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Ma#er, Measurements, and Calcula1ons

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Page 1: Maer,’Measurements,’and’ Calculaons’’€¦ ·  · 2015-08-30Chemistry’–the’study’of’MATTER ... Physical’Proper1es’of’Maer ... Physical properties of matter

Ma#er,  Measurements,  and  Calcula1ons    

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Agenda  

•  REVIEW  scien1fic  nota1on,  rounding  and  significant  digits-­‐  P.  649-­‐654    

•  Unit  conversions  –  handouts\  worksheets  •  HW:    complete  scien1fic  nota1on,  rounding,  sig.  digits  and  metric  conversions  worksheets  

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Chemistry  –  the  study  of  MATTER  

Chemistry:    The  branch  of  science  that  deals  with  the  iden1fica1on  of  the  substances  of  which  ma#er  is  composed;  the  inves1ga1on  of  their  proper1es  and  the  ways  in  which  they  interact,  combine,  and  change;  and  the  use  of  these  processes  to  form  new  substances.    

(Ma#er  =  anything  that  has  mass  and  takes  up  space)  

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 Physical  Proper1es  of  Ma#er      

Intensive  -­‐  Proper1es  that  do  not  depend  on  the  amount  of  the  ma#er  present.    

Ex:    Color,  Odor,  Luster,  Malleability,  Duc1lity,  Conduc1vity,  Hardness,  Mel1ng/Freezing  Point,  Boiling  Point,  Density  

   Extensive  -­‐  Proper1es  that  do  depend  on  the  amount  of  ma#er  present.  

Ex:    Mass,  Volume,  Weight,  Length  

Physical properties of matter are categorized as either Intensive or Extensive:

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The Metric System

from

Indu

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981

Nov

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Scien1fic  Method    

•  The  process  researchers  use  to  carry  out  their  inves1ga1ons.    It  is  a  logical  approach  to  solving  problems.    

 

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 Steps   1.  Ask  a  ques1on  2.  Observe  and  collect  data  3.  Formulate  a  hypothesis  (a  testable  if-­‐then  

statement).    The  hypothesis  serves  as  a  basis  for  making  predic1ons  and  for  carrying  out  further  experiments.  

4.  Test  your  hypothesis  –  Requires  experimenta1on  that  provides  data  to  support  or  refute  your  hypothesis.  

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Terms  to  Know          Law  vs.  theory    

•  Scien2fic  (natural)  Law:  a  general  statement  based  on  the  observed  behavior  of  ma#er  to  which  no  excep1ons  are  known.    

•  Empirical  Data-­‐  collected  by  experimenta1on  and  detected  by  5  senses.    

   Quan2ty:    number  +  unit              Qualita2ve:  descrip1ve  (color,  shape)  

Theory:  a  broad  generaliza1on  that  explains  a  body  of  facts  or  phenomena.  (  explana1ons,  models,  symbols,  analogies,  etc.)    

   

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SI  (System  of  Interna1onal)  Units  of  Measurements    

•  Adopted  in  1960  by  the  General  Conference  on  Weights  and  Measures.  

   Metric  System  –  must  know  this  

•  Mass  is  measured  in  kilograms  (other  mass  units:  grams,  milligrams)  

•  Volume  in  liters    •  Length  in  meters  

 

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Prefixes  are  added  to  the  stem  or  base  unit  to  represent  quan11es  that  are  larger  or  smaller  then  the  stem  or  base  unit.    You  must  know  the  

following:    

Prefix                    Value                          Abbrevia2on                        Ex              Pico                              10-­‐12    0.000000000001    p        pg  Nano                          10-­‐9      0.000000001                    n        nm  Micro                      10-­‐6      0.000001                      µ        µg  Milli                            10-­‐3      0.001        m        mm  Cen1                          10-­‐2      0.01          c        cl  Deci                            10-­‐1      0.1                d        dg  (stem:  liter,  meter,  gram)    Deca                            101        10                              da        dal  Hecto        102      100            h        hm  Kilo                                103      1000                  k        kg  Mega                            106      1000000                  M        Mm    

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Quan11es  of  Mass  

Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A Wolrd of Choices 1999, page 25

Earth’s atmosphere to 2500 km

Ocean liner

Indian elephant

Average human 1.0 liter of water

Grain of table salt

Typical protein

Uranium atom Water molecule

1024 g 1021 g

1018 g

1015 g

1012 g

109 g

106 g

103 g

100 g

10-3 g

10-6 g

10-9 g

10-12 g

10-15 g

10-18 g

10-21 g 10-24 g

Giga- Mega-

Kilo-

base

milli-

micro-

nano-

pico-

femto-

atto-

http://htwins.net/scale2/scale2.swf

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Star1ng  from  the  largest  value,  mega,  to  the  smallest  value,  pico,  a  way  to  remember  the  

correct  order  is:    •  Miss    (Mega)  

•  Kathy    (Kilo)  •  Hall    (Hecto)  •  Drank    (Deca)  •  Gatorade,  Milk,  and  Lemonade  (Gram,  Meter,  Liter)    •  During    (Deci)  •  Class  on    (Cen1)  •  Monday    (Milli)  •  Morning  and    (Micro)  •  Never    (Nano)  •  Peed    (Pico)  

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Factor Name Symbol Factor Name Symbol

10-1 decimeter dm 101 decameter dam

10-2 centimeter cm 102 hectometer hm

10-3 millimeter mm 103 kilometer km

10-6 micrometer µm 106 megameter Mm

10-9 nanometer nm 109 gigameter Gm

10-12 picometer pm 1012 terameter Tm

10-15 femtometer fm 1015 petameter Pm

10-18 attometer am 1018 exameter Em

10-21 zeptometer zm 1021 zettameter Zm

10-24 yoctometer ym 1024 yottameter Ym

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Convert  the  following:      a)  1600.0  m  =  ____________  km  

   1600.0/  10  3  =          

1600.0  x  10  -­‐3    =1.6000  km  =  1.6000  x  10  0  km  

 b)  0.050  km  =  ___________  m        0.050  x  10  3  =  50  m=  5.0  x  10  2  m    

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Convert  the  following:      c)    10.24  kg  =  ______________  mg  

   10.24    x  10  6    =10240000  mg  =  1.024  x  10  7  mg  

 d)  0.076  µm  =  ____________  dam          

0.076/  10  7  =      0.076  x  10  -­‐7  =  0.0000000076  dam  =  

                           7.6    x  10  -­‐9  dam    

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Temperature-­‐  Be  able  to  convert  between  degrees  Celsius  and  Kelvin.      

Absolute  zero  is  0  K,  a  temperature  where  all  molecular  mo1on  ceases  to  exist.    Has  not  yet  been  a#ained,  but  scien1sts  are  within  thousandths  of  a  degree  of  0  K.    No  degree  sign  is  used  for  Kelvin  temperatures.          Celsius  to  Kelvin:      K  =      °C    +  273        Convert  98  °  C  to  Kelvin:                    98°  C  +  273  =  371    K  

 

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Example  

New  materials  can  act  as  superconductors  at  temperatures  above  250  K.    Convert  250  K  to  degrees  

Celsius.    

ANS:  -­‐  230C    

250  K  -­‐    273  =  -­‐  23  °C  

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Derived  Units  

Derived  Units:  combina1ons  of  quan11es:  area  (m2),  Density  (g/cm3),  Volume  (cm3  or  mL)  1cm3  =  1mL    

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Density  –  rela1onship  of  mass  to  volume        D  =  m/V    Density  is  a  derived  unit  (from  both  

mass  and  volume)    

•  For  solids:    D  =  grams/cm3  •  Liquids:      D  =  grams/mL    •  Gases:          D  =  grams/liter  

•  Know  these  units  

Density  is  a  conversion  factor.    Water  has  a  density  of  1g/mL  which  means  1g  =1mL!!  

 

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Density  

 Which  box  is  more  dense?            Both  cubes  have  the  same  volume,  but  Cube  1  has  more  

molecules  so  it  is  denser  than  the  Cube  2!    

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 Density  of  Liquids  

   Liquids  of  lower  density  float  on  liquids  of  higher  density.    

Vegetable Oil

Density= .95 g/mL

Water

Density= 1.0 g/mL

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The  Factor-­‐  Label  Method-­‐  P.652  Dimensional  analysis  involves  using  conversion  factors  to  cancel  units  un1l  you  have  the  proper  unit  in  the  proper  place.      A  conversion  factor  is  a  ra1o  of  equivalent  measurements,  where  one  measurement  is  equal  to  one.  

 Example  conversion  factors:        4  quarters  =  $1.00  à  4  quarters  /  $1.00  1  kg  =  1000  g  à  1kg  /  1000  g  1  kg  =  2.2  lbs  à  1  kg  /  2.2  lbs    

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Density  as  a  Conversion  Factor  Density  is  a  conversion  factor  that  relates  mass  and  volume.        Example  Problem:  The  density  of  mercury  is  13.6  g/mL.    What  would  be  the  mass  of  0.75  mL  of  mercury?    

 

ANS: 10.2 g

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CHALLENGE      EXAMPLE:  How  many  atoms  of  copper  are  present  in  a  pure    copper  penny?    The  mass  of  the  penny  is  3.2  grams.        Needed  conversion  factors:                                6.02x1023  atoms  =  1  mole  copper    1  mole  copper  =  63.5  grams          

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PROBLEM  SOLVING  STEPS    

3.    Mul1ply  all  the  values  in  the  numerator  and    divide  by  all  those  in  the  denominator.    

4.    Double  check  that  your  units  cancel  properly.  If  they  do,  your  numerical  answer  is  probably  correct.  If  they  don’t,  your  answer  is  certainly  wrong.    

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Agenda    

•  MORE  PRACTICE  ON  SIGNIFICANT  DIGITS  •  HW:  complete  scien1fic  nota1on,  rounding,  sig.  digits  worksheets    

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How  big?                                      

Measurements  and  Significant  Digits    

How small?

How accurate?

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Using  Scien1fic  Measurements    

Precision and Accuracy 1.    Precision  –  the  closeness  of  a  set  of  measurements  of  the  same  quan11es  made  in  the  same  way  (how  well  repeated  measurements  of  a  value  agree  with  one  another).  

 2.    Accuracy  –  is  determined  by  the  agreement  between  the  measured  quan1ty  and  the  correct  value.      

Ex:    Throwing  Darts   ACCURATE = CORRECT

PRECISE = CONSISTENT

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Accuracy  vs.  Precision  

Random errors: reduce precision

Good accuracy Good precision

Poor accuracy Good precision

Poor accuracy Poor precision

Systematic errors: reduce accuracy

(person) (instrument)

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Precision Accuracy

v  reproducibility v  check by repeating measurements

v  poor precision results from poor technique

v  correctness v  check by using a different method

v  poor accuracy results from procedural or equipment flaws.

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Percent  Error    

 is  calculated  by  subtrac1ng  the  experimental  value  from  the  accepted  value,  then  dividing  the  difference  by  the  accepted  value.  Mul1ply  this  number  by  100.    Accuracy  can  be  compared  quan1ta1vely  with  the  accepted  value  using  percent  error.  

   

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Measurement    •  Exact  number  

 -­‐    results  from  coun1ng  items  that  cannot  be            subdivided  

 -­‐    has  an  infinite  number  of  significant  digits.  •  Approximate  number    -­‐  results  from  measuring  -­‐  does  not  express  absolute  accuracy  -­‐  has  a  defined  number  of  significant  digits  that  

 depends  on  the  accuracy  of  the  measuring  device  

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Repor1ng  Measurements  

•  Using  significant  figures  

•  Report  what  is  known  with  certainty    

•  Add  ONE  digit  of  uncertainty  (es1ma1on)  

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Coun1ng  Significant  Figures    

•  When  you  report  a  measured  value  it  is  assumed  that  all  the  numbers  are  certain  except  for  the  last  one,  where  there  is  an  uncertainty  of  ±1.    

•  Example  of  nail:    the  nail  is  6.36cm  long.    The  6.3  are  certain  values  and  the  final  6  is  uncertain!    There  are  3  significant  figures  in  the  value  6.36cm  (2  certain  and  1  uncertain).    All  measured  values  will  have  one  (and  one  only)  uncertain  number  (the  last  one)  and  all  others  will  be  certain.    The  reader  can  see  that  the  6.3  are  certain  values  because  they  appear  on  the  ruler,  but  the  reader  has  to  es1mate  the  final  6.  

 

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Significant  Figures  

•  Indicate  precision  of  a  measurement.  

•  Recording  Significant  Figures  (SF)  – Sig  figs  in  a  measurement  include  the  known  digits  plus  a  final  es1mated  digit  

2.35 cm

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Prac1ce  Measuring  

4.5 cm

4.54 cm

3.0 cm cm 0 1 2 3 4 5

cm 0 1 2 3 4 5

cm 0 1 2 3 4 5

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20

10

15 mL ?

15.0 mL?

1.50 x 101 mL

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The  rules  for  coun1ng  the  number  of  significant  figures  in  a  value  are:  

1.  All  numbers  other  then  zero  will  always  be  counted  as  significant  figures.  

2.  Cap1ve  zeros  always  count.  All  zeros  between  two  non-­‐zero  numbers  are  significant.  

3.  Leading  zeros  do  not  count.  Zeros  before  a  non-­‐zero  number  awer  a  decimal  point  are  not  significant.  

4.  Trailing  zeros  count  only  if  there  is  a  decimal.    -­‐  All  zeros  awer  a  non-­‐zero  number,  awer  a  decimal  point  are  significant.  

-­‐  Zeros  awer  a  non  zero  number  with  no  decimal  point  are  not  significant.  

   

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There  are  rules  that  dictate  the  number  of  significant  digits  in  a  value.    1.  Read  the  Significant  Digits  handout  up  to  A.  2.  Try  A  

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Answers to question A 1.  2.83 2.  36.77 3.  14.0 4.  0.0033 5.  0.02 6.  0.2410 7.  2.350 x 10 – 2 8.  1.00009 9.  3 10.  0.0056040

3 4 3 2 1 4 4 6

infinite 5

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Rounding    Rounding  using  the  sta1s1cal  approach:    When  a  number  ends  in  5  and  only  5  when  you  need  to  round:    •    If  the  preceding  number  is  even  –leave  it,  don’t  round  up  Ex.    The  number  21.45  rounded  off  to  3  significant  figures  becomes    •    If  the  preceding  number  is  odd  –    round  up  Ex.    The  number  21.350  rounded  off  to  3  significant  figures  becomes    BUT  If  any  nonzero  digits  follow  the  5,  raise  the  preceding  digit  by  1.  Ex.    The  number  21.4501  rounded  off  to  3  significant  figures      becomes                

21.4  

21.4  

21.5  

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Scien1fic notation •  All  significant  digits  must  be  maintained  •  Only  one  number  is  wri#en  before  the  decimal  point  and  express  the  decimal  points  as  a  power  of  ten.  

 

9.07 x 10 –

2 m 0.0907m

5.06 x 10 –

4 cg 0.000506cg

2.3 x 1012 m 2 300 000 000 000m

1.27 x 102 g 127g Scientific notation Decimal notation

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Scien1fic notation  •  If  your  value  is  expressed  in  proper  scien1fic  

nota1on,  all  of  the  figures  in  the  pre-­‐exponen1al  value  are  significant,  with  the  last  digit  being  the  least  significant  figure.     “7.143  x  10-­‐3  grams”  contains  4  significant  figures    

•  If  that  value  is  expressed  as  0.007143,  it  s1ll  has  4  significant  figures.  Zeros,  in  this  case,  are  placeholders.  If  you  are  ever  in  doubt  about  the  number  of  significant  figures  in  a  value,  write  it  in  scien1fic  nota1on.    

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Give  the  number  of  significant  figures  in  the  following  values:  

a.  6.19  x  101  years    b.    7  400  000  years    c.    3.80  x  10-­‐19  J    •  Helpful  Hint  :Convert  to  scien1fic  nota1on  if  you  

are  not  certain  as  to  the  proper  number  of  significant  figures.    

•  When  solving  mul1ple  step  problems  DO  NOT  ROUND  OFF  THE  ANSWER  UNTIL  THE  VERY  END  OF  THE  PROBLEM.    

  ANS: a. 3 b. 2 c. 3

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Significant Digits •  It  is  be#er  to  represent  100  as  1.00  x  102  •  Alterna1vely  you  can  underline  the  posi1on  of  the  last  significant  digit.    E.g.  100.  

•  This  is  especially  useful  when  doing  a  long  calcula1on  or  for  recording  experimental  results  

•  Don’t  round  your  answer  un1l  the  last  step  in  a  calcula1on.  

•  Note  that  a  line  overtop  of  a  number  indicates  that  it  repeats  indefinitely.  E.g.  9.6  =  9.6666…  

•  Similarly,  6.54  =  6.545454…  

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Fill  in  the  table    Ordinary  Nota2on  (  g)     Scien2fic  Nota2on    (g)     #  of  Significant  Figures    

0.0012  0.00102    0.00120  1.200  12.00  1200  1200  

 1.2  x  10  -­‐3    2  1.02  x  10  -­‐3  

1.20  x  10  -­‐3  

1.200  x  10  0  

1.200  x  10  1  

1.2  x  10  3  

 3  3  4  4  2  

3  1.20  x  10  3  

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Significant  Figures  in  Calcula1ons      1.    In  addi2on  and  subtrac2on,  your  answer  should  have  

the  same  number  of  decimal  places  as  the  measurement  with  the  least  number  of  decimal  places.    

   Example:    12.734mL  -­‐  3.0mL  =  __________      

   Solu1on:  12.734mL  has  3  figures  past  the  decimal  point.  3.0mL  has  only  1  figure  past  the  decimal  point.    Therefore  your  final  answer  should  be  rounded  off  to  one  figure  past  the  decimal  point.          12.734mL        -­‐  3.0mL  

             9.734  -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐à    9.7mL  

 

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Adding  with  Significant  Digits  

•  E.g.  a)  13.64  +  0.075  +  67        b)  267.8  –  9.36  

13.64 0.075

67. 80.715 81

267.8 9.36

258.44 •  Try  ques1on  B  on  the  handout  

– + +

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B)  Answers  

83.14  

i)  83.25  0.1075  –  

4.02  

4.02  0.001  +  

ii)  

1.82  

0.2983  1.52  +  

iii)  

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Mul1plying  with  Significant  Digits    2.    In  mul2plica2on  and  division,  your  answer  should  have  

 the  same  number  of  significant  figures  as  the  least    precise  measurement  (or  the  measurement  with  the    fewest  number  of  SF).  

Examples:    a.  61cm  x  0.00745cm  =    0.45445  =              =    2SF                    3SF              2SF  

 b.  608.3m  x  3.45m  =  2098.635  =            4SF                            3SF                  3SF    

c.  4.8  g      ÷    392g    =  0.012245  =      2SF                    3SF                  2SF  

•  Try  ques1on  C  and  D  on  the  handout  (recall:  for  long  ques1ons,  don’t  round  un1l  the  end)  

 

0.45cm2  

2.10  x  103    m2    

0.012  or  1.2  x  10  –  2    

4.5  x  10-­‐1  cm2    

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C), D) Answers i) 7.255 ÷ 81.334 = 0.08920 ii) 1.142 x 0.002 = 0.002 iii) 31.22 x 9.8 = 3.1 x 102 (or 310 or 305.956) i) 6.12 x 3.734 + 16.1 ÷ 2.3

22.85208 + 7.0 = 29.9 ii) 0.0030 + 0.02 = 0.02

135700 =1.36 x105

1700 134000 +

iii) iv) 33.4

112.7 + 0.032 +

146.132 ÷ 6.487 = 22.5268 = 22.53

Note: 146.1 ÷ 6.487 = 22.522 = 22.52

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Calcula1ons  &  Significant Digits    In  mul1ple  step  problems  if  addi1on  or  subtrac1on  AND  mul1plica1on  or  division  is  used  the  rules  for  rounding  are  based  off  of  mul1plica1on  and  division  (it  “trumps” the  addi1on  and  subtrac1on  rules).    There  is  no  uncertainty  in  a  conversion  factor;  therefore  they  do  not  affect  the  degree  of  certainty  of  your  answer.    The  answer  should  have  the  same  number  of  SF  as  the  ini2al  value.  

a.    Convert  25  meters  to  millimeters.        b.    Convert  0.12L  to  mL.    

?mm→  25  m    X        1000  mm    =        25  000  mm              1                        1  m                        2SF                  

?mL→  0.12L    X        1000  m  =        120  mL              1                        1  L      2SF  

 

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Unit  conversions  &  Significant  Digits  •  Some1mes  it  is  more  convenient  to  express  a  value  in  different  units.  

•  When  units  change,  basically  the  number  of  significant  digits  does  not.  

E.g.    1.23  m  =  123  cm  =  1230  mm  =  0.00123  km  •  No1ce  that  these  all  have  3  significant  digits  •  This  should  make  sense  mathema1cally  since  you  are  mul1plying  or  dividing  by  a  term  that  has  an  infinite  number  of  significant  digits.    

conversion  factors=  infinite  #  of  sig.  digits    E.g.    123  cm  x  10  mm  /  cm  =  1230  mm  •  Try  ques1on  E  on  the  handout  

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E)  Answers  

•  A  shocking  number  of  pa1ents  die  every  year  in  United  States  hospitals  as  the  result  of  medica1on  errors,  and  many  more  are  harmed.  One  widely  cited  es1mate  (Ins1tute  of  Medicine,  2000)  places  the  toll  at  44,000  to  98,000  deaths,  making  death  by  medica1on  "misadventure"  greater  than  all  highway  accidents,  breast  cancer,  or  AIDS.  If  this  es1mate  is  in  the  ballpark,  then  nurses  (and  pa1ents)  beware:  Medica1on  errors  are  the  forth  to  sixth  leading  cause  of  death  in  America.  

i) 1.0  cm  =  0.010  m  

ii) 0.0390  kg  =  39.0  g  

iii) 1.7  m  =  1700  mm      or      1.7  x  103  mm  

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RACE  FOR  KNOWLEDGE  

In  your  groups,  designate  one  person  as  the”  runner”.  You  are  to  work  through  the  sheet  in  order.  You  may  not  answer  any  other  ques1ons  un1l  the  previous  one  had  been  approved.  Work  together  to  come  to  an  agreement  on  the  correct  answer.    

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RACE  FOR  KNOWLEDGE  

1.  Write  correct  answer  to  ques1on  #  1  in  the  column  to  the  right.    2.  Have  the  “  runner  fast  walk(  no  running)  the  paper  up  to  the  teacher  for  confirma1on.    3.  If  correct,  bring  your  paper  back  to  your  group  and  determine  the  answer  to  #  2.    4.  If  incorrect,  you  must  go  back  to  your  group,  correct  the  answer  and  bring  it  up  again  for  confirma1on  before  moving  on.    5.  The  first  group  to  correct  complete  sheet  wins.