[email protected], 27 october 2005 aqm-european experience: addressing industrial air...
TRANSCRIPT
[email protected], 27 October 2005
AQM-European Experience: Addressing Industrial Air
Pollution
Magnus GislevEuropean Commission
Delegation in China
[email protected], 27 October 2005
Contents of the presentation
1. Background
2. EU Air Quality Legislation and National Emission
Ceilings
3. EU Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive
4. European taxes, charges and emissions trading
5. The new EU Air Pollution Strategy
[email protected], 27 October 2005
Background to EU AQM policy
370.000 European citizens are estimated to die
prematurely every year due to bad air quality
Air pollution is also causing severe damage to
ecosystems through acid rain and deposition of
eutrophying substances
Worrying trends (energy, transport)
Air does not respect borders
Internal EU market + global economy
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Loss in life expectancy attributable to exposure to fine particulate matter
20002000
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EU Air Pollution
Legislation
Mobile Sources
Stationary sources
National emissions
ceilings
IPPC LCP’s
RoadNon-road Fuels Quality
Framework Directive
1St Daughter
2nd Daughter
3rd Daughter
Exchange Information
4th Daughter
Concentrations Emissions
Incineration VOC’s
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EU Air Quality Framework Directive
Directive 96/62: Framework obligations capacity building
define zones and agglomerations
Perform assessment : Measurement/modelling
Inform the public
Report to the Commission
Management :
Maintain air quality where good
If Conc>Limit Value + Margin of tolerance:
Prepare, implement plans and programmes
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EU Air Quality Daughter Directives
Air quality standards, minimum monitoring requirements, stations criteria, reference methods
Directive 99/30: limit values for PM10, NOx, SO2 and lead
Directive 2000/69: limit values for benzene and CO
Directive 2002/3: Target values for Ozone Monitoring of ozone precursors (NO2, VOCs)
Directive 2004/107: Target values BaP, HM (excluding Hg)
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SO2 NH3 NOx VOC
Acidification OzoneEutrophication
Interlinked pollutants and problems
National Emission Ceilings (1)
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National Emission Ceilings (2)
Objective : To set total national ceilings for pollutants causing
acidification and eutrofication and for ozone precursors for the protection of the environment and human health
Reduce areas with critical loads at least 50% compared to 1990
Ground level ozone by 2/3 (health) 1/3 (eco)
Management : national programme has to be prepared and
communicated to the Commission
implemented to stay below ceiling by 2010
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NEC – required reductions
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
SO2 Nox VOC NH3
1990 actual
2010 NEC
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IPPC permit system
Permit
IPPC = Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive, 96/61/EC in force since October 1999
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Scope of IPPC
The IPPC Directive covers
1. Prevention of pollution caused by production selection of raw materials cleaner production processes
2. Control of pollution caused by production end-of-pipe abatement techniques
It does not cover
- Pollution caused by products
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IPPC: Activities covered
Energy industries Production and processing of metals Mineral industry Chemical industry Waste management Other activities
Production of pulp and paper Pre-treatment of textiles Tanning of hides Slaughterhouses and processing of food products Disposal of animal waste Rearing of poultry or pigs Printing, coating, degreasing, waterproofing etc. Production of carbon or electrographite
Annex I: CATEGORIES OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES
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IPPC: Key provisions
integrated, decentralised permit procedure public participation and access to
information including an emission register emission limit values based on Best
Available Techniques (BAT) and Environmental Quality Standards
exchange of information on BAT and associated monitoring
existing EU emission limit values are minimum requirements
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Best Available Techniques
most effective in achieving a high general
level of protection of
the environment as a whole
Best
developed on a scale to be implemented in the
relevant industrial sector, under
economically and technically viable
conditions, advantages balanced against costs
the technology used and the
way the installation is
designed, built, maintained,
operated and decommissioned
Available Techniques
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BAT reference document
Best Available Techniques reference document on large combustion plants
available on Internet: http://eippcb.jrc.es
What is it?
What not?
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Pollutant Emission Register
Principal emissions (37 air and 26 water
pollutants 50 in total) and IPPC sources responsible
Published every 3 years
First occasion in February 2004 (EU-15)
European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER)
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Pollutant Emission Register
Example: PM10 emissions in 2001 from IPPC sources
http://www.eper.cec.eu.int
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Pollutant Emission Register
Example: 10 highest SOx emitting installations in EU (2001)
CENTRAL TERMICA AS PONTES 315,000.00 t PPC S.A., SES MEGALOPOLIS A' (I, II, III) 161,000.00 t Unidad de Producción Térmica Teruel 152,000.00 t CENTRALE TERMOELETTRICA DI PORTO TOLLE 72,700.00 t CENTRAL TERMICA DE MEIRAMA 70,600.00 t EDF ENERGY (COTTAM POWER) LTD 70,500.00 t EDF ENERGY (WEST BURTON POWER) LTD 68,500.00 t Scottish Power Generation uk 68,200.00 t UPT COMPOSTILLA 61,600.00 t BRITISH ENERGY PLC 59,900.00 t
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Emissions trading in Europe
EU greenhouse gas emissions trading: first economic
instrument at EU level
National CO2 systems in UK and Denmark
NOx trading in Netherlands
SO2 trading in Slovakia
More plans triggered by the National Emission
Ceilings Directive?
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Dutch NOx emissions trading scheme
Introduced in the Netherlands in parallel with EU CO2 trading scheme
Triggered by national ceilings of -50% by 2010 and -75% by 2020
Major considerations include:
- local effects
- application of Best Available Techniques
- monitoring and environmental management systems
- cooperation by industry and enforcement
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Emission taxes and charges
Sweden has highest S, N taxes in the World:
SO2 tax 2 $ /kg
Sweden has a NOx charge of 6 $ /kg, 99% of revenues
are refunded according to useful energy output
Since 1990 specific NOx emissions in Sweden have
dropped by over 40% to lowest levels world-wide
Other EU countries also have taxes (e.g. Denmark on
SO2 and individual Spanish regions on SO2)
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Environmental taxes and charges
Environmental tax bases and applications are
spreading steadily in Europe
Design important: exemptions, recycling of revenues in
exchange for good performance
Very few attempts to base tax rates on external costs
Little evidence of less competitiveness
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Policy mixes
From optimal instrument to optimal mix
Mixes are rule not the exception
Many combinations found
Balance of effectiveness and efficiency/costs
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New EU Strategy on Air Pollution
Euro 5 for cars and vans
Euro 6 for Heavy Duty Engines
Revision of the National Emission Ceilings
Small scale combustion
Ship NOx engine standards
Agriculture
Revise Air quality legislation