luminary 5of3

8/6/2019 Luminary 5of3

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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 11111

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Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 101 0101 010

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e t z ud k tHwk pHjyKvd kolrd k@ jyefvrf;r&S datmif wd kufyG JawG0ifcGyfa'gif;tvHawGud k ezl;rS mpnf;

rd k;vH k;avvH k;jynf h tiftm;awGoH k;a'gormef[kefawGeJ@ tom;ukefatmf

olrwlatmifyif awG@bl;w,f jrifbl;w,f --- ?

vl@obm0 a&=unf&mjrufEk&m&S mazG pm;aomuf aexd kif=u&ayrJ h'Drd kua&pDud k brf;jy wrf;wvd k@

rdom;pkyg ta&mufac: cJ h=uayrJ hckrsm;rawmh [efjyav;awmif o&kyfraz:

t[kwfud k aeEd kif=uolawGud kvJyJawG@bl;w,f }uHKbl;w,f --- ?

jrifcsif awG hcsif &Sdapcsif




13

wcsdK@=ujyefawmhvJ ud k,fwd kifrD;ravmif tm;vJray;a0;a0;rS m at;at;omomae&if ajymp&mr&S d

reD;ra0;rS mom&S d ab;xd kif bd kifus bkajymtifwmeufay:wuf waeukefwaecef;a&;vJa&; ajymvJ ajymEd kif=uolawGud kvJ

rjywfwrf;ud k awG@bl;w,f jrifbl;w,f --- ?

'Drd kua&pDEd kifiHa&muf usaemfwd k@wawGvd kjynfwGif;u ESpf&Snfvrsm; tusOf;uscHae&olawG

jynfwGif;u pm;&rJ@ aomuf&rJ h jynfolawGrajym&J rqd k&J rvkyf&J rud kif&J jzpfae&wJ holawG

tm;vH k; tm;vH k;ud k 'Drd kua&pD&&S dapzd k@ jynfyu usaemfwd k@wawGu yd k+yD;vkyfjy=uzd k@ ajymzl;w,f qd kzl;w,f --- ?

ud k,f hwd kif;jynf 'Drd kua&pD &&S dzd k@ &&S dvmcJ h&ifvJ qufvufxdrf;odrf; Ed kif=uzd k@

vkyfcsifpdwfawG &S dae=uw,fqd k&if jzif hvkyfp&mawGrS wyH kwyif}uD;

ta0;a&mufa&muf teD;rS myJ aeaevkyfcsif&if vkyfvd k@&Ed kifw,fqd kwm odzl; =um;zl;=uygw,f --- ?

ud k,fwd kifyg0if rv_yf&S m;Ed kif&if awmifrSwuf=uGpG m v_yf&S m;ae=uolawGud k tm;ay;

wefbd k;u rao;aybl;ayg@ wcgu awG@bl; jrifbl; }uHKbl;cJ hovd krsdK;jyefjrifcsif awG@csif &S dapcsif ygao;&J@ vd k@

'Drd kua&pD (&jzL*sD ) bufawmfom; taygif;wd k@ &,f --- ?

zd k;oH kn ( bmbmuaz; ) arv (1) &uf 2011




4

w&m;r0if &_wfaxG;wJ h tjzpftysufrsm;ubk&m;ocifud kawmif wkyfauG;jzpf+yD; zsm;apEd kifw,/f

tckwu,f+iD;xG m;&wJ h taumuf}uH tqd k;jriftysufrsm;u

xkxnf}uD;rm;cJ h azmufjyefr_xJ wd k;0ifcJ cufom;vm;uG,f --- ?

um;ysufrsm;u wHwm;ysufawGud kta0;uae pdrf hpdrf h}uD; pd kuf=unf haecsdef

Ad kif;vf&yfpfyd k;awGu AD Gtd kifyD (VIP)

a&S@qH k;wef;rS m ud k,f hud k,fud k trdef@ay;+yD; rdef@rdef@}uD;xd kifaew,f --- ?

pm&if;Z,m;twkawGud kowif;trS m;rsm;eJ@a&mar$ azmufvkyfxm;wJ h yef;wd kif

zrf;qkyfud kifvd k@r&wJ h &nf&G,fcsufrsm; ,drf;,d kiftrsdK;*k%fawG ud k,fusdK;eJ vrf;vG Jaew,f/

tqd k;tykwfawG usqif;zd k@ uH=urR mud k 0rf;E_wf&OD;r,f --- ?

aemufusdaewJ h a&jyifrS mt&dyf rxifovd krsdK;

tem*gwfaysmufud k&S m&if;rsdK;qufawG zdeyfaygufukef+yD --- ?

rdbeJ@om;orD;awG jyefvnfawG@qH kcGif hray;yJ

aouG J&SifuG Jjzpfatmifvkyfwmbk&m;ocifvm; ---?

ppftm%m&Sifvm; ---?

ra&&mjcif;ud k taotcsm pOf;pm;aew,f --- ?

+zD;zsef;xm;wJ h wrmvd kcg;cg; pum;vH k;awGuacgif;zD;rxm;wJ h trSefw&m;vd k aoaooyfoyfr&S d

jzLpifwJ h i,fb0ud k jyefr&Ed kifayrJ hi,fpOfu &d k;om;jcif;awG jyefvnfwl;az: awG@&S dEd kifa=umif;

aocgeD;azgufjyefolrsm;tm; owif;aumif;yg;vd kufygw,f --- ?

acgif;zD;rxm;wJ htrSefw&m;rsm;

atmifcdkifjrifh




15

umwGef;rsm;




6

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17

tarpk twGuf arG hae hqkrGef2011 / ZGefv / 19 &ufae hwGif usa&mufaom 66 ESpfajrmuf arG;ae hrSonf

tarpk - aumif;aom usef;rmjcif;ESif hjynf hpH kygap//tarpk - aumif;aom csrf;omjcif;ESif hjynf hpH kygap//tarpk - aumif;aom touf&Snfjcif;ESif h jynf hpH kygap//

tvif;tdrf &Jabmf / &Jarrsm;

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jrif;&d kif;ud k'kef;pd kif;atmif

ordkif;oifay;ol?

jrpfwd kif;ud kvd SKif;cwfatmif

tem*wfoifay;ol?

yef;wd kif;ud ka=uG&Jatmif

tvSoifay;ol?

rkefwd kif;ud k,Ofaus;atmiftuoifay;ol?

zD;epfiSufwdk haMuuGJcsdef

atmifa0;ar 12 / 2011

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vrf;wd kif;ud k“,iftef;”a&mufatmif

cif;cJhol?

²²² ²²² ²²² ol?²²² ²²²² ²²² ol?

²²² ²²² ²²² ol?rD;awmufrD;vS sHawG=um;rS musaemfwd k@ ysHoef;zdk@

oHr%dtawmifyHawGxm;&pf+yD? ?

(ar 11-2011 ae hu/&efukef+rdK hwGif uG,fvGefcJ haom/q&mewfEG,fod k h)




19

vGefqefEd kifjcif; r&S daom aojcif;w&m;u tpd k;;r&pG mjzif h ESpfOD;wefcl;avESif htwl

olwd k@ ESpfOD;ud k ac:aqmifoG m;=uav+yD h h h aojcif;. aemufod k hwaumufaumufygatmifvd kufoG m; wmrsm; wm;qD;xm;vd kufzd k h [ef hwm;xm;vd kufzd k h rnfod k haom olu pGrf;aqmifEdkifrnfenf;/ tJhwma=umif h jrwfAk'<u aojcif;w&m;udk rarhravsmhzd k h oGefoifqHk;rcJhjcif;yifjzpfonf//

“““““b0ZmwfpH k u}udK;pH kI uHukefrd k;csKyf okwfokwfapmv#if c&D;ESifonf wd k hrsm; {nf honfygwum;“““““vd k h rif;uGef;q&mawmfbk&m;}uD;u oHa0* vuF mjzif h qH k;rawmfrlonf// tckawmhtJonf h {nf honf}uD; ESpfOD; pvH k; a&S hqif h aemufqif h vl havmu vl habmifrS t+yD;wd kif xGufcG g

oG m;=u av+yD // q&myg&*l ESif h q&mewfEG,f wd k hyifjzpfonf// jrefrmhpmayavmu. txifu& yk*~ dKvf}uD;rsm;qH k;&_ H; r_u pmaycspfcifjrwfEd k;olwd kif;ud k woo jzpfaponf h tjzpfrsdK;//

vlxktusdK;jyK pmayajrmufrsm;pG mud k uavmifrsdK;pH kjzif h pmtkyfaygif;ajrmufrsm;pG mud ka&;oG m;cJ h=uonf// q&mAefarmfwifatmif ajymcJ hwJ h vlwa,muf&J hwefzd k; qd kwm“““““oljzwfoef;aewJh acwf}uD;uay;wJh wm0efudk b,favmuftxdxrf;aqmifoGm;w,fqdkwmeJ hwd kif;wm&r,f “““““wJ h //

a=omf q&m hh h&,f // wefzd k;qd kwmuvJ wef;zd k;em;vnfwJ hol / wefzd k;ud k wefzd k;rSef;od

wJ h olawGtwGufawmh wefzd k;aygh // tckvd k acwfqd k; acwfysuf}uD;xJrS m pmaywefzd k; / vlwefzd k;qd kwm aoewfajymif;0u xGufwJ h usnfcG Havmufawmifwefzd k;rxm;wwfwJ h vlawG twGufawmh “““““a&$zvm;eJ h rd k;cg;a& “““““jzpfawmh raygh// 'gayr,f h q&m'*kefwm&m uawmh “““““rkef;olr&S dcspfolom&S dwJ h“/“/“/“/“// “““““Ed kifiHa&;vkyfw,fqd kwm &efolud k rdwfaqGjzpfatmifvkyfwmwJ h“““““// vlxkud krsufES mrlwJ h pma&;q&mtvkyf[m wu,fawmh Ed kifiHa&;tvkyfyJaygh //

jynfolcspfwJ h tEkynmorm;awG uG,fvGefawmh wd kif;jynftwGuf epfemr_wckvd k h qd k+yD;

usaemfwd k htm;vH k; pdwfraumif;jzpf=u&+yD // wjznf;jznf;eJ h wjzKwfjzKwfa=uGoG m;vd kuf=uwmEk&mu&if h / &if h&mu rSnf h / rSnf h&mu a=uG qd kovd k ocF g&w&m;ud k ausauseyfeyfvufcHvd kuf=uyH krsm;ajymygw,f h h h b0rSmvkyfcsifwmud kvJ vkyfcJh+yD;+yD // vkyfoif hwmawGud kvnf;vkyfoG m;=u+yD ykcH k;ajymif; vufajymif;,l&rJ h rsdK;quf awGtwGuf q&mwd k hwm0efausyGefcJ hav+yD

q&mwd k h&J h pmay / q&mwd k h&J hvH k;v / q&mwd k h&J h tm;xkwfr_awG twGuf b,ftm%m&SifurS todrSwfjyKonfjzpfap / rjyKonfjzpfap wd kif;jynfu todtrSwfjyK+yD;om;yg // pmayavmuwGif rSwfwd kif / rSwfausmufrsm;tjzpf wifusefaecJ hrnfom jzpfonf// rysufpD; / raysmuf

ysufatmifxdef;odrf;&rnfrSm usaemfwdk h pmayavmuom;awG&J hwm0efyJr[kwfygvm;//“““““aumif;&m ok*wd“““““qd kwm twWvGefuJwJ h vl,kwfrmawGeJ h rtyfpyfovd k q&mwd k htwGufawmif;p&mrvd kwJ h qkjzpfw,f vd k hcH,l&if; aemufqH k;*g&0jyKvd kufygonf//

rif;rif;odef;

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uavmiftrnfcGJrsm;armifjrih faemif/ uavmifopf/ eDeD/ armifwifat;/ rkvm'if/ at;eD/ jrih fauoD/ vSjrih f/ ausmufwk dif/rk d;aZmf[def;/ ysHv$ m;/ rSefajymif;opf/ pdeftk d;pnf/ bG J@jzL/ aumif;jrwf/ Zifaomif;/ a¶$pif/ rif;&mausmf/ rvdc(rif;ausmfESih fwG Jvsuf) aumvd,?

ukd,fa&;jzpfpOfpma&;q&m ewfEG,fud k tb OD;b0rf;/ trd a':apmvHkwd k@rS 1933 ck ESpf azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae@wGifjrpf}uD;em;+rdKŒ Y arG;zGm;cJ honf? trnf&if; vSjrif h jzpf+yD; i,fpOfu jrpf}uD;em;+rdKŒ apmif;zef;txufwef;ausmif;/ rEœav;+rdKŒ Ak'<omo emhEk*~[ txufwef;ausmif;ESih f &efukefwuUok dvfwk d@wGifynmoif=um;cJ honf?pk Haxmufr*~Zif; t,f'Dwm/ t,f'DwmcsKyf/ vS sKdŒ0Sufonf;zk dr*~Zif;wGif wm0efcHt,f'Dwm/ trsKd;om;owif;pmwGif bmomjyeft,f'Dwm/ rk d;a0r*~Zif;wGif t,f'DwmcsKyfESih f EG,feDr*~Zif; t,f'DwmcsKyf tjzpfvkyfud kifcJ honf?1950 jynh fESpf/ ZGefv (28) &ufae@xkwf [Hom0wDowif;pm r*~Zif;u¾wGif ‘ausmif;olr’ uAsmjzih fpmayavmuok d@ a&mufcJ honf? r*~Zif;/ *sme,frsm;wGif aqmif;yg;/ 0wK/ a0zefpmESih f bmomjyefrsm;tajrmuftjrm; a&;cJ h+yD; vk H;csif;0wKESih f bmomjyef vk H;csif;0wKrsm;vnf; (100) ausmf a&;om;cJ h onf?‘rk d;aZmf[def;’ trnfjzih fvnf; bmomjyef vk H;csif;0wKrsm; a&;om;cJhonf? rif;ausmfESih fwG J+yD; ‘rvdc’

uavmiftrnfjzih f jrefrm0wKt!$ef;rsm; a&;om;cJ honf?a&;om;jyKpk xkwfa0cJ haom pmtkyfrsm;

1² u kaÉ ukÉm odef;oef; wefawmhw,f - 1997 ckESpf2² ukok dvfwyJ i&Jwydom - 1969 ckESpf3² auo&mZm - 1974 ckESpf4² urB mywfvnf &uf&Spfq,f - 1960 ckESpf (Round The World in Eighty Days)

5² urB majrtES@H - 1961 ckESpf

6² urB m&ef - 1968 ckESpf7² urB mh0wKt!$ef; - 1996 ckESpf8² usGefrtouf oajycuf - 1974 ckESpf9² usm;rsufvk H;eJ@ a=umifrsufES m - 1975 ckESpf

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uG,fvGefol q&mewfEG,f

1933=2011trSwfw& b0pmrsufESmrsm;




21

10² ausmfaZ,sESih f oHuGefcsm ckepfxyf - 1975 ckESpf11² ausmufbDvl; - 1964 ckESpf12² cspfolESih f wc%/ rkef;olESih f wb0 - 1973 ckESpf13² cspfol&S daom+rdKŒ - 1960 jynh fESpf14² cspfaoma=umih f - 1956 ckESpf15² *gr%d - 1978 ckESpf16² jirf; - 1978 ckESpf17² aiGvuk djrif =u,fpifr[kwfbl; - 1978 ckESpf18² pdwfxJrS m wurBm - 1974 ckESpf19² pdefac:yG J - 1987 ckESpf20² aZmfrk d;[def;ESih f eef;oufrGef ausmuf¶kyf - 1981 ckESpf21² aZmfrk d;[def;ESih f odef;av;q,f rm,m - 1982 ckESpf

22² Zmwfortv,f - 1961 ckESpf23² naps;wef;tp - 1961 ckESpf24² nDtpfrrsm;ESihf vlpdrf;rsm; - 1982 ckESpf25² wauG@awmh awG@=uOD;rnf - 1966 ckESpf26² wck difeef;rk d@ vGrf;vJh&nf - 1978 ckESpf27² wq,f (10) (ewfEG,f/ rkd;a0) - 1964 ckESpf28² wae@r[kwf wae@ - 1965 ckESpf

29² wyifuk d ESpfyif,Sufw,f - 1974 ckESpf30² wrifoufouf - 1961 ckESpf31² w0Jvnfvnf - 1961 ckESpf32² wuUok dvfESih f jyifyurB m - 1967 ckESpf33² wzefjyefI rEk d;aom a0'em (Coma) - 1983 ckESpf34² wa,mufu rm,m - 1973 ckESpf35² wdwfwqdwf - 1961 ckESpf

36² wdrfpG,frS m uG,faomae - 1981 ckESpf37² 'ufZ,fvm - 1987 ckESpf38² '¾m&D - 1978 ckESpf39² aeuef@vef@um vy0g - 1975 ckESpf40² aemufqkH;wae@ aemufqk H;urB m - 1976 ckESpf41² eEN0efok d@tjyef - 1972 ckESpf42² eef;pHy,fESih f wa,muf+yD;wa,muf - 1972 ckESpf43² eef;oufrGefESih f rsufES mpdrf;rsm; - 1973 ckESpf44² EG J@0g - 1976 ckESpf45² ESraxG;r,h fuk d vk dvS sif - 1961 ckESpf46² ESpf}uD;orm; - 1957 ckESpf

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2

47² EG,feDEk difiHwum tbd"mef - 1994 ckESpf48² EG,feDtm&S ESpfcsKyf (1994) - 1994 ckESpf49² EG,feDtm&S ESpfcsKyf (1995) - 1995 ckESpf50² aygufyifupdrf; aus;updrf; - 1979 ckESpf51² yOPrHtonf; yOPvuftjyHK; - 1979 ckESpf52² yk¾u - 1980 jynh fESpf53² jymjymndKa&mif r_ dif;vJ hvJ h - 1975 ckESpf54² b0[lonf (My Life) - 1991 ckESpf55² b,f,drf;nmEG J@ b,fjyefEG J@ - 1977 ckESpf56² ruG,faomae@u a=uGaomyef; - 1984 ckESpf57² rae@wae@u ¶G mwJ hrk d;58² r+yD;qk H;ao;aomn - 1975 ckESpf

59² roEœ m rodyg - 1973 ckESpf60² rD;ck d;rqk H; rk d;rqk H; - 1967 ckESpf61² rk d;njzLjzL - 1962 ckESpf62² rk d;xJavxJ - 1954 ckESpf63² rk d;jzLrpJ rk d;rnf;r¶G m - 1979 ckESpf64² rk d;rS mpae avrS m&m[k - 1975 ckESpf65² armifESihfomtwl - 1961 ckESpf

66² armifESih fomtwl urBmajrtES H@ - 1973 ckESpf67² rsuf0g;xifxif - 1956 ckESpf68² rkef;yifatmufrS m cspfol&S m - 1976 ckESpf69² rsufawmifaumheJ@ rsufxm;ndK - 1972 ckESpf70² rsufES mrS mtjyHK; rsufvk H;rS m a'go - 1973 ckESpf71² jroZif - 1966 ckESpf72² ajratmufoZif - 1959 ckESpf

73² jrefrmjynfajrmufyk dif; (twG J - 1) - 1966 ckESpf74² jrefrmjynfajrmufykdif; (twG J - 2) - 1967 ckESpf75² r_cif;pk Haxmuf ukd,fawG@rSwfwrf; (Diary) - 1962 ckESpf76² ,kZermvm - 1980 jynh fESpf77² &wemvk d%f*l - 1960 jynh fESpf78² &mrn - 1978 ckESpf79² a&mru rdef;rysuf (Woman of Rome) - 1964 ckESpf80² &efolw&m rdwfaqGwa,muf - 1973 ckESpf81² &SufpzG,f (Shame) - 1961 ckESpf82² a¶$ESih f,k d;rS m; yef;pum; - 1970 jynh fESpf83² a¶$zvm;ESih f rk d;cg;a& - 1961 ckESpf

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23

84² vuG,fae@n - 1968 ckESpf85² avupm; =uG m;wvlvla0 - 1977 ckESpf86² vif;t¶k%fOD; - 1985 ckESpf87² 0uFyg - 1963 ckESpf

88² oDwmckepfwef awmifpOfckepfxyf - 1972 ckESpf89² opfwkH;rSefvS sif qefvdrh frnf - 1982 ckESpf90² onfacwfESihf onfarmifESrrsm; - 1972 ckESpf91² onfawmifwef;rS m armifxrf;ac:yghr,f - 1983 ckESpf92² oEœ muGsef; (Coral Island) - 1960 jynhfESpf93² od*ôw0uf a¶$w0uf - 1974 ckESpf94² ok H;ESpfok H;rk d; (Three Years) - 1990 jynh fESpf95² tauG@waxmif

96² tcspfavSavmif;eJ@ acwfa&pD;a=umif; qefwufr,f (y-wG J) - 1989 ckESpf97² tcspfavSavmif;eJ@ acwfa&pD;a=umif; qefwufr,f ('k-wG J) - 1989 ckESpf98² teD;ta0; tedrh ftjrih f - 1965 ckESpf99² taemufrk d;ukyfpuf0k dif; - 1960 jynh fESpf100² tysHoifp - 1960 jynh fESpf101² tjym - 1956 ckESpf102² tjymESih f t0g - 1971 ckESpf

103² tjym t0g - 1967 ckESpf104² tjyifrS maiGv &ifxJrS m aeq,fpif; - 1983 ckESpf105² tjzLa&mif opP myef;wyGihf (yxrwG J) - 1988 ckESpf106² tjzLa&mif opP myef;wyGih f ('kwd,wG J) - 1988 ckESpf107² trsm;ESih fwa,muf (Fever) - 1983 ckESpf108² t0g - 1960 jynhfESpf109² t&dyfok H;yg; em;rvnf -1980 jynh fESpf

110² t¶kyfe*g; t¶kyfusm; - 1974 ckESpf111² ta&SŒpl;pl; taemuf,Gef;,Gef; - 1969 ckESpf112² ta&SŒrk d;aumif;uif trSwf (1) - 1965 ckESpf (Baltic Skies)

113² ta&SŒrk d;aumif;uif trSwf (2) - 1965 ckESpf (Baltic Skies)

114² tvnfvmwJ h rdef;uav;&,f - 1974 ckESpf115² tvGrf;. tvGrf; - 1981 ckESpf116² tÀm0gjyifrS m xifaomv - 1981 ckESpf

117² ÁENmeDvm oEœmykvJ - 1977 ckESpf118² tk H;tk H;usGufusGuf - 1965 ckESpf119² wHcGefwk dif armifESrrsm; - 1972 ckESpf

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(jrefrmtGefvd kif;pG,fpH kusrf;rS ²²²)




4

tydkif; (7)tydkif; (7)tydkif; (7)tydkif; (7)tydkif; (7)

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v$rf;rd k;aeygw,f?jrefrmEd kifiHrS mvnf; tm%m&Sifpepf oufqd k;&Snfaewm ESpfaygif;rsm;pG m =um+yD jzpfwJ@twGuf

tm%mud k uk d;uG,fwJ@ "av@awG t=uD;tus,f xGef;um;aeygw,f? tm%mud k ud k;uG,f&mrS m Ed kifiHa&;

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tm%m&SifpepfpD;yGm;a&; vlrS_a&; t& ouf&S dxif&S m; tm%m&Sifwyg;yg;ud k qnf;uyf&H krubJ bmoma&;t&ygtm%m&SifqefwJ@ t&mawGud k ud k;uG,fvmygw,f? wefcd k;&S dw,fqd kwJ@ bdk;awmfawG r,fawmfawG"mwfawG ewfawGtay: ud k;uG,fqnf;uyfvmjcif;ud k qd kvd kwmyg? 'Dvd k wefcd k f;&S dwJ@ t&mawGu Ed kifiHa&;

tm%m&Sifwyg;vd k ud k,f@ud k apmifr =unh f&S _vdrf@r,fvd k@ ,H k=unfarS smfrSef;aewwfygw,f?wefc d k f ;qd kwm tm%myH kp HwrsK d; jzpfygw,f? vltrsm; ,k H =unfud k;uG,faewJ@

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25

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awmfvSefa&; rwdkifrD Zmbk&iftkyfpd k;cJ@wJ@ &k&Sjynf jzpfygw,f? Zmbk&if rdom;pk[m bkef;}uD;&l;vdk@emrnf}uD;wJ@ bd k;awmf &yfpjyLwi f (Rusputin) ud k ud k;uG,f+yD; olwd k@&JŒ yk k*~vdu udpPrsm;twGufomruEd kifiHtwGufyg t}uHOm%f awmif;cHcJ@ygw,f? &yfpjyLwif[m Zmbk&if rdom;pktwGuf ya&m[dwf jzpfvmwmeJ@trSs Zmbk&ifacwf &k&S m;Ed k fifiH H}uD; usqH k;cef;twGuf rD;avmif&m avyif@ay; vm ygw,f?eef;wGif;olawGeJ@ &S _yf&k Hru eef;wGif;a&;awGrS mvnf; 0if&S _yfcJ@wJ@ bd k;awmf&yfpjyLwif [m aemufqH k;awm@towfcH &yg w,f? wefcd k;&Sif bd k;awmfud k ud k;uG,fcJ@wJ@ Zmbk&if rdom;pkvnf; jyKwfusoG m;ygw,f?&k&Sjynf}uD;vnf; tm%m&SifpepfatmufrS m ESpfaygif;rsm;pG m tvl;vl; tvS drf@vS drf@ qufvuf cHpm;aecJ@&ygw,f?

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ud k;uG,frS _ awG[m emrnftrsKd;rsKd;eJ@ rS _ dvd kaygufaeygw,f? "mwfq&mawG ewfq&mawG euQwf q&mawGaA'if,=wm q&mawG 0dZ… mawG aZmf*sDawG t=um;tjrifaygufolawG vufnSKd;xd k; rvG Jatmif aygrsm; aeygw,f? "mwfawG ewfawG ta=umif; a&;om;xm;wJ@ pmayawG[mvnf; vl=udKuf trsm;qH k; pmay jzpfaeygw,f? jynfolvlxkud k vGwfajrmuf&mvrf;eJ@ a0;onfxufa0;atmif onfpmay awG u vrf;rS m;yd k@aew,fvd k@yif ajymEd kifygw,f? onfpmayrsKd;awGu zwfolud k cGeftm;ay;rS m r[kwfygbl;? ud k,f@ajcaxmufay: rm;rm;&yfvmEd kifatmif/ vufoD;ud kqkyf+yD; vuf&H k; vufarmif; qef@wef;vmEd kif atmif cGeftm;ay;wJ@ pmayrsKd;r[kwfygbl;? 'l;wkyf+yD; vuf0g;jzef@vmatmif pdwf"mwfcsKd;ES drfypfr,f@ pmayrsKd; awGom jzpfygw,f?

wdkif;jynfudk twif;vk,l+yD; t"rRtkyfpdk;aewJ@ tm%m&SifawGuvnf; bdk;awmfawGr,fawmfawGem; qnf;uyfae=u+yD; tm%m&Sifpepf wnf+rJa&;twGuft}uHOm%fawG awmif;cHae=uygw,f?qd k&S,fvpf acwf&JŒ tm%m&Sif OD;ae0if;u tp etzacwf&JŒ tm%m&Sif Ad kvfcsLyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$ tqH k;"mwfq&m ewfq&m bd k;awmfr,fawmfawGqDu t}uHOm%fawG awmif;cH+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHudk trsKd;rsKd;




6

'kuQay; cJ@yg w,f? aiGpuUL zsufodrf;cJ@wmawG/ tpd k;&&H k;pd kuf&ma'oudk aejynfawmf trnfwyf+yD;ysOf;rem;buf a&$Œajymif;cJ hwmawG[m 'D"mwfq&m ewfq&mawG&JŒ t}uHay;csufrsm;eJ@ ruif;ygbl;?

Ak'<bmomqd kwmu 'Dvd k bd k;awmfr,fawmfud k;uG,frS _awGeJ@ vH k;0 qef@usifbuf jzpfygw,f?Ak'<bmom[m tm%mud k ud k;uG,fwJ@ bmomrsKd; r[kwfygbl;? wefcd fk;ud k ?;xdyfwifwJ@ bmom rsKd;

r[kwfygbl;? tusif@pm&dwWud k ud k;uG,fwJ@ bmom jzpfygw,f? oDv orm"d ynmud k ud k;uG,fwJ@ bmomjzpfygw,f? Ak'<bmom&JŒ &nfrSef;csufyef;wd kifu wefcd k f;tm%m&atmif vkyf+yD; vlvlcsif; zdpD;tkyfcsKyfzd k@r[kwfygbl;? tusif@pm&dwWaumif;rGefcd kifrmatmifvkyf+yD; vlvlcsif; cspf=unfoif@jrwfpG m aygif;oif;qufqefzd k@om jzpfygw,f? Ak'<bmomeJ@ wefcd f k;tm%m&Sifqdkwm tajccH?;wnfcsuft& vH k;0jcm;em;ygw,f?

bd k;awmfr,fawmfud k;uG,faewJ@ol[m Ak'<bmom0if tjzpfuyif qH k;&S _ H k; oG m;ygw,f? Ak'<bmomjzpfw,fqd kwm taztar tbd k;tbG m;u Ak'<bmom0ifjzpfvd k@ tvd kvd kjzpfwm r[kwfygbl;? Ak'<bmom0if

jzpfzdk@twGuf o&%*H koH k;yg; wnf&ygw,f? rdrdudk,fwdkif&JŒ todynm tm;jzif@om Ak'<bmom0ifjzpf&wmyg? o&%*H koH k;yg;qd kwm Ak'<bmom0if wa,muftaeeJ@ ud k;uG,fqnf;uyf&r,f@t&m oH k;ckyg?ygVdbmomtm;jzih f Ak'< "rR oHC vd k@ac:ygw,f? jrefrmpum;eJ@ tvG,fajym&&if bk&m; w&m; oHCmjzpfygw,f? o&%*Hk oH k;yg;rS m "rRqd kwJ@ w&m;u t"du usygw,f? 'Dw&m;ud k &S mazGawGŒ&S dwJ@ol[mAk'<bk&m;jzpf+yD; 'Dw&m;ud k qufvuf xdef;odrf;jzef@jzL;aeolawGu &[ef;oHCmrsm; jzpfygw,f?

Ak'<bmom0ifqd koltwGuf rdrd&JŒ b0vrf;n$eftjzpf 'Do&%*H koH k;yg;uvG J+yD; wjcm;r&S dygbl;?wjcm;qn;fuyfp&m &S daeao;&if o&%*H k ysufwm jzpfwJ@twGuf Ak'<bmomtjzpfrS tvd kvd k qH k;&S _ H k;oGm;ygw,f?Ak'<bmom0ifqd kol[m w&m;udk udk;uG,folyg? w&m;udkyJ ud k;uG,fr,fvdk@ oEMdÏmefcsxm;wJ@olyg? Ak'<bmom0ifawG ud k;uG,f&r,f@ Ak'<bk&m;uvnf; w&m;ud k &S mazGawGŒ&S da[m=um; oG m;oljzpfygw,f? wefcd k f;tm%mjywJ@ zefqif;&Sifbk&m;rsKd; r[kwfygbl;? wefcd k f;tm%meJ@ vlawGudku,fwifapmifrr,f@ olrsKd; r[kwfygbl;? Ak'<bmom0ifawG ud k;uG,f&r,f@ &[ef; oHCm[mvnf;w&m;ud k usif@}uHa[mn$ef aeolawG jzpfygw,f? wefcd k f;tm%maemufud k vd kufaewJ@olawG r[kwfygbl;?'ga=umif@ w&m;ud k ab;z,fxm;+yD; wefcd k;tm%mud k y"mexm;wJ@ bd k;awmfr,fawmf ud k;uG,frS _awGjyKvkyfaewJ@olawG[m Ak'<bmom0if r[kwfygbl;?

Ak'<bmom&JŒ ord kif;rS m wefcd k;tm%maemufud k vd kufoG m;wJ@twGuf qif;&J'kuQa&muf&olawG

&S dygw,f? OyrmjyK&&if a'0'wfeJ@ tZmwowfyg? a'0'wf[m Ak'< aemufud k vd kufw,fqd kayr,f@ w&m;ud ky"me rxm;bJ wefcdk;tm%mudk OD;xdyfxm;ol jzpfygw,f? wefcdk;awG trsKd;rsKd;&atmif =udK;pm;tm;xkwf+yD; Ak'<bmomeJ@ qef@usifwJ@ t,ltqawGud k a[majymygw,f? 'ga=umif@ Ak'< ud k,fwdkifuol@ud k oHCm twGif;rS xkwfy,fypfcJ@&ygw,f?

'gayrJ@ wefcd k;&S dol a'0'wf[m wefcd f k;jy+yD; tZmwowf&JŒ ya&m[dwfjzpfatmif vkyfEd kifcJ@ygw,f?tZmwowfuvnf; tm%m ief;ief;wufol jzpfwma=umif@ wefcd f k;jyEd kifol a'0'wfud k q&mwifcJ@&mrS maemufqH k; zcifud k owf+yD; tm%mvkwJ@txd rd kufrJcJ@ ygw,f? 'Dvd k }uD;rm;wJ@ trS m;t,Gif;awGud k

usL;vGefcJ@wJ@twGuf xD;eef;pnf;pdrfudk cHpm;ae&ygvsufeJ@ tdyfraysmf pm;r0ifjzpf+yD; tqif;&J}uD;qif;&JoG m;&wJ@ olyg?jrefrmEdkifiHu tm%m&Siftkyfpk wpkvHk;[mvnf; tusif@oDvxuf wefcdkf; tm%mudk

?;pm;ay;olrsm; jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umif@ Ak'<bmomeJ@ qef@usifwJ@ bdk;awmfr,fawmf "mwfq&m




27

ewfq&mawGud k ud k;uG,f qnf;uyfae=uygw,f? 'Dvd kvkyfjcif;[m jrwfAk'<ud k ausmcd kif;+yD; a'0'wfud kuk d;uG,faejcif;om jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umihftZmwowfrif;om;&JŒ qif;&JylyefrS _rsKd;udkyJ &&Sdae=uwmjzpfygw,f?Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmEd kifiHom;awGtaeeJ@ onfvd k tm%m&SifawG&JŒ aemufu twkvd kuf+yD;wefcd k;tm%m ud k;uG,frSKyJ vkyfaer,fqd k&if [pfwvmacwfu *smrefEd kifiHom;awGvd k /Zmbk&ifacwfu

&k&SEd kifiHom; awGvd k b0qd k;xJrS myJ w0Jvnfvnf jzpfae&vdrf@r,f? tyd kif; (8)tyd kif; (8)tyd kif; (8)tyd kif; (8)tyd kif; (8)Ak'<bmomrS m qnf;uyfp&m oH k;yg;qd kwJ@ o&%oH k;yg; &S dygw,f? bk&m; w&m; oHCmyg?

'DoH k;yg;xJrS m t"dur¾dKifu w&m;jzpfygw,f? w&m;ud k ta=umif;jyK+yD; bk&m;eJ@ oHCmay:vm&wmjzpfvd k@yg? w&m;ud k pwifawGŒ&S d a[majymolu bk&m;bG JŒxl;ud k &ygw,f? w&m;ud k jzef@csDa[m=um;olawGuoHCmawG jzpfygw,f?

w&m;udk pwifawGŒ&S da[mn$efcJ@wJ@ bk&m;u vGefcJ@wJ@ESpfaygif; 2500 ausmfu

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wu,fvd k@om jrefrmEd kifiHom;rsm;[m Ak'<bmom0ifwd k@&JŒ &nfrSef;csufyef;wd kifud k a&muf+yD;

w&m;&S dol w&m;odolawG jzpfvm=u&ifjzif@ tm%m&Sifpepfqd kwm[m aevmESif;aysmuf qd kovd k csKyf+idrf;aysmufuG,f oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? w&m;odol w&m;&Sdolrsm;taeeJ@ ta=umuftruf avsm@yg;aysmufuG,foG m;+yD jzpfwJ@twGufta=umuftrufeJ@ oufqd k;&SnfaewJ@ tm%m&Sifpepf[m avmifpmr&S dwJ@rD;vd k c%rqd kif; +idrf;aysmufoG m;rS m jzpfygw,f?

,cktcsde fr Smawm@ tm%m&SifawG&JŒ xifovdkcs,fvS,faerS _ud k jrefrmEd ki fi Hom;Ak'<bmom0ifawG rcsdrqef@cHaeqJ jzpfygw,f? tm%m&Sifpepfu tvGeftm;aumif;aeqJ jzpf+yD; w&m;eJ@rw&m;rS m rw&m;u tEd kif&aeqJyg? tm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ atmufrS m Ak'<bmom[m ckwH k;vkyfcHae&qJ

wvG JtoHk;cscHae&qJyg?ppftm%m&Sifpepfu Ak'<bmomudk xifovd ktoH k;csaeEdkifwJh tajctaeuppftm%m&Sif pepf&JŒ acgif;aqmif ppfAd kvfcsKyfrsm;u Ak'<bmom&JŒ vrf;jya&SŒaqmif &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ txufrS m &S daewmud k &nfn$ef;jyoaewmygyJ?Ak'<bmomu tm%m&Sifpepfatmuf a&mufaewJ@udpPrSm Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmEdkifiHom;awG&Jh b0a&SŒaqmifrsm;jzpf=uwJ@ oHCmawmfrsm;rSmvnf;wm0ef&S dw,fvd k@ ajym&ygvdrf@r,f?

yxrqHk;tcsuftaeeJ@ajym&&if Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmEdkifiHom;awGtaeeJ@ oHCm&JŒvrf;n$efrS _twd kif; vd kufemzd k@ tqifoif@&S daeygvsufeJ@ oHCmu rSefuefwJ@ vrf;n$efrS _ud k ray;wJ@tcsuf

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8

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acgif;aqmif tcsdKŒqDuawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ a&G;aumufcHtpkd;&tzGJ@wdk@&JŒ vlenf;pkvlrsdK;awGqDuae xGufay:vmr,f h jyif;xefwJ ht=urf;zufrSKtEW&m,fuae umuG,fEd kifpGrf; t&nftcsif;eJ@ywfouf+yD; oHo,&S da=umif; toHawGxGufvmcJygw,f?(9 Nicolae Ceausescu (1918-1989) ¶d kar;eD;,rf; EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif/ orRwtjzpf 1967-89 txdaqmif&GufcJh10 Mary Callahan˜ Making Enemies: War and State Building in Burma (Ithaca˜ NY: Cornell

University Press˜ 2003)˜ 221.)

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33

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ukefcJhwJhq,fpkESpftwGif;u ppftpkd;&taeeJ@ w¶kwfeJ@tdEdN,t=um;u jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒo,HZmwawGeJ@ywfowf+yD; +ydKifqd kifae=uwmud k vdrR myg;eyfpG m tcGifhaumif;,lcJ h+yD;awmh Ed kifiHESpfckud kwdkufay;cJhw,f?w¶kwfu wyfrawmfukd a':vmoef;wpfaxmifausmfzdk; ppfvufeufypPnf;awGa&mif;csay;cJhwmrsdK;&S dovdk/ tdEd N,zufuvnf; avmavmvwfvwfESpfawGrSm vufeufawGa&mif;cswmrsdK; &S dvmygw,f?(11 Lalit K. Jha˜ ‘International Pressure Building on Burma’˜ Irrawaddy (Thailand)˜ 28 Sept, 2007. Mr Gambari was allowed to meet

Aung SanSuu Kyi but could not visit sites where the violence occurred12 Statement by the President of the Security Council’˜ UN doc² S/PRST/2007/37 of 11 Oct, 2007

13 Mungpi ‘At Last India Voices Concerns over Burma Turmoil’˜ Mizzima News (India)˜ 26 Sept, 2007.)

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35

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6

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( 16 According to Amnesty International˜ ‘Myanmar: Arrests Increasing Four Months On’˜ 25 Jan, 2008. over 700 people arrested in

connection with the 2007 demonstrations were still in prison, along with over 1˜100 political prisoners incarcerated earlier.17 Human Rights Watch˜ Crackdown: Repression of the 2007 Popular Protests in Burma˜ Dec² 2007. documents many cases˜ 87 8.

18 ‘Monasteries Raided Since September 26. Assistance Association of Political Prisoners Burma (Thailand)˜ www.aappb.org.19 Ko Dee ‘Sporadic Movements Defying Junta’˜ Mizzima News˜ 7 Nov, 2007; Ko Dee˜ ‘Activists Group Urge People to Revive ‘‘Saffron

Revolution’’ ’˜ Mizzima News˜ 27 Nov, 2007.)

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37

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8

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39

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(21 Interview˜ 4 Feb, 2008.

22 Aung San Suu Kyi˜ Thakore Prize Acceptance Speech˜ 2 Oct, 1995. For a detailed e»planation of Aung San Suu Kyi’s philosophy of non

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4

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45

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6

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8

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49

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53

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wu,fawmh Ed kifiHa&; tusOf;om;v$wfa&;[m 'Drd kua&pDta&;eJ@ wd kuf¶d kufqufpyfaewJ htjyiftxifom tjrifomqH k; azmfjycsufwckvnf;jzpfygw,f? 'Djy\emrS m OD;odef;pdefwd k@[m t&ifetzeJ@oabmxm;wckwnf; qd kwmudk=unh f&if 2010a¶G;aumufyG Ja=umifh ArmjynfrSm bmtajymif;tvJjzpfcJ hw,fqd kwm ¶Sif;aeygw,f?

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55

usaemf. xl;qef;aom uavmifemrnfESif hywfoufI ar;jref;vmorSsukdt=udrfa&rsm;pGm &Sif;jy&mY '*kefwm&m.“jrjrvef;pif” 0wˆKukd }udKufonfrStp&Si ftke f ;nd K. *gxmajcmufq,fys K d Œxd&Sif;jy&ygonf? usaemf. yxrqk H;yk HES dyfpmrS m“wm&m/ 'kd&m/ arESif h wdrfck d;rS sif”? Tum;

pum;csyf? &Sif huAsmq&m

tifwmeufay:wGif pmqkdysHoifrsm;u bmombm0 tcspfuAsm cHpm;r_uAsmrsm; a&;=uzwf=uawG@ &aomtcg'*kefwm&m. “&ifckefoHuAsmrsm;twGuf”qk donf h 1960 u 0wKwk duk d owd&rdonf?

emrnfausmf tcspfuAsmq&mwa,mufuk d

bk dbk dvef;pif

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'*kef wm&m. tvuF muAsmrsm; (1962/ tzk H; - yef ;csD OD ;tkef ;vGif )

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“usaemfonf pmaya0zefa&;orm;b0rS avS smusI cifOrR m. tvSbG J@uAsmrsm; pyfqk daomaysmfawmfquf jzpfae&ay+yD? ²²²

“Ekuawmh q&m? uAsmuk d ESvk H;ckefoHeJ@ pnf;csufvk duf+yD; a&;w,f? uAsm[m toJESvk H;&JŒbmompum;yJ r[kwfvm;q&m? [if”

“²²² olronf acgif;pOfqef;qef;rsm; wyfavh&S donf? avS smhygOD; cspfolyif hul&,f/ aoG;pdrftoJwjcrf;/ usr aoaomtcg/ usm;uk d &if0,fyk dufvkdonf/ acgif;avmif;xk d;oHESif h ¶_ dufoH?²²²“²² usaemf vli,fawGuk d tm;ay;ygw,f? 'gayrJ h +rD;aumifaygufuav;awGuk d ynmray;bJ

pmzwfy&dowf wk d;atmif tm;ay;aejcif;rsKd;uawmh roif havsmfbl;vk d@xifygw,f? 'g[m tnGef@tanS mufuk d ysdK;axmifjyKpkay;&mra&mufygbl;? tckacwfu vrf;o&J/ zkef;o&Jwif&S dwmr[kwfzl;? uAsmo&J/ pmo&JawGvnf; &S dae+yD? ²²²”

wu,fawmh '*kefwm&monfvnf; tcspfESif huif;+yD; pmqk dcJ hol r[kwfyg? w[DwDoG m;&atmif/aiGavSay:u terf; ponf h emrnfausmf cHpm;r_uAsmrsm;ukd tawG;opf ta&;opfjzif h zG J@oDcJ holyif?ol@vrf;a=umif;uk d csJŒxGifpyfonf h =unfat;/ cspf'gvD/ aemif ponf h vli,frsm;. wacwfyif ¶_r0r*~Zif;rSxGef;um;cJ hao;onf? ok d@aomf '*kefwm&monf ppfrjzpfcifuyif avmutrGefvk d qk d&S,fvpfuAsmrsKd;jzif h'*kef-acwfprf; tkyfpkrS cG JxGufvmcJ honf? rwfvawmfvSefa&;u pmayopftp[k qk dEk difonf? OuUvmy/




6

tk db,fhokcrdef tok d@enf;/ rdrduk d,fuk d rJZmokd@ yk d@jcif;/ rkef;rS u,fvDzk d;eD;,m;ok d@ ponf h ,ae@txdzG J@pyfvmorS s uAsmrsm;wGifum; +idrf;csrf;a&;/ nDnGwfrS swa&; cHpm;csufwk d@u yk duJaeonfuk d pmzwfolrsm;od=uygonf? '*kefwm&m. uAsmonf tm¶k Ha=umysufjym;onf h uAsm/ vdifpdwWZx=uGI r&Sufra=umufn}uD;rif;}uD;xk dif+yD; zG J@onf h =umjcnfbm0rsm; r[kwfyg? (i,fi,fu &J&Jawmufoavmuf }uD;cgrS

“om;azmuf” uAsmawG wGifwGifpyfoG m;onf h q&m}uD;wOD;ukd pdwfysufp&m awG@cJhzl;ygonf?) ,Ofaus;r_. &xm;rª;,Ofaus;r_. &xm;rª;,Ofaus;r_. &xm;rª;,Ofaus;r_. &xm;rª;,Ofaus;r_. &xm;rª;

udef;b&pfcsfu yg&*laygufpwa,muf '*kefwm&mESif h awG@zl;pOfu t*Fvdyfvk d b,fvk da&vnfpG majymyk Hukd txifw}uD; ajymonfuk d rSwfrdaeygonf? '*kefwm&monf vlawGodaom “yef;Eka&miftk d”vuf0Jpmqk drSs r[kwfyg? 'kwd,urB mppfrjzpfcif tm&Suk dvk deD +rdKŒ }uD;rsm;wGif xGef;um;cJ haom *vk db,fujym;,Ofaus;r_w&yf. ouf&S dtarGvnf; jzpfygonf? pEN&m;q&monf a=u;eef;¶k H; &efukeftoHv$if h¶k HrSv$if hwwfaom ylpDwl&d,m0k dif;ponf h a=u;&wwfom;orD;rsm;. taysmfxrf;wD;0k dif;rsm;. vufpG Jjzpfonf?

ausmif;om;or*~ &efyk HaiGtwGuf xk dacwfu bk dtqefqk H; tqk dawmf bdvyfjyefoef;ESif h cspf'kuQuk d¶kyf&Sifwif¶k dufzk d@ =uH cJ holawGxJ olvnf; ygonf? xk dacwfu “trSwfw&” qk dEk difonf h txufwef;pm;t&yfysufrav; “ar” ukd cspfoem; usef&pfatmif Zmwfvk dufvkyfa&;cJ holyifwnf;? “olonf um;uk dzdwfac:avonf?” (wa&;a&;/ 1939) rS m xk dacwfu armf'efta&;?

1940-50 ausmfu a0gh'pPaetjym/ &Dwma[;0yft+yHK;/ bufwD*a&b,f. aygifwHtum;ponfh tar&duef ukefonftEkynm zvifykH&dyfawG tifwmeufrSm azmaX;atmif awG@&awmholrjrifawmhonf hwk difatmif =um;rdapcsifonf? rSwfrdao;awmh/ rEœ av;wGif rsufpdvmjyonf h tacgufu

ukok dvfawmfbk&m;em; ac:oG m;=u&m bk&m;a&SŒu a&uefuk d bmta&mifvJ[k ar;onfqk d.? 0if;0if;jrif h(eef;awmfa&SŒ ) u “pdrf;ykyf}uD;yg q&m&,f” [k qkdawmh “jrpdrf;a&mifayghAsm” [k yef;csDq&muqk davonf? olcHpm;wwfovk d pmzwfy&dowf jrifvmatmif zG J@EG@Jjy&mwGifvnf; wzufurf;a&mufolyg?ol. tEkpdwfta&;tawG;a=umif h avmutvSuk d jrifwwf/ ,Ofaus;r_oabmuk d xif[yfvmEk difaomtEkynmonfaygif;vnf; renf;awmh? urB mh,Ofaus;r_ tarGpkukd jrefrmhwk dif;&if;om;¶k d;&mESifh pe,f+yD;vGwfvyfaom trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_opf ay:xGufatmif wm&macwfwGif olysKd;=uJcJ honf? !SdxGef;a&$wkdif!S dxGef;a&$wk dif!SdxGef;a&$wkdif!S dxGef;a&$wk dif!SdxGef;a&$wk dif

[k dwavmu vlxkpdef0if;u wk dif;jynfwckuk d xlaxmifawmhr,fqk d&if oabmw&m;ygwJ h0wK}uD;awG vlawGzwfp&m &S d&w,f/ ckacwf pmayawGrS m 1950 ausmfu vuf0J0wK}uD;awGvk drsKd;vlxkuk d v_ H@aqmfEk difwmr&S dawmh[k aqmf=oonfuk d zwfvkduf&onf? TacwfwGif tef*sDtkdvkdif;csywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;0wK/ vli,fynmay;/ awmobm0 raemtxmusavmuf a&;wwfvS sif=uufqlawmtv,f aZmfqGJEkdifatmif pmayu acwfysufae&m Aef;armfwifatmif/ ocifjroef;/ewfEG,fxm;bd/ armifxif/ *sme,fausmfrrav;/ cifESif;,kavmufyif vlolav;yg; av;pm;p&mu touf60 atmufwef;awGrS m rusefvSawmhyg?

ur B mh,Ofaus;r_ tarGpkuk d jrefrmh wk dif;&if;om; ¶k d;&mESif h pe,f+yD; vGwfvyf aom trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_opf ay:xGuf atmif wm&macwfwGif ol ysKd;}uJcJ honf?xkd'Da&edrhf a&aoxJrSaeI pmayonf jynfol@twGuf[k ,kH=unf&mukd &J&J}uD;csjyum

EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac: &otzGJ@ avmutjrif tqifhjrifhjrif h a&;cJh=uonf h wacwfESifh xkdacwftp




57

wm&mr*~Zif;zcif '*kefwm&m. aus;Zl;uk d txl;atmufarh&awmhonf?ol@0wKawGu ay;onf h teD;ta0; ork dif;jzwfoef;r_ um;csyfawGuvnf;,ckacwfxd csdefxk d;tuJjzwfvk d@&ao;onf? uk dif;aeaomaygufyifrsm;/vufvufavm a&$a&mifavm/ q,faEGq,frkd;/ ocif=uufaoG;.

usqkH;cef;/ yk dpwmuyfol/ aoewfoH? 1950-60 wGif; urBmhppfat;*,ufESi f h vuf0Jvufsmt+yd Ki f =oZmvkcs de fr k d @ pmayonftEkynmtwGuf vk dif;uvnf; y&dowfuk d v$rf;rk d;Ek dif&ef ajymifajrmufaomtEkynmrsm; xkwfvkyfcJ honf? armifxif/ cifESif;,k/ aomfwmaqG/ xifvif;/pdefpdef²² ? [k dwkef;u ¶_r0ygwum;?

'*kefwm&monf EkdifiHa&;rvkyfaomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;aoG;=uJolr[kwf? acwftqufquf tcsKd;tauG@rsm;wGif “rSefeef;tok H;cH” tjzpf

Ek difiHa&;oDv ajymufusm;cHcJ holvnf; r[kwf? q&mr_ dif;pum;ESif hqk dvS sif“uGse f0,f&m oltqpfrygc J h”? E k di fi Ha&;wGif pmay. u¾ukdajymifajrmufapcJ hol/ pmayu EkdifiHa&;aemuf+rD;qG J r[kwfbJ acwfuk dvrf;n$efEk difcJ hol ywfum;pma&;q&m/ &JabmfA[def;. opP m&S dvSpG maomcspfaqG?

ork dif;onfrqkH;orkdif;onfrqk H;ork dif;onfrqkH;orkdif;onfrqk H;ork dif;onfrqkH;

rEœ av;wGif olESif h zkef;ajymavh&S dpOfu [k dw,fr,fu q&mhuk d,fawG@vm;²²²“'Dvk dar;jref;a&;&wmayghAsm [J[J”/ b,f0wKu b,fZmwfaumif[mtjyi fr Sm b,fol @uk d =unf ha&;wm r[kwfvm; ponf jzi f hvl}uD;oabmaumif;oavmuf pyfpkrdvSsif olu +yHK;jrjrESifh “cifAsm;awmfawmfodwmyJ” [k jyefajymwwfyk Huk d ckxd c%c% owd&aerdonf?

vli,fawG acwfuk d odatmiftm;xkwfonf h &S m;yg; jrefrmvl}uD;wa,mufxHrS vl}uD;awG jzwfoef;cJ hyk Huk d odvkdpdwfESif hzvS,frdjcif;om jzpfonf? &efolr&S d rdwfaqGom&S d[k a&;ajymaeus ol@xHrS

jynfoltrsm;pk}uD;ESif h xyfwlcHpm;wwfonf h tjrifpum;awGuk dvnf;=um;zl;onf?

a=omf arhvk d@? ql;iSufxHrS =um;zl;aom '*kefwm&myk Hjyifwckuaumvdyf*sifema&;wGif OuUÏ}uD; OD;ae0if; vmar;pOf jyefcgeD; ol@uk d “cifAsm; rkqk d;0wKawG a&;ao;vm;As” [k E_wfqufoG m;onf qk donf?tkdb,fh '*kef(Ak dvf)wm&m? &mausmfouf&Snf+yD; jynfol@&ifckefoHqENjynf h0atmif tm;ay;ygOD;?

(ar 10 '*kefwm&m 92 ESpfjynf hok d@)

‘ar’ 0wK rl&if;a&;ol t*Fvdyfpma&;q&m/

jyZmwfq&m bDAmvDepfukd;(beverley-nichol)

'*kefwm&m. ‘ar’ (pwWKxt}udrf1973/ tzk H; - yef;csDOD;b&ifav;)

1960 ausmf csufuk dpvkdAufuD;,m;y&m[m;+rdKŒxkwf EsL;tk d&D&if hr*~Zif;rSjroDwm. jrefrmpmayta=umif;aqmif;yg;yg pma&;q&m}uD;rsm;

bk dbk dvef;pif(www.mizzimaburmese.com rS ul;,laz: jyygonf?)




8

jrefrmhumwGef;q&m}uD; OD;b*srf;onf 1926 ckESpfwGif aumvdyfausmif;om;b0Yaumvdyfr*~Zif;xJwGif umwGef;pwifa&;qG J&mrS umwGef;q&m}uD; jzpfvmoljzpfonf? OD;b*srf;.yxrqH k;yH kES dyfazmfjycH&onf h umwGef;yH krS m aumvdyfabmf'gaqmifY xrif;auG s;onf htcg [if;zwfenf;+yD;t&nfrsm;aeonf h ta=umif; a&;qG Jxm;onf hyH k jzpfonf? xd k@aemuf q&m}uD;onf paumufac:

uif;wyftzGJ@u xkwfa0onf h ‘bm;rm;bGKdif’(Burma boy)

r*~Zif;ESif h u0drsufrSef r*~Zif;rsm;YumwGef;rsm; qufvuf a&;qG JcJ honf?&efukefaumvdyfY tdkifattxufwef;txd ynmoif=um;+yD;aemuf ausmif;xGufI

twGif;0ef¶H k; (aemif 0ef}uD;rsm;¶H k;)wGif wv 90 usyfjzif h pma&; 0ifa&mufvkyfud kifcJ honf? od k@aomftcsKyftjc,f rcHcsifaoma=umih f tvkyfrSxGufvd kuf.?

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csKyfcs,fr_ud k wpdwfuav;rS cHcsif=uwmr[kwfbl;” [k aemifwGif oltvkyfrS xGufcH&yH kud k ajymjycJ honf?

xd k@rS sru emrnfausmf=um;vmaomtcg zqyv tpd k;&u &mxl;}uD;}uD;ay;+yD; cef@xm;onfud kvnf;jiif;y,fcJhavonf? “tpdk;&tvkyf rajymeJ@/ q&myifwdkif umwGef;qJGaewJh owif;pmwdkufuvcpm;cef@onfud kyif rvkyf[k” qd konf?

jrefrmhumwGef;0dZ… m

OD;b*srf;ody` Hcsp fol

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TonfE Si f h ywfoufI umwGe f ;q&mOD;baxG;. “umwGef;OD;b*srf;ESifholwdk@tjrif” pmtkyfY“ppftwGif; *syefacwfwkef;u ud kb*srf;eJ@ yef;csD ud kb=unfu jyef=um;a&;XmerSm 0ifvkyf w,f?q&muawmh *syeftpd k;&xkwf Armhacwfowif;pmrS m vcpm;umwGef; q&mtjzpf

eJ@ umwGef;qG Jw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u oHjzLZ&yfrS m azmufaewJ h ,d k;',m;-jrefrm rD;&xm;vrf; twGufv_@HaqmfwJhumwGef;yHkwyHkudk OD;b*srf;[m qGJay;w,f? tJ'D acGs;wyfxJ0if&if vc/ &duQm/ t0wf/aq;0g;aumif;aumif; &Edkifr,fqdkwmawG ygw,f? wae@rSm udkb*srf;[m blwmbufa&mufvdk@acG s;wyfom;awG t0wfrjynf hpH k/ tpm;csKdŒiJ h/ aq;0g;vnf;r&S dbJ 'kuQa&mufaewmawG awG@&awmh pdwfxdcd kuf+yD;qufrvkyfawmhbJ anmifwkef; jyefaew,f? aemuf ppf+yD;rS &efukefjyefvmw,f”

“+yD;awmh zqyv tpd k;&u ol@ud k &mxl;}uD;ay;+yD; cef@ygr,fqd kcJ hzl;wmjzpfayr,f h q&mOD;b*srf;uzqyv tpd k;&ud kvnf; ol@umwGef;eJ@a0zef/ zqyv&JŒ jynfawmfom pDrHudef;qd kwm}uD;ud kvnf;oa&mfvkyfcJ hwmyg? tJ'Dvd kyJ twd kuftcHawGud kvnf; tvGwfray;ygbl;? olu yk*~Kdvfa&; roa&mfbl;?acwfud kom oa&mfwm/ olu owif; pmzwf/ wd kif;jynfrSm bmjzpfaeovJqd kwm tuJjzwf+yD;awmhumwGef;a&;wmyJ/ ol r}udKuf&if a&;cd kif;vd k@ r&bl;/ ol ,H k=unfwmud k qef@usif+yD; b,fawmhrS ra&;bl;?azmfvHvnf; rzm;bl;” [lI rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf?




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od k@uvdk rdrd,H k =unfcsufESif h rdrdcH,lcsufud k twdrf;tapmif;rcH ol@uavmifjzif ha0zefoif honfxifvS sif &J&J0H h0H hwifjych h Jaom umwGef;q&m}uD; OD;b*srf;ud k 1902 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 20&uf=umoyaw;ae@wGif {&m0wDwd kif;/ anmifwkef;+rdKŒ/ 9 vrf;Y tz yd k;ukefonf OD;azmif/ trd a':jrpfwd k@rSzG m;jrifcJ honf? arG;csif; 6 a,mufteuf yOPrajrmuf jzpfonf?

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61

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65

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(Myanma Alin˜ 24 May 2011)

bk&if rif;=wm;. &mZyv†if }uD; tpd k;&xkwfowif;pmrsm;wGif ay:xGufvmjcif;/ orRw OD;odef;pdef.aemufwnf hwnf hrSaeI wefcd k; Á'< dyg'fjzif h ud k,fa,mifazsmufum“ud k,faysmuf rif;=wm;}uD;” tjzpf &mZyv†ifay:wGif rdef hrdef

hjuD; aqmif ha=umif h xd kifaeonfud k "mwfyH krsm;wGif awG@&jcif;wdk@a=umifh rif;=wm;}uD; tem;r,lao;onfrSm trSefyifaocsma=umif;/ jrefrmhta&; tuJcwfrsm;u oH k;oyf=uonf?

aejynfawmfudk,faysmufrif;w&m;}uD;aejynfawmfudk,faysmufrif;w&m;}uD;aejynfawmfudk,faysmufrif;w&m;}uD;aejynfawmfudk,faysmufrif;w&m;}uD;aejynfawmfudk,faysmufrif;w&m;}uD; From Burma Strange news blog

(ud k,fwd kifa&;cHpm;r_)




6

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67

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Ek difiHa&;vkyfaeygw,fvk d@ ajymae=uwJ h tok dif;t0k dif;rS m jrifawG@ae&ygw,f?usr Ek difiHa&;orm;r[kwfygbl;? pma&;q&mvnf; r[kwfygbl;? omref vlwpfa,mufyg?

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ar;vftkyfpkwckxJ 0ifrdxm;awmh tifwmeuf[m aumif;ovk d raumif;bl;vk d@vJ qk d&OD;r,f?




8

tm&yfurBmu tajymif;tvJawG[m tifwmeuf/ tckusrtokH;jyKaewJh az;pfbGwfcfa=umifhatmifjrifr_awG/ t ajymif;tvJawG jzpfukefw,fvkd@vJ od&ygw,f? Ed kifiHa&;orm;awGtwGuf awmhvufeufaumif;=uD;wckvk d jzpfoG m;w,fvk d@ awG;rdygw,f? urB m&J@ b,fae&mrS m &S daewJ holuk dbJjzpfjzpf/owif;tcsuftvufawGuk d puUef@yk dif; twGif; today;Ek difw,f/ odapEk difwmod&ygw,f? tm&yfurB mu

usyfwnf; r_awGukd &yfwef@oGm;atmif tifwmeufu vkyfay;vkdufw,f/ tm%m&Sif awGusqk H;oG m;atmif tifwmeuf pGrf;aqmifvk dufw,f pojzif h ek difiHa&; e,fy,fu ajymqk daewmjrifawG@ae&ygw,f?

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usrtaeeJ@ pdwfraumif;wmu uk d,f hvlrsKd;tcsif;csif;/ uk d,h ftod kif;t0k dif;tcsif;csif;=um;rS mraumif;a=umif;awG/ tykyfta[mif;awG a&;om;/ ajymqkday;ykd@ae=uwm pdwfraumif;p&myg?yk dvk d@qk d;wmu oufqk difolqD uk dom a&;om;/ ajymqk day;yk d@wm r[kwfwmuawmh pdwftaES muft,Sufjzpf&ygw,f? tm;vk H;uk d odapcsifw,f&ifvk d@ a&;om;ay;yd k@w,fqk d&ifawmh &nf&G,fcsuf =uD;rm;w,fvk d@qkd&rSmygyJ? =uD;rm;wJh &nf&G,fcsuftxJrSm awmh aumif;jcif;/ raumif;jcif; tusKd;aus;Zl;awGwoDwwef;=uD; ygaerS m yg? pdwfysufp&m aumif;oavmuf a=umufp&mvJ aumif;ygw,f? tifwmeufukd wcsdK@u ukd,fa&;ukd,fwmtwGuf tokH;csw,f? ukd,fa&;ukd,fwm qkdwmuawmhuk d,fyk diftusKd;pD;yG m;twGuf4if; ygygvdrf hr,f? wcsKd@uawmh tkyfpktwGuf tok H;csw,f? tkyfpk (trsm;)qk dwmuawmh pD;yG m;a&;twGuf ygovk d Ek difiHa&;eJ@ wjcm;udpPawG trsm;=uD;ygw,fvk d@ xifjrifrdygw,f?

vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tifwmeufuk d tok H;csvk d@ atmifjrifr_awG &aewJ htcsdefrS m uk d,f htcsif;csif;xk d;ESufaewm[m tokH;csyk Hrsm; vG JrS m;aeo vm;vk d@yg?

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usrav;pm;&wJ h Ek difiHa&;avmurS Ek difiHa&;orm;rsm;wk d@&Sif h/

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69

vlwpfud k,ftjrifwpfrsKd;qd kovd k vlwpfOD;ESif hwpfOD;avmuud k¶_jrifok H;oyf&mwGif tjrifcsif;rwlnDEdkifacs? 'gayrJh vlrSef&ifqif;&Jonfjzpfap csrf;omonfjzpfap vl@toufwpfacsmif;pmwefzd k;eJ@nDr#wJh ¶SifoefaewJhb0wpfckudk yd kifqd kifwmuawmhwlnD=uygw,f? 'Dvdkvl@b0udkwefzd k;rJ hpG mjzKef;wD;jypfw,fqd k&if tvGefESar#mzd k@aumif;vSygw,f? usaemfwd k@taeeJ@ rdrdvuf0,f¶S d+yD;om;vl@b0&J@wefzdk;ud k av;av;eufeufpOf;pm;=unf hrd=u&J@vm;// wu,fud k rdrd¶Sifoefr_ud k t"dy g,f¶S d¶S dtokH;csaevm;/xdkufwefatmif vkyfaqmifaevm;qdkwm rdrdudk,fudk wcgw&Hjyefvnfqef;ppf

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b,fvd kvl h h h b,fvd kb0rsdK; eJ hb,fvd kvl h h h b,fvd kb0rsdK; eJ hb,fvd kvl h h h b,fvd kb0rsdK; eJ hb,fvd kvl h h h b,fvd kb0rsdK; eJ hb,fvd kvl h h h b,fvd kb0rsdK; eJh

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0

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71

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“ud k,fusif hw&m;eJ h "rR"dXmefusr_wdk h&J h - aus;u|efjzpfae&if urB mavmu}uD; ud k jrSif hwifr,f hol rjzpfEd kifbl;” Nietzsche (on the Genealogy of Morals)

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2

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tkyfcsKyfcJ honf? ud kvd keD e,fom;rsm;onf ud k,f h=urR mud k,fzefwD;vd k=uolrsm;jzpfonf? 1763ckESpfwGif+AdwdefujyifopfudkppfEdkifaomtcgtar&duefajrmufydkif;rSjyifopfudkvdkeDrsm;onf +Adwdo#vufatmufodk@a&mufvmawmhonf?onftjymif;tvJonf +Adwdo#tpdk;&. EdkifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'udkyg ajymif;vJapcJhawmhonf?

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uscH&jcif;jzpf+yD;/ tusdK;tjrwfud k ud kvd keDrsm;utacsmif&vd kufovd kjzpfaeonf[k +Adwdo#acgif;aqmifrsm;jrifvmonf? xd ktcg tif'D;,ef;rsm;&efrSumuG,f&efqdk+yD; tar&duefudkvdkeDrsm;odk@+Adwdo# ppfwyfawGy d k @ay;onf? onftwGufp&dwfpursm;ud k ud kvd ke Dr sm;uuscH&onf? 1765ckE Sp fwGi fonfudpPtwGufygvDrefu Oua'ESpf&yfjyVmef;vd kufonf? +Adwdo#ppfom;rsm;twGuf aep&dwf/ pm;p&dwf/ o,f,lyd k@aqmifa&;p&dwftm;vk H; ud kvd keDrsm;u uscH&rnf? aemufOya'wpfcku wHqdyfacgif;Oya'?udkvdkeDe,fy,ftm;vkH;owif;pmESif h tjcm;ykHEd Syfxkwfa0a&;udpPtm;vkH; wHqdyfacgif;uyf&rnf?wHqdyfacgif;a&mif;&onf haiGtm;vH k; +Adwdo#ppfwyftwGuf ok H;&rnf?

xdktcgudkvdkeDe,fom;rsm;u olwdk@tm;+Adwdo#EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;zdk@ awmif;qdkvm=uawmhonf?olwd k@u+Adwdo#tpd k;&.tcGefxrf;rsm; jzpfaejcif;ud kta=umif;jy+yD; awmif;qd kjcif;jzpfonf?bmtcGif hta&;rSr&bJtcGefay;ae&jcif;[m w&m;rr#wbl;[lonf htoHawG ud kvd keDrsm;rS w+ydKifwnf;xGufvmawmhonf? onfwkH@jyefr_a=umifh +Adwdo#wdk@+zHKoGm;onf? 1766ckESpfwGif wHqdyfacgif;

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73

Oya'ud k¶kyfodrf;ay;vd kuf&onf?aemufckepfESpft=umwGif t*FvdyfygvDrefu Oya'wckaemufxyfxyfwd k;vd kufojzif h tusdK;enf;&onf htjzpfawG xyfwd k;vmjyefonf? 1773ckESpfwGif ta¶S@tdEN d,ukr%Dtm;ud kvdkeDukefonfrsm;odk @ vufzufajcmufwd kuf¶dkufa&mif;cscGifhay;vdkufonf h Oya'jzpf.? t"dyg,frSmud kvk deDe,fom;tar&duefawGtwGuf vufzufajcmufaps;oufomoG m;aomfvnf; tar&duefoGif;ukef

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a=ujimcsufonfvef'efod k@ c&pPrwfrwd kifrDuav;wGif a&mufoG m;onf? xd k@a=umif hyG Jawmf&uf




4

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tar&duefvGwfvyfa&;a=ujimpmwrf;onf tar&dueford kif;. pmrsufES mopfwpfckjzpfvmvJ havonf?a=ujimcsuf.tESpfom&rS m olwd k@taejzif haemufrqkwfEd kif? 1778ckESpfwGiftar&duefwd k@u t*Fvdyfwd k@tm; e,l;a,muf/qm&mwk d*g wd kufyG JwGifatmifyG JcHvd kufonf? tar&duefajray:rSjyifopfwd k@u ud kvd keDbufrS&efola[mif; t*Fvdyfwd k@ud k0ifwd kufay;onf? od k@aomf wd kufyG JrS mtjywftowf t¶_ H;tEd kif ray:bJ tDaeonf?Tod k@jzif h 1781ckESpfcef@a&mufvmonf htcgwGif t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;Am*sD;eD;,m;/a,mhcfawmif;wGif ydwfrdaeawmhonf? TwGift*FvdyfAd kvfcsKyf}uD; qmuGefa0ghvpfcfvufeufcs&onf? aemufqk H; 1783ckESpf/pufwifbm 3&ufae@wGif+Adwdo#wd k@u yg&DpmcsKyfud k vufrSwfa&;xd k;cJh& avawmhonf? TpmcsKyfrS m tar&duefajray:rS t*Fvdyfud kvd keD 13jynfe,fud k tar&duefjynfaxmifpk[lItodrSwfjyK&onf hpmcsKyfjzpfonf?

tar&duefacgif;aqmifrsm;onf jynfe,f 13ckudk pkpkpnf;pnf;tkyfcsKyfEdkifonfh cdkifrmawmifhwif;aomtpdk;&tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;EdkifcJh=uonf? 1787ckESpfarvxJwGif tajccHzGJ@pnf;tkyfykH

Oya'a&;qGJa&;nDvmcHudk zDvm'JvfAD;,m;wGif usif;yEkdifcJh=u+yD; t*FvdyfawmfvSefa&;+yD;ptwdkif;,if;zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHudk a&;qGJEdkkifcJ h=uonf?onftajccHOya'udkzuf'&,frl[lIac:wGif+yD;/ tkyfcsKyfr_tm%mtcsdK@ud k jynfe,frsm;ujynfrtpd k;&ESif h cG Ja0cHpm;zdk@jzpfonf? tjcm;t"dy g,frS m tpd k;&tzG J@wpfzGJ@. vkyfief;cGJwpfckonftjcm;tpdk;&tzGJ@[email protected];cGJ tkyfcsKyfr_tm%mudk uef@owfEdkifonf hpepfjzpfonf?onfpepfud k Check and Balance [kac:onf? wpfzufu=unf hv#if tar&duefwd k@onft*FvdyfawmfvSefa&;umvud k twk,lxm;jcif;jzpfonf? Oyrm olwd k@zG J@pnf;yk HonfjynfolrS jynfolod k@[lonf hrlud k,lxm;jcif;jzpfonf? jyifopfwd k@u olwd k@vlawGtar&duefESif hwG J+yD; t*Fvdyfud k wd kufaejcif;tm;

tomapmif h=unf hae+yD;/ olwd k@pepfud kvnf;avhvmaeonf?xd k@aemufolwd k@Ed kifiHwGif onfpepfud ktok H;cszd k@}udK;pm;=uawmhonf? wifarmifjrifhrl&if;- Conflict in the Colonies by Frances Plotkin.

jynfol hacwf*sme,frS aqmif;yg;ud k jyefvnfazmfjyygonf//




75

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armifpdk;csdef

tawmifyHr&S daom &ifckefoHrsm;

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qif&d kif; awG[m ud k,fusdK;pD;yG m;/ toacsFteEWeJ h tm%m,pfrl;aerS myJ”




6

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tdrfeD;csif;awGyJav h h h jyD;awmhud k,fawGu jrefrmawGr[kwfvm; h h h²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²

OD;bpHwdk@tdrfajc&if;rSmaewmuawmhOD;tDA&mtifac: OD;vSarmifwdk@rdom;pkaygh olwdkhuawmhajymif;vmwm ud k;uef@juD;wd k@xufeJeJapmw,f// olwd k@Zmwdrd sK;EG,fu vnf;wzufed kifiHujrpfzsm;cHvmwmjzpfayr,f hud k;uef@}uD;wd k@vd kawmh“c|efawmf'd k@u'd kif;&if;om;a'G”vd k@cyfwnfwnfeJ@rajym&S mygbl;²olwk d@rS mud k;uef hjuD;wd k@vd k trd sK;om;rSwfyH kwif u'fr&d Sao;vd k@vm; awmhrodbl; ayghav// bmyJjzpfjzpfolwd k@rdom;pkuawmhOD;bpHwd k heJ heJeJyd k&if;eS D;w,fajym&rvm;yJ²

&if;eS D;qd kolwd k@ajymif;vmuwnf;u OD;bpHwd k@jcHxJupm;yifoD;yifawGud krsufaphusawmhwmud k;OD;bpHu0goem tavsmufpm;yifoD;yifav;awGpH kpH kaphaphav;pd kufxm;w,f ²jcHxJrS mt0DpdwGif;av;vnf;

&dSawmhtyifawGjzpfxGef;wmaygh²tJ'dawmh OD;bpHjcHxJqif;wmeJh OD;vSarmifrdom;pk0ifwa,mufa,mufjcHxJqif;wmjuHk&if²²“[m;tmudk*sD;²tmyifawGt&rf;oef',f²²oD;',faemftmudk*sD;wdk@pm;vdk@awmifukefrS mr[kwfzl;c|efa'gh uav;awG o&ufoD;qd k odyfjud kuf²”²²bmnmeJ hpum;ac:&if OD;bpHwd k huvufraeS;ygbl;²teJqH k;wcgpm;wcgcsufawmhay;vd kufwmygyJ²




85

'Dvd keJ@a&utpylpDeHyiftqH k; awmif;&if;ay;&if;eJ@pum;av;bmav;ajymjzpfwmayghav²olwd k@uvnf;racbl;aphaphpyfpyfoH k;wwfpG Jwwfawmhukefrmqd kifjuD; wqd kifzGif hxm;ed kifw,f// jrefrmpum;udkvnf;r$wfaeatmifwwfw,f//tJ'gawmhudk;uefhjuD;wdk@xufomw,f// ol@om;orD;awGuvnf;tvkyfud kjud k;jud k; pm;pm;vkyfjyD;uspfuspfvpfvpf aewwfawmh'dxufyd kjuD;yG m;juOD;rS m OD;bpHjrifa,mif

aew,f// olwd k@rdom;pkuvd kcsifwmav;awG wwdwdawmif;wwf ayr,f hud k;uef@juD;wd k@vd krma&ajuma& tay:pD;ur[kwfawmhvd kcsifrsufaph&d SrSef;odayr,f hOD;bpHwd k@uwwfed kifoavmufay;ygw,f tdrfeD;csif;awGr[kwfvm; // jyD;awmhud k,fawGujrefrmawGav²²²

²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²OD;bpHwdk@tdrfa&S@ wJhwJhudkaemufqHk;ajymif;vmwmuawmhppfwyfuAdkvfjuD;eJ@ol@rdef;r

w&m;ol}uD;wJ h// tpuawmhOD;bpHwd k howdrxm;rd=uygbl;//olwd k@OD;bpHtdrfa&S@u wxyfwd kufuav;0,f+yD;rjumcifolwd k@arG;xm;wJ h 'd kbmrifacG;uausmif;ujyefvmwJ h uav;wa,mufud k xGufud kufvd kufw,f²uav;u ol@[molvrf;twdkif;at;at;aq;aq; jyefvmwmyg? ud kufwwfwJhacG;arG;xm;&ifvHkvHkjcHKjcHKawmhxm;oifhwmaygh//'geJhtudkufcH&wJhuav;&J@rdbawGuaemif'Dvdkrjzpf&atmif acG;udkxdrf;xdrf;odrf;odrf;xm; ay;zd k@acG;&Sifud kvmajymjuw,f? tJ'drS mtdrf&Sifua'gowjuD;eJ h usKyfacG; ol@[molb,fae&maeae bmjzpfvJusKyfud kbmaumifrSwfvd k h'Dvd kvmajym&wmvJ² tckzkef;wcsuf qufvd kuf&ifcifAsm;wd k@ 'kuQa&mufoG m;r,f²rauseyf&ifwd kifcsifwJ hae&mwdkif²² bmnmeJ@atmf[pf}udrf;armif;aewmjum;rS 'DvluAdkvfr_;juD;wa,muf&J@om;AdkvfjuD;qdkwmOD;bpHeJ hwuGt&yfuvlawG od&w,f?acG;udkufcH&wJhuav;rdom;pku yJjyefawmif;yef&rvdkjzpfaeawmhjrif&jum;wJhvlawGu rcHcsdrcHomjzpfjuwmaygh av²'gayr,fhbmrS awmh0ifrajymjuygbl;²² odwJhtwdkif;yJjrefrmawG r[kwfvm;²²

onf;cH=uwmaygh²rdef;rw&m;oljuD;rqd kwmvnf;OD;bpHwcgvm;eSpfcgvm;yJjrifzl;yg&J h// pdefawGud koD;vd k@awmfawmf

awmufawmuf yy0wfpm;xm; wmyJ/ / OD;bpHuawmfuawmholjum;&or#jyefajymjyw,f²tJ' dw&m;oljuD;r awmfawmfvm'fpm;w,fvd k he Hr,fjuD;owJ hol@a,musFm;Ad kvf juD;uvnf;ae&maumif;&vd k@awmfawmfpD;yGm;jzpfowJ h// olwd k@vifr,m;awmfawmfeHr,fxGufaeayr,f h txufud kvnf;ay;urf;+yD;yd kifatmifaygif;xm;wm&,f vljuD;uawmfawGeJ hqH k&r,fhyG Jvrf; awGoGm;&ifvljuD;uawmfawGrsufaphpyg;ar$; rpl;atmifcyfao;ao;ykvJem;uyfav;uvGJ&ifbmrS 0wfpm;

roGm;yJydyd&d&daewwfvdkhydktqifajyaewmwJh²²² vljuD;uawmfawGxuf omatmif0wfpm;oGm;vdk@tzG m;juD;awGremvdkjzpf&ifol@a,musF m; acsmifxJ a&mufoG m;rS mpd k;vd k@wJ h²²

ol@rdef;ruodor#ajymqdkjyD;xoGm;ayr,fhOD;bpHuawmh tawG;xJrSmqufepf aeao;w,f?tdrfa&S@uO'[dkjzwfoGm;aewJh vlawGudkjunfh &if;ol@vrf;oloGm;ae&if; acG;udkufcH&&SmwJhausmif;om;av;ud kjrifa,mifvmw,f?jyD;awmhed kifiH&yfjcm; awG rvkyfcsifwJ h tvkyfawGud kyifyifyef;yef;vkyfae&wJ hol@om;orD;awGe J h wjcm;vli,fav;awG²²ud k,f hwd ki f ; jynfxJvmjyD; jud kufovd kpD;yGm;&SmcGifh&xm;wJ htdrfeD;csif;awG²²²² aiGrsufeSmwckyJjunfhwwfwJ htxufzm; atmufzd tm%m&_;

awG²²²rw&m;tzrf;cHcJ h&aoG;ajruscJ h&wJ hoHCmawmfawGeJ h J htjypfrJ hed kifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG²²tpDt&Dacgif;xJay:vm jyD;bmudkrSef;rodb,folhudkrSef;rodyJrausreyfjzpfvmw,f?aoaocsmcsmodvdkufwmwckuawmh ol raus reyfjzpfaewJ h vlawGxJrS molud k,fwd kifxdyfqH k;uygaewmud kyJ?

oDwmatmif (oHvGifc)




6

tcef; (1)ppfa=uma&;pcef;u ay;vd kufwJ h '%f&mawG/ emusifr_awGeJ@ pdwfaomua&mufaecsdefrS m

tay:xyfu qif;vmwJh vltkyf }uD; a=umif h bmawGvJ pl;prf;csifpdwfu aomuudk c%tem;ay;vd kufygw,f? bmompum;wpfrsd kK;ud k qlnHpG m ajymqd k&if; vltkyf }uD;[m a&uefqD OD;wnf+yD;oGm;ae=uygw,f? tcef;a&SŒu jzwfoGm;olwdkif;u u|efawmfhtcef;udk vSnfh=unfhoGm;=uyg w,f?jrifaeusvl r[kwfawmh pl;prf;wJh t=unf hawGu u|efawmhftcef;ud k usa&mufapygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@vltkyf}uD;tm;vH k;[m u|efawmfwd k@ tcef;eJ@ twefi,fvSrf;wJ h ae&mud k a&muf&S doG m;w,f? q,fay/q,f hESpfaycef@&S d tcef;usOf;av;xJ vl;vmw@H k acguf avS smuf&if; ae&mopf&JŒ tcif;usif;opfud k rsufaph/em;/ pdwfwd k@ud k zGif h+yD; pl;prf;aerdw,f? wdwfqdwfpjyKvmwJ h ywf0ef; usifrS m bmawGrsm; a&mufvmrvJqd kwJ h pdwfuvJ &ifxJud k 0ifa&mufvmjyefygw,f?

wefbd k;&S dawmhvJ a&$aygh

tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0 w¬K w¬ K w¬K w¬ K w¬ K wdk jydKifyGJwdk jydKifyGJwdk jydKifyGJwdk jydKifyGJwdk jydKifyGJ

0wKtrnf wefzd k;&S dawmhvJ a&$ayghtrnf&if; t&SifZ0euavmiftrnf pd k;rd k;ol ('d kufOD;)

ae hwpfae hvk H;[m rD;cd k;wdwfaew,f?tokH;0ifypPnf; wpfck&JŒaysmufqkH;rSKaemufrSm

aomuawG/rauseyfrSKawG jynf haew,f?

ntwGufvnf; taz:aq;vdyfwd kav;eJ htxD;usef rS kKawGud k ajz&Sif;vd k h&awmhrS m r[kwfbl;?

rD;&JŒ wefbd k; ud ktckawmh yd kem;vnfovd kygyJ?




87

“ yd kif&Sif r&Sdao;wJ h aq;vdyfwd k h h hyd kif&Sif 'd k@ jzpfvd kufcsifygw,f ”iH@vif haewJh pdwftdrfxJud k xl;qef;wJ h oDcsif;oH[m em;jywif;aygufuwqifh0ifa&muf

vmygw,f? ol@oDcsif;oHu tawG;ud k omru aomuud kyg Zwf}udK; apmifhqGJvdkufovd kygyJ? '%f&meJ@emusifr_a=umif h aomuawG vdrf;usHxm;wJ h rsufES mrS m ol @oDcsif;oHu &uf ftwef=um aysmufqH k;aewJ h

t+yHK;wpfyGif hudk rxifrSwfbJ vif;vufzdk@ cvkwfES dyfay;vdkufovd kygyJ? 'kwfwpfacsmif;eJ@ tr_ dufyHkud kar$aESmuf&if; tcef;awG&JŒ tjyifbufrSm ol[m oDcsif;qdk&if; tvkyf&SKyfaew,f? u|efawmhftcef;a&SŒta&mufrSm ol@oDcsif;oH[m wdwfoGm;ovdk ol@ajcvSrf;awG[mvJ &yfoGm;ygw,f?ol@t=unf hawGuvnf; u|efawmhf tcef;qD usa&mufvd k@ vmjyefw,f? tcef;em;ud k wd k;uyfvm+yD;oHwd kiftjyifbufu &yfvd k@ twGif;xJu u|efawmf h ud k olu +yHK;jyw,f?

“ tpfud k nu a&mufwmvm;/ 'DrS m tpfud kwd k@vd k a*:awG trsm;}uD;yJ”olu &if;ES D;wJ h avoHeJ@ E_wfquf&if; u|efawmf hud k pum;ajymvmw,f? u|efawmfuvJ

“ [kwfuJ h/ u|efawmf nu a&mufw,f/ 'geJ@ tpfud kajymwJ h a*:qd kwm bmvJ ”olajymwJh pum;xJu u|efawmf em;rvnfwJ h a*:qd kwJ h a0g[m&ud k ar;vd kufrdw,f? olu +yHK;+yD;

“ 'Dvdk udk&JŒ tpfudkwdk@vdk EdkifiHa&;r_eJ@ a&mufvmwJholawGudk taqmifu vlawGua*:Ed kufawGvd k@ ac:=uw,f/ u|efawmf =um;zl;ovd k ajymjyr,faemf/ a*:qd kwmu w&kwfvd k ig;*%ef;ud kac:wmwJ h Ed kufqd kwmu t*Fvdyfvd k nud k ac:wm/ ESpfckaygif;vd kufawmh ig;nayghtpfud k&m/ u|efawmfwd k@ua*:Ed kufvd k@ rac:awmhbJ a*:vd k@ twd kaumuf ac:vd kufwm ”

ol&Sif;jyrSyJ u|efawmfwd k@vd k Ed kifiHa&; tusOf;om;awGtwGuf taqmifaeolawGu ay;xm;wJ h

emrnftopfud k oabmus aerdw,f?“ tpfud k vlopfqd kawmh bmrS ygvmrSm r[kwfbl;aemf/ u|efawmf bm&S may;&rvJ/ vd kwmu|efawmh fud k ajymyg? wwfEd kifoavmuf u|efawmf }udK;pm;&S m ay;yghr,f ”

pawGŒawGŒcsif; ulnDay;vd kaom arwW mpdwfeJ@ ajymvmwJ h ol@pum;oHawGa=umif h pdwfxJuaeol@ud k cifrifoG m;rdw,f?

“ nDav;u aq;vdyfwd k vd kuf&S maewmvm;/ tJ'D twd kawGu bmvkyfzdk@vJ/ a&m*g&r,f/tr_ dufyH kxJu aq;vdyfwdk ud k raomufygeJ@vm;/ tpfud kvJ aq;vdyf }udKufygw,f/ ab;tcef;awGutpfud k@ &JabmfawG ay;xm;wJ h aq;vdyfESpfvdyf &Sdw,f/ a&mh nDav; wpfvdyfaomuf/ rD;oG m;nS dvd kuf/tpfud k aq;vdyfaomufcsifaewm =um+yD/ rD;b,fu &r,frSef; rodvdk@ aq;vdyfaomufcsifpdwfudktwif;atmif hxm;&w,f ”

u|efawmfu aq;vdyfwpfvdyfud k urf;ay;&if; oHwd kiftjyifbuf&S d ol@ud k rD;wd k@cd kif;vd kufw,f?“ tpfud ka& aq;vdyf zifqDcHud k txifrao;eJ@aemf/ tpfud kwd k@vd k a*:awGu u|efawmh fud k

&S mcd kif;xm;wm/ olwd k@vJ aomufzd k@ r[kwfbl;/ ta&;}uD;wJ h udpPwpfck vkyfwmwJ h tpfud ka&/ wefzd k;&S dw,fqd kyJAs ”

u|efawmf hpdwfxJ olajymjywJh xl;qef;wJh pum;awGud k em;axmif&if; tcef;usOf;av;xJ

tawG;yG m;aerdw,f? olu rD;nS d&ef xGufoG m;awmh olajymwJ h aq;vdyfwd k&JŒ wefzd k;ud k awG;awmaerdw,f?“ 'Davmufawmif bmawGrsm; toHk;0ifaeygvdrf h ”

tcef; (2)



Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 8 88 88 88 888

8

u|efawmfwd k@u 15 rdepfavmufyJ tjyifxGuf&w,f? olwd k@uawmh wpfaeukef tjyifrS maecGifh&w,f? u|efawmfwdk@ tcef;awGa&SŒ oef@&Sif;a&;/ a&tdk;awG a&jznfh/ u|efawmfwdk@ vdkwmulnDzd k@twGuf t+rJwrf; &S daew,f? u|efawmfwd k@ud k olwd k@u a*:awGvd k@ac:+yD; u|efawmfwd k@u olwd k@ud kt+rJqif;awGvdk@ ac:w,f? tcef;wd kif;eJ@ olu &if;ES D;+yD;awmh tcef;xJu vlawG udpPud kvJ rnnf;rnL

vkyfay;w,f? tm;wd kif; ol u|efawmfhtcef; tjyifbufu tkwfcH krS m xd kif+yD; twGif;xJu u|efawmfeJ@pum; awG vmajymw,f?

“ rD;jcpfr&Sdawmh ncif; aq;vdyfaomufcsif&if awmfawmf 'kuQa&mufw,f ”u|efawmfu aq;vdyfwpfwdkudk ESpfa,mufaomuf&if; ncif; 'kuQudk ajymjyaerdw,f?

ol@vufxJrS m tr_ dufyH kaygif;pH ku aumuf,lxm;wJ h aq;vdyfwd kawGud k u|wfu|wftdwf tao;av;xJpkxnf h+yD; ud kifxm;w,f?

“ u|efawmf pOf;pm;ygOD;r,f tpfudk&m/ vl}uH&if tm;vH k;jzpfygw,f? ”

“ rif;rSmvJ 'Daq;vdyfwd kawGeJ@ a wmfawmf tvkyf&SKyfr,faemf/ bmrsm; toH k;0ifvd k@vJ”

olu &,faew,f? aq;vdyfwd kxkyfud k ajrS mufjy&if;“ tzd k;wefawG tpfud k&/ tzd k;wefawG/ tpfudk ajymwm &r,faemf/ c%apmif h ”armifOD;a&vd k@ u|efawmf hvd kaewJ h tcef;xJu toHwpfoHa=umif h olu pum;ud k qH k;atmif

rajymbJ rwfwyf&yfvd kufw,f? u|efawmh ftwGuf aq;vdyfwpfvdyfavmuf &S mcd k fif;wmud kvJ tpfud kajymwm&r,fvd k@ ajym+yD; olxGufoG m;w,f?

tcef; (3)u|efawmf wtH@w=o =unf haerdw,f? olurf;ay;wJ h yvwfpwpftdwfxJrS m vufav;vH k;cef@om &S dwJ h puULav;awG?

“ bmawGvJ nDav;& ”u|efawmfu ar;vd kufawmh tdwfuav;ud k vufnS dK;xd k;+yD;“ tpfud k wpf&Gufcsif; =unf hvd kufav/ tpfud k ar;aewJ h aq;vdyfwd kawGav ”aq;vdyfzifpDcHrS m uyfxm;wJ h owif;pm puULtyd kif;av;awG/ u|efawmfu wtH@w=oeJ@

xl;qef;pG m ai;arm=unfhaewkef;rSm 15 rdepfqif;&ayrJ h ol@udpPudk tjref aqmif&Gufvd k@ +yD;oGm;wJ hbd k;awmfu u|efawmf htcef;a&SŒ vm&yfw,f?

“ +yD;oG m;&if u|efawmf htcef;xJ yd k@ay;aemf ”u|efawmfhvufxJu tpDcHywf owif;pm tydkif;av;awGudk ar;aighjy&if; bdk;awmfu

pum;qdkvmw,f? a&mufcgp vlopfjzpf wJh u|efawmfu xl;xl;qef;qef; em;rvnfEd kifwJ h toGifeJ@ol@ud k =unf hvd kufawmh olu

“ 'Dvd k&S dw,f ud kpd k;&/ u|efawmfwd k@ud k b,furSowif;awG r&atmif 'DaumifawGu enf;rsdK;pH keJ@ydwfxm;=uw,f/ b,fvd kyJ ydwfydwf/ vlawGyJAsm/ &S m}uH&if enf;vrf;uawmh wpfckr[kwf wpfck awGŒwmyJ/

tJ'D owif;pm twd kav;awGxJrS m ud f k,fodcsifwJ h owif;wdkav;awG/ ema&;awG tpH kygw,f? usKyfwd k@odcsifwm wpfckr[kwf wpfckawmh ygvmwmyJ? owif;&zd k@ twGuf aq;vdyfzifpDcHuvJ owif;0ifaygufwpfckyJ? ”




89

vlom;awG&JŒ &Sm}uHr_/ awG;awmr_awGeJ@ tcuftcJawGudk jzwfausmfcJ hwmyJav?'DtcuftcJawGud k aemufrS m csefcJ h+yD; topf topfawGeJ@ vl@avmu}uD;u wd k;wufcJ hwmr[kwfvm;?bmr[kwfwJ h wm;qD;uef@owfr_awGud k u|efawmfwd k@ a&SŒuvlawG ausmfjzwfEd k fifcJ h+yD? tckawmh armifOD;wyifwyrf; &S mazGaewJ h aq;vdyfwd kawG[m u|efawmfwd k@ tm;vH k; qmavmifiwfrGwf aewJ h owif;awGud k

ay;aeygvm;?tcef; (4)

“ tpfud k/ ncif;twGuf bmrS pdwfysufp&m r&S dawmhbl; ”0rf;omtm;& trlt&meJ@ tajy;tv$ m; a&mufvmwJ h armifOD;&JŒ vufxJrSm ypPnf;wpfck

ud kifvmw,f? ol pdwfysufp&m r&S dawmhbl;vd k@ ajymaewJ h t&mu ol@vufxJu ypPnf;eJ@ qd kifaeyH k &w,f?“ bmvJuG ” vd k@ usGefawmfu ar;awmh olu ol@vufxJu ypPnf;ud k xkwfjy+yD; 0rf;omtm;&wJ h

rsufES meJ@ u|efawmf hud k

“ tpfud k tqifajy+yD ”ol 0rf;om+yD; ajymaeayrJ h u|efawmf em;rvnf Ed kifatmif jzpfaew,f? ol@vufxJu ypPnf;uvJ

bmrS xl;xl;qef;qef;r[kwf oG m;wd kufwH wpfacsmif;rS som jzpfw,f? olu bmawGrsm; tqifajyatmifvkyfay;rS mygvdrf h? u|efawmh frS m yd k+yD; Za0Z0g jzpfoG m;&w,f?

“ 'Dvd k tpfud k&/ 'DrS m awG@vm;/ oG m;yGwfwHrS m jrSKyfxm;wm a&$As a&$ ”u|efawmf aocsm =unfhvdkufawmh rD;jcpfausmufudk oGm;yGwfwH t&dk;rSm jrSKyfxm;wm

awGŒ&w,f? olu toif h,lvmwJ h b&dwf'g;av;eJ@ tJ'D rD;jcpfausmufud k cwfjyw,f? u|efawmf hud kvJ

awGŒvm; tpfud k qd kwJ h t=unf heJ@ =unf h&if; +yHK;jyw,f? +yD;awmh yvwfpwpftdwfxJu pGyfus,ftuF s Dpwpfpud kvJ xkwfvd kufw,f? iS m;vmwJ h rD;jcpfeJ@ pGyfus,ftuF s Dpud k rD;&S dKŒ w,f? tm;vH k; rD;avmifoG m;awmhyvwfpwpfcGufeJ@ rD;awmufudk tkyfcsvdkufw,f? +yD;awmh olu u|efawmhfudk +yHK;jyaejyef w,f?em;rvnfEd kifwJ h t=unf hawGeJ@ ol@ud k=unf haerdw,f?

“ 'D pGyfus,ftuF s Dtpud k rD;&S dKŒxm;wJ h jympawGu ta&;}uD;w,f? y&kwfqDAl; tcG HxJud kjympawG xnf h&r,f? 'DrS m=unf h ”

olu rD;&SdKŒ+yD; cGufeJ@ tkyfxm;wJh txJu jymawGudk ,l+yD; y&kwfqD Al;cGH ta[mif;xJxnf hay;w,f? oG m;wd kuf aq;wHav;ud k tomud kif+yD; b&dwf'g;eJ@ cwfw,f? atmufu jymcGufav;ud kcHxm;w,f? yGif hxGufvmwJ h rD;zG m;awG[m jymp rS m oG m;uyfw,f? &JceJ jzpfoG m;wJ h jymprS m aq;vdyfwd kud kxd k;pd kuf+yD; trdt& zG mvd kufw,f? ol tm;&yg;& &S d kKufvd kufwJh tqH k; rS m ol@ES macgif;xJu rD;cd k;awG[mtvdyfvd kuf xGufvmw,f? u|efawmfvJ 0rf;omtH@=opG meJ@ ol@ud kaus;Zl;wif aerdawmhw,f?

“ aus;Zl;yJ nDav;&m ”u|efawmf wu,f h &ifxJu vmwJ h toHeJ@ ol@ud k aus;Zl;wifpum; qd krdw,f? olu“ tpfud kwd k@ aus;Zl;awGu u|efawmh ftay: trsm;}uD;/ u|efawmfvd kwm tm;vH k; tpfud kwd k@

b,ftcef;ud k oG m;ajymajym vkyfay;vd kufwmcsnf;yJ/ u|efawmh ftdrfu vmEd kifwm r[kwfbl;/ u|efawmh f

pm;a&;aomufa&; tm;vH k; tpfud kwd k@ &S daevd k@/ u|efawmfjyefvkyfay;&wmu bmrS rjzpfavmufygbl;tpfud k&m ”

tcef; (5)




0

ur B mOD;u rD;ud k pwif awGŒ&Sd+yD;aemuf vlom;,Ofaus;r_ wpf&yf[m tcsdK;tauGŒ wpfckod kŒa&muf&S dvmw,fvd k@ qd kw,f? tck rD;ud k u|efawmfwd k@ ud k,fwd kif zefwD; Ed kifr_/ aemuf u|efawmfwd k@ aexd k fifr_b0xJod k@ tqifajyr_rsm;pG m a&muf&S dvm ygw,f? t0wfpawGud k wpfxyf/ yvwfpwpf wpfxyfxyf+yD;vdyfxm;wJ h tvdyfuav;ud k armifOD;u ,lvmw,f?

“ tpfud k vkyfief;pr,f ”15 rdepf qif;cgeD;rS m ola&mufvmw,f? tkwfeDcJ ESpfcJudkvJ tcef;xJud k oGif;vk dufw,f?

olu u|efawmfwdk@udk vdktyfwmawG ulnDae&wmudkyJ aus;Zl;qyfaewmvdk@ ausauseyfeyf}uD;cH,lxm;wm? u|efawmfwdk@ tm;vHk;uvJ ol@ud k apwem&Sd&S d ay;urf;=uw,f? axmifxJa&muf+yD;&ufyd kif;twGif;rS myJ tdrfu ygq,f ypPnf;awG&awmh u|efawmh ftwGuf tcuftcJ odyfr&S d fvSbl;? ol@eJ@ygrSs+yD; pm;=uawmh olu aus;Zl;wifrqHk;atmif &Sdaew,f? u|efawmfwdk@ vdktyfcsufawGudkvJwpfae&m&mu &atmif &S m}uHay;wwfw,f? u|efawmfh tcef;wHcg;ud k olu zGif hvd kufw,f?

0efxrf;u olvkyf&r,f h tvkyfud k armifOD;wd k@vd k t+rJqif;awGud k cd k fif;xm;w,f? tck armifOD;uu|efawmf htcef;udk zGifh+yD; txJud k 0ifw,f? t0wfpawGudk pkyHk+yD; aq;vdyfrD;udk cyfememzGmw,f?t0wfpawGrSm rD;zGm;awG usoGm;awmh zsmpav;awGeJ@ csdK;+yD;tHkxm;w,f? rD;zGm;udk raoatmifyg;pyfuvJ tqufrjywf r_wfay;aew,f? ol@ud k=unf h+yD; u|efawmf armaew,f? rD;awmufuav;eJeJt&rS m vufwpfqpfavmuf za,mif;wd kifwd kav;eJ@ rD;awmufuav;ud k t&,lvd kufw,f? +yD;awmhtoufudk t0&SL+yD; tarmajzw,f? u|efawmfvJ em;rvnfpG m ol@ud k ai;=unfhaew,f?

ol tarmajy oG m;awmh za,mif;wd kif rD;av;eJ@ yvwfpwpfAl;cG Hav;ud k rD;&S dKŒw,f? yvwfpwpf

tpufav;awGud k t0wfeJ@ vdyfxm;wJ h yvwfpwpfvdyfay:ud k csw,f? wpfpuf/ ESpfpuf/ oHk;puftpufaygif;rsm;pG m tusrSm t0wfeJ@ yvwfpwpf a&mvdyfxm;wJ h tvdyfav;ay:rS m rD;awmufav;wpfck a&mufvmw,f? tkwfeDcJESpfckud k zd kcaemufvdk vkyf+yD; u|efawmfwd k@ xrif;pm;zd k@ ay;xm;wJ h yHkpH'efyef;uefjym;ud k tay:u wifvd kufw,f? rD;awmufuav;u wjznf;jznf; t&S def &vmw,f? yHkpHyef;uefjym;xJud k aomufa&td k;xJu a&ud k ESpfcGuf cyfxnf hvd kufw,f? u|efawmf hud k armh=unf h+yD;

“ a&aEG;ylylav; &r,f ”ol@t+yHK;xJrS m atmif jrifr_awG *k%f,lr_awGud k awGŒvd kuf&w,f?

tcef; (6)“ &S mazGa&;/ &S mazGa&; ”ab;tcef;u tvef@w=um; atmfvdkufwJh toHa=umifh u|efawmf vef@Edk;oGm;w,f?

tcef;tjyifbufudk vSrf;=unfhvdkufawmh 0efxrf;awG[m wef;pD+yD; 0ifvmw,f? wpfcef;udkoHk;a,mufE_ef;eJ@ usGefawmfwd k@ tcef;a&SŒrS m vm&yfae=uw,f? axmifxJ a&mufwm r=umao;wJ hu|efawmh ftzd k@ b,fypPnf;[m zGufxm;&r,f/ b,fypPnf;[m ay:wif xm;&r,fqd kwm rodwm trSefyJ?bmrSvJ axGaxGxl;xl; r&S dawmh at;at;aq;aq;yJ? c%aeawmh tcef;wd kif; aomhawG zGif hoH=um;&w,f?u|efawmf h tcef;a&SŒ &yfaewJ h 0efxrf;oH k;a,muf[m tcef;xJ0ifvmw,f? tdyf&mawGud k zGw,f? wpfckpDud k

ud kif=unf hw,f? [if;Al;awGud k zGif h=unf hw,f? 'Dvd keJ@ zsmatmufud k tvSefrS m“ 'g b,fu &wmvJ ”rmrmxefxefeJ@ ypPnf;wpfckud k ud ki f +yD; u|efawmf hud k vSrf;ar;w,f? usGe fawmf




91

vSrf;=unf hvk dufrS mawmh b&dwf'g; u|efawmf h twGuf toH k;0ifwJh b&dwf'g;/ 'gud k olu w&m;r0ifypPnf;wpfck vuf0,fxm;&S dwJ h w&m;cHud k ar;wJ h yH kpHeJ@ ar;aew,f? csufcsif;yJ u|efawmfu

“ [d kem;u aumuf&vd k@ odrf;xm;wm ”“ 'g xm;cGifh r&Sdbl; ”

rmrmxefxefajym+yD; ypPnf;ud k odrf;oG m;w,f?tcef; (7)

“ tpfud k bmawG ygoG m;vJ ”olu pd k;&drfw}uD;eJ@ vmar;w,f?“ ta&;}uD;qH k; ypPnf;ayghuG m ”“ bmvJ tpfud k ” ol pd k;&drfwJ h [efeJ@ ar;awmh u|efawmfu“ b&dwf'g; ”

'DypPnf;&JŒ toH k;0ifr_[m u|efawmfwd k@ twGuf b,favmuf ta&;}uD;w,f qd kwm olodw,f?ol wpfcsuf pOfpm;[ef jyK+yD;“ tpfud k u|efawmf }udK;pm;=unf hr,f/ wpfckckawmh tqifajyatmifaygh ”ae@wpfae@vk H;[m rD;cd k;wdwfaew,f? tok H;0ifypPnf; wpfck&JŒaysmufqk H;rSKaemufrS maomuawG/

rauseyfrSKawG jynf haew,f?ntwGufvnf; taz:aq;vdyfwd kav;eJ@txD;usef rS kKawGud k ajz&Sif;vd k@&awmhrS m r[kwfbl;?

rD;&JŒ wefbd k; ud ktckawmh yd kem;vnfovd kygyJ?r=umcif wef;ydwfawmhrS mrd k@ tvkyfu vlawGud kjyefjyD;tcef;awGxJ xnf haejyD ? wef;ydwf oHacsmif;oHud k empGif haewkef;rS myJ armifOD; tajy;uav; a&mufvmw,f?

“tpfud k 'DrS m ygoG m;wJ@ypPnf;vd kyJ ok H;vdk@&w,f twlwlyJ ok H;=unf haemf tqifajyw,f”u|efawmf vufxJ ypPnf;wpfckxnf hay;jyD oltajy;tv$ m; ol @tcef;&S d&mtay:xyf

ud kajy;wufoG m;w,f? u|efawmf wtHŒw=opd kuft=unf hrS mjrifvd kuf&wmuawmh²²tcef;(8)

wu,fygAsm ypPnf;wpfck[m tokH;rvdkol&JŒ vufxJrSm a&$acsmif;=uD;[mvJ tvum;ypPnf;jzpfaerS myg? wu,ftok H;vd k tok H;wnf hol&JŒvufxJrS m td k=urf;uG J ykvif;uG J[mvnf; a&$vd kwefbd k;=uD;rm;aerSm trSefygyJ? armifOD; ay;oGm;wJ@ ypPnf;av;[m todrf;cHvdkuf&wJ@ b&dwf'g; aveJ@

tokH;0ifrSKutwlwl ygyJ ? rD;yGif hw,f aq;vdyf rD;cd k;xGufawmhr,f? u|efawmfauseyf aerdw,f?0rf;omtm;&eJ@ rD;ud kcwfvd kufw,f ? jyD; aq;vdyfud kaumufzG mvd kufw,f? tay:xyfrS m wef;ydwfbk&m;&S dcd k;jyD;vd k@ (38) jzmr*Fvm uAsm ud kawmif&GwfaejyDyJ ?

“ udk,f hay:jyKbl; ol@aus;Zl; txl;odwwfaptJ@'grS Ak'<0g' ur B mŒ r*FvmawG”ysHŒvGifhwmwJ@ uAsmoH av;udkem;axmif&if; armifOD; ay;oGm;wJ@ tokH;0ifwefbdk;&Sd

ypPnf;av;udkw&dkwao odrf;zdk@ jyifvdkufw,f? at;av 'gav;uu|efawmfh twGuf wu,fh

wefbdk;&Sdaewmav ? r&SdawmhjyDjzpfwJ@ b&dwf'g; udk,fyGm;av;av? 'guawmhwu,fhudk yDbdykvif;uG Jav;ygyJ ?atmf ykvif;uG J ayr,f h a&$vdk wefbdk;&S dw,fqd kwm aocsmaeygw,f?pd k;rd k;ol ('k dufOD;)




2

bmomjyef tcef;quf

Tpmtkyfonf pma&;q&mr karen

connelly . rl&if;pmtkyfwtkyfjzpf+yD;pmzwfolrsm; tm; tvGeftrif;

zwfapcsifaom qENa=umif h }uKd;pm;wifjyvkdufygonf? Tpmtkyftm;zwfapjcif;jzif h jref rmEk difiHtwGif;

tkyfcsKyfrif;rlaeaom ppftpkd;&. vufxufwGif jrefrmEk difiHom;wk d @ rnfa&G @rnfr#xdvl @tcGif h ta&; qk H;&_ H;ae+yD;

jrefrmEk difiHwGif;&S d tusOf;axmif rsm;twGif;

rnfuJhok d hzdpD;ES dyfpufrnfuJ hok d qif;&J'kuQcH&I

ppftpkd;&. vlrqefr_rsm;uk duGufuGufuGif;uGif; odjrif&rnf jzpfygonf?

tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyoGm;ygrnf?

tvif;tdrfr*tvif;tdrfr*tvif;tdrfr*tvif;tdrfr*tvif;tdrfr* ~Zif; ~Zif; ~Zif; ~Zif; ~Zif;

,cifvrStquf ,cifvrStquf,cifvrStquf ,cifvrStquf,cifvrStquf tdrfajrS mifavS miftdrftcef; ( 43)

bmomjyefqdkol RRRRRoland Haroland Haroland Haroland Haroland Hardydydydydy(c)armifarmifvwf(c)armifarmifvwf(c)armifarmifvwf(c)armifarmifvwf(c)armifarmifvwf

trJa&mifaygufaewJ h tkwfywf=um;tufvk dif;onf axmifeH&H=uD;rS m txif;om; jzpfaeygonf?ae0ifcsdefa&mufvmygjyD? aer0ifcif rarSmifcifrSm ewf pifukdta&mufoGm;Ekdifzkd@ukd aumifav;pdwfavmaerdygonf? wwfEk di foavmuftjrefqk H ; vrf;av#muf&if; awZ&J@vifyef;uk dzk d=uD;xJok d@tjrefyk d@vk dufygonf? yef; uefawG/ vifyef;awG/ cGufawG aq;a=umaeoluk d E_wfquf&if;

pm;zk drSL;=uD;uk d wcsufa0hI=unf hvk dufygonf?wu,fawmh aumifav; ig;a=umf E_ dufpm;csifvk d@r[kwfyg? olewfpif&S dwJ h prf;acsmif;av;

bufukdoGm;wm b,fol@ukdrS rodapcsifyg? pdwfxJrSm prf;acsmif;xJ u taumifyavmifawGewfpifeHab;u o&Jwap> awGuk d wu,fra=umufyg? wu,f a=umufwmu arS mifrJrJ jzpfaewmuk da=umufwmyg? 'DavmufarS mifwmuk d qifvnf;a=umufrS mbJ r[kwfvm;?

pm;zd krSL;uk drawG@awmhrS zk d=uD;&J@aemufab;wHcg;ayguf wdwfwdwfav; xGufvmcJ hygonf?ewfpifukd oG m;zk d@om t"dujzpfygonf? ewfpifa&S@a&muf&if ol bmvkyf&rvJqk dwmuk dom awG;&if;

pdwfavmaeygonf? awZajymwJh ausmif;pm zwfwwfzk d@qkdwm acgif;xJpGJaeygonf? bmbJjzpfjzpfewfawGuk d olwwfoavmuf pum;ESif h&S dck d;jyD; vk dtyfwJ hqkawG awmif;&rS mbJ?yg;aewJ h a&mfbmzdeyfuk d tomc|wfvk dufjyD; ok dif;vG,fxm;wJ hvG,ftdwf xJuk d xJ hvk dufw,f?

prf;acsmif;xJu wjznf;jznf; qif;av#mufae&if; &kwfw&uf vif;vmwJ h rD;vk H;a=umif h vef@oG m;w,f?




93

ukd,f hbmomukd,f a=umufwwfwmukd tjypfwifrdw,f? ajcz0g;wckvk H;[m &G@ HAGufxJrSmepfjrKyfoG m;ygonf?

axmifeH&H=uD;ESif h prf;acsmif;=um;u jrufyifawGtay:rS m =uGufawGajy; v$ m;aewm jrifEk difygw,f?'Dreufcif;[m odyfom,maeygw,f? trsm;wumvkyf ovkd opfyifrSmyef;ukd =uKd;ESih fcsnfjyD;

ewfylaZmfwmrsKd;/ qGrf;uyfwmrsKd; rvkyfwwf yg? 'gayrJ h 'l;axmufjyD; t&k dtao ay;vk dufygw,f?ezl;ay:vufwifjyD; &k daoor_jyKvk dufw,f? b,folrSol@uk d pdwfqk d;r,fr xifyg?r GwfqvifawGa&m/ Ak' <bmom0ifawGa&m/ u&ifc&pf,mefawGa&m 'Dvk dbJ vkyf =uw,f?vlwk dif;vkyfEk difwJ htvkyfuk d bmjzpfvk d@ olrvkyfEk dif&rS mvnf;? opfyif =uD;uk d wk d;wk d;av;ajymvk dufygw,f?em;r&S dwJ hopfyif=uD;[m ol@&J@opf&GufawGuw qif h aumifav;uk d ajymvk dufwJ hpum;awGuk d aumifav;=um;Ek difvdrf hr,fxifyg w,f? ·······

ewfpif[m Ak'<&J@bk&m;pifavmuf r=uD;us,fyg? ewfawG[m rjrif&wJ h arsmufwaumifvk d@olxifaeygw,f? aumifav;rsufpdukdrSdwfjyD; pum;vkH;awG &Gwf zwfwwfzkd@ qkawmif;aerdw,f?bmompum;qk dwm ajymwwfzk d@/ tJ'Dpum;ESif h ewfESif hpum;ajymw,f? ewfqDrS m qkawmif;vk dufygw,f?tarajymcJ hbl;wJ hpum; awGvk dbJ olvnf;ajymwwfatmif ewfqDrS m qkawmif;vk dufw,f?

aumifav;&J@ vnf*kwfukd wa,mufa,mufqkwfukdifxm;ovkd cHpm; vkduf&vkd@a=umufa=umufESif h vef@atmfrdw,f? aumifav; a=umufa=umufESif h uk d,fvGwf&kef;jyD; ajy;xGufvk dufw,f?vG,ftdwfxJuav;cGuk d tjrefxkwf&if; ausmufcJwk H;uk d avmufpmtdrfxJxJ hjyD; csdefvk dufw,f? 'gayrJ hypfrSwfuk d awG@vk duf wmESifh ukvm;av; vufawGusoG m;w,f? axmifrSL; uk dvlacsm&J@ rsufES muk d aea&mifxk d;wJ h opf&GufawG=um;xJrS m awG @vk duf&vk d@bJjzpfygw,f?

“ rif;a&ul;wmukd oabmusw,f r[kwfvm;?” ajym&if;ESifh aumif av;wifyg;ukdajcaxmufESif h uefypfvk dufw,f?

odyfrjyif;ayrJ h aumifav; a&ajrmif;xJuk d a&mufoG m;ygw,f?“tckcsdefu rkd;&moDqkdwm rarhESifh? rif;acsmif;xJrSm tat;rdaeOD;r,f?” ajymae&if;

aumifav;ukd cyfjyif;jyif;uefvkdufw,f? aumifav; a=umufa=umuf vef@vef@ESif h 'Dtwkdif;jidrfcHaevk dufw,f? 'DwcgxyfjyD; aumifav;&J@ &ifbwfuk d uefvk dufw,f? axmifrSL; vlacsm[memcJ hwJ h'l;acgif;jyefemvmwJhtxd aumifav; ukd uefaewkef;bJ? aumifav; tat;rdjyD; acsmif;qkd;aeoH

=um;vk dufw,f?aumifav;&J@ ykqk d;&,f/ tuF sD&,ftm;vk H; pk d&G JaeygjyD?“uJ h h huJ vm h h higrif;uk d qG Julay;r,f? ighvufuk duk difjyD; tay:uk d wuf ” vk dufvk d@ajym&if;

vufqef@ay;vk dufygw,f? aumifav; ukdvlacsmuk d a=umufvk d@ acsmif;a&xJrS m csrf;wkefaeygw,f?pum;jyefajymzkd@ toHxGufrvmyg? ukdvlacsm a&S@ukdwkd;vkdufwJhtcg aumifav;[m aemufqkwfvk dufygw,f? aumif av; uk dvlacsm&J@aemufukd =unf hvk dufawmh axmifeH&H=uD;ESih f ewfopfyifuk d jrif&w,f? uHaumif;r,fqkd&ifawmh ol@ukd'kuQay;aewJh ukdvlacsmukd wm0efus 0g'g jrifoGm;ygap/

'grSr[kwf&if opfyifu ewfrif;=uD;awG@oG m;ygapvk d@ =udwfjyD; qk awmif;vk dufw,f? qkawmif;ae&if;“usaemf huk d rES dyfpufygESif h ”vk d@ jyefajymvk dufw,f?“ atmf --- =uGufowform;av; a=umufaew,f [kwfovm;? ”

uk dvlacsm tm;&yg;& &,farmvk dufw,f? rif;ukd ig'Dtwk dif; rxm;cJ hygbl;? em;vnfvm;? igbmvkyfvkyf




4

vkyfvkd@&w,f? ukdvlacsm[m ta&S@ukdukdif;jyD; aumifav;ukd vSrf;zufvkdufw,f? aumifav;aemufqkwf&if; yufvufvSef vJusoG m; w,f? 'Dwcg a&eufwJ hae&m a&mufoG m;w,f? a=umufa=umufESif ha&ay:uk d jyefay: vmjyD; toufuk dvkjyD; &_vk dufygw,f? jyD;awmh acsmif;a&[m yg;pyfxJ0ifjyD; oD;oG m;w,f?

uk dvlacsm[m acsmif;xJuk dqif;jyD; aumifav;&J@vnfyif;ud k n‡pfjyD;a&xJ uk d ESpfvk dufygw,f?

pdwfxJrS m axmifyk dif=uD;ajymcJ hwJ h“ rif;uk drif; aoaocsmcsm xdrf;xdrf;odrf;odrf;ae”qk dwJ h pum;uk d=um; a,mifrdw,f? 'gayrJ htckae&m axmifeH&Htjyifbufqkdawmh tapmifh0g'gawG vnf; odEkdifrSmr[kwfbl;? aumifav;tok H;rusvk d@ olqk H;rwmvk d@ oabmxm; vk dufw,f?

bDvl;waumifudk acsmif;tv,fxd qif;vkdufw,f? ppfzdeyfESifh aumifav;&J@wifyg;ukdaqmif huefvk dufw,f? aumifav;tuD sFuk d trdt&zrf;qkwfuk dif vk dufw,f? aumifav; a=umufa=umufESif h&kef;uefvk duf&if; vGwfoG m;w,f?

a=umufp&maumif;wJ h axmifrSL;uk dvlacsm rsufES muk d awG@vk duf&ygw,f? aumifav;uk d

a&xJuk d ESpfowfaeygw,f? aumifav;[m &kef;uef&if;ESif h xk d;=udwf aeygw,f? vlacsm&J@ uk d,fcE< mxJrS maoG;awGqlyGufovk dcHpm; ae&ygw,f? aemuf qk H; atmf[pfaewJ h aumifav;toH aysmufoG m;w,f?

aumifav; xk d;=udwfaewm &yfwef@oG m;ygjyD? ola=umufvef@r_awG[m =um&SnfrcHEk difawmhyg?a&xJrS m epfaewJ haumifav;[m o&Jwaumifvk d wifpm; jyD;om;jzpfoG m;w,f? a&xJu ckefxGufvmwJ hig;waumifvk d urf;ay:uk d a&muf vmw,f? toufuk d &_vk dufw,f? yg;pyfxJu a&awGtefcsvk dufw,f?uk d,fcE< muk d vS drf hae&if; a&awGtefcsvk dufygw,f?

ukdvlacsm&J@ emusifpGm qJqkdatmf[pfoHukd reD;ra0;u =um;vkdufygw,f? ukdvlacsm

'l;acgif;ukdud kifjyD; vufwzufu jrufyifawGukd qkyfukdif&if; emusifpGm atmf[pf qJqkdaeygw,f?aumifav;yg;pyfuk d vufESif hyGwfjyD; x&yfvk dufw,f? uk d vlacsmajcaxmuf wckckjzpfoG m;w,fxifw,f?uk dvlacsmvnf; =uKd;pm;jyD; x&yf vk dufw,f? aumifav;uk d wk d;wk d;ESif hjznf;jznf;av; ajymvk dufw,f?

“ ukvm;av; --- rif; - ighuk d r&k draovkyfwmawGuk d &yfvk duf&if rif;ukd igemusifatmifvkyfp&mrvkdbl;? tJ'g em;vnfvm;? ”

wu,fqk d&ifvnf; [kwfygw,f? aumif;ygw,f cifAsm;vk d@ ajym&if&wm yJ?“ vmprf; 'Dem;uk d” vk d@ ac:vk dufw,f?

vG,ftdwfxJu a&awG xGufusvmw,f? vk HcsnfESif h tuD s F[m a&awG pk d&$ JaejyD; tom;ay:rS muyfaew,f? acsmif;vnf; “w[Gwf[Gwf” qk d;aew,f? ar;&k d; uk d uk difvk dufw,f? uk dvlacsm xk d;xm;vk d@emusifjcif;u odomvmw,f?

ukvm;av; rif;uk d igar;p&mawG &S dw,f? tJ'g rif;rSefrSefajym&r,f?aumifav; xGufajy;Ek difwJ hvrf;ukd =unf hvk dufw,f? axmif&J@zk d=uD;&,f/ aq;&k H&,f rvSrf;

rurf;rS m awG@&w,f? tcktcsdefrS m ol@ukdb,folrS u,fEk difrSmr[kwfyg? wef;pD; OD;usm;=uD;vnf;u,fEk difr,frxifbl;? uHaumif;wmu wm0efus 0g'g&J@t&dyf uk d vSrf;awG@vk duf&ygw,f?

“rif; 'Duk dvmprf; ukvm;av;? igacsmif;uk d j zwfjyD; rif;uk dqG Jac:&&if rif;' kuQaumif;aumif;a&mufoG m;r,fodvm;? aemufwcgqd k rif;vGwfrS m r [kwfbl;? ratay;av;? 'Dbufuk dvmprf;? ”aumifav; a=umufa=umufESif h

“q&m usaemf huk d a&ESpfjyD; rowfygeJ@” [kajymvk dufw,f? axmifrSL;uk dvlacsmu




95

“t&l;av; emuef;aevm;? rif;'Dbufuk dvmvk d@ ighajymaew,fav?” aumifav; a&xJqif;jyD;vlacsm&S dwJ hbufuk d wufvmcJ hjyD; ajcpk H&yfvk dufw,f? yg; ay:usvmrJ h uk dvlacsm vuf0g;uk d rsufpdrS dwfjyD;apmif hqk dif;aevk dufygw,f? wcsdef xJrS myJ yg;&k d;u emusifvmw,f?

“ igrif;ukd ar;p&m&Sdw,f? rif;ighukd ulnDEk difr,fxifvkd@ rif;ukdigar;wm?” wukd,fvkH;

csrf;wkefoGm;&if; axmifrSL;uk dvlacsmrsufESmuk d wcsuf=unfhvk dufjyD; acgif; jyefik H @oGm;w,f?tqufrjywfpD;aewJh acsmif;a&awGuk d t"dy g,frJ hpG m pk duf=unf h aerdw,f?“rif;owd&vm;? jyD;cJ hwJ hvu rkefwk dif;t=uD;tus,fusvk d@ taqmif 2rS m a&awG =uD;cJ hw,f?

” ajym&if; ukvm;av; ykckH;ukd vufESifhn‡pfxm;w,f? ukvm; av;[m emayrJh r&kef;awmhyg?ola=umufaewJ hrsufES muk d uk dvlacsmrjrifwm yk daumif;w,fxifw,f?

“ rif;rSwfrdvm;? tJ'Dae@rSmbJ taqmif 3 txl;aqmifu EkdifiHa&; t usOf;om;awGppfacG;avS miftdrfxJ xJhcJh&wJ haeav? ”

ukvm;av;u “[kwfuJ h rSwfrdygw,f? ”

“ at; -- tJ'DtcsdefrS m rif;b,fa&mufaewmvJ? rif;bmvkyfaevJ?”aumifav;pdwfxJrS m wa,mufa,mufu ol@uk drsm; tJ'Dae@u awG@vk dufovm;qk d jyD; pdwfyloG m;ygw,f?

“ reufyk di f ;r Sm usaemf awmif,mbufrSm ulvkyfay;jy D; ae@cif;r Sm =uGufawGvk duf&S mowfaeygw,f? ”

“ b,fae&mrS m &S maewmvJ? ”“'Dae&mrS mbJ q&m? aemufjyD; taqmif 2bufuk d oG m;ygw,f? a&=uD; vk d@ =uGufawG

trsm;=uD;xGufvm=uw,f? ” aumifav;[m 'Dvk dajymzk d @ tcs de ft =um=uD;uwnf;u

avhusif hxm;jyD;om;jzpfw,f?“wk dufydwftaqmifeJ@ taqmif=uD;em; a&mufao;vm;? usaemft aqmif 2 zufoG m;wkef;u

wcgjzwfcJ hjyD; ntdrftjyefrS m wcgjzwfcJ hygw,f? ” vk Hcsnf uk drjyD; a&awGn‡pfvk dufygw,f? ukvm;av;uo&kyfaqmifaumif; wa,mufjzpf vmw,f? tk dufwifu yDjyifw,f?

“ usaemf zdeyf=uKd;jyKwfoG m;vk d@ wk dufydwftaqmif a&S@bufrS m wcsuf &yfjyD; jyefjyifvk dufygw,fcifAsm? ” tJ'Dae@u rk d;awGt&rf;&G m aeawmh ol@uk d w a,mufa,muf awG@oG m;vnf; jy\emr&S dEk difyg?

axmifrSL; uk dvlacsmu olvk dcsifwJ htajz r&bl;qk dwm odvk dufw,f? aumifav;[m yDyDjyifjyif

o&kyfaqmifEk difcJ hw,f?“rif;ukd igwckajymr,f? rif; qG mrd ukvm;=uD;uk dodw,f r[kwfvm;? oHacsmif;acgufwJ htapmif hav? tJ'D ukvm;=uD; v#mb,fvk djzpfoG m;ovJqk dwm rif ;odw,fr[kwfvm;? ”ukvm;av;u

“ [kwfuJ h ”vk d@ jyefajzvk dufygw,f?“ at; -- olighuk d vdrfajymvk d@ igu v#mjzwfypfvk dufwmbJ odjyDvm;?”axmifrSL;uk dvlacsm tmacsmifwm rsm;oG m;w,f? uk dqG mrdu 'DaxmifxJ ra&mufcifuwnf;u

v#mjywfaewm vlwk dif;odjyD;om;bJ? wjcm;wae&mrS m jywf cJ hwmbJ? axmifxJu "g;a=umif hr[kwfbl;?aumifav;uk d ukwfvk duf&if;

“ q&m usaemfvdrfrajymygbl;? usaemf zdeyf=uKd;jyKwfoGm;vkd@ 'Dae&mrSm wcsuf&yfjyD;zdeyf=uKd;jyefwyfygw,f? 'DrS m =unf hrS m? usaemf h zdeyf=uKd;[m =uKd;eJ@ csnfxm;&wmyg? ”vG,ftdwfxJuzdeyfuk d aoaocsmcsmxkwfjy&if; oufao xlvk dufygw,f?




6

axmifrSL;ukdvlacsm[m aumifav;ukd wGef;vk duf&if; --“ ig - rif;&J@zdeyfpkwfukd r=unfhcsifbl;? ig&Smaewmu tJ'Drkefwkdif; uswJh ae@rSm

aysmufoGm;wJhypPnf;ukd vkdcsifaewm? ig&atmif&Smr,f?” aumifav; ukdvl acsm&J@ ppfzdeyfukdpk duf=unf haerdw,f?

“ q&m tvk d&S d&if usaemfyg q&m&S mwJ h[muk d uljyD;&S may;csifygw,f? usaemfu axmifxJrS m

bmrqk daxmif=uD;xJrS m bmrqk d&S mazGwwfwJ haumif jzpfyg w,f? q&mtvk d&S d&if uljyD;&S may;yghr,f?“ 'DrS m ukvm;av;/ acG;rom;av; ih guk d=unf hprf; ”ukvm;av; rsufvk H;t0k dif;=uD;eJ@ jyef=unf hvkdufygw,f? uk dvlacsmu wk d; wk d;av; “ igrif;&J@

v#mukd rjzwfao;bl;? ajymajymqk dqk d aumifav;&J@ ar;aphukd ukd vufeJ@n‡pfukdifvk duf&if; “ rif;vdrfajymwm igodvk d@uawmh v#mrjzwfbJ/ rif; uk d acG;pmau|;r,fodvm;?

“ rif; awZwk dufydwfcef; a&S@u jzwfoG m;wJ hae@u &G@HAGufxJu wckck&S m awG@cJ hw,f r[kwfvm;? ”ukvm;av; “ q&m usaemf bmrS rawG@cJ hygbl; q&m?”

uk dvlacsm ukvm;av;uk d aqmif hwGef;vk duf&if; “ oG m;prf; ukvm;av; rif;&J@ eHapmfaewJ hteH@uk digrcHEk difawmhbl;? xGufoG m;prf;? ”aumifav; vrf;av#mufae&if; vG,ftdwfxJu zdeyfuk dxkwfjyD; ajray: csvk duf&if; wzufpD

pD;vk dufw,f? aemufuk d jyefvSnf hr=unf hayrJ h axmifrSL;uk dvlacsm ol@uk d pk duf=unf haer,fqk dwm odjyD;om;yg?ukdvlacsm emaewJh 'l;acgif;ukd jyefprf;aew,f? ajray:rSm xkdifcsvkduf&if; wHawG;

axG;xkwfvk dufygw,f? opfyifawGuk d rESpfu ckwfypfcJ hvk d@ tyifjrif hjrif hawG r&S dawmhyg? ukvm;av;uk daxmifxJrSm b,folu tm%mt&Sdqk H;qk dwm jyojyD; jyD? 'l;acgif;u usnfqHrSefxm;ovk d emaew,f?emvGef;vk d @ aumifav;tay:uk d awmifvJusbl;w,f? 'g[m 'l;u emvkd@vm;? 'grSr[kwfpdwfv_yf&S m;aecJ hvk d@vm; rodyg?

pdwfxJrS m h h h h “ukvm;av; rif;ajy;vk d@ rvGwfbl;? ”0g'gwcsKd@&J@ ajymjycsuft& ukvm;av;[m awZ&J@wk dufydwftaqmif bufrS m &S dcJ hw,fqk dwmyJ?

ukvm;av;&J@ypPnf;xm;wJh ae&mukd r&Sm&ao;bl;? uk vm;av;zkd=uD;xJu pm;p&mckd;pm;vkd@olrdcJ hbl;w,f? 'gayrJ h axmifyk dif=uD;uk d olwifjywJ htcg axmifyk dif=uD;u vk H;0pdwf r0ifpm;bl;? axmifyk dif=uD;pdwfqk d;jyD;

“ rif;bm awGav#mufvkyfaewmvJ? axmifrSL;av; nGef@a0OD;?”ukvm;av;u rdbrJ hw aumif=uGufjzpfovk d axmif=uD;xJrS m vcr ay;&bJ bmbJjzpfjzpf ck dif;vk d@&wJ htvkyform;wa,mufbJ? olrsm;awG pm;jyD;om; tusefawGuk dbJ pm;wmbJ? olrpm;vJ v$if hypf&r,f?tr_ dufawGbJ r[kwfvm;? aumifav;u ol@bmomol aeygap? bmrS oG m;rywfoufeJ@?”'gayrJ h uk dvlacsmaumifav;uk d 'Dtwk dif; v$wfxm;rS m r[kwfyg? 'Dwcg ukvm;av; ck d;pmwmawG@ &if b,fol@uk drS rajymbJppfacG;avS miftdrfxJ xJ hxm;vk dufr,f?

axmifrSL; uk dvlacsm[m tdwfaxmifxJu w0ufaomufjyD;om; aq; ayghvdyfuk dxkwfjyD;

rD;n‡ dum w&_ duf/ ESpf&_ duf tm;&yg;& &_&_ dufvk duf&if; jyefpOf;pm; aew,f?acgif;xJrS m avmavmq,fq,f &S dwmu emaewJ h'l;acgif;uk d tjrefqk H; oufomvmatmif

b,fvk dvkyfrvJ? oluk d,fwk difvnf; wcgwav tvkyfem;&uf uav;&&if aumif;rS mbJvk d@ pOf;pm;rdw,f? quf vuf azmf jy ay;oGm;ygrnf ? armifarmifvwfarmifarmifvwfarmifarmifvwfarmifarmifvwfarmifarmifvwf




97

jroef;wif hjroef;wif hjroef;wif hjroef;wif hjroef;wif h

'Da&jrif hopfEd kifiHa&; tawG;tjrif bmomjyef tcef;quf

jrefrmhqd k&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD vufxuf/jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sifrsm;rSxkwfa0cGif hjyK+yD;aemuf ydwfyif wm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom q&mjroef;wifq&mjroef;wifq&mjroef;wifq&mjroef;wifq&mjroef;wif h . 'Da&jrif hopf'Da&jrif hopf'Da&jrif hopf'Da&jrif hopf'Da&jrif hopf(armfpDwkef; ESif h w&kwfawmfvSefa&;) pmtkyftm;/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm;

taejzif h vufawG hb0 w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESif h cH,ljzwfoef;r_rsm;ud k pmzwfolwd k h avhvm od&S dEd kifap&ef tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyvk dufygonf//

(pma&;ol. rd om;pkESif h quf oG,f a&; cuf cJojzif h tod ay;jcif ; r&S d onf ud kcGif hv$wf ay;yg&ef awmif ;yef tyf ygon f)

od k@&mwGif armf. oabmw&m;a&; &efol/ ,efpdefcsif;u qef@usifzuf jzpfr_ud k jiif;onf?yËdyuQ jzpfaeaom buftoD;oD;onf aygif;pnf;oG m;=uonf[k qd k=uonf? olu xd koabmw&m;ud kESpf taygif; wpf oabmw&m;[k ac:onf? ESpftaygif; wpf oabmw&m;onf/ yËdyuQjzpfr_ud k

jiif;y,fI nDr#r_/ xyfwlxyfr# jzpfr_/ wckwnf;ud kom todtrSwfjyKonf?(,efpdefcsif;onf &k&S m;jyef “abmfv&S DApf” 28 OD;teuf wOD;jzpfonf? uGefjrLepf

tifwmae&Sife,f ta&S@zsm;AsK&d kwGif xkwfa0a&; wm0efcH vkyfcJ hzl;onf? &k&S m;bmomaA' yg&*ljzpfonf? 1949 ckwGif yDuif;odk@ jyefa&muf+yD;/ w&kwfjynf tbd"rR m toif;. OuUX jzpfonf?ygwDrwfvDeif0g' oifwef;ausmif; 'kwd, OuUX jzpfonf? ygwDoifwef;ausmif;ESif h armf. usrf;rsm;ud koif&d k;!$ef;wrf;rS jzKwfypfcJ honf? 1957 rS 1946 xd oifwef;ausmif;wGif 'k OuUX jzpfcJ honf?)

armfu yË dyuQrsm;wGif twd kuftcH yË dyuQESif h twd kuftcH r[kwfo!f h yË dyuQ[k xyfcG Jonf?

twd kuftcHr[kwfaom yË dyuQonf wcgw&HwGif/ twd kuftcH yË dyuQod k@ ul;ajymif;oG m;onf [k“jynfolwGif; yË dyuQrsm;ud k rSefuefpG m ud kifwG,fa&;usrf;”wGif azmfjyonf?

yË dyuQ. xl;jcm;r_wGif armfu t"du yË dyuQESif h yË dyuQ. t"dubuf[lIvnf;xyfI cG Jjcrf;pdwfjzmao;onf?

“&_yfaxG;aom t&mudpP. jzpfxGef;wd k;yGm;o!f h jzpfpOfwGif/ yË dyuQ tajrmuftjrm;wnf&S d&m/ 4if;wd k@teuf wckonf/ t"duyË dyuQ jzpf&rnf? 4if;. wnf&S dr_ESifh }uD;xG m;r_u tjcm;yË dyuQrsm;. wnf&S dr_ESif h }uD;xG m;r_wdk@ud k owfrSwfonf? od k@r[kwf *,uf&d kufonf?”

“Oyrm t&if;&Sifpepf vl@tzG J@tpnf;wGif ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;ESih f "e&Sif vlwef; pm;[laom yË dyuQjzpfaeo!f h/ tiftm;pk ESpf&yfonf t"du yË dyuQ jzpfonf? tjcm; yË dyuQtiftm;pktm;vH k;ud k/ ,if;t"du yË dyuQu owfrSwfonf? *,uf&d kufonf?”

(“yË dyuQusrf;” vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twG J 1)jzpfpOfxJwGif&S daom yË dyuQtm;vH k;ud k wef;wlxm;I rjzpf[k armfu ,lqonf? 4if;wd k@ud k

t"duESif h omrn[k ESpfrsdK;cG J&rnf? t"du yË dyuQud k qkyfud kifrd&ef owdjyK&rnf? yË dyuQjzpfaeaom bufESpfbufud k wef;wl oabmxm;Ir&? rnfo!fh yË dyuQwGifrqk d /yË dyuQjzpfaeo!f hbufrsm;onf }uD;xG m;r_ rnDnm? wcgw&H olrom/ ud k,from jzpfovd k&S daeo!f hwd kif ,if;rS m ,m,Dr#om jzpfonf? E_ dif;,SOfr_t&om jzpfonf? t&if;cH tajctaenDnmjcif;r&S d? wzufu t"dujzpfI wzufu omrn jzpf&vdrf hrnf?




8

od k@&mwGif xd ktajctaeonf/ rajymif;vJyJ wnf&S daeonfr[kwf? yË dyuQ. t"dubufESif h t"dur[kwfaom bufrsm;onf/ tjyeftvSef ajymif;vJae=uo!f h tavsmuf t&mudpP.vuQ%monfvnf;/ vdkufI ajymif;aeonf? yË dyuQ }uD;xG m;&mY wpHkwckaom tqifhwGift"dubufonf (u) jzpfI/ t"dur[kwfaombufonf/ (c) jzpfonf qk dygpd k@? }uD;xG m;r_tqif hod k@a&mufaomtcg/ (u) ESif h (c) onf/ ae&mcsif; vJoG m;=uonf? (c) onf t"dubuf jzpfvm+yD;/(u)onf omrnbuf jzpfoG m;onf? T ajymif;vJr_ud k jzpfpOftwGif;&S d yË dyuQ bufESpfbufwd kufyG Jjzpfaeo!f h/ tiftm; twd k;tavsmh. twd kif; twmu qH k;jzwfonf? armfu Tw&m;ud kjy&mwGif/ c&D;&Snf csDwufyG J Oyrmud k jyonf? c&D;&Snf csDwufyG J jzpfpOfY/ tpwGif wyfeDawmf.qd k;0g;aom tajctaeonf/ yË dyuQ. t"dubufjzpfI/ aumif;aomtajctaeonf yË dyuQ.omrnbuf jzpfoGm;onf? odk@&mwGif aemufwqifhY aumif;aomtajctaeonf t"dubufjzpfvm+yD;/ qdk;aomtajctae onf omrnbuf jzpfoG m;onf? armfu “t&mudpPwck[m

tqd k;u taumif;ud k ajymif; oG m;Ed kifw,f? taumif;uae+yD; tqdk;ud k a&mufoG m;Ed kifw,f” [kzGif honf?

armfu ppfESifh +idrf;csrf;a&; jy\emud kvnf; tEkyË davmrjzif h cG Jjcrf;pdwfjzmjyonf?aoe*FAsK[m jy\em/ enf;y&d,m,f jy\emESif h ywfoufo!f h armf.usrf;rsm;onf/ ppfusrf;rsm;oufoufr#omru/ tbd"rR ma&;usrf;rsm;vnf; jzpfaeonf? &kyf0g' tEkyË davmrenf;emud kjyqd ko!f h usrf;rsm; jzpfaeonf?

armf. ppftawG;tac:rsm;onf ppfa&;ppf&mudpPrsm;wGif/ tEkyË davmrud k xif [yf

usih foH k;jy&m tawG;tac:rsm; jzpfonf? w&kwfawmfvSefa&;}uD; atmifyG JcH&mY/ t"du usaomta=umif;&if;}uD;rsm; jzpfonf?

armfu ol@ppfa&; 0dZ… mynmud k olem;vnfwwfu|rf;vmjcif;rSm/ ,G Dcsif; tajccH a'oud kcsefau&S dwfu oH k;}udrfwd kif 0d kif;ywfacsr_ef;a&; xd k;ppf}uD;rsm; qifjcif;a=umif h jzpf onf[k ajymzl;onf?od k@&mwGif ppfaoe*FAsK[mESif h enf;y&d,m,fwGifvnf; tajccH tbd"rR m &S dzd k@ vd konf? wyfeDawmfonfppftzG J@tpnf;oufouf wckr#omru/ Ed kifiHa&; tzGJ@wckvnf; jzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;yef;wd kifud kta&mufoG m;r!fh Ed kifiHa&; ud&d,mwck jzpfonf? xd k@a=umif h wyfeDawmf. aoe*FAsK[mESif h

enf;y&d,m,fwd k@u/d k xd k&nf&G,fcsufu jyXmef;onf? yH koGif;onf? Ed kifiHa&;u trdef@ay;&rnfqd konfrS mToabmyif jzpfonf? tpp t&m&mud k Ed kifiHa&;uom OD;aqmif&rnf?

*syefckcHa&;ppfyG Jonf/ omrefppfyG Jw&yfr#omr[kwf? awmfvSefa&;ppfyG Jtm;vH k;. pHerlemw&yfjzpfonf? trsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&; wd kufyG JtoGifjzif h qifE$ Jo!fh vlwef;pm; wd kufyG Jjzpfonf?TppfyG JrsdK;tm;vH k;onf/ urB mh qd k&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;. tpdwftyd kif; jzpfonf[k armfu ajymzl;onf?

“ppf[m wpH kwckaom tqif hud k a&mufvmwJ h yË dyuQrsm;ud k ajz&Sif;wJ h tjrif hqH k;wd kufyGJ yH ko¿mefjzpfw,f?---ppfqk dwm Ed kifiHa&;&J@ tqufjzpfw,f? 'Dt"dy g,ft&qd k&if/ ppf

qd kwm Ed kifiHa&;yJ jzpfw,f? ppfudk,fYu Ed kifiHa&; tjyKtrl jzpfw,f?--'gayrJ h ppfrS m ud k,fyd kifxl;jcm;csuf&S dw,f? 'Dt"dy g,ft&qd k&if ppfqd kwm[m a,bk,s Ed kifiHa&;r[kwfzl;? ppfqd kwm Ed kifiHa&;ud kxl;jcm;wJ h enf;eJ@ qufvkyfjcif;jzpfw,f? Ed kifiHa&;[m tqif hwcktxd wd k;yG m;vm+yD; rlvenf;eJ@




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a&S@udk wdk;roGm;EdkifwJhtcg/ Ed kifiHa&;vrf;ay:u twm;tqD;awGudk z,f&Sm;ypfzd k@twGufppfjzpf&awmhw,f?---twm;tqD;awGud k z,f&Sif;+yD;/ Ed kifiHa&;&nf&G,f csuf txajrmufwmeJ@ppfvJtqH k;owfoG m;vdrf hr,f?--'ga=umih f Ed kifiHa&;[m aoG;rxGufwJ h ppfjzpfw,f? ppf[m aoG;xGufwJ hEd kifiHa&; jzpfw,fvd k@ qd kEd kifw,f?” (“a&&Snfppf” vufa&G;pif usrf;/ twGJ 2)

“ppfyG J. Oya'orsm;” ud k avhvmjcif;onf ody Hynmw&yfjzpfonf? yË dyuQrsm;ud ktajccHo!f h 0dZ… mynmw&yf jzpfonf? ppfyG Jud k ay:aygufapo!f h yuwd tajctaersm; yË dyuQrsm;ud kavhvm&vdrf hrnf? wenf;ajym&v#if Ed kifiHa&;/ pD;yG m;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESif h yx0D taetxm;rsm;ud kavhvm&vdrf hrnf? csefau&S dwfudk wd kufcsifv#if/ csefau&S dwfta=umif;ud k avhvm&vdrf hrnf?

awmfvSefa&;ppfyG Jonf/ rnfo!f htcgr# usL;ausmfppfr[kwf? ckcHppfjzpfonf? rw&m;aomppfr[kwf? w&m;aomppfyGJjzpfonf[k armf ,lqonf? xd kppfyG JY jynfol. pdwf"gwfonf y"getusqH k;jzpfonf? w&m;o!f hppfud k wd kufo!f h/ jynfolw&yfonf/ b,ftcgr# r&_H;? vufeufrcs?

ol@bufwGif axmufcHolrsm;&S donf[k pG J+rJpG m ,H k=unfonf? xd ka=umih f xd kppfrsdK;onf obm0tm;jzif ha&&SnfppfyG J jzpf&vdrf hrnf? usL;ausmfolu jynfolrsm;ud k +idrf;csrf;pG m u|efjyKvd konf? odk@&mwGifjynfol@ppfyG Jw&yfY TtajctaersdK;ud k rnfo!f htcgr# &vdrh frnfr[kwf? wd kufyG J. tEd kift&_ H;ud kvufeufu qH k;jzwfjcif;r[kwf? vlu qH k;jzwfjcif; jzpfonf? jynfolrsm;u vufOD;r_ud k &,lonf?ppfyG Jta=umif;ESif h &efol ta=umif;ud k jynfolrsm;u yd kI em;vnfvmonfESif htr#/ vufOD;r_ud k yd kI,lvm=uvdrfrnf?

,iftef;wGif&SdpOf armfonf aoe*FAsK[m cHppf/ aoe*FAsK[m qkwfppfESif h aoe*F AsK[m

wefjyefxd k;ppfwd k@. oabmud kvnf;/ tus,fw0if h aqG;aEG;yd k@csonf? tajccHa'orsm; wnfaqmufa&;/ajymufusm;ppfe,f}uD;rsm; xlaxmifa&;/ xd ktajccHa'orsm;ESif h ppfe,f}uD; rsm;ud k cd kifrmatmifvkyfa&;/ajymufusm;ppf/ v_yf&S m;ppfESih f ae&m,lppf po!f h/ ppfyG JoH k;rsdK; tjyeftvSef qufoG,fa&;/ po!f hjy\emrsm;/ jynfol@ppfyG J. pD;yG m;a&; jy\emrsm;/ ud k,fzmom zlvHkaom wyfrawmfw&yf.jy\emrsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ESif h acgif;aqmifr_ jy\emrsm;udkvnf; tus,fw0if h a&;cJhonf?

ol. a&;om;csufrsm;tm;vH k;Y armfonf jynfolwd k@. odpdwf&Sdaom aqmif&Gufr_ ud ktav;wif; azmfjyonf? ppfa&;jzpfap/ Ed kifiHa&;jzpfap/ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; tm;vH k;Y/ jynfolwd [email protected] ta&;}uD;yH kud k axmufjyonf? jynfol. odpdwf&S daom/ aqmif&Gufcsuf r&S dyJ bmr# rjzpfEd kif?Tae&mYvnf; armfonf ygwDwGif;u “&k&km;jyef”rsm;. c kcHr_udk }uHK&onf? 4if;wdk@u*syefckcHa&;ppfyG J. ta&;}uD;yH kud k vspfvsL&_=uonf? “ypPnf;rJ h Ed kifiH wum0g'” [laom pum;vH k;jzif hw&kwfjynfwGif csufcsif; vufiif;/ qd k&S,fvpfpepf xlaxmif &ef awmif;qd k=uonf? w&kwfjynfolrsm;.*syefqef@usifa&; pdwf"mwfud k owdarhae=uonf?

“trsdK;om;vGwfvufa&; qHk;&_ H;aewJh jynfolw&yf&J@ awmfvSefa&; vkyfief;[m/qd k&S,fvpfpepfud k csufcsif;xlaxmifzd k@ r[kwfbl;? vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wd kufyG J0ifzd k@ jzpfw,f?qd k&S,fvpf0g'ud k usifhoH k;&m wd kif;jynfudk/ tvkcHxm;&wJ htcsdefrS m u|efawmfwd k@[m qd k&S,f vpf0g'

ta=umif;udk ajymawmif rajymtyfbl; ” [k armfu 1936 ckESpfwGif t*~ gpEd k;ud k ajymcJ hzl;onf?1946 ckESpfwGif wyfeDawmfu csefau&Sdwftm; aoe*FAsK[m cHppfqifE$Jaeonf?

wcsdefwnf;wGif aoe*FAsK[m xd k;ppf}uD;ud k jyifaeonf? vlxkudk Ed kifiHa&;t& pnf;&H k;jcif;/ vlxk




00

vrf;pOfjzif h ynmay;jcif;/ b¾ ma&;ESif h pD;yG m;a&; vkyfief;rsm; vkyfjcif;/ ygwDESih f ppfwyfud kavhusif hjcif;/ yx0Dtaetxm;ESif h tcsdeftcgud k avhvm wGufcsufjcif;/ “aus;vufrS +rdK@ud k 0d kif;a&;”rlatmifjrif&ef/ aus;vufwGif tajccH pcef;rsm; aqmufjcif;/ ponfwd k@ud k vkyf&rnf?

Ttqif hwGif ajr,m jyK jyifajymif;vJa&;rSwqif h/ vlxkvrf;pOfudk taumif txnf

azmf&rnf? vlxkvrf;pOfonf atmifyG JtwGuf t"du vd ktyfcsuf jzpfonf? T tqif hyg vkyfief;rsm;ud kausmfroGm;&?

armfonf w&kwfawmfvSefa&; qifE$ J&mwGif aus;vufud k tajccHI/ +rdK@ud k 0d kif;a&; rlud kcsrSwfonf? armfu ppfrwd kufcif Ed kifiHa&;ESif h pD;yG m;a&; vkyfief;ud k vkyfxm;&rnf? wcsdK@ e,fajrrsm;ESif h+rdK@ }uD;ud k pGef@v$wfwef pGef@v$wfrnf? udpPr&S d? od k@pGef@v$wfjcif;jzif h vltm;ud k ac|wm&ma&mufonf?“tqefrygaom”AvmatmifyG Jrsm;udk &zd k@ / vlawG tqHk;&_ H; rcHEd kif? &efol@wyfrsm;udk&efolqef@usifo!f h e,fajrrsm;xJod k@ a&mufatmif r#m;ac:&rnf? &efolqef@usifa&; vlxk

0J*,uf}uD;xJwGif qG JESpfypf&rnf? Tenf;tm;jzif h &efolud k ud k,f vd k&mod k@ ta&mufac:+yD;/ t+yD;wd kifacsr_ef;ypf&rnf[k armfu ,lqonf?

wyfr_;rsm;onf &J&J&ihf&ihf qHk;jzwfwwf&rnf? wyfr_rsm;. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkwyfom;rsm;ESif h vlxktm;/ wwfEd kifor# today;&rnf? v#dK@ 0Sufrxm;&? Tod k@ vkyfjcif; tm;jzif hwyfom;rsm; / jynfolrsm;onf tajctaeudk em;vnfoabmaygufum/ udk,fydkif todudk,fydkifOm%frsm; ay;Edkifonf? yË dyuQw&m;rsm;udk tajcwnfI qHk;jzwfcsufudk pkaygif;vkyfaqmif&rnf?

yË dyuQwGif yË dyuQjzpfaeaombufrsm;. jzpfay: wd k;wufr_onf wckESif hwck nDnm jcif;r&S d[k armfuajymcJ honf/ (yË dyuQrsm;. rnDnmr_ oabmw&m;?) wenf;ajym&aomf jzpfay: wd k;wufr _wckY yË dyuQbufrsm;onf/ taetxm; ajymif;vJoG m;Ed kifonf? armf. w&m;onf/txl; ojzif h ppfyG Jrsm;ud k avhvm&mY ydkI xif&S m;onf? ppfyG JY tiftm;}uD;aom bufonft+rJwrf;Ed kifonfr[kwf? tiftm;ao;aom bufonfvnf; t+rJwrf;&_ H;onf r[kwf? “Ed kifiHuav;uEd kifiH}uD; wEd kifiHud k tEk difwd kufEd kifw,f? tm;enf;wJ h Ed kifiHu tm; aumif;wJ h Ed kifiHud k tEd kifwd kufEd kifw,f” [k armfu 1970 arv (20) &uf ausnmcsufwGif axmufjycJ honf? TonfrS m yË dyuQrsm;.

bufajymif;vJr_ w&m;ud k tajccHI armfu axmufjyjcif; jzpfonf?armfu yË dyuQtwGif;u ajymif;jyefajymif;vJr_ jzpfpOfud k ppfyG JwGif xif[yf usif hoH k; onf?

“ wpHkwckaom tajctaeY/ t&m0wˆKwcktwGif;u yË dyuQjzpfaeaom bufrsm;onfqef@usifbufod k@ ajymif;oG m;wwfonf? rdrd.bufrS qef@usifbuf tajctaeod k@ ajymif;vJoG m;wwfonf ” [k armfu ajymcJ honf? yË dyuQ. bufwzufrS tjcm; qef@usifbuf wzuf odk@ajymif;vJoG m;jcif;ud k xyfwljzpfr_[k ac:onf? TonfrS m “tEkyË davmrw&m;. tESpf jzpfonf?tEkyË davmrw&m;onf/ qef@usifbufrsm; rnfod k@ xyfwljzpfoG m;=uonfud k jyonf? wckrSwckod k@

ajymif;vJoG m;yH kud k jyonf? qef@usifbuf rsm;onf taoozG,f/ a&G@vsm;jcif;r&S d wnfaejcif;r[kwfa=umif;/ 4if;wd k@onf ,m,Dr#om jzpfa=umif;/ v_yf&Sm; aea=umif;ud k jyonf” [k vDeifuajymcJ honf? xd ktcsufonf ppfyG JwGif ta&;}uD;onf/ ajymif;jyefajymif;vJr_twGuf vd ktyfo!f h




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v_yf&S m;r_ud k em;vnfzd k@ vk donf? xdkok d@ em;vnf&ef twGuf wDxGifr_ &S d&OD;rnf? OD;aqmifr_&S d&rnf? armfonf ajymif;jyefajymif;vJr_/ rnfo!f h tcsdefwGif ay:aygufrnfud k em;vnfo!f hae&mwGifxl;c|efoljzpfonf? tcsdeftcgud k trdt& zrf;qkyfwwfonf?

od k@&mwGif yË dyuQrsm;. bufajymif;wwfaom oabmudk/ em;vnf&eftwGuf t"du

yË dyuQESif h vufatmufcH yË dyuQud k cG Jjcm;Ed kif&rnf? (yË dyuQrsm;. ajymif;jyefjzpfr_ oabmw&m;?)*syefckcHa&; ppfyG Jumvwkef;u/ t"du yË dyuQonf/ *syefe,fcsJ@pepfjzpfonf? Tt"du yË dyuQud kajz&Sif;&eftwGuf (wdusaom uef@owfcsufrsm;twGif;) csefau&S dwfESif h nD!Gwfa&; wyfaygif;pk zG J@cJ h&onf?od k@&mwGif wwd, jynfwGif;ppfumvwGifrl/ w&kwfjynfol trsm;pk}uD;ESif h tar&duefe,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u/usm;uefay;xm;aom csefau&S dwf ud k,fpm; jyKo!f h vufa0cH "e&Sifvlwef;pm;wd k@=um;u/ yË dyuQ.vufatmufcHrsm; jzpfvmcJ h=uonf? xdk@a=umih f csefau&S dwf qef@usifa&; tiftm;pktm;vH k;ud k/odrf;oGif;pnf;&H k;a&;onf/ vufiif; wm0ef jzpfvmonf? xdkESifhtnD aemufxyf nD!Gwfa&;

wyfaygif;pkwckud k zG J@cJ h&onf? Tonf rS m jynfwGif;ppf Ed kifiHa&;udk armfu yË dyuQw&m;wGiftajccHI cG Jjcrf;pdwfjzmyH k jzpfonf?

jynfwGif;ppfumv ppfa&;ud kvnf;/ armfu yË dyuQw&m;wGif tajccHI ajz&Sif;onf?jynfwGif;ppfumv ppfa&;u azmfjyo!fh yË dyuQ bufESpfzufrSm wzufu csefau&Sdwf.ppfwyf}uD;rsm;jzpfI/ tjcm;wzufu uGefjrLepfwyfrsm;jzpfonf? TbufESpfzufwGif csefau &S dwfuvufeuftiftm; aumif;onf? wyfOD;a&rsm;onf? uGefjrLepfwd k@xuf (4) qcG J tm;aumif;onf?uGefjrLepfwd k@u vufeuf!H honf? tiftm;enf;onf? od k@&mwGif avhusih f r_ aumif;onf? ,H k=unfcsuf

&S donf? Ed kifiHa&;tod&S donf? vlxkaxmufcHr_&onf? TyË dyuQ ESpfzufud k bufajymif;vkyfvd kv#if/wenf; ol@ud k tiftm;enf;atmifvkyfI/ ud k,f hbufud k tm;omatmif vkyfvd kv#if/ jy\emud k*&kwpd kuf avhvm&vdrf hrnf? yË dyuQ. tjcm;buf wzuf (csefau&S dwf.wyfrsm;) ESif h vd kufavsmo!f h/ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;udk oH k;&rnf? *syefwyf rsm;ud k wdkufo!fh/ ajymufusm;enf;rsm;udk oHk;Ir&?tiftm;enf;aom ulrifwefwyfrsm;ud k omvGef}uD;rm;o!f htm;jzif h tjyKwfwd kufacsr_ef;ypf&rnf?ud k,f hxuftm;}uD;aom &efol@wyf }uD;rsm;ud k a&S mifuGif;&rnf? 4if;wd k@tm; armyef;aeatmif vkyf&rnf?axmufyH ha&; vrf; a=umif;rsm;ud k jzwfawmufypf&rnf? twGif;rS v#dK@0SufI zsufqD;ypf&rnf?

pdwf"mwf ysufjym;atmif vkyf&rnf?yË dyuQrsm;. bufrsm;/ bufajymif;oG m;yHkESif h ywfoufI---tcsdK@yË dyuQrsm;rS m Tod k@ bufajymif;jcif;r&S d[k/ vltcsdK@u ,lq=uonf? Oyrm

ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;pkESih f ukefvkyfqufqHa&;wd k@. yË dyuQwGif/ ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;pku t"dujzpfonf [kvnf;aumif;/ oabmw&m;ESif h vufawG@wd k@. yË dyuQwGif vufawG@onf t"dujzpfonf [kvnf;aumif;/ pD;yG m;a&;tkwfjrpfESif h txyfxyf taqmufttH kwd k@. yË dyuQwGif pD;yG m;a&; tkwfjrpfonft"du yË dyuQjzpfonf[k vnf;aumif; ,lq=uonf? 4if;wd k@. ae&mrsm;onf tjyeftvSefajymif;vJjcif;r&S d[k qd k=uonf? TonfrS m puf,EW&m; &kyf0g'. ,lqcsuf jzpfonf? tEkyË davmr&kyf0g'. ,lqcsuf r[kwfacs? ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;pk/ vufawG@/ pD;yG m; a&;tkwfjrpfwd k@onf a,bk,stm;jzif h/t"duESih f tqH k;tjzwfay;aom tcef;rS yg=uonfrS m trSef jzpfonf? t=uifolonf Ttcsufud k




02

todtrSwf rjyKygu/ xkdolonf &kyf0g' orm; rjzpfEdkifacs? odk@&mwGif ukefvkyfqufqHa&;oabmw&m;/ txyfxyf taqmufttH k po!fh t&mwd k@onf/ wpH kwckaom tajctaetwGif;wGift"duESifh tqHk;tjzwf ay;aom tcef;rS yg0if=ujyefonf? Ttcsufudkvnf; todtrSwfjyK&rnfjzpfonf? ukefvkyfqufqH a&;udk rajymif;vJaoma=umif h/ ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;pk r}uD;xGm;

rwd k;wufEdkifo!f htcgwGif/ ukefvkyfqufqHa&; ajymif;vJa&;onf/ t"duESih f tqH k;tjzwfusaomtcef;rS yg0if&jyef onf? ‘awmfvSefa&; oabmw&m;w&yf r&S dyJ/ awmfvSefa&;v_yf&S m;r_ r&S dEk dif’[k vDeifu ajymouJ hod k@ jzpfaeo!f htcgrsdK;wGif/ awmfvSefa&; oabmw&m; zefwD;a&;ESih f jzef@jzL;a&;wd k@onf/ t"duESif h tqH k;tjzwfay;aomtcef;rS yg0ifavonf?ordkif;. wd k;wufr_ wckvH k;wGif&kyfu pdwfudk qHk;jzwfa=umif;/ vlr_a&;wnf&Sdr_u vlr_a&; odjrifr_udk qHk;jzwf a=umif;/todtrSwfjyKxm;ouJ hod k@yif/ pdwfu&kyfud k wkef@jyefEd kifo!f h owW d&Sda=umif;/ vlr_a&; odjrifr_u/vlr_a&;wnf&Sdr_udk wkef@jyefEdkifo!fh owWd&Sda=umif;/ txyfxyf taqmufttHku pD;yGm;a&;

tajccHtkwfjrpfud k wkef@jyefEd kifo!f h owW d&S da=umif;ud kvnf;/ u|efawmfwd k@ tod trSwfjyKonf? TonfrS m&kyf0g'ud k zDvmjyK jcif; r[kwf? puf,EW&m; &kyf0g'ud k a&S mifuGif;+yD; tEkyË davmr &kyf0g'ud k pG J+rJpG musih foH k;jcif; jzpfonf? ( “yË dyuQusrf;” vufa&G;pOfusrf;/ twG J 1)

Ttcsufonf ta&;}uD;onf? r[mypPnf;rJh ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&; jzpfpOf}uD;ud kem;vnfvd kv#if/ Ttcsufud k owdjyK&ef vd konf? ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&; qd konfrS m/ tay: xyftaqmufttHku/ awmfvSefa&;jzpfonf? xdkawmfvSefa&;u tajccH taqmufttHkudkawmfvSefajymif;vJa&;twGuf vrf;cif;ay;onf?

,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;onf tawG;tac: ajymif;vJa&; jzpfonf? &kyf0wK ajymif;vJa&;(tajccH taqmufttH k ajymif;vJa&;) twGuf armif;ESifa&;tiftm; jzpfonf?Tod k@jzif h armf h tawG;tac:Y/ pdwf-&kyf ESif h &kyf-pdwf wd k@ tjyeftvSef wnf&S dr_ w&m;onf/

yË dyuQud k ajz&Sif;a&;wGif aomhcsufjzpfaeonf? “avmuY rnfo!f h jzpfay:wd k;wufr_r# wajy;nDpG mrjzpf? nDnmpG m jzpfay:a&;/ nDr#r_ oabmw&m;ud k u|efawmfwd k@ qef@usif&rnf” [k armfuajymcJ honf? armf. tawG;tac:onf +idrfoufr_ oabmw&m;ud k acszsufvd kufonf? wmtk d0g'.nD!Gwfaygif;pyfr_w&m;ud k acszsufvd kufonf? uGefjzL;&Syf &d k;&m0g'ud k acszsufum w&kwf. awG;ac:r_ud k

qef;opfvd kufonf?,iftef;u ausmif;q&m armfhud k avhvmvd kv#if/ ,iftef;wGif a&;cJ ho!f h/ t jcm;ta&;}uD;aom/ usrf;wapmifud kvnf; avhvmoif honf? ,if;rS m “'Drd kua&pDopfusrf; jzpfonf?”'Drdkua&pDopfusrf;onf w&kwfawmfvSefa&;/. c&DpOfud k azmfjyo!f h ord kif; vlr_a&; usrf;wapmifjzpfonf?

armfonf xd kusrf;ud k 1939 ckESpfukefwGif a&;onf? uGefjrLepfygwD. tqif hud k azmfjyonf?uGefjrLepfygwDonf qGef,ufqif. pefrif;0g'udk rvd kufemo!f h rdp> mygwD[k csefau&SdwfupGyfpGJaeonf? ygwDxJu “vuf0J*kd%f;cGJa&;” orm;rsm;uvnf;/ csefau&SdwfESifh nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pkzGJ@a&;rludk qef@usifaeonf? 0rfrif;onf ygwDxJwGif wpcef;xvm jyefonf?0rfrif;tkyfpkonf ygwDxJwGif tcdkiftrm uwkwfusif; wl;xm;onf? od k@jzif h csefau&S dwf. pGyfpG Jr_/“vuf0J” tacsmiform;rsm;. wd kufcd kufr_/ 0rfrif;. acgif;axmifxvmr_ wd k@ud k wd kuf&ef/ Tusrf;ud k




103

a&;jcif; jzpfonf?w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDod k@ 1935 ckESpfwGif ygwD0if (40000) r# &S d&mrS/ 1940 ck aemufyd kif;wGif

ygwD0ifaygif; (800000) &S dvmonf?ygwD0ifopfrsm;onf ygwDord kif;ud kvnf; rod=u? c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJrwdkifcifu ygwD

ta=umif;ud k aumif;aumif;rod=u? xd k@a=umif h armf.ta=umif;ud kvnf; rod=u? ol@ud k OuUX }uD;armf[k ac:aomfvnf;/ bm OuUXrSef; rod=u? e,fpyfa'o tpd k;&. OuUXvnf; r[kwf? ygwDA[d kaumfrwD. OuUXvnf; r[kwf? ppfaumfr&Sif. OuUXjzpfI/ ygwDxJwGif aygvpfAsK&d k xdyfoD;wOD;jzpfaomfvnf;/ taxGaxG twGif;a&;r_; csef0if&Sef.atmufu ae&onf? xd k@a=umif h xdktcsdefuarmfonf ygwDw&yfvHk ;tay:wGif =oZmrv$rf;Edkifao;? txl;ojzifh ygwD ynmwwfrsm;ESif hoabmw&m;a&; q&mrsm;}uD;pd k;&m/ ygwDpme,fZif;rsm; wGif =oZmr&Sd&H kr#ru/ 4if;[email protected]@usi f jci f ;ud kyi f c Hae&ao;onf? armfonf usr f ;*e fE S H @py f o!f h ynm&S d jzp fI/

Om%ftvGe fxuf jrufo!f h y k* ~ d Kv f jzp fo!f hwd ki f / v,form; trltusi f hr sm; ud kwrifxdef;odrf;xm;onf[k t*~gpEdk;u rSwfcsuf csbl;onf? armfonf Todk@ v,form;vdka[ma[m'd kif;'d kif; ajymjcif;jzif h/ b0ifjrih fo!f h ynmwwfrsm;ud k txdwfwvef@jzpfatmif vkyfcsifyH k&onf?armfu Todk@ [efyefawG/ taqmifta,mifawGud k oa&mf+yDqd kv#if / ynmwwfawGtaecufwwf=uonf? omrefvlxkud k “ajcmufvSef@ ” ae=ur!h f “AvH k;AaxG; pOf;pm;olrsm;”“*d k%f;cG Ja&;orm;” rsm;ud k armfu yufyufpufpuf ajymwwfonf? t,ltqa&; t& wae@wGif/pm&if;&Sif;=u&OD;rnf[k tm;vH k;u &dyfrdcJ h=uonf? 1939 ckESpfwkef;u *syefckcHa&; wuUod kvfwGif

yd k@csol q&mrsm;teuf/ vsLa&SmufcsDvnf; ygonf? vsLa&SmufcsDu “yË dyuQ yË dyuQeJ@odyfajymrae=ueJ@? 'gawGajymaerJhtpm;/ a'ojzLtwGuf tvkyfvkyfzdk@ ta&;}uD;w,f ” [koifwef;om;rsm;ud k &_ H@rJ hI ajymzl;onf[k qd konf? armf. “yË dyuQusrf;” onf ,iftef;wGifwcgr# yH kESdyfrcHcJ h&? 1950 ckESpfrsm; aemufyd kif;usrSom/ yH kES dyfjcif;cHcJ h& onf? Tonfud kaxmufv#ifygwD pme,fZif;rsm;ud k armf csKyfud kifEd kifjcif;r&S d[k ,lqzG,f jzpfonf?

“'Drd kua&pDopfusrf;”ud k yH kES dyfaomtcg/ “vuf0J”tvGeftu|H orm;rsm;u jyif;jyif;xefxef 0d kif;I a0zef=uonf? “'Drd kua&pDopf” [laom zGif hqd kcsuf topfawG ygojzifh armfpud kuvnf; }udKqd kjcif; rjyK?

“'Drd kua&pDopf”Y armfu ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;. teuft"dy g,fud k &Sif;vif;pG mzGif hqd konf? ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;wckonf tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;xJrS acgif;aqmif opfrsm;ud karG;xkwfay;vdrf hrnf[k armfu ,lqonf?

1939 ckESpfwGif armfESif h “tjcm;&Jabmf ” rsm;onf/ ygwDoifwef;ausmif;twGuford kif;pmtkyfwtkyfud k jyKpk=uonf? ,if;rS m “w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESif h w&kwfjynf uGefjrL epfygwD” qdko!fh pmwrf;jzpfonf? w&kwfjynf. ordkif;ESif h w&kwfawmfvSefa&;ordkif;jzpfonf?'Drd kua&pDopftqif hESif h qd k&S,fvpftqif h ta=umif;ud krl “'Drd kua&pDopf ” usrf;usrS jy!f hpH kpG m

azmfjyxm;onf? “w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESifh w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD ” [lo!f h pmwrf;ud k armfuol@tm; ay;zwfzl;onf[k tar&duef pma&;q&mr}uD; tifemvl0Dpxa&mif;u ajymzl;onf?xk dpmwrf;ud k ygwDxJwGif (8) ESpfausmf vS!f hzwfjy+yD;rS yH kES dyfxkwfa0cJ hjcif; jzpfonf[k rpP pxa&mif;u




04

qd konf? w&kwf awmfvSefa&; ta&;edrf hcJ hyHkrsm;ESif h ywfoufI armfu a0zef oH k;oyfxm;&mxd ktrS m;rsm;twGuf wm0ef&Sdol acgif;aqmiftcsdK@u rauseyf jzpfcJ h=uonf?

“'Drd kua&pDopfusrf;” Y armfu w&kwfjynf 'Drd kua&pD awmfvSefa&;onf (18) &mpk(19) &mpkrsm;twGif;u Oa&mywd kufwGif ay:aygufcJ haom yH kpHa[mif; 'Drd kua&pDrsdK;ud k wnf

axmif&ef r[kwf[k &Sif;vif;cJ honf?----Tod k@aomacwfwGif rnfo!f h ud kvd keD- ud kvd keDwyd kif; Ed kifiHwGifrqd k tu,fI

e,fcsJ@pepfud k qef@usifaom (0g ) EdkifiHwum "e&Sif vlwef;pm;ESif h EdkifiHwumt&if;&Sif pepfud kqef@usifaom awmfvSefa&; jzpfay:vmygu/ 4if;awmfvSefa&;onf/ urBmh "e&Sif 'Drdk ua&pDawmfvSefa&;a[mif; t0ef;t0d kif;wGif t}uHK;r0ifawmhyJ/ t0ef;t0d kif;opfwGif t}uHK;0if vmavonf?4if;awmfvSefa&;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESihf t&if;&Sifpepf qd kif&m/ urB mh awmfvSefa&;a[mif;.tpdwftyd kif;wck r[kwfawmhyJ/ urB mhawmfvSefa&;opf. tpdwftyd kif; wck (0g ) ypPnf;rJ h qd k&S,fvpf

awmfvSefa&;. tpdwftyd kif;wck jzpfvmonf?----,if; awmfvSefa&;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;acgif;aqmifo!f h/ t&if;&Sif vl@tzG J@tpnf;ESif h "e&Sif tm%m&Sifpepf usif hoH k;aom Ed kifiHxlaxmif&ef/&nf&G,faom awmfvSefa&;a[mif; r[kwf awmhyJ/ ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm; acgif;aqmifo!fhyxrtqif hwGif 'Drd kua&pDopf vl@tzG Jtpnf; ud ka&m awmfvSefaom vlwef;pm;toD;oD;yl;aygif;I/tm%m&Sifpepf usif hoH k;aom Ed kifiHud kyg xlaxmif&ef &nf&G,faom awmfvSefa&;opf jzpfayonf?(“'Drd k ua&pDopfusrf f; vufa&G;pifusrf;/” twG J 2 )

odk@&mwGif 'Drdkua&pDopf awmfvSefa&;Y ESpfcG vuQ%m &Sdonf? ud kvd keD/ ud kvd keD wyd kif;

E d ki fi Hu/ trs d K ;om; "e& Si f vlwef ;pm;onf awmfvSe faomtcsuf& S do!f htavsmufnD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pkwGif ygEd kifonf? xd k@a=umihf 'Drd kua&pDopf awmfvSefa&;onf/ tajccH tm;jzih f"e&Sif 'Drd kua&pD awmfvSefa&; jzpf+rJ jzpfaeao;onf? wzufwGif t&if;&Sifpepf xGef;um;a&;ud kvrf;cif;ay;+yD;/ tjcm;wzufwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepftwGuf jyifqifay;onf/ xdkawmfvSefa&;udkacgif;aqmifo!f h ypPnf;rJ h vlwef;pm;ygwDonf/ Tvkyfief;ESpf&yfud k em;vnf&vdrf hrnf?

'Drd kua&pDopf orwEdkifiHY pD;yG m;a&;onfvnf;/ 'Drd kua&pDopf pD;yG m;a&; jzpfonf?'Drd kua&pDopf pD;yG m;a&;Y/ yk*~vdut&if;ud k jynfolvlxkwd k. toufarG;0rf;a=umif;b0wGif csKyfud kifcGif hrjyKawmh? b%fwd kuf}uD;rsm;ESif h pufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; vkyfief;}uD;rsm;ud k tpd k;&uodrf;,lonf? tao;pm; yk*~vdu vkyfief;rsm;ud k cGih fjyK +rJ jyKonf?

w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDu csrSwfo!f h/ 'Drd kua&pDopf Ed kifiHawmfonf/ 1942 ck ulrifwefyxr uGef*&ufu csrSwfo!fh a'gufwmqGef,ufqif. pefrif;0g' oHk;yg;ESifh udkufnDonf?qGef,ufqif.rlud k y,fzsufolrS m uGefjrLepfygwDr[kwf? csefau&S dwfjzpfonf?

,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;ESif hywfoufI armfu---“arv (4) &ufae@ ta&;awmfyH k+yD;o!f haemuf---w&kwfjynfwGif vH k;0 opfvGifaom

,Ofaus;r_ tiftm;pk ay:aygufvmcJ honf?---vGefcJ ho!fh tESpf (20) twGif; ,if; ,Ofaus; r_opf

wyfrawmf/ OD;wnfwd kufcJ haom ae&mwd kif;Y/ awG;ac:r_t&a&m/ o¾ mef (pmta&; tom; ponfwd k@)t&yg/ tvGef}uD;us,faom awmfvSefr_rsm; jzpfay:cJ honf?---,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;w&yfonf/4if;tusdK;jyKaom Ed kifiHa&;ESif h pD;yG m;a&; awmfvSefr_rsm;. t,ltq a&;&m/ ta&mif&d kufcwfr_




105

jzpfonf?” (“'Drd kua&pDopfusrf; vufa&G;pifusrf;/” twG J 2)'Drdkua&pDopf ,Ofaus;r_onf trsdK;om; ,Ofaus;r_jzpf.? xdk ,Ofaus;r_onf

e,fcsJ@pepf. zdES dyfr_ud k qef@usif+yD; w&kwftrsdK;om;wd k@. *k%foduQ mESif h vGwfvyfr_ud k vd kvm;.?xd k,Ofaus;r_onf u|efawmfwd k@ trsdK;om;yd kifjzpfI/ u|efawmfwd k@ trsdK;om;. xl;jcm;csufrsm;

yg&S donf? xd k ,Ofaus;r_onf/ tjcm;trsdK;om; rSefor#./ qd k&S,fvpf ,Ofaus;r_ESif h vnf;aumif;/'Drd kua&pDopf ,Ofaus;r_ESif hvnf;aumif;/ yl;aygif;vsuf tjyef tvSef twk,lum/ tjyeftvSefzG H@+zdK;atmif vkyf+yD;/ urB mh,Ofaus;r_opf jzpfay:vmatmif twl aqmif&Guf=uonf?---w&kwfjynfonfrdrd ,Ofaus;r_twGuf vd ktyfor#ud k/ Ed kifiHjcm; . wd k;wufaom ,Ofaus;r_rS tajrmuftrsm;cH,l&rnf? ,cifcH,lcJ honfrS m vGefpG myif enf;aeao;.?---od k@aomf u|efawmfwd k@onf Ed kifiHjcm;rSt&mrSefor#udk cH,l&mwGif tpm; tpm pm;ouJhod k@vkyfrS tusdK;&S drnf? tHoG m;jzif h 0g;I/tpmtdrfjzif hacsI/ tm[m&ESif h tnpfta=u;[lI uG Jjym;atmif cG Jjcm;&rnf? tpm tm[m&ud k

pkyf,lI/ tnpfta=u;ud k xkwfypf&rnf?----b,fawmhrS tpdrf;vd kuf rsdKrcs&? vH k;vH k; ra0zefyJvufrcH&? ‘tm;vH k; taemufwd kif;qefa&;’ qd ko!f hrlonf rS m;onf? Ed kifiHjcm; t&mrsm;ud k/ o¾mef0g'usus vufcHcJ hojzif h w&kwfjynfonf t}uD;tus,f epfemcJhzl;onf? ( “'Drd kua&pDopfusrf; ”vufa&G; pifusrf;/ twGJ 2 )

armf. “oif=um;csufrsm;” ud k vl}udKufrsm;onf? olpum;ajymv#if y&d\wfu wa0ga0gyG Juswwfonf? armfonf pum;ajymaumif;ol wa,mufjzpfI/ av;eufo!fh Ed kifiHa&; rdef@cGef;rsm;t=um;wGif yH kwdkywfp uav;rsm; !SyfI ajymwwfonf? aqG;aEG;yG Jrsm; wGif armfonf

nvH k;aygufxdkifonf? armyef;EGrf;e,fyH kr&? tpuuJ hod k@yif vef;qef;aeonf?armfonf “w&m;ao rwf0g'D ” rsm;ud krl jyif;jyif;xefxef wd kufonf? olwd k@u armf.aoe*FAsK[mESif h ywfoufo!f h ydk@cscsufrsm;ud k vufrcH=u? armf. tbd"rR m yd k@cscsufrsm;ud kvnf;r}udKuf? awmfvSefa&;ygwDw&yfwGif oabmw&m;a&;t&/ omvGefr_ onf ta&;}uD;qH k; jzpfonf?xd k@a=umih f w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDxJY vrf;pOfESpf&yf. wdkufyG Jonf &yfpJonf [lIr&S d? ,iftef;Yarmfonf oabmw&m;a&;t& acgif;aqmifr_&cJhonf? odk@&mwGif vG,fvG,f&cJ honfr[kwf?jyif;xefo!f h ygwDwGif;wd kufyG Jrsm;udk jzwfoef;+yD;rS &jcif;jzpfonf? Tacgif;aqmifr_jzif h armfonfygwDESih f wyfrawmfud k wnfaqmufcJ honf/ rwf0g'udk w&kwfjynf. wdusaom tajctaersm;ESih ftnD usif hoHk;cJ honf? armfonf ,iftef;wGif ygwDwGif;u twd kuftcHrsm;ud k xyfI }uHK&jyefonf?Tjy\emud k armfu vkyf[efjyifa&; v_yf&S m;r_jzif h ajz&Sif;onf?

1938 ck aemufyd kif;wGif armfu ygwDwnfaqmufa&; ta&;}uD;a=umif;ud k tav;wif;ajymcJ honf? ygwDud k OD;wnfcsuf rSefuefatmif vkyf&rnf? wnf+idrfcd kifrmatmif vkyf&rnf? ygwD0ifOD;a&opf rsm;jym;vmo!f htwGuf jy\emawG ay:vmonf? ,iftef;od k@ ynmwwf trsm;tjym;/a&mufvmo!fhtcgwGif armfu “ygwDtwGuf tvkyform;/ v,form;udk tusdK;jyKo!fhynmwwfrsm;vdkonf? ynmwwfrsm;ESif h ywfoufI rSefuef aom ay:vpDud k usif hoH k;Ed kifv#if

awmfvSefa&; atmifjrif&eftwGuf ta&;}uD;aom tcsuf w&yf jzpfa=umif;/ ygwDw&yfvH k;u &Jabmfrsm;em;vnfxm;&rnf ” [k ajymcJ honf? (“ynm wwf rsm;ud k rsm;rsm;odrf;oGif;yg ” vufa&G;pifusrf;/twG J 2)




06

od k@&mwGif ynmwwfrsm; 0ifa&mufvmo!f htwGuf ygwDwGif jy\emopfrsm; ay:vmonf?wyfom;a[mif;}uD;rsm;u olwdk@ud k r,H kouF m jzpf=uonf? ynmwwfawGu tvkyform;rsm;/ppfom;rsm;ESif h eifvm;/ igvm; ,SOfI/ tvkyf=urf;vkyf&ef aemufcsef=u onf? tacsmiform;0g'ESif hwufvrf;&Sm0g'rsm; ay:aygufvmonf? ygwDwGif;odk@ ulrifwef olv#dKrsm; 0ifvmonf?

pifppfynmwwf[lonf/ "e&Sifvlwef;pm;rS vmolrsm;jzpfonf? Ed kifiHa&;&if husufr_ enf;onf?Tt&mrsm;ud k ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf armfu ygwDwGif; vkyf[ef jyifa&; v_yf&S m;r_w&yf vk dtyfonf[k,lqonf?

1941 ckESpf ZGefvwGif [pfwvmu/ qd kAD,uf ,leD,Hud k 0ifwd kufonf? xd k@a=umih fw&kwfuGefjrLepfwd k@. *syefckcHppfonf qd kAD,uf ,leD,Htzd k@ ta&;w}uD; udpPw&yf jzpfvm onf?cyfapmapmu ygwDwGif;wGif armf. &efolrsm;u/ *syefckcHa&;ppfyG Jud k a&S@wef;wifae jcif;onfEd kifiHwum0g'ud k aemufwef;od k@ yd k@onf[k pGyfpG JcJ h=uonf? ,ck tjzpftysufrsm;u *syefckcHa&;ppf

rnfr# ta&;}uD;a=umif; jyvd kuf+yD? taemufzufwGif emZDu qd kAD,uf ,leD,Hud k 0ifwd kufae+yD?w&kwfjynfud k odrf;+yD;aemu/f *syefonf qd kAD,uf ,leD,Hud k wd kuf awmhrnf? armf. edrdwfzwfcsufaoG;xGufatmif rSefae+yD? [pfwvmu qd kAD,uf,leD,H ud k 0ifwd kufo!fhtcgwGif/ ygwDwGif;uarmf. &efolrsm;onf/ toHwdwfoG m;=uonf? rnfod k@jzpfap [pfwvmu qd kAD,uf,leD,Hud kwd kufjcif;onf ygwDwGif;u armf. &efolrsm;ud k tm;enf;oG m;aponf?

1941 ck 'DZifbmvwGif *syefu ykvJqdyfurf;ud k wd kufojzih f tar&duef ppfxJyg vmonf?tar&dueftzd k@ w&kwfjynf ppfajrjyifonf ta&;w}uD; jzpfvmonf? tar&duef onf csefau&S dwfud k

*syefESif hraygif;atmif wm;&awmhrnf? TudpPY w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDESih f wyfeDawmfonf ta&;}uD;o!f htcef;u ygaeonf? xd k@a=umif h w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD. tcef;on/f urBmh twd kif;twmt& ta&;}uD;aomtcef;rS ygaeonf? uGefjrLepf qef@usif a&; vkyfief;rsm;ud k csefau&S dwf qufvkyfaev#if/rdrdwdk@tzd k@ 0rf;enf;zG,f tajctaeqdk; rsm;ESif h }uHKawG@&vdrf hrnf[k tar&duefu csefau&S dwfud kta=umif;=um;cJ honf?

armf. wGufudef; rSefae+yD? urB mhtv,fwGif *syefud k wd kuf&mY t"du tiftm;pk tjzpftodtrSwfjyKcHae+yDjzpfaom/ w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDtzd k@ aemufajcvSrf; vSrf;&awmh rnf? xd kajcvSrf;rS mtm%modrf;a&; ajcvSrf;jzpfonf? tm%modrf;Ed kifa&;twGuf ygwDud k jyefI wnfaqmuf&rnf?vkyf[efjyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wckudk qifE$J&rnf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_onf vHk;0atmifyGJcHa&;twGufjyifqifjcif;jzpfonf? vlxkvrf;pOfud k csrSwf&rnf? vkyf[efjyif& rnf? ygwDazmif;yGaejcif;ud k pDppf&rnf?tacsmiform;rsm;/ &efol@ olv#dKrsm;/ rvdkvm;tyfol rsm;udk ygwDwGif;rS oef@pifypf&rnf?*d k%f;*%rsm;ud k &Sif;ypf&rnf? ygwDord kif;ud k jyefa&;& rnf? Tvkyfief;onf ygwDud k ynmay;a&;vkyfief;}uD; jzpfonf?

armfonf oH k;ESpfjyifqif+yD;aemuf vkyf[ef jyifa&; v_yf&S m;r_}uD;ud k pwifonf? urB mwGift}uD;qH k;aom Ed kifiHa&;ynmay; v_yf&S m;r_}uD; jzpfonf? urB mhuGefjrLepfygwDrsm; xJwGif wcgr#

r&S dcJ hzl;ao;aom v_yf&Sm;r_}uD; jzpfonf?jroef;wif h

qufygOD;rnf//




107

tvif;tdrf (5) eSpfjynf h txdrf;trSwf 0wK wd kjydKifyG J qkay;yG Jtcrf;tem; ud k ,ae hnae 5 em&DwGif Otsuka˜ Minami

Hall˜ Room (1) wGif usif;y&m pmaytzG J@tpnf;rsm; jzpf=uaom

zefrD;tdrf azmifa';&Sif;/ a&$&wkpmapmif/ rdk;aomuf=u,f pm=unfhwdkufESifh edkifiHa&;ygwDtoD;oD;rSyk*~dKvfrsm;eSifh woD;yk*~v pmay0goem&Sifrsm; wufa&mufcsD;jrSif hcJ h=uygw,f? tcrf;tem;wGif tvif;tdrf wm0efcH OD;&Jjidrf; rS tzGifhtrSmpum;ajymjum;jyD; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; jzpfwnfr_ord kif;tusOf;tm; wifjyajymqd kcJ hygw,f?

qufvufjyD; =uGa&mufcsD;jrSif hjuaomtzG J htpnf;toD;oD;rStvif;tdrftay: t}uHjyKjcif;/ a0befjcif; eSifh trSmpum; rsm;ajym=um;cJ h&mzefrD;tdrf azmifa';&Sif;rS ud koef;aqG (ajreDukef;)/ a&$&wk

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