. Mold cooling non-uniform D. Improperly designed knockout system E. Excessive undercutF. Draft angles inadequate
1. Melt temperature to low2. Material contamination3. Incompatible color concentrate4. Injection rate to low5. Air entrapment in mold6. Mold temperature to low
Contamination of the material e.g. PP mixed with ABS, very dangerous if the part is being used for a safety critical application as the material has very little strength when delaminated as the materials cannot bond
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1. Material Overheating2. Material oxidized by drying at to high temperature3. Contamination by foreign material
Poor dispersion.
Contamination.
Poor concentrate mixing ordispersion
A. Overheating in cylinder. B. Material hanging up in cylinderC. Oxidation/ degradation due to excessive drying temperature. D. Contamination E. Flow over sharp projections
A. Because of poor mixing . . .1. In a ram machine2. In a screw machineB. Because of the pigment . . .1.Particles are too coarse2. Feed is non-uniform3. Pigment is difficult to disperseC. Because of the concentrate . . .1. Letdown ratio is too great2. Base polymer is not compatiblewith Hytrel3. Pigment concentration istoo high
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1. Poor mold cooling2. Clamp speeds slow3. Melt and mold temperatures to high4. Screw recovery time excessive
1. Melt temperature to low2. Mold Temperature to low3. Gate size to small4. Non- uniform wall thickness
A. Low melt temperature. B. Low mold temperature.C. Injection rate too rapid.D. Jetting due to improper gate size
Filling from thin to thick sections.Surface irregularity.Uneven filling of section.
1. Nozzle temperature to hot2. Moisture in material
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A. Nozzle temperature too high B. High melt temperature C. Excessive moisture in resinD. Nozzle orifice too largeE. Excessive cycle time.F. Lack of lubricationG. Improper type nozzle
1. Excessive moisture in material2. Melt temperature to high3. Excessive shear heat4. Air entrapment5. Condensation or excessive lubricant on mold surface6. Moisture condensing in feed section of barrel
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A. Excessive moisture in resin B. High melt temperature.C. Condensation on mold surface D. Excessive mold release agent on mold surface.E. Moisture condensing on unmelted resin in feed sections. F. Melt fracture
Moisture in part.Possible mold sweating.
Contaminated material.
High shear in the material.
High molecularweight compound inhighly polishedmold.
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Poor tool design, gate position or runner. Injection speed set too high.
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A. Gates not frozen offB. Effective injection pressure inthe cavities is too low1. Gates are too small orimproperly designed2. Runner system is improperlydesigned (diameters andlayout are incorrect)3. Melt temperature is too low4. Flow rate of material is too low5. Nozzle orifice is too smallC. Injection pressure is too lowD. Mold temperature is too highE. Not enough material in the cavityF. Dwell time is too shortG. Molding conditions not optimized
Holding time/pressure too low, cooling time too low, with sprueless hot runners this can also be caused by the gate temperature being set too high
A. With the exception of Item B-4, the causes shown for Section VIII generally applyB. Moisture content of the polymer is too high
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Inadequate amount of material.
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Parts soft during ejection.
A. Excessive flashing B. Material too highly packed in the cavity (mainly with large gates)C. Pieces deform during ejection(part is too soft)D. Parts stick to the mold due to highly polished surfacesE. Mold conditions:1. Mold surfaces are scratched and marred2. Draft or taper on cavity walls cores or sprues is not great enough3. Undercuts are improperly designed 4. Sprue bushing and nozzle orifice are misaligned
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Particles on the tool surface, contaminated material or foreign debris in the barrel, or too much shear heat burning the material prior to injection
Excess water in the granules, excessive temperatures in barrel
A. Material is overheatedB. Thermocouple is burned outC. Temperature controller ismalfunctioningD. Regrind is of questionable qualityE.Improper shutdown procedureswere used (over weekends orperiods of interrupted production)F. Moisture content of the polymeris too highG.Polymer residing in the barreltoo longH.Stagnation of material in thecylinder, nozzle, or nozzle valve
Moisture is condensing oncold pellets when they aremoved into a warm, humidprocessing areac.Moisture absorbed in thepolymer D. Delamination due to:1. Contamination of the material2. Material being too coldE. Pigment poorly dispersedF. Cloudy or hazy surfaces—lowgloss1. Injection pressure is too low2. Injection speed is too low3. Effective injection pressure inthe cavities is too low4. There is moisture on the moldand/or pellet surfacesG. Flow lines (ripple pattern)1. Gate design and/or locationis not correct2. Material is too cold3. Injection speed is too slow4. Mold is too cold5. Flow rate of the material istoo low6. Polymer melt is jetting intothe cavity7. Polymer melt is non-uniformH. Weak weld lines due to:1. Material being too cold at the
A. Nozzle temperature to high. B. Pressure too low. C. Low mold temperature D. Nozzle orifice to small.
Injection time too shortGate too small Insufficient venting Shot size too small Injection speed too slow
Wet materialCycle too short
An increase in :Injection pressureInjection rateHolding pressureHolding-pressure time Melt temperatureMold temperatureClamping pressureWall thicknessMelt flow rateEjection temperatureCooling timeGate minimum dimensionNumber of gatesAmount of fillerKind of fillerMold-open time (operator break)Room temperatureHumidityAir movement
machineinjection pressure too lowinadequate functioning of back flow valvesuck-back too longplasticizing too fastair trap in the hopper feedimproper feedmouldvolatiles and trapped gasmould temperature too lowthin to thick transitionmaterialmelt overheating
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machineinjection speed too slow or too fastinjection pressure too lowhold pressure too longmouldinadequate mould coolingmould too hot around gatemould too coldgate too smallwrong gate locationgate land length too longwrong hot runner systemmaterialmelt temperature too low
Injection speeds too slow (the plastic has cooled down too much during injection, injection speeds must be set as fast as you can get away with at all times)
machine· injection speed tooslow or too fast· injection pressuretoo low· hold pressuretoo long
mould· inadequate mould cooling· mould too hot around gate· mould too cold· gate too small· wrong gate location· gate land length too long· wrong hot runner systemmaterial· melt temperature too low
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Cold material
Melt fracture
machineproblems with back flow valveinjection speed too fastback pressure too highmouldinadequate venting : entrapped airfrictional burningcheck sprue diametermaterialmelt too hot or too cold:may create shear
machineinjection speed too highmouldmould too coldsharp corners in gate areashear heat caused at sharp cornersmaterialmelt too hotpoorly meltedincompatible colour dyescross contamination with other polymerstoo much use of recycled material
machineinjection pressure too lowinjection hold pressure time too shortoverall cycle too shortback flow valve crackedexcessive cylinder clearanceheater bands burned outmouldtoo hotgates too small (related to inadequate pressures)gating in the wrong placemould too small
machinecontaminationmouldcheck sprue diameterpin-point too smallpoor ventingmaterialmelt too hot or too low:may create shearlong residence timeinstability of polymer/pigments
machineclamping pressure too lowinjection pressure too highinjection speed too fastmouldinadequate mould supportsclamping force too lowdamaged mould surface: parting lineexcessive projected areamaterialmelt too hotviscosity too low
Tool damage, too much injection speed/material injected, clamping force too low. Can also be caused by dirt and contaminants around tooling surfaces
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High viscosity flow.
Too much material.Clamp pressure low.Injection pressure too high.Injection speed too fast.
machineinjection speed too fastmouldmould too coldgates too smallgate land length wrongwrong gate locationmaterialmelt too cold
machinewrong or worn out screw, giving hang-upsmelt temperature too lowinjection pressure too lowmouldshear in gatingsharp cornersmaterialinhomogeneous materialcontamination
Insufficient extraction force.
Insufficient ejection force.
machineinjection speed too lowinjection pressure too lowmouldmould too colddifferent texture of mould halves: polished vs coarse grainmaterialmelt too cold
machineinjection pressure too highinjection speed too highholding time too longtoo much material feedmouldcavity too hot – release is better from hot mould (20°C below HDT)mould too coldpoor mould finishmaterialmelt too hot
Lack of material, injection speed or pressure too low
machineinjection pressure too highmouldcore too hotcore bendingcreation of vacuum — especially on thin-walled parts
machineinjection pressure too hightoo much material feednozzle frozennozzle diameter too large for sprue bushinadequate draft angledrool from nozzlemouldtoo hotineffective sprue pullers
machineimproper feedinjection pressure too lowinjection speed too lowinjection time too shortfaulty back flow valve ringmouldpoor mould ventingmould too coldmaterialmelt temperature too lowviscosity too high
Moisture in the material, usually when hygroscopic resins are dried improperly
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machineinjection pressure too lowinjection pressure time too shortshort of shot capacitymouldmould temperature too high: too high shrinkagegate too small: leads to early cooling/freezing at the gate, holding pressure cannot help anymore to compensatefor the shrinkageland length too longwrong dimensions rib vs wallmaterialmelt too hot
Masterbatch isn't mixing properly, or the material has run out and it's starting to come through as natural only
Caused by the material (plastic) being damped prior to injection
machinedegraded materialhot spot in cylindermaterial hang-up area at nozzle tips or adaptorsinjection pressure too low or too highinjection speed too low or too highback pressure too lowmouldfrictional burning at gate, in machine nozzle or hot runnertrapped volatilesmaterialmelt too hotcontamination in resinexcessive moistureNoryl resin: degradation of material due to too long pre-drying at high temperatures
machinedamaged back flow valve ringmouldareas of hang-uphot spotsmaterialcontamination caused by stock or machineif steady pattern: machineif erratic pattern: material pigmentation /instability of material
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Nozzle temperature too high. Gate hasn't frozen off
machineinjection too fastmouldmould too coldgate too smallmaterialmelt too cold
machineback pressure too highnozzle temperature too highmouldwrong spruematerialinsufficient melt strength
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machineinjection pressure too lowinjection pressure time too shortinjection speed too highback pressure too lowmouldmould temperature too lowincorrect material flowpart wall too thickmaterialmelt too hotwrong material grade: some Lexan resin types more sensitive
Lack of holding pressure (holding pressure is used to pack out the part during the holding time). Also mold may be out of registration (when the two halves don't center properly and part walls are not the same thickness).
partwrong part designmachineinjection speed too slowinjection pressure too lowinjection time forward too shortmouldmould too coldinsufficient ventinginaccurate functioning of back flow valvedistance from gate excessivematerialmelt too cold
Mold/material temperatures set too low (the material is cold when they meet, so they don't bond)
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Contamination.
Material degradation.
Degraded material.
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Remedy
Parts being too brittle can sometimes be seen, but is quite uncommonwith PP/TPO Compounds.1. Concentrate: Be sure that the concentrate is being added at theappropriate rate. Too much concentrate can cause the parts to bevery brittle.2. Melt Temperature: A melt temperature that is very high can degradethe material to a point where it will become brittle. Be sure thatyour melt temperature is within the specified range for your selectedmaterial.
• Review drying procedure• Reduce barrel/nozzle temperature• Increase barrel/nozzle temperature• Eliminate sharp corners• Increase injection pressure• Increase melt temperature
1. Pre-dry material.2. Lower melt temperature and/or residence time.3. Raise mould temperature.4. Reduce amount of regrind
Dry the resin
A1. Raise melt temperature.B1. Lower melt temperature.2. Cylinder residence time excessive,use smaller capacity machine.C. 1. Utilize hopper/dryers.2. Dry material prior to handling.3. Eliminate moisture pick-up byimproving material handlingprocedures.4. Reduce lag-time between productionand use of regrind material.D.1. Resin inspection for contamination.pigment. 2. Review handling and use of regrindmaterial.3. Reduce pigment loading.4. Keep hopper and other possibleexposure points covered.5. Thoroughly purge injection cylinder.6. Clean hopper thoroughly whenswitching materials.E.1. Reduce amount of regrind. (Do notexceed 25-30% regrind as a generalrule).F.1. Increase inject/first stage pressure.2. Increase boost time.G.1. Relocate gate. Keep gate awayfrom potential stress area.H.1. Enlarge gate size.
1) Check moisture level of material and dry if needed2a) Lower melt temperature2b) Lower nozzle temperature2c) Decrease back pressure3d) Check for long residence times in the barrel and lower temperatures if needed3) Increase melt temperature4a) Inspect resin for contamination (replace if contaminated)4b) Purge machine thoroughly5) Reduce regrind % (general rule- 25-30%)6a) Increase gate size to obtain optimum filling6b) Relocate gate away from potential stress areas
1) Molded in stressed• Reduce holding pressure• Reduce injection speed• Increase cooling time• Reduce melt temperature (Semicrystalline thermoplastics)• Increase melt temperature (Amorphous thermoplastics)• Reduce mold temperature (Semicrystalline thermoplastics)• Increase mold temperature (Amorphous thermoplastics)2) Insufficient draft allowance3) Improper Ejection
• Check mold cooling system• Increase part packing• Change gate location• Add ribs or part thickness to improve stiffness• Check for uniform wall thickness• Increase cooling time• Reduce mold temperature• Increase ejector pin area
DescriptionsDistorted part
Relocate the gate so flow occurs in only one direction.Increase the process temperature.Reduce the pack pressure.Increase the mold temperature
Balance Mold temperatureIncrease Hold pressure timeIncrease Gate sizeLocate gate in thickest areaCheck shot volumeAvoid bottlenecks in melt flowReduce wall thicknessMaintain uniform wall thickness
A.1Raise melt temperature.B. 1. Lower melt temperature.2. Lower mold temperature.3. Increase mold cooling time.C. 1. Provide additional cooling tothickness sections.2. Increase mold cooling time.3. Operate stationary and moving moldhalves at different temperatures.4. Redesign part for more uniformcross-section.5. Use metal with high conductivityfor the mold sections requiringgreater heat dissipation.D.1. Increase injection rate.2. Raise packing pressure.3. Redesign to provide balanced gatesand runners.E.1. Redesign for balanced ejection forcesF.1. Gate into heavy section.G. 1. Lower packing pressure.H. 1. Increase injection rate.2. Increase first stage injection pressure3. Provide adequate venting.
A• Reduce injection pressure.• Increase venting. Operate without ashot pad (with the ram bottoming).If shrinkage is a concern, note sug-gestions in Section VIII, Item E.• Increase temperatures of the cylinderand/or ram speed (boost pressure).• Increase temperatures of the cylinderand/or screw speed. B• Reduce temperature of the mold.• Increase time of the overall cycle.• Reduce temperatures of the cylinder.• Consideruse of shrink or cooling fixtures. C• Redesign. Use knock-out pins withlarger area or use stripper plates. D• Redesign. Use walls with a moreuniform thickness or gradual changesin thickness. E• Redesign or relocate the gates. Gateinto thickest sections toward longestflow path. F• Redesign. Undercuts should beradiused and no more than 0.8 mm(0.03 in) deep. Use ribs and bosses ofminimum thickness. G• Increase capacity of cooling.• Modify coring to give adequate cooling.Locate coring closer to to the cavity surfaceH• Realign.I• Redesign.
1. Raise tool temperature,uniform?2. Increase gate and runner size.3. Increase fill speed.4. Increase injection pressure andpacking time/pressure.5. Check flow path and relocategate position and/or amend partdesign.
1. equalize temperature of both mould halves2. observe mould for uniform part ejection3. check handling of parts after ejection from mould4. check part weight: take care with Valox resin5. increase injection hold time6. increase cooling time7. increase or reduce injection pressure8. increase mould close time9. increase or reduce mould temperature10. set differential mould temperatures to counteract warpage due to part geometry11. use shrink fixtures and jigs for uniform cooling of the part12. check gate locations and total number of gates to reduce orientation13. additional gates may be required to overcome overpacking or underpacking on large parts14. increase gate dimensions15. change gate location if glass-filled, notice fibre orientation16. redesign part to equalize wall variation in moulded part – heavy and thin walls in same part create differentialshrinkage stresses
1a) Decrease melt temperatureb) Decrease mold temperaturec) Increase cooling timed) Cool part in warm water after ejectione) Use secondary fixture to hold part dimensions2a) Increase injection rateb) Increase pack pressurec) Balance runners and gatesd) Increase runner and gate sizee) Increase/decrease injection time3 Increase melt temperature to provide better pack out of part4a) Increase cooling timeb) Redesign part with uniform wall thickness5 Add pack and hold time or pressure6 Redesign ejection system for balanced ejection force7 Balance mold temperature
Machine (Optimization of processing parameters)• Increase the holding pressure or extend holdingpressure time.• Increase cooling time• Increase mold temperature• Increase melt temperature• Increase back pressure• Increase amount of cushion
Mold• Gates or runners too small• Improper gate location• Uneven mold temperatures• Mold design such as a variation of wallthickness, non-uniform ejection, undercut(insufficient drafts and incorrectlypositioned), unusal geometry and position ofthe cooling channels.Material• The melt is inhomogeneous orthermally damaged• Granules not correctly melted
• Use a larger machine• Reduce injection pressure• Align platen• Review mold venting
1. Lower material temperature by lowering barrel temperature.2. Decrease injection pressure.3. Decrease overall cycle.4. Decrease plunger forward time.5. Check mould closure (possibleobstruction on parting line surface).6. Improve mould venting.7. Check press platens for parallelism.8. Move mould to larger (clamp) Press.
Flash is a common problem with injection molding and can often beremedied very easily.1. Parting Line: Ensure that the parting line on the injection mold isproperly maintained and is free of any debris.2. Shot size: Too large of a shot size or too much pack can often flasharound the gate.3. Clamp Pressure: Insufficient clamp tonnage or pressure can result inpoor shutoff, which will cause the part to flash. The availabletonnage should be sufficient to mold the desired part.4. Melt Temperature: If melt temperature is too high it can cause thematerial to become very watery which could cause the part to flashmore easily
1. Reduce the injection pressure2. Reduce the injection speed3. Reduce the melt temperature4. Increase the size of gate5. Ensure mold closes and seals satisfactory6. Ensure machine has sufficient mold lock
1) Reduce melt and mold temperatures2) Decrease packing pressure3a) Decrease injection pressure3b) Decrease boost time3c) Decrease injection rate3d) Increase transfer position4) Switch to larger tonnage machine5a) Remove mold and carefully inspect and repair parting lines5b) Repair cavities and cores that do not have a positive shut-off6a) Increase clamping pressure6b) Check parting line for obstruction6c) Check press platens for parallelism7a) Balance/increase runner and gate sizes to obtain uniform filling7b) Properly balance cavity layout for maintaining uniform cavity pressure
Decrease Melt temperatureDecrease Injection pressureDecrease Cycle timeDecrease Clamp pressureDecrease Screw forward timeImprove molding ventingCheck for damage at parting lineCheck for worn mold mechanism
• Use a larger machine• Reduce injection pressure• Align platen• Review mold venting
Reduce injection pressure and time.Decrease shot size.Reduce injection speed.Reduce process temperature.Machine or dress the parting line.Use a higher viscosity compound. Increase clamp tonnage.Reduce thickness of the vents. Move to a larger machine.
Machine (Optimization of processing parameters)• Increase clamping force• Reduce pressure in the cavity by:- Reducing the holding pressure- Reducing the holding pressure timeMold• Reduce melt or mold temperature• Optimizing the injection speed• Check for mold wear in the area of the flash
A1. Lower injection pressure.2. Reduce boost time.3. Reduce injection forward time.B.1. Lower melt temperature.2. Lower mold temperature.C.1. Lower packing pressure.2. Reduce shot size.D.1. User larger tonnage machine.2. Reduce number of cavities.E.1. Increase clamping pressure.F.1. Progressively increase gate size fromsprue to obtain uniform filling.2. Balance cavity layout for maintenanceof uniform pressure in cavity.G.1. Increase cavity venting.H.1. Inspect and clean mold thoroughly.I. 1. Insure mold properly installed.2. Inspect and repair parting lines.3. Inspect and repair cavities and coresnot having positive seal and surfacemating.
Clean vents.
Shorten boost timeIncrease clamp pressureResurface or realign moldDry the resin
A• Reduce injection pressure.B• Reduce shot size or run without a pad.injected into the mold Note Section VII, Item A.C• Reduce pressure to pack out.• Reduce temperature of the melt.D• Reset the toggles and/or increaseclamp pressure.E• Inspect land areas, etc., of the mold carefully and clean where necessary.F• Remove mold, overhaul and correct thecavity inserts are out of registerG• Check and overhaul if necessary.H• Check clearance and adjust as necessary.• Clearance should not be more than 0.038 mm (0.0015 in).I• Inspect the vents and clean if necessary.• Increase width of the vents. Vents should not be more than 0.038 mm (0.0015 in) in depth.J• Cavity and runner layout should bedistributed in the mold balanced.K• Shift to a press with greater availablefor the available clamping clamping pressure.pressure • Reduce the number of cavities.
• Improve mold venting• Check heater controls• Reduce injection speed• Purge barrel• Clean hopper dryer• Remove and clean screw
1. Decrease plunger speed.2. Decrease injection pressure.3. Improve venting in mould cavity.4. Change gate location to alter flow pattern.
DescriptionsBlack or brown burnt areas on the part located at furthest points from gate
A1. Reduce melt temperatureB.1. Reduce first stage pressure.2. Reduce boost time.C.1. Vent mold cavity at final fill point.2. Lower injection speed (first stagepressure and/or boost time)3. Gate relocation,D.1. Use hopper/dryers.2. Dry resin prior to molding.3. Eliminate moisture pick-up byImproving material handlingprocedures.4. Reduce lag-time between productionand use of regrind material.
• Improve mold venting• Check heater controls• Reduce injection speed• Purge barrel• Clean hopper dryer• Remove and clean screw
Machine (Optimization of processing parameters)• Reduce injection speed• Reduce clamping force to achieve better ventingMold• Check vents and clean if necessary• In the case of entrapped air due to flow front meeting,change gate position (first, perform a simulated filling)• Attach additional venting, for example through ejector
Clean ventsDeepen ventsDry the resin or slow injection speed
A• Reduce temperatures of the cylinder.• Shorten time of cycleB• Keep a reserve of resin in the hopper toavoid starving the feed section.• Reduce screw speed on the screwinjection molding machines to obtainmelt in the feed section of the screwbefore significant compression. C• Inspect and clean vents.• Vent at point where polymer is burning. D• Sufficient venting normally corrects thisproblem. If this doesn’t solve the prob-lem, try reducing the injection ram speed.(See suggestions Section II, Item B.) E• Clean the nozzle and cylinder with purgecompound or disassemble. Polymer flowpath should be streamlined with no deadspots for polymer hang-up. F• Segregate and check the regrind criticallyfor contamination, excessive moisture ordegraded polymer. Try virgin material. G• Purge with Hytrel until the machine isfree of other polymers or remove the screw and nozzle and clean thoroughly
• Improve cavity venting• Increase injection rate and tool temperature• Relocate gate or add overflow tab
• Improve cavity venting• Increase injection rate and tool temperature• Relocate gate or add overflow tab
� Increase melt temperature � Increase mold temperature
a) Increase first stage injection pressureb) Increase boost timec) Increase pack pressured) Increase pack timee) Increase injection rate/speeda) Increase vents at weld areab) Decrease injection speed to allow air removalc) Decrease clamp pressure to minimum pressurea) Increase injection speedb) Increase boost timec) Increase first stage injection pressurea) Relocate gate or use multiple gatingb) Utilize overflow tab in mold to increase strength in weld line area
1. Increase injection pressure.2. Increase packing time/pressure.3. Raise mould temperature.4. Raise material temperature.5. Vent the cavity in the weldarea.6. Provide an overflow welladjacent to the weld area.7. Change gate location to alterflow pattern.
A.1. Raise melt temperature.B.1. Increase mold temperature.C.1. Raise first stage pressure.2. Increase boost time.3. Increase injection forward time.4. Raise holding pressure.D.1. Provide adequate vents.2. Reduce injection rateE.1. Clean mold surface thoroughly plugging vents.F. 1. Relocate gates. 2. Use multiple balanced gates.
Weld line strength is the direct relation to how the two material frontscome together and melt together to become one.ACP (2004, 2005) All Rights Reserved Advanced Composites TS Group1. Melt Temperature: If the two melt fronts are not at a high enoughtemperature it could cause the weld line to be weak.2. Pressure Drop: Insufficient pressure applied to the two melt frontscan sometimes cause the weld line to be poorly welded together.3. Venting: Poor venting in the area near the weld line can cause thematerial fronts to encounter a restriction, which could cause a poorweld.
• Increase melt temperature• Increase holding pressure• Increase injection speed• Increase back pressureMold• Move weld line by changing the position of the gate• Insert cascade hot runner• Push-pull technique• SCORIM• Use the simulation programMaterial• Improper flow rate
Cascade Injection Technology• Hot runner system (valvecontrolled)• Distinct control of melt frontprevents weldline generation• Application for high flow length/ thickness ratios, i.e. carbumpers
Push–Pull Technique• Pulses melt front by two-component injection molding• Deformation of formerly “butt” weld• Increased mechanical strength
SCORIM Technology• Pulses melt front by twopistonhead• Deformation of formerly“butt” weld
Place vents at last place to fill and at converging flow frontsIncrease size of the vents.
Increase the melt and/or mold temperature.Increase injection speed.
• Reduce injection pressure• Reduce injection speed• Check for undercuts• Inspect ejector system• Increase draft in tool
• Reduce injection pressure• Reduce injection speed• Check for undercuts• Inspect ejector system• Increase draft in tool
A.1. Lower first stage injection pressure.2. Reduce boost time.3. Reduce shot size.4. Reduce injection forward time.5. Lower holding pressure.B.1. Increase mold cooling time.2. Lower melt temperature.3. Lower mold temperature,C.1. Raise nozzle temperature.D.1. Redesign for balanced ejection forcesE.1. Apply mold release agent to cavity.2. Add external mold release agent orchange to lubricated resin.F.1. Redesign sprue puller.G. 1. Draw polish to proper finish.H. 1. Polish and provide maximum allowable draft.I.1. Realign cores and cavities.J.1. Redesign runner-gate system for(multi-cavity mold) balanced filling of cavaties.K.1. Repair and polish.
1a) Decrease first stage injection pressureb) Decrease boost timec) Decrease injection forward timed) Decrease packing pressuree) Increase transfer position2) Redesign to allow maximum allowable draft3a) Increase cooling timeb) Decrease melt temperaturec) Decrease mold temperature4) Redesign or reduce undercut5a) Redesign sprue pullerb) Increase nozzle temperature6) Redesign for balanced ejection force
1. Decrease injection pressure.2. Decrease plunger forward time,packing time/pressure.3. Increase mould closed time.4. Lower mould temperature.5. Decrease barrel and nozzletemperature.6. Check mould for undercutsand/or insufficient draft.7. Use external lubricants.
1. Decrease injection pressure.2. Decrease plunger forward time,packing time/pressure.3. Increase mould closed time.4. Increase mould temperature atsprue bushing.5. Raise nozzle temperature.6. Check sizes and alignments ofholes in nozzle and sprue bushing(hole in sprue bushing mustbe larger).7. Provide more effective spruepuller.
1 Use nozzle that has an orifice at least .010” smaller then the sprue orifice2 Increase taper on sprue bushing (Minimum of 1.5° over the length of the sprue)3 Eliminate imperfections and polish surface in direction of draw4a) Reduce pack and hold timeb) Decrease injection forward timec) Utilize machine sprue break5a) Increase nozzle temperatureb) Use reverse taper nozzle
A. 1. Sprue bushing orifice should be larger than the nozzle.B. 1. Increase taper.C. 1. Eliminate pits and draw polish surface.D. 1. Increase undercut and redesign puller.E. 1. Lower holding pressure2. Reduce injection forward time.3. Reduce shot size.F. 1. Redesign sprue with smaller diameter.G. 1. Increase nozzle temperature to provide clean break.
• Increase injection speed• Increase barrel temps/mold temperature• Review drying procedures
1. Increase injection time2. Increase mould wall temperature3. Increase melt temperature4. Optimise hold pressure time5. Increase hold pressure
A. 1. Raise melt temperature.B. 1. Raise mold temperature.C. 1. Raise first stage injection pressure.2. Increase boost time.3. Increase injection speed.D.1. Increase shot size/maintain constantcushion.2. Raise second stage injectionpressure.E.1. Examine and repair any water leaks.2. Raise mold temperature.F.1. Wipe mold thoroughly with solvent.2. Reduce use of mold release agent.G.1. Use hopper/dryers.2. Dry material prior to molding.3. Eliminate moisture pick-up byimproving material handlingprocedures.H.1. Examine and remove any defects.Draw polish surface.
1) Increase melt temperature2) Increase mold temperature3) Increase pack pressure4a) Increase shot size and maintain constant cushionb) Decrease injection transfer position5a) Increase first stage pressureb) Increase boost timec) Increase injection speed6a) Increase mold temperatureb) Look for water leaks and repair if needed7a) Clean mold surfaceb) Use mold release sparingly8a) Review material handling proceduresb) Dry material prior to molding9) Increase number of vents
• Increase hold pressure or time• Increase shot size• Check gate dimension and location
Increase Hold pressureIncrease Hold timeIncrease Gate, sprueIncrease and runner size…………………...Decrease Melt temperature(if it is too high)Decrease Mold temperatureDecrease CushionGate location (near thick wall)
Increase Hold pressureIncrease Hold timeDecrease Injection fill rateDecrease Melt temperatureRepair leaking back flow valve,if pad can not be maintainedLocate gate in the thickest areaIncrease Size of gates Maintain Location of gatesEliminate restrictions in runner or nozzle
Decrease wall thickness.Increase the pack pressure and time.Increase the gate size.Relocate the gate to the thickest section.Increase the runner size
1) Core out thick wall sections2) Ensure pack and hold time is sufficient for gate freeze by performing a gate freeze analysis3a) Increase shot size to maintain a constant cushionb) Inspect non-return valve for wear4a) Increase size of gates and runnersb) Increase size of the nozzle and sprue
1. Increase injection pressure.2. Increase packing time/pressure.3. Use maximum ram speed.4. Raise mould temperature(voids).5. Lower mould temperature(sinks).6. Decrease cushion.7. Increase size of sprue and/or runners and/or gates.8. Relocate gates nearer thicksections.
1. Increase injection pressure2. Optimise holding pressure time3. Reduce screw speed4. Reduce nozzle and metering zone temperatures5. Increase feed zone temperature6. Adjust back pressure7. Increase mould temperature8. Enlarge gates and runners
Dry the resinOpen the gateOpen runnerRelocate gateIncrease rateLengthen hold timeIncrease hold pressureRaise temperatureDeepen or add ventsRedesign gate
Machine (Optimization of processing parameters)• Check metering stroke and increase if necessary• Extend holding pressure time• Increase holding pressure• Increase cushion• Reduce melt or mold temperature (sink mark near the sprue)• Increase melt or mold temperature (sink mark away from the sprue)• Increase cooling time• Optimize injection speedMold• Increase gate for better holding pressure transmission• Avoid material accumulations• Optimize wall thickness and/or rib ratio• If the flow distances are too long, the melt may freeze prematurely,the flow resistance is too high• Use non-return valve and/or shut-off nozzle• Check screw for wear• Use blowing agents• Sandwich injection molding
A1. Raise first stage injection pressure2. Raise holding pressure.B.1. Increase shot/size maintain constantinto cavity. cushion.2. Increase boost time.3. Increase injection forward time.C.1. Lower melt temperatureD.1. Increase injection rate.2. Raise melt temperature.3. Increase gate size.E.1. Lower melt temperature.2. Lower mold temperature.3. Increase mold cooling time.4. Provide improved mold cooling.F.1. Redesign part with more uniform wallthickness.2. Improve/increase mold cooling atthick sections.3. Move gate to heavy section.4. Include design over sink mark to hideit from view (when elimination throughpart redesign cannot be achieved).
Machine (Optimization of processing parameters)• Increase holding pressure• Extent holding pressure time• Set larger melt cushion• Increase metering stroke• Reduce difference between the melt and mold temperature• Increase back pressure• Increase mold temperature
Mold• Improper venting• Section thickness too great• Improper runners or gates
Material• Excessive moisture
Often time’s bubbles can be seen in a plastic part, the following are somereasons for this occurring.1. Venting: Insufficient venting could cause the buildup of gas, whichcould result in a bubble.2. Melt Temperature: Too high of a melt temperature could cause thematerial to degrade slightly which would cause bubbles.3. Mold Temperature: A high mold temperature either through thewhole mold or locally could cause bubbles, this needs to bemonitored closely.
Relocate the gate or modify the flow path.Add a pin in the area to eliminate the gas trap.
Voids are very similar to bubbles, but less noticeable.1. Venting: Proper venting around the parting line and on ejector pinsand lifters can reduce the amount of gas that is in the mold, this willhelp eliminate voids.2. Melt Temperature: A high melt temperature can cause some materialdegradation, which could cause some voids to appear.3. Packing: Insufficient packing can sometimes cause voids to occur.This happens because the frozen layer of material stays against thetool while the part sinks from the inside out.
A. 1. Utilize hopper/dryer.2. Dry material prior to molding.3. Eliminate moisture pick-up byimproving material handlingprocedure.4. Reduce lag-time between productionand use of regrind material.B.1. Lower melt temperature.2. Decrease overall cycle time.C.1. Raise holding temperature2. Increase injection forward time.3. Increase gate size.4. Minimize thick sections in partdesign
A1. Raise melt temperature.B.1. Raise mold temperature.C.1. Raise first stage pressure.2. Increase boost time.D.1. Raise holding pressure.E.1. Increase gate size.
• Maintain adequate cushion• Check for worn check ring• Check heater bands/controllers• Increase hold time• Enlarge gate to prevent premature freeze-off
Increase Hold pressureIncrease Hold timeIncrease Gate sizeIncrease Cylinder temp.Increase Back pressureScrew rpmMaintain Uniform cushion & Uniform cycleCheck leaking back flow valveUse larger machine or screw
Check hold pressures.Check melt and mold temperatures.Check that cushion was maintained.
A1. Duplicate previous molding conditionsB1. Check and recalibrate control instrumentation.2. Replace inadequate controllers.C1. Adjust temperature profile to yieldoptimum feeding.2. Adjust shot size for uniform, minimumcushion.D. 1. Provide maximum holding pressure.2. Increase injection rate.3. Progressively increase gate sizesfrom sprue to provide uniform filling.E.1. Redesign part.F.1. Improve virgin/regrind blending.2. Reduce regrind to virgin ratio.3. Clean hopper thoroughly whenswitching materials
1. Set uniform cycle times.2. Maintain uniform feed andcushion from cycle to cycle.3. Fill mould as rapidly aspossible.4. Check machine hydraulic andelectrical systems for erraticperformance.5. Increase gate size.6. Balance cavities for uniformflow.7. Reduce number of cavities.
1a) Adjust temperature for optimum fillingb) Increase shot size to maintain proper cushionc) Replace check valve if cushion cannot be maintained2) Increase injection forward time and pressure to ensure gate freeze off3a) Review regrind blending proceduresb) Decrease level of regrind4) Increase fill pressure to maintain the selected velocity of most runs5a) Increase holding pressure to maximumb) Increase injection ratec) Balance runner and gate sizes to provide balanced filling
A• Check operation of the feed mechanism.• Check pellet size for variations. Checkfeed throat for obstructions or stickingpolymer. B• See suggestions in Section IV, Item A.C• See suggestions in Section IV, Item B. D• See suggestions in Section I, Item B.For consistency of dimensions whenmolding polymers of Hytrel, it is sug-gested that the shot size not exceed75% of the machine’s plasticizingcapacity. E• Check coolant for temperature variations.Install temperature controller if needed
Material blockage at throat - lower feed zone temperature.Clean vents
Increase shot size, if possible. If not, move to a larger machine.
Reduce rpm and back pressure.Decrease the barrel temperature in the rear.
Increase injection pressure.
Increase injection rate.Increase process temperature.Use a lower viscosity compound.Increase gate and runner size.
1. Increase feed.2. Increase injection pressure.3. Use maximum ram speed.4. Decrease cushion.5. Raise material temperature byraising barrel temperature.6. Raise mould temperature.7. Increase overall cycle.8. Check shot size vs. ratedmachine shot capacity; if shotsize exceeds 75% of rated(styrene) shot capacity, moveto larger machine.9. Increase size of sprue and/orrunners and/or gates.
1. Adjust feed to minimum consistent cushion2. Increase injection pressure3. Increase injection speed4. Increase back pressure5. Increase barrel temperatures6. Increase mould temperature, particularly for verythin large area parts7. Check non-return valve8. Improve venting9. Enlarge gates, sprue diameters and runners.
Check feed to barrel and feed from nozzleCheck that flow path ratio is not excessiveIncrease Melt temperatureIncrease Mold temperatureIncrease Injection fill rateIncrease Injection fill pressureIncrease Wall thicknessIncrease Balance gate, runnerIncrease Spru, runners and/or gate sizeEnlarge vent or change vent location
1) Raise melt temperature2) Raise mold temperature3a) Increase shot size to maintain a constant cushionb) Inspect non-return valve for wear4a) Provide adequate ventingb) Increase number and size of vents5a) Increase gate sizeb) Increase runner sizec) Use larger orifice nozzle
When troubleshooting short shots it is important to look at your shot size,cushion, decompression, nozzle tip and injection speed and pressure. Ashort shot can be as simple as not having a large enough shot size to ascomplex as having a blown manifold. It is a problem that should beevaluated with caution. A few things to check are1. Shot size: Make sure that your part is roughly 90-95% full beforetransferring and that you have an adequate cushion to fill and packthe rest of the part. You should first determine how full the part is attransfer by using no pressure for pack and hold. Then use roughly75% of pressure at transfer to start packing and pack until gatefreeze occurs.2. Non-return valve: Ensure that your non-return valve is workingproperly by watching the screw during injection. If the screw rotatesduring injection, the valve may be letting material leak past thevalve. Increasing decompression may allow the valve to seat betterand allow a better shut off condition, but could cause splay or othercosmetic issues.3. Injection Rate: If the injection rate is too slow it is very possible thatthe gate will freeze before the part is full. Be sure that the gate isnot freezing before proper part packing by monitoring the machineand ensuring that transfer is achieved.4. Gate design/location: If the gate(s) are in a poor location or theimproper size it will sometimes not allow the part to fill properly.You will often see ribs and/or bosses that are not completely full ifthis is a problem.ACP (2004, 2005) All Rights Reserved Advanced Composites TS Group5. Venting: An improperly vented tool will sometimes prohibit the partfrom being filled properly and completely.6. Nozzle seat: Another possible reason for short shots is impropernozzle seat. Ensure that the nozzle tip orifice is slightly smaller andof the same radius (slightly smaller) as the sprue bushing on themold. This will reduce the possibility of a “cap” on the front of thebarrel.
1. Increase shot size to provide an adequate cushion2. Increase the injection pressure3. Increase the injection time4. Increase the mold temperature5. Increase the barrel temperature6. Increase the back pressure7. Increase the cycle time8. Ensure the polymer is dry9. Ensure the screw tip and check ring are functioning10. Shot weight is not too high for the machine to process11. Assess nozzle diameter, gates and runners. Is there a restriction?12. Ensure adequate venting of cavity
Improve venting and/or relocate to burned area.
Machine (Optimization of processing parameters)1) If there is too little melt in the cylinder• Increase metering stroke• Avoid bridging at the hopperMachine (Optimization of processing parameters)2) If the material is highly viscous, the flow resistances are too high• Increase melt temperature• Increase mold temperature• Increase injection pressure and speed• Increase back pressureMold• Increase wall thickness, move gate or provide several gate• Change gate location• Larger sprue, runners or gates• Check ventingMaterial• Improper flow rate (melt flow rate is too low)
Purge and reduce cycleReduce barrel temperatureUse a smaller capacity press or add dummy cavity to increase shot size
1. Examine the machine capacity against shot weight ensuring there is a cushion2. Stabilize the cycle time reducing delays with insert loading by automation3. Check there is no screw slip4. Check the nozzle hole for damage or blockage5. Examine the check ring to ensure its working properly
A. 1. Raise melt temperature.B. 1. Raise mold temperature.C. 1. Raise first stage injectionD. 1. Increase shot size (maintain constant cushion)E. 1. Vent properly2. Increase number/size of vents.F. 1. Increase size of nozzle-sprue runner gate system.G. 1. Increase gate size.2. Redesign runner system for balanced flow.H. 1. Redesign part.
1• Check the injection stroke and increaseas necessary.• Increase hold time or rpm.• Be sure the feed hopper has sufficientmaterial and that the shut-off gate isopen.• Check the feed system for blockageand bridging.• See that the air and power supply tothe weigh feeder (if used) are turnedon.
2• If none of the above provides sufficientfeed, it will be necessary to:(a) place the mold in a larger shotcapacity press; or(b) block off some of the moldcavities.
3• Use a non-return screw tip.• Check the non-return tip and barrel forexcessive wear or a jammed ringvalve.• Reduce temperature of the polymermelt.
A• Increase time of injection.B• If ram is completely stopped beforethe end of the injection cycle, increaseinjection pressure. Operate atmaximum injection speed (higherboost pressure).• Provide sufficient venting for eachmold cavity.C• If the machine is at maximum injectionpressure, raise the cylinder temperatures.• Check actual temperature of the meltwith a needle pyrometer.D.• Check all heater bands for proper operation with a pyrometer or clampon ammeter.E.• Check orifices of the nozzle, sprue andgates for foreign or unplasticizedmaterial.F• Enlarge these flow paths as necessary and sufficient melt velocity to precludepremature freezing.G.• Increase temperature of the melt.• Use resin with a lower viscosity, ifpossible. (See bulletin, “Rheology andHandling.”)
A• See suggested solutions for Section II,Items D and E.B• Check hydraulic system for defective pumps or valves.• Check for low oil level.• Check for overheated oil supply, possibly due to loss of coolant or plugged heat exchanger.C• Check for blockage of vents.D• See suggested solutions for Section I, Item A.E• Clear bridging in the feed throat.F• Increase cooling of the feed throat.• Reduce temperature of the rear zone.
A• Consult technical service representatives for the temperature controllers usedon the injection molding machines.• Increase overall cycle time.B• Check all timers with a stopwatch forconsistent timer control.• Check time ram is in motion. (Inconsistenttime indicates melt is non-uniform.)• If on semi-automatic cycle, check forvariations in operator-controlled portionof the cycle.• Check hydraulic system for sticking solenoidvalves.• Check if the ring shut-off valve on thenon-return screw tip is worn or clogged.
1 Replace with new material2 Check for over run/over heating3a) Clean screw and barrel3b) Check for hang up areas in screw and check valve areas4a) Lower melt temperature4b) Lower back pressure4c) Lower screw RPM
1. purge with an appropriate materialin general: Kapronetfor Lexan PC: ground acrylic or regrind Lexan resinfor Ultem resin: regrind Ultem resin or glass-filled Lexanresin – don’t drop temp. settings while purging;(for details on purging, see pages 19 to 24)2. check for impurities: use uncontaminated material,do proper housekeeping3. check and adjust melt temperature4. check for dead edges: nozzle, back flow valve,gates/runners5. check for screw wear
1. control holding / injection pressure2. increase back pressure3. increase mould temperature4. check back flow valve5. allow for adequate venting6. enlarge gate7. shorten land length
1) Check moisture levels of material and dry if needed
2a) Check vents and clean if needed2b) Reduce clamp pressure to minimum amount needed2c) Increase back pressure
3a) Lower melt temperature3b) Lower back pressure3c) Lower Screw RPM
DescriptionsRaised or layered zone on surface of the part
Machine (Optimization of processing parameters)1) Check whether the blistering is due to thermal composition• Reduce melt temperature• Reduce injection speed• Reduce screw rotation speed2) If air is drawn into the plasticising unit• Increase back pressure• Reduce and/or decelerate decompression (screw retraction)
Mold• If the blistering is caused by entrapped air, better mold ventingshould be provided, for example in the weld line area or at the end ofthe flow part.• Change gate location
Material• Use of regrind that is too coarse• Use of highly volatile materials• Excessive moisture in material
1a) Polish gate area to eliminate rough areas and sharp edges1b) Decrease gate land length2) Gate size should be 50-80% of the nominal wall thickness3) Remove color concentrate and run natural to verify
1) Clean vents2) Reduce clamp pressure to minimum needed3) Add vents4) Reduce melt temperature5) Decrease injection rate
1a) Change to different lot of material1b) Eliminate regrind as contamination source1c) Remove colorant2a) Redesign knockout system for balanced ejection force2b) Rework mold and provide adequate draft angles and eliminate excessive undercuts3a) Decrease pack pressure3b) Decrease shot size3c) Increase transfer point to lower peak injection pressure3d) Decrease injection time4a) Increase mold temperature4b) Supply uniform cooling to cavity5a) Do not over use mold release5b) Clean mold
A.1. Lower packing pressure.2. Reduce shot size.B.1. Increase mold temperature.C.1. Redesign mold cooling system foruniform cavity cooling.D. 1. Redesign knockout system to providebalanced ejection forces.E. 1. Rework mold.F. 1. Rework mold.
1) Molded in stressed• Reduce holding pressure• Reduce injection speed• Increase cooling time• Reduce melt temperature (Semi-crystallinethermoplastics)• Increase melt temperature (Amorphousthermoplastics)• Reduce mold temperature (Semi-crystallinethermoplastics)• Increase mold temperature (Amorphousthermoplastics)
1 Raise melt temperature2 Check material feed system for contamination2 Try different lot/box of material3 Try virgin only run to verify and change color to a compatible concentrate if needed4 Increase injection rate5 Increase venting6 Increase mold temperature
DescriptionsThin mica like layers formed in part wall
1. Eliminate contamination2. Check compatibility of dye / masterbatch3. Check moisture content4. Check melt homogeneity and plasticisingperformance5. Reduce injection speed6. Reduce melt temperature7. Increase mould temperature
1a) Decrease melt temperatureb) Decrease screw RPMc) Decrease back pressured) Decrease residence timee) Check barrel and nozzle heater bands and thermocouples2) Set drying temperature at manufactures recommended settings3a) Review material handling proceduresb) Purge injection cylinder
Check residence unit; cylinder, nozzleUse smaller injection machineIncreasre Back pressure → vent air
Increase back pressure and/or screw rpm.Change the color concentrate carrier to a material with alower melt temperature.
Check for clean regrind
Check barrel temperatures.Check back pressure and screw rpm,increase if necessary
A.1. Lower melt temperature.2. Reduce overall cycle.3. Reduce screw speed.4. Lower back pressure.5. Use smaller capacity machineto reduce cylinder residence time.B.1. Purge cylinder thoroughly.or nozzle. 2. Reduce injection rate.3. Check cylinder for cracks.4. Remove nozzle and clean.5. Remove valve and check for ringwear.C.1. Reduce drying temperatures.excessive drying temperature. Recommended range is 170-180degF77-82degC for hot air dryers. If dryingunder vacuum, temperature of 200F/93C may be used.D. 1. Improve handling of virgin andregrind.2. Purge cylinder thoroughly.3. Keep hopper covered.4. Clean hopper thoroughly whenswitching materials.E. 1. Check for nicks in nozzle.2. Check for sharp projections ordefects in mold.
A• Use a dispersion nozzle or premixbefore molding. Change to a screwmachine for better mixing.• Increase the head or back pressureand/or screw rpm. Use a high shear ormixing screw or mixing nozzle. B• Grind the pigment or obtain as a powder.• Use a color feeder. Preblend pigmentand polymer.• Use predispersed pigment concentrate. C• Use a lower ratio, letdowns greater than25 to 1 are difficult by injection molding.• Check with the concentrate supplier orDuPont.UseHytrelas thebase polymer.• Use a concentrate with a lower level ofpigment at a lower letdown ratio, forexample, 15 to 1 rather than 25 to 1.
1a) Increase mold cooling in hot spots of partsb) Ensure fast turbulent flow of water through cooling channels2a) Adjust clamp speed for minimum mold open timeb) Low pressure close time excessive, adjust clamp positions and pressures3) Decrease melt and mold temperatures to minimum temperatures needed for proper fill4a) Check machine throat and hopper for blockageb) Check for worn screw and barrel
1) Increase melt temperature2) Increase melt temperature3) Increase gate size4) Redesign part for more uniform wall thickness to provide for optimum filling
A1. Raise melt temperature.B1. Raise mold temperature.C1. Lower first stage pressure.2. Reduce boost tome.D.1. Increase gate size.2. Lower injection rate.3. Raise melt temperature.
Reposition the gate to a thick section.Radius dimples.Relocate gate to balance the flow or reduce the runner diameter.
Increase Injection fill speedIncrease Injection pressureIncrease Mold temperatureIncrease Melt temperatureGate size………………..Maintain Gate location
1a) Decrease nozzle temperatureb) Decrease melt temperaturec) Reduce back pressured) Increase screw decompression2a) Review material handling procedures to eliminate moisture pick upb) Dry material according to manufactures recommendations
A1. Lower nozzle temperatureB1. Lower cylinder temperatures.2. Decrease screw speed (screw machine)3. Lower back pressure (screw machine)C. 1. Utilize hopper/dryer2. Dry material prior to molding3. Eliminate moisture pick-up by improving material handlingprocedure.D. 1. Use nozzle with smaller orifices.E. 1. Decrease overall cycle time.F. 1. Use lubricated resin.G.1. Use positive-seal nozzle2. Use reverse taper nozzle.
1a) Review material handling procedures to eliminate moisture pick upb) Dry material according to manufactures recommendations2a) Decrease barrel temperaturesb) Decrease nozzle temperatures3a) Reduce screw RPMb) Increase gate and runner sizec) Decrease injection rated) Check nozzle for obstruction4a) Reduce screw decompressionb) Improve mold venting5a) Increase mold temperatureb) Clean mold surfacec) Minimize use of mold release6a) Decrease throat coolingb) Increase rear zone temperature
Decrease Melt temperatureDecrease Injection fill rateRemove contaminationCheck residence unit
Dry pellets for 3~4 hrs at 80~90 CCylinder temperatureClean residence unit
A. 1. Utilize hopper/dryers2. Dry material prior to molding.3. Eliminate moisture pick-up by improving materials handling procedures.B. 1. Lower melt temperatures.C. 2. Raise mold temperature.D.1. Wipe mold surface thoroughly on mold surface with solvent.2. Use external mold release sparinglyE. 1. Reduce throat cooling. 2. Raise rear zone temperature.F.1. Increase gate size,2. Localized gate heating.
Dry material.Check for contamination.Raise mold temperature.
Check for moisture (condensation) or dry the material.Check regrind for contaminants or moisture. Dry if requiredReduce injection speed.Increase the process temperature.Increase the gate size.
Change to a lower molecular weight compound.Texture mold cavity surface (EDM, sandblast, etc.)
Eliminate contamination and clean cylinderResidence time in cylinderCheck cooling system in rear cylinder
1. Increase back pressure2. Decrease screw speed3. Increase cylinder temperature4. Use machine with larger barrel shot size
dissolved and distributed:• Increase screw speed and back pressure• Increase injection speed• If necessary, use smaller gate• Use smaller pigment2) Color streaks due to thermal damage• Reduce melt temperature• Reduce screw speed• Reduce back pressure• Reduce hot runner temperature• Reduce injection speed• Use larger sprue or gate cross-section3) Color streaks due to contamination• Clean cylinder – nozzle, hopper and mold• Check raw material• Check conveyor system and mixing equipment
Silver streaks• Dry the material adequately before processing• Degas melt via the cylinder• Increase mold temperature• Increase back pressure to achieve betterventing of the melt• Increase screw speed• Reduce feed zone temperature of injection unit(bridging of the granules, entrapped air)• Shorten screw retraction• Check mold for venting•Check raw material
Burnt streaksMachine (Optimization of processing parameters)• Reduce injection speed1. Sufficiently pre-dry material, check manufacturersguidelines2. Check packaging3. Check storage of material4. If possible, feed directly from the dryer in a closedsystem5. Increase back pressure
Machine (Optimization of processing parameters)• Reduce injection speed• Increase melt temperature• Increase mold temperatureMold• Optimize gate location on the mold• Enlarge (or round off) gate to avoid a high flow speed
1. Reduce injection speed or injection profile (slow –fast)2. Increase melt temperature3. Impinge gate onto mould wall/surface4. Smooth transition gate to moulded part5. Increase gate diameter6. Relocate gate
DescriptionsDeformed part by turbulent flow of material
Decrease Injection fill speedIncrease Mold temperatureIncrease Gate size
Machine (Optimization of processing parameters)If a uniform shrinkage outside the tolerance range is present:• Increase the holding pressure or extend holding pressure time.• Increase cooling time• Decrease mold temperature• Decrease melt temperature• Decrease shot weight• Gates or runners too small• Improper gate locationMold• The melt is inhomogeneous or thermallydamaged• Granules not correctly melted
A• Increase time injection ram is forward. B1• Increase size of gates and/or shortenlength of lands.2• Increase size of runners to decreaseresistance to polymer flow. Runnersshould be sized so they maintain arelatively constant shear rate for therequired volume of flow. Gates shouldbe sized for proper freeze-off.3• Check actual temperature of the meltwith a needle pyrometer. If necessary,increase temperatures of the cylinder.4• Use polymer with a higher melt index,if possible. (See bulletin, “Rheology andHandling.”) 5• Use nozzle with a larger orifice.C• Increase pressure of injection slowlyuntil borderline flash conditions arereached. Note suggestions in Section VII, Item A. D• Reduce temperature of the mold.E• Increase size of shot to obtain a veryslight pad. Note suggestions in Section VII, Item A.F• Increase time injection ram is forward.
DescriptionsLocalized depression (In thicker zones)
A• See suggested solutions for Section VIII.• Resins with a low flow rate may assistin minimizing voids in heavy sections ofeasy to fill parts. Also, the use of slowspeeds for the injection ram might helpin the control of sinks and voids. B• Dry the polymer. For suggested dryingprocedures see bulletin, “Rheology and Handling.”
Sinks can be eliminated or decreased with some simple practices. It isfirst important to understand if it is a sink or if it is a pull.1. Proper mold packing: Be sure to do a part weight study to determinewhen the gate freezes and to ensure that you are packing the mostamount of material possible into the mold. This will hopefully packout the sinks that are seen.2. Proper gate size: It is very important to have the proper gate sizeand location. It can be impossible to pack out a sink if the gate istoo far away or too small. Following our gating guidelines andspeaking with or technical representatives can help you out withthese problems.3. Rib/Wall ratio: The rib/ boss thickness should not be more than 40%of the thickness of the nominal wall.4. Rib/Boss texture: It is common for ribs to have a poor texture onthem, which will cause them to stick in the mold. Sticking ribs in amold will often give the appearance of a sink, but is in fact a “pull”.
1. Ensure the TPU is dry2. Check the screw is feeding regularly3. Increase the back pressure4. Reduce the melt temperature5. Reduce the screw speed to lessen the shearing effect on the TPU6. Reduce the injection speed7. Increase cavity venting8. Ensure mold has not over heated
Make sure there is a cushionmaintained.Increase shot size.Increase pack and hold pressures.Increase hold time.
1. Increase the injection holding time2. Increase the injection speed3. Increase the injection pressure (note: sometimes a reduced injectionpressure will rectify the situation as it may reduce the injection speed as well)4. Vent cavity in the area of the sink marks
• Check ejector position and length, correct ifnecessary• Use larger ejectors• Increase the number of ejectors• Extend cooling timeIf ejector marks is raised:• Reduce holding pressure and holdingpressure time• Use longer ejector
Increase mold close time.Reduce mold temperature.Reduce process temperature.Texture mold surface for better release.Increase size of pins.Increase draft on part.Reduce wall section.Use a compound with mold release.Use a harder compound.
A• See suggested solutions for Section V.B• Reduce injection pressure and/or hold• Reduce size of the shot pad.• Reduce time that injection ram isforward.C• Increase time of the overall cycle.• Reduce temperature of the mold.• Increase diameter and number ofknockout pins.• Use rubber type sprue puller or suckerpins with more undercut.• Incorporate air ejection in conjunctionwith mechanical methods.• Sand blast or vapor-hone mold coreand core pins in the direction of ejection.D• Check suggestions in Section VI, Item C.• Use internal or external mold release.• Use matte finish on the mold cavityE. Mold conditions:• Overhaul and polish the mold surfaces.and marred• A minimum of 1° (0.017 rad) taper on long cores or cavities is required.• Undercuts should not have sharp angles but should be tapered to ease ejection.• Align nozzle and sprue bushing.
DescriptionsForeign particle (burnt material or other) embedded in the part
• Check whether the melt or the granules are alreadycontaminated• Clean plasticizing unit and hopper• Clean mold and check for deposits• Check screw for wear or abrasion and chang ifnecessary• Check wheter the contamination originates fromthe environment, reduce dust in the environment.• Improper regrind usage• Poor housekeeping
• Check the mold for damage• Check the mold for undercuts• Check that mold has sufficient drafts• Check the splits (splits must not scratch the molded part
A• Reduce temperatures of the cylinder.• Shorten time of cycle. B• Check all thermocouples for properoperation. C• Check for sticking relays.• Check for sluggish or stuck meter move-ments in all controllers.• Calibrate controllers.• Check for controllers which may beconnected to the wrong heaters. D• Segregate and check regrind critically forcontamination, excessive moisture ordegraded polymer. Measure the meltindex of each polymer feed component.(See bulletin, “Rheology and Handling.”)Try virgin material. E• Purge machine thoroughly until degrad-ed (low viscosity) polymer has beendischarged. Rule-of-thumb is that poly-mer hold-up is four times the maximumshot capacity of the machineF• Dry the regrind and polymer. For sugges-tions on drying, see bulletin,“Rheology and Handling.” G• Change to a smaller capacity machine.Shot should be between 25% and 75%of the machine capacity. If a smallercapacity machine is not available, use atemperature profile with the front zoneand nozzle at the desired melt temperature and all other temperatures as low asoperable. H)Inspect the cylinder. Eliminate dead spots (streamline) as necessary.
Descriptionspolymer breakdown from hydrolysis, oxidation etc
C• Inspect rework material thoroughly.• Use care in handling materials andcaution in keeping foreign materialsclear of hopper and work area.• Reduce temperature of rear cylinder.• Increase back pressure.• Use a dryer to remove condensedmoisture. Store pellets in the processingarea for a minimum of 4 hr prior to use.• Dry the resin. Use a hopper dryer.D• Check the material for foreign matter.• Increase temperatures of the cylinder. E• See suggestions in Section XIV, Item A. • Increase pressure of injection. Seesuggestions in Section VII, ItemsA-1 and A-2.F• Increase speed of injection.See Section X, Item D.• See suggestions in Section VIII, Item B.• Dry the resin. See suggestions inSection XIII, Items B and C. G• Redesign and/or relocate gate.• Raise temperatures of the cylinderand/or mold.• Increase speed of injection.• Increase temperature of mold.• Use polymer with a higher melt index,if possible. (See bulletin, “Rheologyand Handling.”)• Decrease speed of injection. Correctdesign and/or location of gate.• Regrind or additives are not well dis-persed in the virgin polymer
A.1. Decrease nozzle temperature.B.1. Increase injection pressure.C.1. Raise mold temperature.D. 1. Use nozzle with larger orifice.
Lengthen boost timeOpen gateDeepen ventsIncrease shotIncrease injection speed
Dry the resinLengthen mold-closed time
Effect on shrinkage :Decreases (usually)May be either (minor effect)DecreasesDecreases until gate freezeMay be eitherIncreasesUsually none; may decreaseMay be either; usually increasesDecreasesIncreasesDecreasesDecreasesDecreasesDecreasesMay be eitherMay be eitherIncreasesIncreasesMay be either; usually decreases
1. control holding / injection pressure2. increase back pressure3. increase mould temperature4. check back flow valve5. allow for adequate venting6. enlarge gate7. shorten land length
1. Slow down or reduce decompression2. Check granule feed3. Increase back pressure and adjust screw speed4. Reduce metering stroke
1. adapt injection speed2. add a large cold slug area3. add cold wells at the end of runner systems4. control nozzle heat better: if necessary add beryllium copper tip (not recommended for FR resins)5. shorten or eliminate standard sprue bushing:use a hot sprue bushing6. clean flow must exist from the cylinder, adaptor, nozzle and tip: avoid and eliminate any dead pockets orsections
DescriptionsDirectionally "off tone" wavy lines or patterns
1. adapt injection speed2. add a large cold slug area3. add cold wells at the end of runner systems4. control nozzle heat better: if necessary add berylliumcopper tip (not recommended for FR resins)5. shorten or eliminate standard sprue bushing:use a hot sprue bushing6. clean flow must exist from the cylinder, adaptor, nozzle andtip: avoid and eliminate any dead pockets or sections
• Add cold slug well in runner• Increase melt temperature• Reduce injection speed• Increase gate size• Add radius to gate
Gate blush is very common in injection molding, more often then not, itis seen with the use of sub-gates or cashew gates.1. Packing: An over pack of the part can cause a blush to be seenaround the gate area. If the selected pressure/time is needed to fillthe part out, a larger gate may be needed.2. Flow rate: A high flow rate can sometimes result in a gate blush,slowing the injection rate down or making the gate larger can helpeliminate this problem.
1. check venting channels for dirt2. decrease injection speed3. decrease injection pressure4. use programmed injection5. check for heater malfunctioning6. reduce screw r.p.m.7. decrease nozzle temperature8. reduce melt temperature9. improve mould cavity ventingadd vents to ejector pinsadd vents to parting line of part10. enlarge gate to reduce frictional burning11. alter position and/or increase gate size
1. Check vents are clear of dirt / debris2. Reduce clamping force of the machine3. Reduce injection speed4. Ensure vents are deep enough5. Avoid entrapped air by changing flow profile
1. increase melt temperature2. increase mould temperature3. decrease injection speed4. eliminate contamination5. check percentage regrind6. dry material7. purge equipment8. change material9. radius all sharp corners at gate
1. increase injection pressure2. increase cooling time3. increase mould temperature4. maintain uniform cycle time operation5. check machine for erratic operation6. check the percentage regrind to virgin material7. increase gate size8. reduce gate land length9. relocate gate if glass-filled compounds10. balance runner and/or gate system11. reduce number of cavities to balanced system
1. purge heating cylinder2. lower material temperature byreducing cylinder temperaturedecreasing screw speedreducing back pressure3. lower nozzle temperature4. check residence time5. check machinery purging6. shorten overall cycle7. check hopper and feed zone for contaminantst8. check for proper cooling of ram and feed zone9. provide additional vents in mould10. move mould to smaller shot size press to reduce residence time
1. reduce injection speed2. reduce injection pressure and/or booster time3. increase clamping force4. check mould for proper mould support and/or parallelism5. reduce melt temperature6. reduce mould temperature7. check excessive vent depths8. change to higher clamping machine
DescriptionsExcess material in thin layer exceeding normal part geometry
Check shot size.Check for dirt on the mold parting line of low hydraulic pressure.Check injection pressure and speed.
1. Increase clamp force2. Optimise change-over point3. Reduce holding pressure4. Reduce melt temperature5. Reduce mould temperature6. Stiffen mould
1. decrease injection speed2. check nozzle heating3. increase mould temperature4. increase melt temperature5. increase gate size6. avoid gating at thick section7. modify gate location or angle: directly into wall or pin8. use tab gate or submarine plus pin
Increase process temperature.Increase injection speed.Decrease gate size.Change type of gate.Relocate gate to impinge.
1. get shear down2. lower back pressure3. decrease injection speed4. change temperature profile5. check regrind percentage6. check shot size vs part7. check hot-runner: torpedoes
1. increase injection speed2. increase injection pressure3. increase melt temperature4. increase mould temperature5. check mould textures
1. check cycle time: cooling2. decrease injection pressure3. decrease injection hold time4. decrease injection speed5. decrease booster time6. reduce and adjust feed for constant cushion7. check for poor mould finish or corrosion on mould surface8. increase mould opening time9. decrease material temperature by lowering cylinder10. lower mould temperature11. adjust the cavity temperature to a 20°C differential between mould valves12. check mould for undercuts and/or insufficient draft and taper13. use proper mould release
Sandblast “A” side of tool.Polish “B” side.Run “A” side cooler.Put keepers in “B” half of tool.Increase draft on part in “A” half of tool.
Increase mold closed time.Reduce mold temperature.Reduce process temperature.Reduce pack and hold pressure.Sandblast “B” side.Increase size of ejector pins.Increase number of ejector pins.Increase draft on part.Provide air assist.
1. check cycle time: cooling2. decrease injection pressure3. decrease injection hold time4. decrease booster time5. adjust feed for constant cushion6. decrease mould-closed time7. increase core temperature8. decrease cylinder and nozzle temperature9. check mould for undercuts and/or insufficient draft10. check mould for bending: rule of thumb is 1:5 for core diameter to core length
1. decrease injection pressure2. decrease injection hold time3. decrease booster time4. increase die-closed time5. decrease mould temperature at sprue bushing6. leave nozzle against mould: no pull back7. raise nozzle temperature8. check incorrect seat between nozzle and sprue: sizes and alignment of holes in nozzle and sprue bushing9. sprue bushing hole must be larger: reduce nozzle diameter for sprue bushing being used10. check polishing of sprue11. check proper design of sprue puller pin12. check cone of sprue: usually 1:20, for difficult jobs 1:1513. provide more effective sprue puller:increase sprue puller by increasing taper of sprue pullerpolish worn or rough sprue bushing
DescriptionsNon-Fill / Short mold Partial part
1. increase dosage2. increase injection pressure3. increase booster time forward4. increase material temperature by increasing cylinder temperatures5. increase mould temperature, if glass-filled6. check material flow length vs wall section thickness7. increase nozzle diameter8. check restrictions of nozzle, runners and actual gating9. increase gate size of sprue and runner system
1. increase injection speed to maximum range2. sometimes lower injection speed: crystalline materials3. increase injection hold time4. increase injection pressure5. reduce melt temperature6. reduce mould temperature7. check for hot spots: separate water channels in cooling system / add heat pipes such as thermal pins orberyllium copper slugs for spot cooling8. enlarge and/or add vents to mould parting line9. increase size of sprue and/or runner10. increase gate size and reduce gate land length11. relocate gate next to heavy or thicker areas12. core out heavy wall sections where possible13. incorporate textured surfaces
DescriptionsCircular pattern around gate caused by hot gas
Color streaks are often a problem when the material has not beenblended at the proper ratio or when the screw is not of a proper design.1. Material blending: It is critical that the proper material/concentrateratio be used. Any deviation from this ratio could cause problemswith color streaks and/or improper color.2. Material mixing: Proper screw design is critical when molding aPP/TPO compound. We recommend a distributive mixing screw witha high shear spiral mixing head on the tip of the screw. Slowing thescrew down to where it gets to its full shot position about 2 secondsbefore the cure time has ended is a good practice to follow. We alsoask that you consult with a technical representative beforepurchasing a screw to ensure you are purchasing the correct design.3. Shear Rate: Color can sometimes separate from the material whileflowing through the gate or high shear areas. Slowing the fill downor reducing the restriction can reduce the shear rate and thereforereduce color streaking.
DescriptionsLocalized change of colour
1. check pre-drying: dry material before use2. check moisture content after pre-drying3. check effectiveness of drying equipment: temperature and time4. lower nozzle temperature5. lower material temperature by:lowering cylinder temperaturedecreasing screw speedlowering back pressure6. decrease injection speed7. raise mould temperature8. shorten or eliminate screw decompression9. shorten overall cycle10. increase back pressure; in case of drooling,reduce back pressure11. check for drooling12. check for contamination(e.g. water or oil leaking into mould cavity)13. barrel purging (hang-ups)14. allow for adequate venting15. open gates16. move mould to smaller shot-size press
DescriptionsSplash mark / Silver Streaks Circular pattern around gate caused by hot gas
1. check for material contamination by other resins2. check barrel purging3. check for cracked or worn back flow valve ring4. check for worn feed screw5. check for excessive clearance on screw/barrel dimensions6. check for overheated cylinder heater bands7. check for overheated nozzle heater bands
For the sake of argument splay will be included with silver streaking.They both appear to be the same defect, but some people differentiatebetween moisture splay and shear splay, calling shear splay silverstreaking.1. Proper drying: If the material you are using has talc in it, werecommend that you dry that material according the process sheet.Be cautious of over drying the material as this may cause some of theadditives to be cooked out of the material. Polypropylene does notabsorb moisture but the talc will, it is important to drive off thatmoisture.2. Venting: Be sure to have the tool properly vented in all possiblelocations. Venting ejector pins and lifters is also suggested.ACP (2004, 2005) All Rights Reserved Advanced Composites TS Group3. Excess shear: Too high shear can often cause silver streaking or splay.Controlling and reducing the flow rate through the area where thesplay is seen can eliminate this.4. Gas trapping: If two or more material flow fronts are converging oneach other it can sometimes cause a gas trap that is eventually movedfrom the area and is smeared out across the part. Try to eliminatethe gas trap by changing the material flow in that area.
1. decrease injection speed2. increase mould temperature3. increase melt temperature4. increase gate size5. change gate location
1. use suck back: only for crystalline materials2. lower back pressure3. lower or increase nozzle temperature4. use different temperature profile5. do not use sprue breaks
DescriptionsString like remain from previous shot transfer in new shot
The occurrence of tiger stripes comes when the material sees to high of ashear rate going through the gate and when the material has to travel along distance.1. Reduce Shear Rate: Opening up the gate(s) or reducing the injectionrate can reduce or eliminate the appearance of tiger stripes.2. Heat up the grained side of the tool: This will help the material flowmore easily through the tool.3. Increase Melt Temp: This will help the material flow a little easierthrough the gate and possibly help with the appearance of tigerstripes.
1. decrease injection speed to medium range2. increase holding time3. reduce melt temperature4. increase mould temperature5. check gate size: too small results in freezing at gate with voids and sinks in other areas of the part6. increase gate size and reduce gate land length7. increase nozzle size and/or runner system8. redesign part to obtain equal wall sections
DescriptionsEmpty space within part (Air pocket)
1. increase injection pressure2. increase injection hold time3. increase injection speed4. raise melt temperature by increasing cylinder temperatures5. raise mould temperature6. check for proper venting of the part7. vent the cavity in the weld area8. provide an overflow well next to the weld area9. change gate location to alter flow pattern10. increase gate and/or main runner system11. reduce gate land length12. spot heat particular area with thermal pins or cartridge heaters13. use textured surfaces
DescriptionsKnit Line / Meld Line Discolored line where two flow fronts meet
Increase Injection pressureIncrease Holding pressure/timeIncrease Melt temperature (not excess)Increase Mold temperatureAdjust injection fill rate(around 1sec/mm of wall thickness)Enlarge vents and Vent the cavityin the weld lineChange vent or gate location
1. Increase the injection pressure2. Increase the injection speed3. Increase the temperature of the melt4. Increase the mold temperature5. Ensure the TPU is completely dry6. Ensure the check ring is functioning
1. Increase mould temperature2. Increase injection speed3. Increase melt temperature4. Increase hold on pressure5. Check venting6. Relocate gate to change flow pattern
1. Increase the cycle time to allow the polymer to melt2. Increase the barrel temperature3. Increase the back pressure4. Preheat the granules
1. Ensure the hopper and feed throat are free from obstructions2. Reduce melt temperature3. Reduce screw charging speed4. Ensure water cooling to hopper feed throat
1. Increase the melt temperature2. Check for cold areas of barrel3. Reduce the screw back pressure
1. Increase nozzle temperature2. Reduce injection speed3. Create cold slug well in the mould opposite spruebush
1. Reduce injection speed2. Increase injection pressure3. Increase mould temperature4. Avoid sharp transitions, reduce engraving depth5. Relocate gate
1. Check granule for impurities2. Clean plasticising unit3. Reduce barrel temperature4. Reduce screw speed5. Reduce back pressure6. Check hot runner temperature7. Reduce regrind dose
1. Check for cross contamination with other polymersin every area of operation.
1. Increase melt temperature2. Increase injection speed3. Optimise injection hold position and time4. Reduce injection pressure5. Increase mould temperature6. Maintain equal mould temperatures on both halvesof mould tool7. Anneal parts at as high a temperature as possible
Check for contamination.
Reduce the level of regrind.Reduce the rear zone temperature.Reduce the residence time.Add delay to screw recovery.
Purge machine and observe whether problem reoccurs.Reduce process temperature. (Particularly in rear of machine).Reduce regrind level.Reduce residence time.Purge machine after shutdown.Move to a smaller machine.Reduce hot runner system temperatures.Minimize dead spots in hot runner manifold.
When a difference in gloss is seen, it is important to make a carefulevaluation of the situation, use the following to help determine what theproblem is.1. Temperature and Pressure: If two melt fronts are coming togetherand the temperature is too low or the pressure is too low it will notallow the area to be packed out properly, causing a higher gloss inthat area.ACP (2004, 2005) All Rights Reserved Advanced Composites TS Group2. Venting: Be sure to check all vents around parting lines, on ejectorpins, and on lifters. Improper venting can cause gas to come to thesurface of the part and will give it a higher gloss.3. Flow distance: If the material has traveled a long distance it willsometimes not be packed out properly far from the gate. This can behelped with a larger gate or changing the gate location to help packthat area out better.
Decrease Injection filling rateFlare gateIncrease Gate sizeMaintain Gate location
Control proper hold pressure timeWrinkle near gate Increase gate size
Increase Injection fill rateIncrease Injection fill pressureIncrease Hold pressureIncrease Hold timeIncrease Mold temperatureIncrease Cylinder temperatureGate size…………………..Enlarge vents
File name
Advanced composites Material Processing Guidelines and Troubleshooting Guide ACP Material Process12/17
LNP_Injection_Molding.pdf4/36
L12565_2.pdf2/4
NYLON RESINS - CORRECTING MOLDING PROBLEMS - A TROUBLE SHOOTING GUIDEfirestone - nylon resins correcting molding problems a trouble shooting guide-Injection Molding, .pdf
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injection moulding Troubleshooting Inj molding, 12 pages.doc7/12
Injection Molding TroubleshootingRealize the potential, feel the difference, Injection moulding guide, im, 33 pages.pdf29/33
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Dupont Hytrel thermoplastic polyester elastomer Injection Molding Guide H81091, 37 pages.pdfpage 29 of 37
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51 pages, A Troubleshooting Forum & Workshop on Injection Molded Parts-Presentation_ITP 09.pdfpage 12 of 51 super
LNP_Injection_Molding.pdf4/36
L12565_2.pdf2/4
Advanced composites Material Processing Guidelines and Troubleshooting Guide ACP Material Process12/17
injection moulding Troubleshooting with photoHuntsman-Processing Parameters-Injection molding-Injection_Molding110705, 10 pages.pdf8/10
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Trouble shooting of injection moulding-korea engg. plastics-kh-m-04-0, 7 pages
LNP_Injection_Molding.pdfInjection molding trouble shooting guide for LNP* engineering compoundspage 4 of 36
Injection Molding TroubleshootingRealize the potential, feel the difference, Injection moulding guide, im, 33 pages.pdf29/33
51 pages, A Troubleshooting Forum & Workshop on Injection Molded Parts-Presentation_ITP 09.pdfpage 12 of 51 super
NYLON RESINS - CORRECTING MOLDING PROBLEMS - A TROUBLE SHOOTING GUIDEfirestone - nylon resins correcting molding problems a trouble shooting guide-Injection Molding, .pdf
Torlon Polyamide imide Trouble shooting guidepolyamide-imide TORLON_Molding_Guide, 16 pages.pdfpage 10 of 16
Dupont Hytrel thermoplastic polyester elastomer Injection Molding Guide H81091, 37 pages.pdfpage 26 of 37
LNP_Injection_Molding.pdf4/36
Injection Molding TroubleshootingRealize the potential, feel the difference, Injection moulding guide, im, 33 pages.pdf29/33
L12565_2.pdf2/4
injection moulding Troubleshooting Inj molding, 12 pages.doc7/12
NYLON RESINS - CORRECTING MOLDING PROBLEMS - A TROUBLE SHOOTING GUIDEfirestone - nylon resins correcting molding problems a trouble shooting guide-Injection Molding, .pdf
LNP_Injection_Molding.pdfInjection molding trouble shooting guide for LNP* engineering compoundspage 4 of 36
51 pages, A Troubleshooting Forum & Workshop on Injection Molded Parts-Presentation_ITP 09.pdfpage 12 of 51 super
Torlon Polyamide imide Trouble shooting guidepolyamide-imide TORLON_Molding_Guide, 16 pages.pdfpage 10 of 16
Dupont Hytrel thermoplastic polyester elastomer Injection Molding Guide H81091, 37 pages.pdfpage 29 of 37
LNP_Injection_Molding.pdf4/36
LNP_Injection_Molding.pdfInjection molding trouble shooting guide for LNP* engineering compoundspage 4 of 36
mde_injection_molding_troubleshooting_guide.pdf2 of 11
L12565_2.pdf2/4
NYLON RESINS - CORRECTING MOLDING PROBLEMS - A TROUBLE SHOOTING GUIDEfirestone - nylon resins correcting molding problems a trouble shooting guide-Injection Molding, .pdf
Advanced composites Material Processing Guidelines and Troubleshooting Guide ACP Material Process12/17
51 pages, A Troubleshooting Forum & Workshop on Injection Molded Parts-Presentation_ITP 09.pdfpage 12 of 51 super
Injection Molding TroubleshootingRealize the potential, feel the difference, Injection moulding guide, im, 33 pages.pdf29/33
LNP_Injection_Molding.pdf4/36
LNP_Injection_Molding.pdfInjection molding trouble shooting guide for LNP* engineering compoundspage 4 of 36
NYLON RESINS - CORRECTING MOLDING PROBLEMS - A TROUBLE SHOOTING GUIDEfirestone - nylon resins correcting molding problems a trouble shooting guide-Injection Molding, .pdf
mde_injection_molding_troubleshooting_guide.pdf2 of 11
L12565_2.pdf2/4
L12565_2.pdf2/4
mde_injection_molding_troubleshooting_guide.pdf2 of 11
NYLON RESINS - CORRECTING MOLDING PROBLEMS - A TROUBLE SHOOTING GUIDEfirestone - nylon resins correcting molding problems a trouble shooting guide-Injection Molding, .pdf
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51 pages, A Troubleshooting Forum & Workshop on Injection Molded Parts-Presentation_ITP 09.pdfpage 12 of 51 super
Advanced composites Material Processing Guidelines and Troubleshooting Guide ACP Material Process12/17
Injection Molding TroubleshootingRealize the potential, feel the difference, Injection moulding guide, im, 33 pages.pdf29/33
Advanced composites Material Processing Guidelines and Troubleshooting Guide ACP Material Process12/17
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GE Injection moulding mini guide - Shwon with photoGE Injection moulding mini guide 8654, 43 pages.pdf
GE Injection moulding mini guide - Shwon with photoGE Injection moulding mini guide 8654, 43 pages.pdf
GE Injection moulding mini guide - Shwon with photoGE Injection moulding mini guide 8654, 43 pages.pdf
GE Injection moulding mini guide - Shwon with photoGE Injection moulding mini guide 8654, 43 pages.pdf
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Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting GuidePerformance Plastics Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting Guide - trouble_shooting_guide, 3 pages.pdf
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GE Injection moulding mini guide - Shwon with photoGE Injection moulding mini guide 8654, 43 pages.pdf
GE Injection moulding mini guide - Shwon with photoGE Injection moulding mini guide 8654, 43 pages.pdf
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GE Injection moulding mini guide - Shwon with photoGE Injection moulding mini guide 8654, 43 pages.pdf
GE Injection moulding mini guide - Shwon with photoGE Injection moulding mini guide 8654, 43 pages.pdf
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GE Injection moulding mini guide - Shwon with photoGE Injection moulding mini guide 8654, 43 pages.pdf
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injection moulding Troubleshooting with photoHuntsman-Processing Parameters-Injection molding-Injection_Molding110705, 10 pages.pdf8/10
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Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting GuidePerformance Plastics Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting Guide - trouble_shooting_guide, 3 pages.pdf
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting GuidePerformance Plastics Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting Guide - trouble_shooting_guide, 3 pages.pdf
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting GuidePerformance Plastics Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting Guide - trouble_shooting_guide, 3 pages.pdf
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting GuidePerformance Plastics Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting Guide - trouble_shooting_guide, 3 pages.pdf
Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting GuidePerformance Plastics Injection Moulding Trouble Shooting Guide - trouble_shooting_guide, 3 pages.pdf
Injection Molding TroubleshootingRealize the potential, feel the difference, Injection moulding guide, im, 33 pages.pdf29/33
Injection Molding TroubleshootingRealize the potential, feel the difference, Injection moulding guide, im, 33 pages.pdf29/33
Advanced composites Material Processing Guidelines and Troubleshooting Guide ACP Material Process12/17
Trouble shooting of injection moulding-korea engg. plastics-kh-m-04-0, 7 pages
Trouble shooting of injection moulding-korea engg. plastics-kh-m-04-0, 7 pages
Trouble shooting of injection moulding-korea engg. plastics-kh-m-04-0, 7 pages
Seen PDF files
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Gas-Injection Moulding with DuPont engineering polymers - GasInj_e, 8 pages.pdf
174 pages, Bayer, material science, engineering polymers, part & mold design, adesign guide Part
174 pages, Bayer, material science, engineering polymers, part & mold design, adesign guide Part